Uncinular necator. Grapes. Bourbos et al. 2000; Coleno 1987;. Girolami and Duso 1984; Kassenmeyer. 2003; Schmid et al. 1980. Stewart's wilt. Erwinia stewartii.
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Plant sulphur metabolism and plant diseases
Silvia Haneklaus, Elke Bloem and Ewald Schnug
Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI) Braunschweig, Germany www.jki.bund.de
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Severe sulphur deficiency
Macroscopic sulphur deficiency in oilseed rape, wheat and sugar beet on production fields
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Interactions between performance of Brassica crops and gradation of pests in relation to anthropogenic and environmental factors (Defence metabolites: -N = N-free; +N and +S = N and S-containing compounds).
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Sulphur and insects
Sulphur fertilisation promotes specialist insects (Haneklaus et al., 2008).
Pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.)
Severe S-deficiency coinicides with a reduced number of visiting honeybees because the major attractants scent, color and petal morphology alter significantly (Schnug and Haneklaus, 2005).
Honeybees mistake S-deficient for pollinated flowers
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Sulphur and plant diseases Disease Verticillium wilt Downy mildew Stripe rust Leaf blight Fusarium wilt Verticillium wilt Club root Downy mildew Powdery mildew
Pathogen Verticillium dahliae Sclerophthora macrospora Puccinia striiformis Bipolaris maydis Fusarium oxysporum Verticillium dahliae Plasmodiophora brassicae Phomopsis viticola Uncinular necator
Host Cacao Cereals Cereals Corn Cotton Cotton Crucifers Grape Grapes
Stewart’s wilt Light leaf spot
Erwinia stewartii Pyrenopeziza brassicae
Maize Oilseed rape
Scleroteria stem rot Alternaria black spot Black leg
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Oilseed rape
Alternaria brassicae
Oilseed rape
Leptosphaeria maculans
Oilseed rape
Wilt Pea root rot Leaf spot Needle blight Late blight
Verticillium dahliae Aphanomyces euteiches Cercospora arachidicola Dothistroma Phytophthora infestans
Oilseed rape Pea Peanut Pine Potato
Stem canker Common scab
Rhizoctonia solani Streptomyces scabies
Potato Potato
Black leg Bud death Root rot Leaf spot Mosaic Wilt Wilt
Erwinia carotovera Pycnostysanus agaleae Rhizoctonia solani Ramularia beticola Tobacco mosaic virus Fusarium oxysporum Verticillium dahliae
Potato Rhododendron Soybean Sugar beet Tobacco Tomato Tomato
Patch Sharp eyespot Stem rust
Fusarium nivale Rhizoctonia cerealis Puccinia graminis
Turfgrass Wheat Wheat
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe graminis
Wheat
Mites Bud mite
General Cecidophyopsis ribis
Currant
Reference Cooper et al. 1996; Williams et al. 2002 Hoy 1987 McNew 1953 Wang et al. 2003 Wang et al. 2003 Wang et al. 2003 Pryer 1940 Beffa 1993 Bourbos et al. 2000; Coleno 1987; Girolami and Duso 1984; Kassenmeyer 2003; Schmid et al. 1980 Spencer and McNew 1938 Coleno 1987; Bloem et al. 2004; Schnug 1988; Schnug et al. 1995 Dornberger et al. 1975; Mithen et al. 1986; Wang et al. 2003 Anon 1988; Koch 1989 HCGA 2003; Gladders et al 1998; Pedras et al. 1997; Salac et al. 2004 Burandt et al. 2001 van Andel 1966 Campbell et al. 1988 Lambert 1986 Campbell et al. 1988; Doke and Tomiyama 1978 Klikocka et al. 2005 Chester 1942; Funakoshi and Matsuura 1983; Hooker 1957; Keinath and Loria 1989; Vlitos and Mortvedt et al. 1963 DeLacy Costillo et al. 1999 Schmalscheidt, 1985 Castano and Kernkemp, 1956 Tolman and Stoker 1941 Chessin and Scott 1955 Jones and Woltz 1969 Resende et al. 1996; Williams et al. 2002 Goss and Gould, 1996 Wang et al. 2003 Coleno 1987; Cook 1987; Hoy 1987; McNew 1953; Reuveni 2001 Coleno 1987; Cook 1987; Hoy 1987; McNew 1953; Reuveni 2001; Vidhyasekaran, 2000 Hoy 1987 Korchagin 1983
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
William Forsyth (1802) discovered the fungicidal effect of S0
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of foliar S0 application and inoculation with F. culmorum on infection rate (%) of winter barley with Fusarium head blight three and four weeks after inoculation and yield parameters.
Weekly S0 application1
Inoculation with F.
culmorum
Infection Rate (%)
BBCH 73 BBCH 77 without without 35 48 without with 34 58 with without 28 37 with with 19 38 1 first S0 application one week before inoculation Source: Haneklaus et al. (2007)
Grain yield (dt ha-1)
Straw yield (dt ha-1)
72.9 65.2 76.6 74.6
43.4 36.4 43.4 47.2
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Interactions between sulphate-based soilapplied S and disease index have been found since the early 1990s.
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
S Cycling in Plants (De Kok, 2001)
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of sulphur application rates in pot experiments to the resistance of crops against certain diseases (Wang et al., 2003)
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of the sulphur rate and sulphur form on soil pH, yield and infection rate and severity with Rhizoctonia solani in a field experiment in Poland Rhizoctonia solani S rate
S form
Soil pH
Tuber yield
Infection rate
(dt ha-1)
(%)
5.9
239
33.3
4.7
(kg ha-1) 0
Infection severity
25
SO4
5.8
202
32.8
4.9
25
S0
5.4
207
26.2
4.8
50
SO4
5.8
262
25.2
5.2
50
S0
5.3
270
19.7
6.6
LSD5%
S rate
0.08
1.9
0.5
0.07
S form
0.06
1.5
0.4
0.06
Note: Infection severity: 9 = none; 1 = >25% small and big sclerotia; source: Klikocka et al. 2005; photo: LFL, Bavaria
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
The term Sulphur Induced Resistance (SIR) denotes the reinforcement of the natural resistance of plants against fungal pathogens through triggering the stimulation of metabolic processes involving sulphur by targeted soil-applied fertiliser strategies.
