policy, practice and research

Download PDF
0 downloads 0 Views 407KB Size Report
Comment
Debates around the teaching of grammar continue to erupt in the field of ... traditional school grammar is towards the learning ..... The picture is a little brighter.
3"AH!Q6' 38I!$H!%' 8%&%I8!R''! '

*$8!(+!5*$02.!46!+10)*+9!!>7%2(3(+2&!$'!6T%2(3(+2&\! >-3(.6-+122&!$'!5&5+671+(3122&\!;-12&+(3122&!$'! 5&-+*6+(3122&\!^'$13+(/62&!$'!'613+(/62&\!;5!%1'+!$,! +613*(-)!504X63+!@-$826.)6!$'!$-!(+5!$8-\!;-.! 8*(3*!7$.62!$,!)'1771'!+$!056\!>-!6.031+($-12! 3$-+6T+5Q!+*6!.641+6!1'$0-.!+*6!3*$(36!$,!)'1771'! (5!$,+6-!,'176.!(-!+6'75!$,![+'1.(+($-12]!/5! [,0-3+($-12]9!f6!8(22!1')06!*6'6!+*1+!503*!1! ,'17(-)!(5!7(5261.(-)!1-.!5(7%2(5+(39!f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

I#J'

:0/;',01-.,./712'C&$'"%

U0*21,.7-! '621+($-!+$!/6'45Q!`*6!+! 0-,$2.5!+*'$0)*!1!56'(65!$,!5+1)65!,0-3+($-122&! (.6-+(,(6.!15!-
-$0-!)'$0%! `*(5!(-!(+562,!(5!1!5()-(,(31-+!7$/6!(-!+613*(-)!1-.! 261'-(-)Q!122$8(-)!5+0.6-+5!+$!+*(-@!(-!+6'75!$,! [761-(-),02!3*0-@5]9!b$5+!)'1771'5!8$02.!+1@6! 1!,0'+*6'!5+6%Q!46&$-.!5(7%2&!-17(-)!+*656! 31+6)$'(65Q!1-.!8$02.!3$-5(.6'!+*6!+)'-01*'!$,!+*6! )'1771+(312!321559!`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g6.9!>+!(5! 503*!,0-3+($-5!+*1+!71@6!_AH!1%%612(-)!+$! +613*6'5!1-.!5+0.6-+5Q!15!+*6&!31-!566!1!7$'6! (776.(1+6!'626/1-36!+$!+*6('!6/6'&.1&!2(/65c!*$8! +*6&!056!21-)01)6!+$!+12@!14$0+!8*1+]5!)$(-)!$-n! *$8!+*6&!056!21-)01)6!+$!(-+6'13+!8(+*!$+*6'5n!1-.! *$8!+*6&!5*1%6!+*6!$')1-(g1+($-!$,!+6T+59!!

x) #$7(-)!(-!+*'$0)*!+*6!76+1,0-3+($-5Q! 5+0.6-+5!31-!261'-!*$8!21-)01)6!(5!056.! +$!3$-5+'03+!+*6!761-(-)5!$,!+*6!/1'($05! 30''(30207!1'615!Z!+*6!8$'2.5!$,! 2(+6'1+0'6Q!53(6-36Q!71+*671+(35Q! )6$)'1%*&Q!1-.!5$!$-n!*$8!21-)01)6! 5*1%65!(.6-+(+(65!1-.!'621+($-5*(%5n!1-.! *$8!5%$@6-!+6T+5!.(,,6'!,'$7!8'(++6-!+6T+5! Z!1-.!,'$7!702+(7$.12!+6T+59!! x) #$7(-)!(-!+*'$0)*!-$+($-5!$,!7$.6Q!_AH! 31-!46!056,022&!1%%2(6.!+$!8$'@(-)!8(+*! 5+0.6-+5!+$!3$-5+'03+!1-.!(-+6'%'6+!5%$@6-Q! /(5012!1-.!.()(+12!+6T+5!4&!15@(-)! S065+($-5!$,!%0'%$56Q!10.(6-36Q!)6-'6!1-.! '6)(5+6'9!! x) #$7(-)!(-!+*'$0)*!+*6!)'1771'Q!5+0.6-+5! 31-!566!*$8!3210565!1-.!56-+6-365!1'6! 5+'03+0'6.!(-!/1'($05!81&5!Z!02+(71+62&! '621+(-)!+*656!)'1771+(312!(+675!413@!+$! +*6!761-(-)5!46(-)!71.69! :0/;',01-.,./712',/'=)74,./712'+!(5!-$+!1!71++6'Q!*$86/6'Q!$,!141-.$-(-)! +'1.(+($-12!)'1771'!40+!$,!40(2.(-)!$-!(+9! A0-3+($-12!)'1771'Q!,$'!6T17%26Q!67%2$&5! 5+1-.1'.!+6'75!503*!15!1'+(326Q!1.X63+(/6Q!-$0-Q! 1-.!%'6%$5(+($-12!%*'156!+$!'6,6'!+$!)'1771+(312! ! "D

