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PLANT INVASIONS: HUMAN PERCEPTION, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, John H. Brock, Giuseppe Brundu, Lois Child, Curtis C. Daehler and Petr Pyšek

Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 2008

Projekt1:Impressum

16.05.2008

13:04 Uhr

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Bibliographic information published by „Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek“ Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.

ISBN 978-3-8236-1528-6 ISBN 978-90-5782-201-8

© Copyright 2008 Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands Backhuys Publishers is a division of Margraf Publishers GmbH Scientific Books, Weikersheim, Germany. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without prior written permission of the publisher. Margraf Publishers GmbH Scientific books, P.O. Box 1205, D-97985 Weikersheim, Germany.

Printed in Germany


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Contents Preface Index of main taxa

ix xiii

Section 1 – Human perception and role in biological invasions

1

Invasive plant problems in the Hawaiian Islands and beyond: insights from history and psychology Curtis C. Daehler

3

Forestry and horticulture as pathways of plant invasions: a database of alien woody plants in the Czech Republic Martin Křivánek and Petr Pyšek Assessing the risks to Mediterranean islands ecosystems from alien plant introductions Philip E. Hulme, Giuseppe Brundu, Ignazio Camarda, Panos Dalias, Phil Lambdon, Francisco Lloret, Frederic Medail, Eva Moragues, Carey Suehs, Anna Traveset, Andreas Troumbis and Montserrat Vilà

21

39

Balsams on the offensive: the role of planting in the invasion of Impatiens species Wojciech Adamowski

57

Section 2 – Biology, ecology and distribution of invasive species

71

Humulus japonicus, an emerging invader in Hungary Lajos Balogh and István Dancza

73

Ecology and management of Alhagi maurorum in a pine-oak forest in north-central Arizona, USA John H. Brock Solidago graminifolia in Poland: spread and habitat preferences Zygmunt Dajdok and Arkadiusz Nowak Dispersal of invasive Pinus strobus in sandstone areas of the Czech Republic Věra Hadincová, Zuzana Münzbergová, Jan Wild, Ludvík Šajtar and Jana Marešová

93 101

117


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Contents

Genotypic and phenotypic variation in a Fallopia × bohemica population in north-eastern France Annik Schnitzler, John Bailey and Celia N. Hansen

133

Modelling the spatial spread of Fallopia japonica on a local scale in the United Kingdom James M.D. Smith, John P. Ward, Lois E. Child and Markus R. Owen

145

Invasion of Impatiens glandulifera in the surroundings of the Babia Góra National Park (Western Carpathians, Poland) Aldona K. Uziębło

161

Section 3 – Invasibility of habitats and impacts of invasive species

169

Regional scale assessment of alien plant invasions: a case study for the Silesian Upland (southern Poland) Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, Alina Urbisz, Andrzej Urbisz, Beata Węgrzynek, Teresa Nowak and Andrzej Pasierbiński

171

Communities with Bunias orientalis in human-made habitats of the Silesian Upland (southern Poland) Wojciech J. Bąba and Agnieszka N. Kompała-Bąba

189

Unsaturated guilds, unexploited resources and plant invasion: a case study of floodplain vegetation in the Carpathian Basin Csaba Tóth and Zoltán Botta-Dukát

207

Soil seed banks associated with two invasive species, Gunnera tinctoria and Heracleum mantegazzianum Margherita Gioria and Bruce Osborne

217

Patterns of native and alien plant species occurrence on coastal dunes in Central Italy Alicia T.R. Acosta, M. Laura Carranza, Luciano Di Martino, Annarita Frattaroli, C. Francesca Izzi and Angela Stanisci Soil microbial activity in dune ecosystems in Portugal invaded by Acacia longifolia Elizabete Marchante, Annelise Kjøller, Sten Struwe and Helena Freitas

235

249

Competitive balance between the alien invasive Acacia longifolia and native Mediterranean species 261 Christiane Werner, Ralf Peperkorn, Cristina Máguas and Wolfram Beyschlag


