Accepted Manuscript Pleuropulmonary blastoma in extrapulmonary lung tissue: a case report Mio Tanaka, Rieko Ijiri, Mariko Yoshida, Misa Yoshida, Hiroshi Take, Kumiko Nozawa, Noriko Aida, Hiroaki Goto, Yukichi Tanaka PII:
S2213-5766(14)00100-6
DOI:
10.1016/j.epsc.2014.07.007
Reference:
EPSC 251
To appear in:
Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports
Received Date: 27 February 2014 Revised Date:
15 July 2014
Accepted Date: 15 July 2014
Please cite this article as: Tanaka M, Ijiri R, Yoshida M, Yoshida M, Take H, Nozawa K, Aida N, Goto H, Tanaka Y, Pleuropulmonary blastoma in extrapulmonary lung tissue: a case report, Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.epsc.2014.07.007. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Pleuropulmonary blastoma in extrapulmonary lung tissue: a case report
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Running title: Pleuropulmonary blastoma in extrapulmonary lung tissue
Mio Tanaka1), Rieko Ijiri1), Mariko Yoshida1), Misa Yoshida1), Hiroshi Take2),
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Kumiko Nozawa3), Noriko Aida3), Hiroaki Goto4), Yukichi Tanaka1)
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Department of Pathology1), Department of Surgery2), Department of Radiology3), Department of Hematology and Oncology4), Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
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Corresponding author: Mio Tanaka, Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555,
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Japan, +81-45-711-2351,
[email protected]
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Abstract We report a case of pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) occurring in a very unusual location, extrapulmonary lung tissue, as possible extralobar pulmonary
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sequestration. The patient was a girl aged two years and six months with respiratory symptoms. Infection of a congenital pulmonary malformation was
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suspected based on computed tomography findings. The operative findings
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revealed a partly adherent mass located between the upper and middle right lobes, and a feeding vessel. Histological analysis showed the mass to be PPB. A small portion of normal-looking pulmonary tissues was confirmed in the subcapsular area of the mass, suggesting that the tumor originated in
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extrapulmonary lung tissue. The patient underwent postoperative chemotherapy. No recurrence or metastasis of the PPB has occurred during the 10-year follow-up.
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When considering the treatment options for an extralobar pulmonary lesion, the
rare.
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possibility of PPB should be considered, although its occurrence may be extremely
KEY WORDS Extralobar pulmonary sequestration, Pleuropulmonary blastoma
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare intrathoracic tumor of early childhood. It has often been described as associated with cystic lung diseases, such as congenital adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) [1-3]. However, its association
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with extralobar lung tissue has not been reported in the literature. Here, we report a girl with repeated respiratory infections, whose initial diagnosis was
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suspected CCAM. However, a histological analysis showed her to have PPB in
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extralobar lung tissue, possibly within an extrapulmonary sequestration (EPS).
Case report
A girl aged two years and six months presented at hospital with a cough and fever.
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A chest radiogram showed right pulmonary consolidation. The CT findings were suggestive of infection of a CCAM and the patient was referred to our institute for
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further evaluation and treatment. She was febrile at presentation, with reduced
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respiratory sounds in the right thorax and an elevated white blood cell count. Her medical and family histories were unremarkable. She was treated with antibiotics. A follow-up CT obtained a month later, after her general condition had improved, showed a well-defined, large cystic mass with a solid component in the right thorax. A right thoracotomy was performed. The right lung showed incomplete lobulation between the upper/middle and middle/lower lobes. The 3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT mass was located between the upper and middle lobes and appeared to be covered by its own pleura. It was clearly separated from the pulmonary lobes, although there was slight adhesion to the upper lobe. There was no connection to the
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trachea or gastrointestinal tract. A feeding vessel was confirmed and resected, and the mass was completely removed. The mass measured 80 × 60 × 60 mm and
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weighed 155 g. The cut section revealed cystic and solid lesions with hemorrhage
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(Fig. 1). The solid lesions were fragile and nodular in appearance. Microscopically, the tumor was completely covered by a fibrocollagenous capsule and showed diffuse growth of neoplastic cells, with normal-looking ciliated epithelial linings in some areas (Fig. 2A). Some neoplastic cells showed differentiation towards
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striated muscle. Neoplastic cartilage and hemorrhagic necrosis were also noted. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, desmin,
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muscle actin, focally positive for myoglobin, and negative for cytokeratin. The
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epithelial linings were positive for cytokeratin and thyroid transcription factor 1. These findings are consistent with PPB. Small amounts of normal-looking pulmonary tissues were noted between the fibrocollagenous capsule and the tumor (Fig. 2B), suggesting that the tumor arose from extrapulmonary lung tissue. Careful review of the preoperative CT revealed what appeared to be an intercostal artery as the feeding artery (Fig. 3); however, 4
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT histological examination proved this to be a muscular-type artery. The postoperative CT showed no defect or distortion of the right lung, and there was no disruption of the distal bronchial tree. The final diagnosis was PPB arising in
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extralobar pulmonary tissue. The patient was discharged after completing postoperative chemotherapy. There has been no recurrence or metastasis of the
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PPB during 10 years of follow-up.