%$5+6'!125$!56'/6.!+$!50%%$'+!+*6('!5%$@6-! 6T%21-1+($-59!R6'!)'1771'!+613*(-)!,$'!+*(5! +613*(-)!6%(5$.6!'6/$2/6.!1'$0-.!155(5+(-)! 5+0.6-+5!+$!40(2.!,13+012!.653'(%+($-!/(1!+*6!-$0-! )'$0%!U--!+6'75!$,!+6-$'Q!+*6!0-.6')'1.01+6! 5+0.6-+!705+!%$5(+($-!*6'562,!$'!*(7562,!(-!+*6! ,(62.!15!1!53*$21'Y(-Y+'1(-(-)n!13*(6/(-)!+*6!'()*+! 4121-36!$,!1550'6.-655Q![$4X63+(/(+&]Q!1-.! @-$826.)69!`*6!5*(,+!(-!7$.6!,'$7!5%$@6-!+$! 8'(++6-!21-)01)6!8(22!'6S0('6!3$-+'$2!$,!+*6! $')1-(g1+($-12!,61+0'65!$,!G-)2(5*9!`*(5!(-5+1-36! $,!+*6!)6-'6!(5!1!*()*2&!5&74$2(3!1'+6,13+!+*1+! 705+!761-![$-!(+5!$8-]9!`*6!,$22$8(-)!+1426! %'656-+5!1!'1-)6!$,!)'1771+(312!,61+0'65!1+!5+1@6! (-!261'-(-)!+$!3$-+'$2!503*!1!+6T+9!;81'6-655!$,! +*656!8(22!)'61+2&!155(5+!+613*6'5]!%21--(-)

>-!+*6!6T17%26!14$/6Q!+*6!+613*6'!.'68!$-!*6'! @-$826.)6!$,!)6-'6Q!'6)(5+6'!1-.!)'1771'!+$!%21-! 1!2(+6'13&!%'$)'17!6746..6.!(-!+*6!30''(30207! 3$-+6-+9!F63$)-(5(-)!+*1+!+*6!_3(6-36!30''(30207! (5!*$5+!+$!6T%21-1+($-!)6-'65!8*(3*!'1-)6!,'$7! 5(7%26!+$!3$7%26T!5*6!815!1426!+$![413@81'.! 71%]!+$!1!+6T+!,$'7!8*(3*!815!8(+*(-!+*6!)'15%!$,! *6'!32155!$,!6()*+!&61'Y$2.5!&6+!8$02.!%'6%1'6! +*67!,$'!7$'6!3*1226-)(-)!+6T+5!+*6&!8$02.! 6-3$0-+6'!21+6'!(-!53*$$2(-)9!`*6!_(7%26! b13*(-65!,(62.!6-1426.!5+0.6-+5!+$!32$562&! $456'/6!1-.!71-(%021+6!,17(2(1'!6/6'&.1&!(+675! 503*!15!074'62215Q!6))461+6'5Q!5+1%26'5!1-.!*1-.! .'(225!5$!+*1+!+*6&!3$02.!'61.(2&!463$76![6T%6'+5]! (-!*$8!+*6&!8$'@6.9!A$305(-)!$-!5%$@6-!+6T+! 6-1426.!+*6!261'-6'5!+$!6-3$0-+6'!+*6!5+'03+0'6!$,! +*6!)6-'6!1-.!$+*6'!15%63+5!$,!+*6!+6T+!8(+*$0+!+*6! 1..(+($-12!40'.6-!$,!%'$.03(-)!+*67!(-!8'(++6-! ,$'7!1+!+*(5!61'2&!5+1)6!$,!.6/62$%76-+9!`*6! +613*6'!(-+'$.036.!+*6!261'-6'5!+$!+*6!702+(7$.12! 3$-/6-+($-5!$,!+*6!.(53(%2(-6n!+613*(-)!+*67!*$8! +$!'61.!1-.!3$-5+'03+!.(1)'175!15!8622!15!14$0+! +*6('!3$7%2676-+1'&!'$26!8(+*!/6'412!+6T+9!`*6! ! 6*'0$A0)&%!+&-0*3! 9)3C*,$! GT%$5(+$'&!)6-'6c!310512!6T%21-1+($-!$,!1!%*6-$76-$-! D1$%2! `*6!131.67(3!.(53(%2(-6!$,!3$776'36!U(-320.(-)!31056! 1-.!6,,63+!(7%2(31+($-!56S06-365V! "$'*3! `*6!3$-5+'012!$,!562,!15!@-$826.)61426Q!3'(+(312! 1%%'6-+(36!(-+6'13+(-)!8(+*![+*6!131.67&]!U76.(1+6.!4&! +*6!263+0'6'!15!155655$'V! 8*2$! f'(++6-!%'$.03+!U+*'$0)*!1!%'$3655!$,!'61.(-)Q! .(53055($-!1-.!.'1,+(-)V!%6'*1%5!8(+*!133$7%1-&(-)! .(1)'17d/(50125!

