It is a great privilege and pleasure to introduce the book Plastic and. Reconstructive Surgery: Experimental Models and Research Designs. The idea behind ...
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Maria Z. Siemionow Editor
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Experimental Models and Research Designs
Editor Maria Z. Siemionow Department of Orthopaedics University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL USA
ISBN 978-1-4471-6334-3 ISBN 978-1-4471-6335-0 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6335-0 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014960234 © Springer-Verlag London 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
I dedicate this book to all my Fellows, residents, and students over the past 30 years who spent part of their education and life in my Microsurgery Laboratory and contributed to the most innovative research in microsurgery, microcirculation, and nerve regeneration and pioneering studies on vascularized composite allotransplantation. Their enthusiasm, intelligence, and skills made significant impacts on the development of reconstructive surgery and research. Maria Z. Siemionow
Preface
It is a great privilege and pleasure to introduce the book Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Experimental Models and Research Designs. The idea behind writing this book was to document over 30 years of my research interest in the fields of microsurgery, peripheral nerve surgery, and vascularized composite allotransplantation and to acknowledge the contribution of over 150 of my international trainees participating and contributing to the development of my research program. I invited all my Fellows, residents, and students, who have made major contributions to my research, to write the chapters on experimental models and designs which were the subject of their fellowship and training during the time they spent in my Research Laboratories at the University of Utah, the Cleveland Clinic, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. This generated enthusiastic response from 60 of my trainees and resulted in the delivery of 76 chapters, each on the different experimental model and design which represented their research work during the time they spent in my laboratories. The book is unique since many experimental models and designs presented here are being introduced to the literature for the first time, and this is specifically true for the models of vascularized composite allotransplantation, such as face, larynx, vascularized bone, limb, abdominal wall, penis, and ovarian transplants. The book content is divided into six sections describing different models and relevant experimental designs. All chapters introduce unique experimental models which are relevant to the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery and vascularized composite allotransplantation research. The sections include: Microsurgery Models, Microcirculation Models, Transplantation Models, Peripheral Nerve Surgery Models, Microsurgical Robot Applications, and Cellular Therapy Models. For each of the experimental model designs, the technique of model application is presented as well as the research protocol which was tested by the particular experimental model. The idea of bringing this book to the plastic and reconstructive surgery readership is to introduce an up-to-date comprehensive review of both standard and new techniques and technologies, such as face and hand transplantation or stem cell therapies, which were introduced in recent years. The aim of the book is to provide a comprehensive review system which will help
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Preface
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residents and young surgeons to prepare for board exams as well as provide access to the comprehensive material of surgical research and design. The book emphasizes innovations and new technologies as well as research approaches as applied to general plastic surgery, hand surgery, peripheral nerve surgery, microsurgery, reconstructive surgery, and reconstructive transplantation. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first book of this kind, which in one volume presents a novel and most updated approach to the application of experimental models and designs to test clinically relevant questions. Each chapter is well illustrated and provides an outline of the experimental design as well as descriptions of new surgical techniques with drawings, images, and references. I hope this book will be of interest to young surgeons in training and those interested in research, since they will be able to get a quick comprehensive overview of new surgical techniques and technologies which will be applied in the near future to surgical practice and thus will help them decide on their area of specialization. It has been a great pleasure to work once again with all my trainees, who have developed their own careers and become experts in the fields which they have outlined in the chapters of this book. From the perspective of the many years which have passed, I am proud that my effort to teach them about the importance of research and science in our professional and everyday life has had an impact on both their lives and their career choices. I also hope that this book will help a new generation of surgeon-scientists to make continued contributions to the new, developing fields of reconstructive surgery with the ultimate goal of helping patients by introducing new, minimally invasive, and safer surgical procedures. Chicago, IL, USA