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Contents

Performance of Imperata cylindrica in relation to light availability on soils from the tropical forest-savannah boundary in central Cameroon Lindsey Norgrove Effects of Rosa rugosa invasion in different coastal dune vegetation types Maike Isermann The neophyte flora of North Tyrol (Austria): insights into an inner Alpine region Konrad Pagitz Alien flora on walls in southern and western Moravia (Czech Republic) Deana Simonová

vii

277 289

307 317

Gammarid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) herbivory on native and alien freshwater macrophytes Gabrielle Thiébaut and Pierre Gierlinski

333

Section 4 – Control and management

341

A review on the potential for the biological control of the invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera in Europe Robert A. Tanner

343

Strategies for use of pathogens in weed biological control: some lessons from pathogens in natural and agroecosystems Timothy L. Widmer and Min B. Rayamajhi

355

Determination and management of alien plant impacts on biodiversity: examples from New South Wales, Australia Paul O. Downey

369

Protecting biodiversity by managing alien plants in national parks: perspectives from South Africa and Australia Llewellyn C. Foxcroft and Paul O. Downey

387

List of contributors

405

Index

413


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Preface This volume continues the tradition of publishing key presentations from a series of biennial International Conferences on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasions (EMAPi) beginning in 1992 (see de Waal et al. 1994, Pyšek et al. 1995, Brock et al. 1997, Starfinger et al. 1998, Brundu et al. 2001, Child et al. 2003). The first conference, held in Loughborough, UK in 1992 brought together the latest research and thinking on alien plant management within Europe. Since then, the conference has widened its scope having been hosted in Kostelec nad Černými Lesy, Czech Republic (1993); Tempe, Arizona, USA (1995); Berlin, Germany (1997); La Maddalena, Sardinia, Italy (1999); Loughborough, UK (2001); Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA (2003) and most recently, in Katowice, Poland (2005). The next conference is planned for Perth, Australia in 2007. The number of participating countries and organisations has increased steadily over the years with 150 delegates from over 30 countries and five continents represented at the Katowice conference. This is an indication of the world-wide importance of plant invasions and the need for a global network to exchange research outcomes, ideas and best management practices of invasive plants. Plant invasions are, of course, only a fraction of the whole process of biological invasions concerning marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments, including plants and other living organisms. Another notably parallel conference series has been organised in Europe by the German Working Group on Biological Invasions NEOBIOTA. This group aims to coordinate responses to the ever increasing problems caused by the invasion of alien plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms, focussing mainly on Central Europe, with its first conference held in 2000 in Berlin, Germany (Kowarik & Starfinger 2000, 2003, Kühn & Klotz 2004, Nentwig et al. 2005). The effects of invasive alien species (IAS) are widespread and pose a significant threat to global biodiversity. The European Union has recognised the proliferation of invasive alien species as an emerging issue, funding the GIANT ALIEN project, which focused on Heracleum mantegazzianum (Pyšek et al. 2007), and the EPIDEMIE project (Exotic Plant Invasions: Deleterious Effects on Mediterranean Island Ecosystems) (Hulme et al. 2007) under the 5th Framework Programme in 2002–2005, as well as ongoing projects addressing biological invasions (ALARM – Assessing Large Scale Risks for Biodiversity with Tested Methods; DAISIE – Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe) under the 6th Framework Programme. During the Environment December 2006 meeting (2773rd) the Council of the European Union called upon the European Commission to assess gaps in the current legal policy and economic framework for the prevention of introduction and for the control and eradication of invasive alien species. Furthermore, the Council invited the Commission, in cooperation with the member States, to prepare an EU strategy and an effective early warning system, on the basis of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Guiding Principles on Invasive Alien Species. Since the 1992 CBD, this is probably the strongest legal European commitment to address invasive species with legislation and regulatory tools.