9*0$'01&%!%&'()&($!+*-),! `*6!.(5+(-3+(/6!,0-3+($-12!5+1)65!+*1+!503*!1!+6T+!-66.5!+$! .6/62$%!(-!$'.6'!+$!13*(6/6!(+5!'*6+$'(312!%0'%$569! 6)!26T(3$)'1771+(312!'65$0'365!,$'!40(2.(-)!,(62.Y5%63(,(3! +63*-(312(+&Q!+*6!-$7(-12(g1+($-!$,!6T%6'(6-36Q!+*6! 6T%'655($-!$,!310512!'621+($-5*(%5! 6)!+*6!(-.('63+!6T%'655($-!$,!%'$414(2(+&n!+*6!.6)'66!$,! 3$77(+76-+!+$!1!%'$%$5(+($-n!'65$0'365!,$'!3'(+(312! 6/1201+($-n!3(+(-)!%'13+(365n!+*6!3*$(36!$,!5%663*!'$26! %'$-$0-5! 6)!3$*65(/6!.6/(365n!'65$0'365!,$'!71-(%021+(-)!+*6!,2$8! $,!(-,$'71+($-!U6)!,$'6)'$0-.(-)!1-.!413@)'$0-.(-)n! 5()-122(-)!+*6!.6/62$%76-+!$,!+*6!1')076-+V! ! ""

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

W-6!(5506!,$'!_AH!(5!(+5!1%%2(314(2(+&!+$! 702+(567($+(3!+6T+5!U(969!+6T+5!.'18(-)!$-!567($+(3! '65$0'365!46&$-.!21-)01)6!503*!15!(71)6!$'! 5$0-.V9!f6!13@-$826.)6!+*1+!+*6'6!(5!703*!8$'@! +$!46!.$-6!(-!+*(5!'65%63+9!R$86/6'Q!4631056!$,!+*6! 67%*15(5!$-!761-(-)Q!_AH!(5!1%%2(31426!+$!,$'75! $,!567($5(5!$0+5(.6!$,!21-)01)69!>-!+6'75!! $,!/(5012!+6T+5Q!#122$8!UPDDNV!8$'@5!8(+*!+613*6'5! 1-.!5+0.6-+5!4&!%$5(-)!S065+($-5!4156.!1'$0-.!+*6! 76+1,0-3+($-5!503*!15c! x) f*1+!13+($-5Q!$4X63+5!1-.!56++(-)5!1'6! 6/(.6-+\!UGT%6'(6-+(12V! x) R$8!1'6!15%63+5!503*!15!3$2$0'Q!1-)26Q!5*$+! .(5+1-36Q!1-.!+*6!76.(1!67%2$&6.!056.!+$! 3$-5+'03+!1-!(-+6'%6'5$-12!'621+($-5*(%! 46+866-!+*6!/(686'!1-.!+*6![/(686.]\! U>-+6'%6'5$-12V!

