Biologia 67/3: 561—564, 2012 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0045-6
Population density of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on various pear cultivars in organic and integrated orchards Ján Praslička1, Janka Schlarmannová1, Barbora Matejovičová1 & Ján Tancík2 1
Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, SK-94974 Nitra, Slovakia; e-mail:
[email protected] 2 Department of Plant Protection, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK-94976 Nitra, Slovakia
Abstract: During an experiment carried out in 2009–2010 we observed different population densities of Typhlodromus pyri in three monitored pear cultivars in Organic Pest Management (OPM) as well as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) orchards. In both years the population density of T. pyri was the highest in the cultivar Conference (organic orchard). The lowest population density was found in 2009 on the cultivar Dicolor (IPM orchard) and in 2010 on the cultivar Bohemica. Factors involved are discussed. Key words: Typhlodromus pyri; pear cultivar; integrated and organic management
Introduction The predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, 1857 represents one of the most important biocontrol agents of phytophagous mites occurring in orchards and vineyards in many countries of Europe and North America (Helle & Sabelis 1985; Zacharda 1989; Mc-Murtry 1992; Schausberger 1999; Sengonca et al. 2003; Duso 1989; Duso et al. 2003; Sekrecka & Niemczyk 2006; Praslička et al. 2011). Van de Vrie (1964) found that the populations of T. pyri in their growing season are wide-spread during the whole summer. Duso et al. (2003) described the distribution of T. pyri on seven apple scab-resistant cultivars, showing that, in absence of prey, predatory mite abundance was affected by leaf morphology. Regarding Eastern Europe, Kabíček (2003) reported the occurrence of T. pyri on apple trees in the Czech Republic, Ripka (1998) in Hungary and Croatia. Croft et al. (1995) found a relatively high persistence of T. pyri on leaves without prey in comparison to other predatory mites. Typhlodromus pyri is capable to survive and reproduce using alternative food resources, e.g. mycelia and spores of various fungi, pollen, plant sap (Johnsen & Hansen 1986; Croft et al. 1995; Ripka 1998; Pozzebon & Duso 2008, Pozzebon et al. 2009). There have been several works on the occurrence of T. pyri in organic orchards as well as in orchards under Integrated Pest Management (Fitzgerald & Solomon 2002; Niemczyk et al. 1999; Sekrecka & Niemczyk 2006; Fitzgerald & Solomon 1999; Igram & Nimmo 1993). During the last 15 years T. pyri was successfully released in various areas of Poland, in approx. 900 apple orchards under IPM (Sekrecka & Niemczyk 2006). c 2012 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
In this paper we studied the distribution of T. pyri on three pear cultivars in two orchards, managed organically or under IPM.
Material and methods The organic orchard – Orchard Livia Nitra-Kolinany (district Nitra) was established in 1997 (size 50 ha; 173 m a.s.l., 48◦ 18 N, 18◦ 05 E, mean temperature in June – September 2009 19.8 ◦C, 2010 19.2 ◦C, mean rainfall in 2009 45.5 mm, 2010 102.3 mm). Only organic fertilizers were used in the orchard; no pesticides were used, pest control was based on biotechnological means (glue tapes, yellow and white glue plates). The orchard under IPM – Fructop Ostratice (district Partizanske) was established in 1992 (size approx. 250 ha, 170 m a.s.l., 48◦ 37 N, 18◦ 26 E, mean temperature in June – September 2009 20.1 ◦C, 2010 19.2 ◦C, mean rainfall in 2009 54.3 mm, 2010 91.3 mm). The orchard received organic and mineral fertilizers; weeds, diseases and pests were managed using various pesticides, e.g., MCPA against weeds, mancozeb and copper oxychloride against diseases, triazamate and deltamethrin against pests. Each orchard comprised three pear cultivars, i.e. Conference, Bohemica and Dicolor having different harvest time. During 2009 and 2010 growing seasons leaf samples were collected from each cultivar in both orchards (100 leaves, 5 trees, 20 leaves per tree). Leaves were transferred to the laboratory and put into a refrigerator. Leaves were later analysed under a stereoscope. Mites were removed, killed by a mixture of ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform. To identify the mites, keys by Kolodochka (1978) and Beglyarov (1981a, b) were used. The results were evaluated statistically using Tukey test at P = 0.05 (Andel 1985).
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Table 1. The density of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri (on 100 leaves) in three pear cultivars in the IPM and organic orchard in 2009. Management systems IPM
OPM
Date Cultivar 1 8 June 22 June 6 July 21 July 4 Aug. 17 Aug. 2 Sep. 16 Sep. ø
12 18 22 13 25 30 15 15
aB aA aB aB bB aB cB aB
18.8 aB
2
3
ø
7 bA 21 aA 14 bB 10 bB 23 bB 27 bB 22 bB 10 bB
5 cA 11 bA 10 cB 21 cB 30 aB 26 bB 28 aA 10 bB
8.0 A 16.7 A 15.3 B 14.7 B 26.0 B 27.7 B 21.7 B 11.7 B
16.8 bB
17.6 b
17.7 B
1 15 22 33 26 87 65 34 21
aA aB aA bA aA aA aA bA
37.9 aA
2
3
ø
5 bB 17 bB 28 bA 14 cA 62 bA 60 aA 35 cA 27 aA
0 cB 12 cA 15 cA 30 aA 54 cA 63 aA 30 bA 25 aA
6.7 B 17.0 A 25,3 A 23.3 A 67.7 A 62.7 A 29.7 A 24.3 A
29.8 bA
28.6 bA
32.1 A
Explanations: IPM – Intergrated Pest Management; OPM – Organic Pest Management. Cultivar: 1 – Konferencia, 2 – Dicolor, 3 – Bohemica. Significant difference between cultivars is shown by means of different lower case letters and by means of capital letters within particular cultivars across managements.
