A topological abelian group G is Pontryagin reflexive, or P-reflexive for short, if the natural homomorphism of G to its bidual group is a topological isomorphism.
PONTRYAGIN DUALITY FOR TOPOLOGICAL ABELIAN GROUPS ยด SALVADOR HERNANDEZ
Abstract. A topological abelian group ๐บ is Pontryagin re๏ฌexive, or P-re๏ฌexive for short, if the natural homomorphism of ๐บ to its bidual group is a topological isomorphism. In this paper we look at the question, set by Kaplan in 1948, of characterizing the topological Abelian groups that are P-re๏ฌexive. Thus, we ๏ฌnd some conditions on an arbitrary group ๐บ that are equivalent to the P-re๏ฌexivity of ๐บ and give an example that corrects a wrong statement appearing in previously existent characterizations of P-re๏ฌexive groups. Some other related properties of topological Abelian groups are also considered.
1. introduction In this paper we look at the question, set by Kaplan in 1948, of characterizing the topological Abelian groups for which Pontryagin duality holds. Some other related properties of topological groups are also considered. To begin with we shall describe brie๏ฌy the elements of the theory. Let (๐บ, ๐ ) be an arbitrary topological abelian group. A character on (๐บ, ๐ ) is a continuous function ๐ from ๐บ to the complex numbers of modulus one ๐ such that ๐(๐ฅ๐ฆ) = ๐(๐ฅ)๐(๐ฆ) for all ๐ฅ and ๐ฆ in ๐บ. The pointwise product of two characters ห of all characters is a group with pointwise is again a character, and the set ๐บ ห is equipped with the compact open multiplication as the composition law. If ๐บ ห topology, it becomes a topological group (๐บ, ๐ห) which is called the dual group of (๐บ, ๐ ). There is a natural evaluation homomorphism (not necessarily continuous) หห ๐๐บ : ๐บ โโ ๐บ of ๐บ to its bidual group. A topological abelian group (๐บ, ๐ ) satis๏ฌes Pontryagin duality or, equivalently, is Pontryagin re๏ฌexive (P-re๏ฌexive for short,) if the evaluation map ๐๐บ is a topological isomorphism onto. If ๐๐บ is just bijective, we say that ๐บ is P-semire๏ฌexive. The Pontryagin-van Kampen theorems says that every locally compact abelian group satis๏ฌes Pontryagin duality. The notion of duality, in one form or another, has always been a crucial point in mathematics and Pontryagin duality is one best example of that; (for the signi๏ฌcance of Pontryagin duality for the rest of mathematics, one should consult Mackey [12].) This important result has been subsequently extended to more general classes of topological groups. Kaplan [8, 9] proved that the class of P-re๏ฌexive groups is closed under arbitrary products and direct sums and he set the problem of characterizing the class of topological abelian groups for which the Pontryagin duality holds. Smith [15] proved that the additive groups 1991 Mathematics Subject Classi๏ฌcation. Primary 05C38, 15A15; Secondary 05A15, 15A18. Key words and phrases. Keyword one, keyword two, keyword three. Research partially supported by Spanish DGES, grant number PB96-1075, and Fundaciยด o Caixa Castellยด o, grant number P1B98-24. 1
ยด SALVADOR HERNANDEZ
2