!

x) f*1+!21&$0+!3*$(365!1'6!71.6!1-.!8*1+!(5! +*6!6,,63+!$,!+*$56!3*$(365\!U`6T+012V!! W,!3$0'56Q!1!/(5012!)'1771'!12$-6!8$-m+!46! 50,,(3(6-+!,$'!122!+*6!%$55(4(2(+(65!1-.!3*1226-)65! $,,6'6.!4&!.()(+12!+63*-$2$)&!40+!+*6!5033655!$,!+*6! 14$/6!50))65+5!+*1+!_AH!*15!703*!+$!$,,6'!+613*6'5! ,$'!32155'$$7!056!U,$'!6T17%26Q!566!E-58$'+*! PDD"V9!#$-5+'03+5!$,!)6-'6!1-.!'6)(5+6'!71&!125$!46! 1%%2(6.!+$!+*6!3$-5+'03+($-!$,!-68!+6T+!,$'75!1-.! (-.66.!$,,6'!1!81&!(-+$!3$7%'6*6-.(-)!+*656! +*'$0)*!503*!(-/65+()1+($-5!15![f*1+!(5!+*6!%0'%$56! $,!+*6!+6T+\]!1-.![f*$!(5!+*6!(-+6-.6.!'61.6'\]! f*(26!-$+($-5!$,!%0'%$56!1-.!10.(6-36!*1/6!466-! (-*6'6-+!(-!G-)2(5*!30''(3021!,$'!71-&!&61'5Q!_AH! %'$/(.65!6T%2(3(+!1-.!5%63(,(3!+$$25!,$'![%(--(-)! .$8-]!8*1+!+*656!2$$@!2(@6!(-!21-)01)6!1-.!(-!$+*6'! 567($+(3!5&5+6759!

?503'0:5@/,A 64@/'

'

?503'B;433/,A 64@/'

>-+6'13+($-! 1'$0-.!1! 214$'1+$'&! 6T%6'(76-+!

_67(-1'! '63$0-+(-)!! '6502+5!

_3(6-+(,(3! '6%$'+!,$'!1-! 131.67(3! X$0'-12!

514$%.!C!! ! ;5!8622!15!(-,$'7(-)!30''(30207!3$-+6-+!U+*6! [8*1+]!+$!+613*VQ!+*6!_AH!7$.62!*15!125$!(-,$'76.! %6.1)$)(3!.65()-!U+*6![*$8]V9!!`*6!32$56! '621+($-5*(%!46+866-!261'-(-)!1-.!21-)01)6! .6/62$%76-+!(5!1!@6&!+6-6+!$,!+*6!7$.62Q!4'(-)(-)! +$)6+*6'!e&)$+5@(1-!+'1.(+($-5!$,!261'-(-)!+*'$0)*! (-+6'13+($-!1-.!5+0.(65!$,!21-)01)6!.6/62$%76-+9! `*6!1%%'$13*!(5!8(.62&!056.!+$!.65()-!2(+6'13&! %6.1)$)&!(-!53*$$25Q!3$770-(+&!3$226)65!1-.! 0-(/6'5(+(65!13'$55!;05+'12(1!1-.!62568*6'69!`*6! 36-+'12!-$+($-!$,![)0(.1-36!+*'$0)*!(-+6'13+($-!(-! +*6!3$-+6T+!$,!5*1'6.!6T%6'(6-36]!Ub1'+(-!"KKKc! "PLV!(5!31%+0'6.!(-!1!30''(30207!3&326!+*1+!0565! )6-'6!1-.!+*6!30''(30207!3$-+6T+!15!5+1'+(-)!%$(-+5! ,$'!3$-+6-+Y4156.!21-)01)6!+613*(-)9!`613*6'5! (-+'$.036!+*6!,$305!)6-'6!1-.!6T%2(3(+2&!+613*! 5+0.6-+5!14$0+!(+5!5$3(12!3$-+6T+Q!(+5!+&%(312! 5+'03+0'6!1-.!512(6-+!15%63+5!$,!+*6!)'1771'9! ='18(-)!$-!+*1+!5*1'6.!76+121-)01)6Q!+613*6'!1-.! 5+0.6-+5!1'6!+*6-!1426!+$!X$(-+2&!3$-5+'03+!1-! (-5+1-36!$,!+*6!)6-'69!>-!+*(5!81&!5+0.6-+5!1'6! 50%%$'+6.!+$81'.!(-.6%6-.6-+!50336559!f*(26!+*6! 7$.62!(5!1%%2(6.!,26T(42&!1-.!'630'5(/62&!Z!'1+*6'! +*1-!(-!1!2$3@Y5+6%!,15*($-!Z!(+!(5!3$77$-2&! '6%'656-+6.!(-!+*6!,$22$8(-)!.(1)'179!!