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The United Nations’ 2002 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has recognized an urgent need to address the impacts of IAS and has included ‘Trends in invasive alien species’ with trial indicators to be developed and used for assessing global progress towards the 2010 target of halting biodiversity loss. In this framework, a pan European initiative, Streamlining Biodiversity Indicators by 2010 (SEBI 2010), was launched in 2004. One of the deliverables of this initiative will be the editing of a list of the worst invasive alien species threatening biodiversity in Europe. Some of the species that are present in the SEBI draft list, such as Ailanthus altissima, Carpobrotus spp., Fallopia japonica are the prime subject of papers presented in this volume. At an international level, the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) has encouraged countries to recognize that they cannot solve problems connected with biological invasions by working solely within their own administrative borders. By their very definition, IAS are an international problem. Apart from their threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services, invasive species have a significant socio-economic impact. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the threats posed by invasive species because their economies typically rely heavily on agriculture, locally cultivated varieties, forestry and fishing. Moreover, within these countries it is generally the rural communities that are most at risk, as their livelihoods are almost solely based on these economic sectors, while the poorest people may be dependent on local biodiversity for food, fuel and construction material (GISP 2007). The number of meetings, workshops and scientific publications on biological invasions is steadily increasing at a global level, seemingly in relationship with the dynamics of the process, and the field has been receiving increasing attention (Pyšek et al. 2006). Actions are now in progress, including amelioration of the legislation, even in those countries where, until recently, the presence of invasive alien plants was regarded as a botanical curiosity. There is now increasingly consolidated knowledge available about best practices for prevention, control, monitoring, risk assessment, and – in limited cases – eradication of IAS. Finally, biological invasions provide an exciting laboratory for ecological studies, e.g. as in the case of geographical or biogeographical islands (Daehler 2006) or concerning the relationships between species invasiveness and habitat invasibility (Richardson and Pyšek 2006). Nevertheless, in total conflict both with the general increasing background knowledge and evidence of actual impacts, species continue to be introduced in many regions of the world without any comprehensive risk assessment. Introductions continue to be made for diverse purposes e.g. as ornamentals in the Mediterranean, for erosion control in China and Asia and to protect from desertification and provide fodder, charcoal and fuel wood in the dry zones of Africa. Furthermore, in many countries, a national legislation framework is lacking showing that continued raising of awareness and education are needed in addition to scientific study.


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Preface

xi

This volume aims to contribute to this growing field, exploring human perceptions of plant invasions and the role of humans in the invasion process from different perspectives and geographical areas. It also covers case studies of the biology and ecology of invasive species, mechanisms of invasion and ecological impacts, while offering solutions through a variety of control and management techniques. The terminology associated with plant invasions is diverse and sometimes confusing. As in the previous volumes, we have attempted to standardize terminology used in this book following suggestions by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyšek et al. (2004).

Acknowledgements We thank all contributors to this volume, the participants of the 8th EMAPi conference at the University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, and the sixty-seven reviewers for their valuable help in reviewing the papers. We are grateful to Wil Peters and Michael Ruijsenaars of Backhuys Publishers for their advice during the editing of the book. We particularly thank the following institutions for their assistance and support: Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia; Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University; Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science; Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Warsaw University; Odra Project, WWF Poland and The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, located in Washington, DC, for providing the funding for a working meeting held in August 2004 in preparation for the 2005 Katowice conference. Finally, logistic help from the following people during the organization of the conference is greatly acknowledged: Wojciech Adamowski, Beata BabczyńskaSendek, Alicja Barć, Agnieszka Błońska, Katarzyna Bzdęga, Barbara Fojcik, Anna Gawron, Ewa Gucwa-Przepióra, Monika Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska, Agnieszka Kompała-Bąba, Zbigniew Kuc, Zbigniew Mirek, Teresa Nowak, Maria Palowska, Andrzej Pasierbiński, Wojciech Paul, Adam Rostański, Krzysztof Rostański, Edyta Sierka, Alina Urbisz, Beata Węgrzynek, Andrzej Woźnica, Gabriela Woźniak, Adam Zając and Maria Zając. Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, John H. Brock, Giuseppe Brundu, Lois Child, Curtis C. Daehler and Petr Pyšek