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
S status / soil SO4 pool
S nutritional demand / determent
Interacting components involved in plant disease
feedback
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Sulphur metabolites and pathways putatively involved in SIR in Brassica species
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of sulphur source on fungal growth of agar cultures Main effect: S source Control (KCl) K2SO4 Control (MgCl2) MgSO4 Control (PDA) S0 Cysteine Glutathione Methionine
Main effect: S source Control (KCl) K2SO4 Control (MgCl2) MgSO4 Control (PDA) S0 Cysteine Glutathione Methionine
Mean diameter (mm)
Std. Error
55.7 60.0 56.2 57.8 64.4 46.0 58.1 40.1 65.7
.61 .25 .61 .25 .30 .25 .25 .25 .25
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Mean diameter (mm)
Std. Error
33.5 33.9 26.5 29.2 23.1 27.6 13.6 10.7 25.5
.15 .06 .15 .06 .07 .06 .06 .06 .06
GSH and S0 were most efficient.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound
Upper Bound
54.5 59.5 55.0 57.3 63.8 45.5 57.6 39.6 65.2
56.8 60.5 57.4 58.3 65.0 46.5 58.5 40.6 66.2
Rhizoctonia solani 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound
Upper Bound
33.3 33.8 26.2 29.1 23.0 27.5 13.4 10.6 25.4
33.8 34.1 26.8 29.3 23.3 27.7 13.7 10.9 25.6
GSH and cys reduced growth strongly. S0 had no significant effect.
GSH and cys were most efficient. S0 promoted growth.
Mean diameter (mm)
Fusarium culmorum Main effect: S source
Control (KCl) K2SO4 Control (MgCl2) MgSO4 Control (PDA) S0 Cysteine Glutathione Methionine
52.6 55.0 21.9 29.9 65.9 65.9 37.0 23.6 54.9
Std. Error .22 .09 .22 .09 .11 .09 .09 .09 .09
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound
Upper Bound
52.2 54.9 21.4 29.7 65.7 65.8 36.8 23.4 54.8
53.0 55.2 22.3 30.1 66.1 66.1 37.2 23.8 55.1
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of 250 mg S plate-1 on mean growth (mm) of different pathogens in relation to sulphur source at full plate coverage D. teres Period under review (d)
F. culmorum
R. solani
S. Sclerotiorum
23
19
24
7
KCl
27.0
77.4
80.0
85.0
K2SO4
41.6
85.0
73.2
85.0
MgCl2
15.0
33.8
51.0
85.0
MgSO4
43.2
85.0
85.0
85.0
PDA
85.0
85.0
45.4
85.0
S0
31.4
85.0
72.0
31.6
Cysteine
7.0
53.8
18.0
85.0
Glutathione
7.0
15.0
7.0
7.0
Methionine
85.0
85.0
55.2
85.0
S source
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
SIR is one constituent of the complex phenomenon of Induced Resistence. So far it is not possible to trigger SIR consistently by fertiliser practices.
100 kg ha-1 S
Control
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of infection with P. brassicae and S fertilisation on the cysteine content in leaf discs of two varieties of oilseed rape
The strongest increase in cysteine was determined in infected, S-fertilised plots.
(Experimental sites: Braunschweig 2002, Aberdeen 2002 and 2003; n=384) (data from Salac, 2005)
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of infection with P. brassicae of two oilseed rape varieties on enzyme activities, cysteine and glutathione content (data derived from Bloem et al. 2004).
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
H2S is fungitoxic! Börner (1975) Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. UTB, Stuttgart Sekiya et al. (1982) Plant Physiol. 70: 430-436 Beauchamp et al. (1984) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 13: 25-48 Carlile et al. (2004) The Fungi. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam
Is H2S fungitoxic?
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Relative growth of S. scabies in relation to H2S concentration in the growth medium Sources: Vlitos and Hooker (1951)
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
H2S – systemic or local response?
Emission of H2S by grape plants in relation to infection with U. necator and sulphur application
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of rated H2S concentrations on fungal growth of S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani (Yang et al. 2006, Haneklaus et al. 2007)
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Emission of H2S by field-grown oilseed rape plants in relation to infection with V. dahliae and sulphur application
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Influence of extremely high concentration of H2S on R. solani
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Indicator kriging – an alternative approach for the interpretation of data from field experiments
Small-scale spatial variability of the glutathione, glucosinolate, total sulphur content and the probability of severe infections of oilseed rape with L. maculans (Salac et al. 2004)
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Potential efficacy of SIR Reduction of disease index (%) Greenhouse experiments
Field experiments
5-50%
17-35%
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
Conclusions Controlling the triggers, which prompt SIR is important to promote natural resistance against diseases by crop-specific S fertilisation. Mechanisms of SIR are host/pathogen-specific. Cysteine and glutathione are major players in SIR. H2S emissions seem to affect fungal growth strongest during the initial phase of pathogenesis. H2S may yield a fungitoxic/fungistatic effect only if released locally. The plant available S pool in the soil needs to satisfy an elevated crop demand after infection, which may exceed the physiological need.
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
IX. International Symposium on Plant Biotechnology, St. Clara, 20 - 22 April 2010
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