>7%$'+1-+2&!,$'!G-)2(5*!21-)01)6!261'-6'5Q!_AH! 155(5+5!+613*6'5!(-!50%%$'+(-)!261'-6'5]! .6/62$%76-+!$,!131.67(3!21-)01)69!`'1.(+($-122&! )'1771'5!*1/6!466-!4156.!$-!8'(++6-!21-)01)6!40+! 4631056!$,!(+5!67%*15(5!$-!21-)01)6!(-!056!_AH!(5! 6S0122&!1%%2(31426!+$!5%$@6-!21-)01)69!`*6! .(,,6'6-365!46+866-!+*6!+8$!1'6!133$0-+6.!,$'!4&! 761-5!$,!+*6!7$.6!3$-+(-007!8*(3*! 3$-36%+012(g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

! !

! "P

W-6!(7%$'+1-+!(5506!1'(5(-)!,'$7!122!$,!+*(5! 30''(30207!13+(/(+&!(5!+*1+!$,!+*6!-66.!,$'!S012(+&! 71+6'(125!,$'!056!(-!32155'$$75!1-.!(-!+613*6'! 6.031+($-!56++(-)59!`$!.1+6!+613*6'5!*1/6!+6-.6.!+$! 71@6!+*6('!$8-!$'!1.1%+!6T(5+(-)!'65$0'3659!f(+*! +*6!6T36%+($-!$,!(-(+(1+(/65!4&!5%63(,(3!563+$'5! 8(+*(-!;05+'12(1!1-.!62568*6'6!U503*!15!+*6!;.02+! b()'1-+!G.031+($-12!^'$)'17!U:_fVV!1-.!.(53'6+6! %'$X63+5!0-.6'+1@6-!4&!6.031+($-!.6%1'+76-+5Q! +*6'6!1'6!,68!3$776'3(12!%'$.03+5!8(.62&! 1/1(214269!b1-&!'65$0'365!,$'!+613*(-)!)'1771'! +6-.!+$!,1/$0'!+'1.(+($-12!1%%'$13*65!1-.!1'6!GA
&,1L*9/2-*0+'

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n!,$'! +*$56!8*$!1'6!-$+!,17(2(1'!8(+*!+'1.(+($-12! )'1771'Q!_AH!%'$/(.65!1!7$'6!'626/1-+![81&!(-]! +*'$0)*!)6-'6!1-.!,0-3+($-Q!6/6-+0122&!71@(-)! 3$-+13+!8(+*!+*6!+'1.(+($-12!)'1771+(312!31+6)$'(65! +*1+!'612(g6!+*$56!,0-3+($-59! ^'$,655($-12!.6/62$%76-+!%'$)'175!-66.!+$!46! 5045+1-+(12!1-.!$-)$(-)!1-.!-66.!+$!1..'655! %6.1)$)&!15!8622!15!@-$826.)69!`613*6'5!31-]+! 1281&5!1%%'63(1+6!+*6!%$+6-+(12!$,!,0-3+($-12!