Maria Z. Siemionow, MD, PhD, DSc
Contents
Part I
Microsurgery Models
1
Microsurgical Techniques in Reconstructive Surgery . . . . . . . . Maria Z. Siemionow and Fatih Zor
3
2
Arterial and Venous Microanastomosis Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . Maria Z. Siemionow, Greg J. Kwiecien, Safak Uygur, and Adam Bobkiewicz
11
3
Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis Training Model in Rat. . . . . . Ilker Yazici and Maria Z. Siemionow
33
4
Fallopian Tube Anastomosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greg J. Kwiecien
39
5
Vasoepididymostomy Anastomosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safak Uygur
45
6
The Microsurgical Groin Skin Flap in the Rat Model . . . . . . . Raffi Gurunluoglu and Maria Z. Siemionow
53
7
Free TRAM Flap Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jerzy Jankau
63
Part II 8
9
Microcirculation Models
Application of Microcirculatory Models in Plastic Surgery Research: Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Krzysztof Kusza, Maria Z. Siemionow, and Małgorzata Cyran
71
Standard Cremaster Muscle Model for Ischemia Reperfusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michal Molski, Ilker Yazici, and Maria Z. Siemionow
83
10
Cremaster Muscle and Effect of Different Anesthetics . . . . . . . Mariusz Mielniczuk and Krzysztof Kusza
89
11
Microcirculatory Shock Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacek Szopinski and Krzysztof Kusza
97
12
Radiation and Microcirculation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 M. Sühan Ayhan and Hakan Bulam ix
Contents
x
13
Microcirculation and Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Tomasz Dydymski and Maria Z. Siemionow
14
Microcirculation Model for Invasive Animal Monitoring . . . . . 119 Ufuk Nalbantoglu
15
Cremaster Chamber Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Lloyd Nanhekhan
16
Mouse Cremaster Muscle Allograft Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Kagan Ozer
17
Microcirculation and Pace Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Lukasz Krokowicz and Mariusz Mielniczuk
18
Microcirculation and Hypothermia Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Piotr Czarnecki, Maciej Bręborowicz, and Leszek Romanowski
Part III
Transplantation Models
19
Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Models . . . . . . . . 151 Fatih Zor and Maria Z. Siemionow
20
Rat Hind Limb and Cremaster Allograft Transplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Kagan Ozer
21
Limb and Microcirculation: Cremaster Flap Model . . . . . . . . . 167 Ferit Demirkan
22
Bilateral Vascularized Composite Skin/Bone Transplantation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Selahattin Özmen
23
Vascular Thymus and Hind Limb Allotransplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Turgut Ortak
24
Vascular Thymus Transplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Turgut Ortak
25
Vascularized Skin/Bone Transplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Selahattin Özmen
26
Vascularized Bone-Femur Transplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . 205 Galip Agaoglu and Maria Z. Siemionow
27
New Composite Tissue Allograft Model of Vascularized Bone Marrow Transplant: The Iliac Osteomyocutaneous Flap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Serdar Nasır
28
New Modification of the Oldest Flap in Rats to Increase Antigenicity of Transplanted Skin: The Extended Groin Flap Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Serdar Nasır
Contents
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29
Combined Semimembranosus Muscle and Epigastric Skin Flap Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Galip Agaoglu and Maria Siemionow
30
Composite Osseomusculocutaneous Thymus Allotransplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Mehmet Bozkurt and Fatih Zor
31
Experimental Model for Monitoring of Composite Tissue Transplantation Induced Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Eftal Gudemez
32
Cryopreservation in Plastic Surgery: Our Experience and Review of the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Ilker Yazici, Michal Molski, and Maria Z. Siemionow
33
A Xenotransplantation Model for Vascularized Composite Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Fatih Zor and Hüseyin Karagöz
34
Full Face Transplant Model in Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Yalcin Kulahci and Maria Z. Siemionow
35
Hemiface Transplant Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Bahar Bassiri Gharb, Antonio Rampazzo, and Selman Hakki Altuntas
36
Composite Hemiface/Calvarium Transplantation Model in Rat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Ilker Yazici, Sakir Unal, and Maria Z. Siemionow
37
Maxilla Allograft Transplantation Model in Rat . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Ilker Yazici and Maria Z. Siemionow
38
Composite Hemiface/Mandible/Tongue Allotransplantation Model in Rats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Yalcin Kulahci and Maria Z. Siemionow
39
Composite Osseomusculocutaneous Midface Allotransplantation Model with Motor and Sensory Units. . . . 311 Fatih Zor and Mehmet Bozkurt