Discussion
Pulmonary sequestration is an uncommon congenital anomaly, characterized by an anomalous systemic blood supply and dysplastic lung tissues that have no
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connection to the tracheobronchial tree. It is classified into intralobar and extralobar types, the former contained within the normal lung and the latter
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separated from the normal pulmonary lobe, outside the visceral pleura. EPS is
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less common than its intralobar counterpart, and is more often associated with congenital anomalies such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia, lung and chest wall deformities, foregut malformations, bronchogenic cysts, and complex cardiac anomalies [4-6]. Interpreting the origin of PPB in our patient was very difficult because the artery confirmed during surgery was a muscular type and may have been a parasitized 5
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT vessel. However, the resected tumor was an independent mass existing outside the normal pulmonary lobes, with no connection to the gastrointestinal tract. It was covered by fibrocollagenous tissue, separate from the visceral pleura that
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outlined the normal lung lobes. There was no pedicle-like feature that would have suggested a tumor protruding from a normal pulmonary lobe. Moreover, the
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postoperative CT scan showed no defect or distortion of the right lung tissue, and
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there was no disruption of the distal bronchial tree. Based on these data, the tumor was considered to have developed from extralobar pulmonary tissue, possibly sequestered lung. Because the growth of the tumor was expansive, the
was no way to prove this.
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elastic-type feeding artery may have become indistinguishable, although there
The management of pulmonary sequestration is controversial, especially in EPS.
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Patients with intralobar pulmonary sequestration (IPS) often develop respiratory
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symptoms, most commonly respiratory-tract infections and recurrent pneumonia. There have been very few reports of patients with IPS who remained asymptomatic throughout life [7, 8]. Therefore, many authors recommend resection, regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms [8-10]. In contrast, EPS is often asymptomatic and is less likely to become infected later in life. Some authors advocate observation for asymptomatic cases or recommend intervention 6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT only after symptoms appear [11-13]. Even though the surgical results are satisfactory and the complication rates are generally low, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and emphysema are recognized problems. Moreover, the possibility
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of infection, destruction of the normal pulmonary parenchyma, and malignant transformation have been reported by other groups [4, 10, 14].
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Pulmonary sequestration has previously been reported most commonly in
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association with CCAM/CPAM type 2, and there has been a misconception that PPB is a preexisting CCAM/CPAM that has undergone malignant transformation [15, 16]. Approximately 50% of EPSs contain multiple small cysts, measuring up to 2.0 cm, similar to CPAM type 2, and these are generally termed “hybrid
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lesions”. However, recent studies by the International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Registry have indicated that CPAM type 2 does not undergo malignant
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transformation. In fact, these cystic lesions are assumed to be secondarily
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developed lesions associated with in utero airway obstruction and/or atresia, a pathological entity quite distinct from CPAM type 2 [15, 17]. Although the risk of malignant transformation of the so-called “hybrid lesions” has been rejected, the occurrence of PPB associated with extralobar lung tissue, mostly commonly EPS, as in our patient, cannot be ignored. The development of minimally invasive surgery has increased guardians’ 7
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT willingness to consent to surgical resection in these children because scarring is minimized, there is less pain, and the hospital stay is shorter than for thoracotomy [15]. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) has recently been
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performed on selected patients with pulmonary sequestration. Some TAE studies have shown good results, with complete regression of the lesion, although the
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long-term efficacy and safety of the treatment have not yet been established [18].
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However, guardians are often reluctant to consent to surgery, especially when the patient is asymptomatic. In these cases, TAE may be a treatment option, although clinicians should note that no tissue is available for pathological examination after TAE. When considering the treatment options for these lesions,
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although they are extremely rare, the possibility of PPB associated with
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extralobar lung tissue (possibly EPS) should be considered.
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Conflict of interest and sources of funding statement The authors claim that they have no conflicts of interest or financial conflicts.
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Figure legends
Figure 1
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Macroscopic investigation of the tumor. The cut section of the tumor reveals cystic
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and solid lesions. The solid lesions were fragile and nodular in appearance.
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Figure 2
Microscopic findings of the tumor. A: Diffuse growth of neoplastic cells, with round to oval or spindle-shaped nuclei and rough chromatin clumping, partly covered by normal-looking ciliated epithelial lining. B: At the surgical margin, a
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Figure 3
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pleura and the tumor.
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small amount of normal-looking pulmonary tissue is noted between the visceral
Preoperative computed tomography image. A well-defined, large cystic mass with a solid component is seen in the right thorax. A feeding artery from the intercostal artery is indicated (white arrow).
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Highlights
unusual location, extrapulmonary lung tissue.
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• We report a case of pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) occurring in a very
• The mass was clearly separated from the pulmonary lobes without
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connection to the trachea or gastrointestinal tract.
• Histological analysis showed the mass to be PPB, and normal-looking
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pulmonary tissues were noted at the periphery of the mass.
• When considering the treatment options for extrapulmonary lung tissue,
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the possibility of PPB should be considered.