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) N

!^*1565!1'6!5+6%5!1!+6T+!)$65!+*'$0)*!8(+*(-!+*6!)6-6'(3!5+1)659! ^*1565!31-!46!1!%1'1)'1%*!$'!1!,68!56-+6-365!2$-)9!A$'!1!,0226'! .(53055($-!566!b1'+(-!1-.!F$56!PDDJ9! ! "N

)'1771'!0-+(2!+*6&!*1/6!3$76!+$!+6'75!8(+*!@6&! %'(-3(%265n!+*(5!(5!.(,,(302+!+$!13*(6/6!(-!5*$'+! 567(-1'59!;!-0746'!$,!5033655,02!%'$)'175!,$'! 53*$$2Y4156.!+613*6'5!*1/6!6/$2/6.!+$!766+!+*(5! -66.Q!5$76!$,!8*(3*!*1/6!466-!.62(/6'6.!(-!+*6!Ek! 1-.!62568*6'6!15!8622!15!;05+'12(1n!,$'!6T17%26Q! G_-!+*(5!'65%63+Q! /()-6++65!$,!6T67%21'&!32155'$$7!%'13+(36!1'6! (7%$'+1-+!'65$0'365!,$'!+613*6'!6.031+$'5!1-.! %1'+(3021'2&!5$!,$'!%'6Y56'/(36!+613*6'!%'6%1'1+($-! %'$)'175!8*6'6!5+0.6-+5!*1/6!,686'!'65$0'365!1-.! 6T%6'(6-365!0%$-!8*(3*!+$!.'18!U566!R1'%6'!1-.! F6--(6!PDDK!,$'!.(53055($-!$,!%'6Y56'/(36!+613*6'5]! %'6%1'6.-655!+$!+613*!)'1771'V9!!

*/+;,/;0' f*(26!+613*6'5!7()*+!4102@!(-(+(122&!1+!5$76!$,!+*6! 0-,17(2(1'!+6'7(-$2$)&!1-.!3$-36%+5Q!5+0.6-+5!+6-.! +$!+1@6!+*67!(-!+*6('!5+'(.6!1-.!056!+*67! %'$.03+(/62&9!`*6'6!1'6!1!-0746'!$,!3156!5+0.(65!$,! 5+0.6-+!.6/62$%76-+!1-.!056!$,!1!,0-3+($-12! 76+121-)01)6!.$3076-+6.!(-!+*6!'6561'3*!U566!,$'! 6T17%26Q!b1'+(-!"KKKn!f(22(175!PDDIn!a$-65!PDDIV! 1-.!(-!%'$,655($-12!261'-(-)!71+6'(125!U,$'!6T17%26Q! G-)2(5*!21-)01)6!+613*6'5!*1/6!%21&6.!1-! (7%$'+1-+!'$26!(-!.6/62$%(-)!1%%2(31+($-5!$,!_AH! ,$'!32155'$$7!0569!`*6!46)(--(-)5!$,!+*6!1%%'$13*! 86'6!(-!702+(2(-)012Q!.(51./1-+1)6.!53*$$25n!-$8! _AH!(5!1!71X$'!3$7%$-6-+!$,!7$5+!`G_W
"5642-!.653'(4(-)!+*6!46-6,(+5!(-!+6'75!$,! 30''(30207Q!%6.1)$)&!1-.!15565576-+n!86!*1/6! 5*$8-!*$8!6.031+($-12!1%%2(31+($-5!$,!_AH!*1/6! +'1/6226.!,1'!,'$7!+*6('!)6-65(5!(-!R122(.1&]5!61'2&! 8$'@!+613*(-)!#*(-656!+$!-1+(/6!G-)2(5*!5%61@6'5! Uf645+6'!PDDIV9!R$86/6'Q!86!*1/6!125$! 13@-$826.)6.!+*1+!+*6'6!1'6!(7%$'+1-+!0-'65$2/6.! (55065!(-!+*6!6/$20+($-!$,!_AH!(-!+*6!;05+'12(1-! 3$-+6T+5!Z!5$76!$,!+*656!8(22!46!5*1'6.!8(+*! +613*6'5!1-.!+613*6'!6.031+$'5!(-!+*6!Ek!1-.! 62568*6'69!f6!1-+(3(%1+6!+*656!8(22!,$'7!%1'+!$,!+*6! $-)$(-)!.(12$)06!17$-)!2(-)0(5+5!1-.!+613*6'5!15! +*6!+*6$'&!1-.!(+5!1%%2(31+($-5!3$-+(-06!+$!6T%1-.9!! ! ! !