40
Transplantation of the Mystacial Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Luis Landin, Pedro Bolado Gutiérrez, and Emilio González García
41
Heterotopic Transplantation of Total Face/Scalp Flap . . . . . . . 331 Selahattin Özmen and Yavuz Demir
42
Non-invasive Monitoring of Skin-Containing Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Huseyin Karagoz, Mehmet Salih Gurel, and Fatih Zor
43
Abdominal Wall Transplant Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Serdar Nasır
Contents
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44
Penis Allotransplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Erhan Sönmez and Maria Z. Siemionow
45
Composite Orbital and Periorbital Allotransplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Fatih Zor and Huseyin Karagoz
46
Ear Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Antonio Rampazzo, Bahar Bassiri Gharb, and Selman H. Altuntas
47
Heterotopic Vascularized Ovarian Autotransplantation Model in the Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Raffi Gurunluoglu, Maria Z. Siemionow and Tommaso Falcone
48
Spleen Transplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Arkadiusz Jundzill, Aleksandra Klimczak, and Grzegorz Brzezicki
Part IV
Peripheral Nerve Surgey Models
49
Vascularized Lymph Node Transplantation Models . . . . . . . . . 401 Safak Uygur
50
A Contemporary Overview of Peripheral Nerve Research from Cleveland Clinic Microsurgery Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Maria Z. Siemionow and Alper Sari
51
Epineural Sleeve End-to-End Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Maria Z. Siemionow and Hüseyin Karagöz
52
Somatosensory Evoked Potential Model for Assessment of Nerve Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Greg J. Kwiecien and Wlodzimierz Siemionow
53
Epineural Sleeve Nerve Grafting Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Przemyslaw Lubiatowski
54
Single Fascicle Graft Repair Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Maciej Zielinski
55
Nerve Decompression Models in Diabetic Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Yavuz Demir and Alper Sari
56
Epineural Sheath Grafts for Nerve Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Yavuz Demir
57
Epineural Tube Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Grzegorz Brzezicki and Arkadiusz Jundzill
58
Tissue Engineered Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Amanda Mendiola
Contents
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59
Venous Conduit as a Model for Nerve Regeneration . . . . . . . . . 485 T.H.J. Nijhuis
60
DRG Decompression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Kris Siemionow
61
Epineural Patch Applications in Dorsal Root Ganglion Decompression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Kris Siemionow
62
Sheep as a Large Animal Model for Nerve Regeneration Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Can Ozturk, Safak Uygur, and Miroslaw Lukaszuk
63
Peripheral Nerve Surgery Models Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Can Ozturk
64
Peripheral Nerve Surgery Models Crush Injury and Epineural Patch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Can Ozturk, Safak Uygur, and Maria Z. Siemionow
65
Neuroma Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Adam Bobkiewicz
66
Diabetic Rat Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Miroslaw Lukaszuk
67
Nerve Allograft Transplantation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Joseph Scharpf
Part V 68
Microsurgical Robot Applications
Nerve Allograft Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Erhan Sönmez and Maria Z. Siemionow
Part VI
Cellular Therapy Models
69
Application of the Microsurgical Robot RAMS in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Wlodzimierz Siemionow and Maria Z. Siemionow
70
Cellular Therapies in Vascularized Composite Allograft: Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Aleksandra Klimczak and Maria Z. Siemionow
71
In Vivo Chimera Model: Creation of Primary and Secondary Chimera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Joanna Cwykiel and Maria Z. Siemionow
Contents
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72
Cellular Therapy Models: Ex Vivo Chimera Model by Cell Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 Joanna Cwykiel and Maria Z. Siemionow
73
Cellular Therapies via Vascularized Bone Marrow Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Aleksandra Klimczak
74
Cellular Therapies in Vascularized Composite Allograft . . . . . 617 Aleksandra Klimczak and Arkadiusz Jundzill
75
Cellular Therapies in Post-radiation Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Joanna Cwykiel and Greg J. Kwiecien
76
Cellular Therapies in Nerve Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Joanna Cwykiel, Ewa Bryndza Tfaily, and Maria Z. Siemionow
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Contributors