References Brock, J.H., Wade, M., Pyšek, P. and Green, D. (eds.) 1997. Plant invasions: Studies from North America and Europe. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [223 pp.] Brundu, G., Brock, J.H., Camarda, I., Child, L. and Wade, M. (eds.) 2001. Plant invasions: Species ecology and ecosystem management. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [338 pp.] Child, L.E., Brock, J.H., Brundu, G., Prach, K., Pyšek, P., Wade, P.M. and Williamson M. (eds.) 2003. Plant invasions: Ecological threats and management solutions. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [457 pp.]


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Council of the European Union, 2006. 2773rd Council Meeting Environment. Brussels, 18 December 2006. 16164/06 (Presse 349). Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/Newsroom. Daehler, C.C. 2006. Invasibility of tropical islands: partitioning the influence of isolation and propagule pressure. Preslia 78: 389-404. de Waal, L.C., Child, L.E., Wade, P.M. and Brock, J.H. (eds.) 1994. Ecology and management of invasive riverside plants. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. [217 pp.] GISP, The Global Invasive Species Programme. 2007. Invasive species and poverty: Exploring the links. [12 pp]. Available at: http://www.gisp.org/ Hulme, P.E., Brundu, G., Camarda, I., Dalias, P., Lambdon, P., Lloret F., Medail, F., Moragues, E., Suehs, C., Traveset, A., Troumbis, A. and Montserrat, V. 2007 [this volume] 39-56. Kowarik, I. and Starfinger, U. (eds.) 2002. Biologische Invasionen – eine Herausforderung zum Handeln? NEOBIOTA 1 [377 pp.] Kowarik, I. and Starfinger, U. 2003. Introduction. In: Kowarik, I. and Starfinger, U. (eds) Biological Invasions in Central Europe - a Challenge to Act? Biological Invasions 5: 279. Kühn, I. and Klotz, S. 2004. Biological Invasions – challenges for science. NEOBIOTA 3 [154 pp.] Nentwig, W., Bacher, S., Cock, M.J.W., Dietz, H., Gigon, A. and Wittenberg, R. (eds.) 2005. Biological Invasions – from Ecology to Control. NEOBIOTA 6 [199 pp.] Pyšek, P., Prach, K., Rejmánek, M. and Wade, P.M. (eds.) 1995. Plant invasions: General aspects and special problems. SPB Academic Publ., Amsterdam. [263 pp.] Pyšek, P., Cock, M.J.W., Nentwig, W. and Ravn, H.P. (eds.) 2007. Ecology and management of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). CAB International, Wallingford. [324 pp] Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M. and Jarošík, V. 2006. Who cites who in the invasion zoo: insights from an analysis of the most highly cited papers in invasion ecology. Preslia 78: 437-468. Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., Webster, G.L., Williamson, M. and Kirschner, J. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143. Richardson, D.M. and Pyšek, P. 2006. Plant invasions: Merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility. Progress in Physical Geography 30: 409-431. Richardson, D.M., Pyšek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, M.G., Panetta, D. and West, C.J. 2000. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107. Starfinger, U., Edwards, K., Kowarik, I. and Williamson, M. (eds.) 1998. Plant invasions: Ecological mechanisms and human responses. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. [362 pp.]

WEB References ALARM homepage: www.alarmproject.net DAISIE homepage: www.europe-aliens.org EMAPI homepage: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/cens/invasives EPIDEMIE homepage: http://science.ceh.ac.uk/epidemie/index.htm GIANT ALIEN homepage: www.giant-alien.dk GISP homepage: http://www.gisp.org/ SEBI 2010 homepage: http://biodiversity-chm.eea.europa.eu/information/fol168004 NEOBIOTA homepage: http://www.tu-berlin.de/~oekosys/e/neobiota_e.htm