>-!+*(5!81&!,0-3+($-!1-.!32155!1'6!,('72&!2([email protected]! _$76!.(20+($-!(5!-636551'&!15!_AH!5+(22!'6S0('65! 5*1%(-)!,$'!%6.1)$)(3!1%%2(31+($-59!:6/6'+*62655Q! +*6'6!1'6!5$76!3$-36%+5!8*(3*!$+*6'!)'1771'5! 5(7%2&!.$!-$+!%'$/(.69!`*656!(-320.6!+*671+(3! $')1-(g1+($-!$,!+6T+!1-.!)'1771+(312!76+1%*$'9! f(+*!'65%63+!+$!+*6!21++6'Q!(-!+*6!.'1,+!G-)2(5*! 30''(30207!&61'!K!5+0.6-+5!U1%%'$T!1)6!"IV!261'-! +*1+![(-,$'71+($-!31-!46!3$-.6-56.!4&!3$221%5(-)!1! 321056!(-+$!1!-$0-!)'$0%!1-.!+*1+!+*(5!(5!+6'76.! [-$7(-12(51+($-]9!U;#;F;!PD"Dc!ONV!A0'+*6'! 6T%21-1+($-!(5!%'$/(.6.!,$'!+613*6'5!15c!! x) k-$8(-)!+*1+!-$7(-12(51+($-!(5!1!@6&! '65$0'36!(-!+*6!.6/62$%76-+!$,!71+0'6! 8'(++6-!+6T+59!! x) k-$8(-)!*$8!7$'6!6/6'&.1&Q!$'12!81&5!$,! 6T%'655(-)!(.615!U69)9![f6!%'$.036.!+*6! %21&!(-!+*6!$%6-!1(']V!31-!46!6T%'6556.! 05(-)!1!-$7(-12(56.!,$'7!U69)9![`*6!$%6-Y 1('!%'$.03+($-!$,!+*6!%21&!o]V9! `*(5!(5!$-6!1'61!$,!+*6!)'1771'!(-!8*(3*!+*6!%1&Y $,,!,$'!G;
! "I

8*=*0*74*+'

R177$-.Q!a9!1-.!b13@6-YR$'1'(@Q!b9!UPDD"V! [`613*6'5m!/$(365Q!`613*6'5m!%'13+(365]9!/$0-%'(1'&! "#$%&'(!#)!3'&4$'4.!'&2!31-.%'6BQ!PMcP!

;05+'12(1-!#0''(30207!;5565576-+!1-.!F6%$'+(-)! ;0+*$'(+&!U;#;F;V!UPD"DV!/$0-%'(1'&! *$%%16$($+?!=&4(10-$2.&-! F%'++'%!#)!>,#9.&!'&2!8%1--.&!=&4(10#61'(!:%'6-16.0!1&!-6>?! 31-.%'6B!'6%#00!-6$PO.6-0!YEaES9! b624$0'-6c!E-(/6'5(+&!$,!b624$0'-69!

#'&5+12Q!=9!UPDDMV!U'91&4!>.&0.!#)!F%'++'%7!
='$)1Q! b1'+(-Q!a9F9!U"KKKV![b6-+$'(-)!567$)6-65(5c! i)6-'6Y4156.j!2(+6'13&!%6.1)$)&]9!>-!A9!#*'(5+(6! U6.9V!:.2'4#4B!'&2!-,#9.&!'&2! 8%1--.&!=&4(10
H(44$-5Q!^9!UPDDKV!=&4(10
^'14*0Q!:9_9!U"KJOV!>.6#&2!('&4$'4.!,.2'4#4B7! WT,$'.c!WT,$'.!E-(/6'5(+&!^'6559!

R122(.1&Q!b9;!k9!1-.!b1++*(6556-Q!#9!UN'.!6.V! UPDDMV!/&!G&-%#2$6-1#&!-#!5$&6-1#&'(!F%'++'%9! -!F9!R151-Q!#9!b1++*(6556-!1-.! a9!f645+6'!U6.5V!*#&-1&$1&4!E106#$%0.!#&! 3'&4$'4.!Ue$29!"V9!-$2.&-`0!F%'++'%9!