Galip Agaoglu, MD Onep Plastic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey Selman H. Altuntas, MD Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Suleyman Demirel University Medical Faculty, Isparta, Turkey M. Sühan Ayhan, MD Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey Adam Bobkiewicz, MD Department of General, Oncological, Gastroenterological and Reconstructive Surgery, Świecicki University Hospital, Poznan, Wielkopolska, Poland Mehmet Bozkurt, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Kartal Dr Lutfi Kirdar Research and Training Hospital, Cevizli, Turkey Maciej Bręborowicz, MD, PhD Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland Grzegorz Brzezicki, MD, PhD Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmon, VA, USA Hakan Bulam, MD Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Joanna Cwykiel, MSc Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Małgorzata Cyran, MD Chair and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland Piotr Czarnecki, MD, PhD Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland Yavuz Demir, MD Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey Ferit Demirkan, MD Acibadem University, Fulya Hospital, Acibadem University, Fulya Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Hand Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, Acibadem University, Fulya Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey xv
xvi
Tomasz Dydymski, MD, PhD Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Solumed, Poznan, Poland Tommaso Falcone, MD, FRCSC, FACOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecology and Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Bahar Bassiri Gharb, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Emilio González García, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Manises, Manises, Valencia, Spain Eftal Gudemez, MD Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Mehmet Salih Gurel, MD Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Raffi Gurunluoglu, MD, PhD, FACS Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, OH, USA Pedro Bolado Gutiérrez, MD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain Jerzy Jankau, MD, PhD, DSc Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland, Gdansk, Poland Arkadiusz Jundzill, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Hüseyin Karagöz, MD, PhD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Aleksandra Klimczak, PhD, DSc Department of Clinical Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland Lukasz Krokowicz, MD Department of General Surgery, Oncologic Gastroenterologic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland Yalcin Kulahci, MD Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey Krzysztof Kusza, MD, PhD, DSc Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland Greg J. Kwiecien, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Contributors
Contributors
xvii
Luis Landin MD, PhD Cirugia Plastica y Reparadora, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain Przemyslaw Lubiatowski, MD, PhD, DSc Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland Miroslaw Lukaszuk, MD General and Endocrine Surgery and Gastroenterological Oncology Department, H. Świecicki University Hospital, Poznan, Poland Amanda Mendiola, MD Department of General Surgery, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA Mariusz Mielniczuk, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Hospital no 1 in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland Michal Molski, MD, PhD Department of Vascular Surgery, Eskulap Hospital, Osielsko, Poland Ufuk Nalbantoglu, MD Medical Faculty, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey Lloyd Nanhekhan, MD, FRCS Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Serdar Nasır, MD Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey T.H.J. Nijhuis, MD, PhD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Turgut Ortak, MD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Süleyman Demirel University Medical Faculty, Research and Training Hospital, Isparta, Turkey Kagan Ozer, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Selahattin Özmen, MD Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Can Ozturk, MD Department of Head & Neck and Plastic Surgery, Rosswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA Antonio Rampazzo, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Leszek Romanowski, MD, PhD Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
xviii
Alper Sari, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Mersin University Medical Faculty, Mersin, Turkey Joseph Scharpf, MD Department of Otolaryngology, Cleveland Clinic, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Kris Siemionow, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA Maria Z. Siemionow, MD, PhD, DSc Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Wlodzimierz Siemionow, PhD Biomedical Engineering Consultant, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA Erhan Sönmez, MD, PhD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Izmir Ataturk Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey Jacek Szopinski, MD, PhD Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland Ewa Bryndza Tfaily, PhD Depertment of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Sakir Unal, MD Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey Safak Uygur, MD Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Ilker Yazici, MD Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine – Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Maciej Zielinski, MD, PhD Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland Fatih Zor, MD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
Contributors