of Banach spaces and re๏ฌexive locally convex vector spaces are P-re๏ฌexive. More recently, Banaszczyk [2] has considered this question within the class of nuclear groups. Pontryagin duality for free topological abelian groups and spaces of continuous functions has been investigated in [4, 6]. Motivated by Kaplanโs question, Venkatamaran [19] found a characterization of the groups satisfying Pontryagin duality, however, this characterization is very technical and, moreover, contains a wrong statement. A nicer characterization of P-re๏ฌexive groups was found by Kye [11] for the class of additive groups of locally convex spaces but again the characterization is incomplete since it contains a wrong statement which is analogous to the one in Venkatamaranโs result. In both cases it is the P-semire๏ฌexivity of the groups concerned what is really characterized. But, even in this case, a simpler characterization is desirable for general topological abelian groups. Recent contributions related to the characterization of ๐ -re๏ฌexive groups are [1, 4, 6, 16]. In the present paper we show a characterization of the topological abelian groups that satisfy Pontryagin duality and we give an example that corrects the wrong statement that appears in the characterizations given by Venkatamaran [19] and Kye[11]. Our main tool has been the notion of โgroups in dualityโ. This is a crucial concept of Functional Analysis that was ๏ฌrst introduced by Varopoulos (cf. [17]) in the context of topological abelian groups. 2. groups in duality De๏ฌnition 1. (Varopoulos) Let ๐บ and ๐บโฒ be two abelian groups then we say that they are in duality if and only if there is a function โจ., .โฉ
:
โฒ
๐บ ร ๐บโฒ โโ ๐ โฒ
such that โฒ
โจ๐1 ๐2 , ๐ โฉ =
โจ๐1 , ๐ โฉ โ
โจ๐2 , ๐ โฉ
โจ๐, ๐1โฒ ๐2โฒ โฉ =
โจ๐, ๐1โฒ โฉ โ
โจ๐, ๐2โฒ โฉ
for all ๐1 , ๐2 , ๐ โ ๐บ and ๐ โฒ , ๐1โฒ ๐2โฒ โ ๐บโฒ and it holds: (i) if ๐ โ= 0๐บ , the neutral element of ๐บ, then there exists ๐ โฒ โ ๐บโฒ such that โจ๐, ๐ โฒ โฉ = โ 1; and (ii) if ๐ โฒ = โ 0๐บโฒ , the neutral element of ๐บโฒ , there exists ๐ โ ๐บ such that โจ๐, ๐ โฒ โฉ = โ 1. De๏ฌnition 2. (Varopoulos) If we have a duality โจ๐บ, ๐บโฒ โฉ we say that a topology ๐ on ๐บ is compatible with the duality when (๐บ, ๐ )ห = ๐บโฒ . Thus we can say that a topological abelian group (๐บ, ๐ ) is maximally almost ห which periodic (MAP) when the topology ๐ is compatible with the duality โจ๐บ, ๐บโฉ ห is de๏ฌned by โจ๐, ๐โฉ = ๐(๐) for all ๐ โ ๐บ and ๐ โ ๐บ. Notice that every P-re๏ฌexive group must be maximally almost periodic. For a given duality ๐ผ = โจ๐บ, ๐บโฒ โฉ we may associate two canonical topologies on ๐บ and ๐บโฒ respectively. The topology ๐ค(๐บ, ๐บโฒ ) on ๐บ is the weak topology generated by all the elements in ๐บโฒ considered as continuous homomorphisms into ๐. The topology ๐ค(๐บโฒ , ๐บ) is de๏ฌned similarly. Both topologies are totally bounded and compatible with the given duality, therefore, their completions are compact groups denoted by ๐(๐บ, ๐บโฒ ) and ๐(๐บโฒ , ๐บ) respectively (cf. [17].) For any subset ๐ด in ๐บ, we denote by ๐ด๐ผ to the set of all ๐ โฒ โ ๐บโฒ such that Reโจ๐, ๐ โฒ โฉ โฅ 0 for all ๐ โ ๐ด, where Re๐ง means the real part of the complex number ๐ง. Analogously, if ๐ต โฒ โ ๐บโฒ , then ๐ต๐ผโฒ is the set of all ๐ โ ๐บ such that Reโจ๐, ๐ โฒ โฉ โฅ 0 for all ๐ โฒ โ ๐ต โฒ . These two operators behave in many aspects like the polar operator in vector spaces. For instance, it is easily checked that ((๐ด๐ผ )๐ผ )๐ผ = ๐ด๐ผ for any ๐ด โ ๐บ
PONTRYAGIN DUALITY
3
and ((๐ต๐ผโฒ )๐ผ )๐ผ = ๐ต๐ผโฒ for any ๐ต โฒ โ ๐บโฒ . Given an arbitrary subset ๐ด in ๐บ, we de๏ฌne the ๐ผ-convex hull of ๐ด, denoted ๐๐๐ผ (๐ด), as the set (๐ด๐ผ )๐ผ . A set ๐ด is said ๐ผ-convex when it coincides with its ๐ผ-convex hull. It is easy to see that di๏ฌerent dualities give place to di๏ฌerent โconvexโ hulls; for example, if ๐ผ = โจโ, โโฉ and ๐ฝ = โจโ, โโฉ and both are equipped with the standard bilinear mapping de๏ฌned by โจ๐, ๐โฉ = ๐๐ then, de๏ฌning ๐ฟ = [โ1, 1] โฉ โ, it holds that ๐๐๐ผ (๐ฟ) = ๐ฟ but ๐๐๐ฝ (๐ฟ) = [โ1, 1]. Given a duality ๐ผ = โจ๐บ, ๐บโฒ โฉ, if ๐ is a topology on ๐บ, we say that ๐ is locally ๐ผ-convex when there is a neighborhood base of the identity consisting of ๐ผ-convex sets. It is readily veri๏ฌed that ๐ค(๐บ, ๐บโฒ ) is the weakest locally ๐ผ-convex topology compatible with the duality ๐ผ. In [17] Varopoulos found the following characterization of a compatible topology. Theorem 1. (Varopoulos) Let ๐ผ = โจ๐บ, ๐บโฒ โฉ be a duality and let us denoted by ๐ฝ the duality โจ๐บ, ๐(๐บโฒ , ๐บ)โฉ. Then a necessary and su๏ฌcient condition for an arbitrary topology ๐ on ๐บ to be compatible with the duality ๐ผ is that, for every neighborhood ๐ of the identity in ๐ , it holds ๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐ผ and ๐ โฅ ๐ค(๐บ, ๐บโฒ ). As a consequence of this result it follows the following simple characterization of continuity. Corollary 1. With the same hypothesis as in the Theorem above, it holds that a necessary and su๏ฌcient condition for an arbitrary element ๐ โ ๐(๐บโฒ , ๐บ) to be in ๐บโฒ is that {๐}๐ฝ is a neighborhood of the identity in some topology ๐ on ๐บ compatible with ๐ผ. Proof. If ๐ := {๐}๐ฝ is a neighborhood of the identity in some topology ๐ on ๐บ compatible with ๐ผ, then ๐ โ ๐ ๐ฝ = ๐ ๐ผ โ ๐บโฒ . Conversely, if ๐ โ ๐บโฒ , then {๐}๐ฝ = {๐}๐ผ is a neighborhood of the identity in the topology ๐ค(๐บ, ๐บโฒ ). โก 3. convex compactness property A locally convex vector space ๐ธ has the convex compactness (cc) property when the closed absolutely convex hull of every compact subset ๐พ, of ๐ธ, is compact. This is a well known notion of the theory of locally convex vector spaces which appears in relation to questions dealing with duality and completeness. For example, it is crucial in the characterization of semi-re๏ฌexivity for the additive groups of locally convex vector spaces (see [6]) and is equivalent to completeness for metrizable locally convex vector spaces (see [13].) It would be desirable to extend this kind of results to general topological abelian groups but one basic obstruction to accomplish it is the lack of a su๏ฌciently general extension of the Hahn-Banach theorem to this wider context. So it is not possible in general to translate most results that hold for locally convex vector spaces to general topological abelian groups in a simple way as we shall see below. However, we shall show next that with an appropriate modi๏ฌcation of several basic tools used in the theory of locally convex vector spaces it is still possible to obtain an extension of that theory to a more general context. ห is denoted Here on, given any topological abelian group ๐บ, the duality โจ๐บ, ๐บโฉ by p. The group is said locally quasi-convex if it is MAP and admits a base of neighborhood of the identity consisting of ๐-convex sets. We say that a locally quasi-convex group ๐บ has the convex compactness (cc) property when the ๐โconvex hull of every compact subset of ๐บ is compact as well (see also [3].) Our ๏ฌrst result
4
ยด SALVADOR HERNANDEZ
shows that the cc property characterizes completeness for metrizable locally quasiconvex groups what generalizes the analogous result given by Ostling and Wilansky for locally convex vector spaces (cf. [13].) In the sequel we identify ๐ to the interval [โ1/2, 1/2) in order to use the additive notation. With this notation, given a duality ๐ผ = โจ๐บ, ๐บโฒ โฉ and any subset ๐ด in ๐บ, we have that ๐ด๐ผ = {๐ โฒ โ ๐บโฒ : โฃโจ๐, ๐ โฒ โฉโฃ โค 1/4 for all ๐ โ ๐ด} Theorem 2. Let ๐บ be a metrizable locally quasi-convex group. Then ๐บ is complete if and only if ๐บ has the cc property. Proof. Necessity is clear. Su๏ฌciency: Let {๐๐ }๐