Table 2. The density of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri (on 100 leaves) in three pear cultivars in the IPM and organic orchard in 2010. Management systems IPM
OPM
Date Cultivar
15 June 28 June 12 July 27 July 10 Aug. 23 Aug. 6 Sep. 21 Sep. ø
1
2
3
ø
1
2
3
ø
0 bB 21 aA 15 bB 10 bB 18 aB 25 bB 14 aB 5 bB 13.5 aB
5 aA 10 bA 22 aA 15 aA 19 aB 28 aB 15 aA 0 cB 14.3 aB
0 bA 8 cB 20 aA 10 bB 8 bB 20 cB 13 bB 17 aB 12.0 bB
1.7 B 13.0 A 19.0 A 11.7 B 15.0 B 24.3 B 14.0 B 7.3 B 13.3 B
12 aA 0 cB 23 aA 18 bA 30 bA 58 aA 32 aA 10 cA 22.9 aA
0 bB 10 bA 17 bB 16 bA 41 aA 44 bA 12 cB 15 bA 19.4 bA
0 bA 15 aA 15 bB 22 aA 23 cA 35 cA 26 bA 21 aA 19.6 abA
4.0 A 8.3 B 18.3 A 18.7 A 31.3 A 45.7 A 23.3 A 15.3 A 20.6 A
Explanations: IPM – Intergrated Pest Management; OPM – Organic Pest Management. Cultivar: 1 – Konferencia, 2 – Dicolor, 3 – Bohemica. Significant difference between cultivars is shown by means of different lower case letters and by means of capital letters within particular cultivars across managements.
Results and discussion Predatory mite densities observed in 2009 and 2010 are reported in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. In 2009, we recorded different population densities of T. pyri in the observed pear cultivars in both orchards. The highest population density of T. pyri was found in the cultivar Conference in the organic orchard whilst the lowest population density was found in the cultivar Dicolor in the IPM orchard. During particular leaf sample collections (June – September) differences were recorded among particular cultivars. In the ecological orchard, significant difference of population density of T. pyri was recorded in the cultivar Conference and between cultivars Dicolor and Bohemica. In the integrated orchard, difference was recorded between the cultivars Conference and Dicolor. Duso et al. (2003) also found different population density of T. pyri in seven observed apple varieties. Similar results were presented also by Trapman & Blommers (1985) and Sacco & Girolami (1987). In 2010, we again recorded different population
density of T. pyri in the observed pear cultivars. The highest population density of T. pyri was repeatedly found in the cultivar Conference in the OPM orchard, whilst the lowest was found in the cultivar Bohemica in the IPM orchard. The population density of T. pyri can be influenced by various factors, e.g., by leaf morphology and structure (Downing & Moilliet 1967; Overmeer & van Zon 1984), or by host plant phenology (McMurtry 1992). The influence of host plant phenology was confirmed also by our experiments in both years, because we observed the highest population density of T. pyri in the autumn cultivar Conference. In our experiments we recorded the highest number of T. pyri individuals in the first half of August 2009 and in the second half of August 2010, while Khan & Fent (2005) found the highest number of T. pyri individuals on the leaves of an apple-tree in the Meckenheim area in July. The population density of T. pyri was different also in particular orchards. In both years the population density of T. pyri was higher in the organic orchard. The relative comparison of the occurrence of T. pyri
Population density of Typhlodromus pyri
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Fig. 1. Comparison of the occurrence of Typhlodromus pyri in three pear cultivars in the integrated (IPM) and organic (OPM) orchard in 2009 expressed as a percentage. Cultivars: 1 – Konferencia, 2 – Dicolor, 3 – Bohemica. IPM , OPM .
Fig. 2. Comparison of the occurrence of Typhlodromus pyri in three pear cultivars in the integrated (IPM) and organic (OPM) orchard in 2010 expressed as a percentage. Cultivars: 1 – Konferencia, 2 – Dicolor, 3 – Bohemica. IPM , OPM .
in the ecological and integrated orchard in 2009 and 2010 is expressed as a percentage in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. In 2009, the average number of T. pyri on 100 leaves was 32.1 individuals (64.5%) in the ecological orchard and 17.7 individuals (35.5%) in the integrated orchard. In 2010, the average number of T. pyri was 20.6 individuals (60.8%) in the ecological orchard and 13.3 individuals (39.2%) in the integrated orchard. The average number of T. pyri on 100 leaves in the ecological orchard increased by 14.4 individuals in 2009 and by 7.3 individuals in 2010. Fitzgerald & Solomon (2002) also stated an increased number of T. pyri in organic apple orchards. However, Sekrecka & Niemczyk (2006) found an increased number of T. pyri also in IPM apple orchards when leaves are sufficiently infested by Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836. Niemczyk et al. (1999) mentioned a high toxicity of some pesticides (e.g., triazamate and enthofenprox) against predatory mites in apple orchards. In our experiments, the effects of triazamate and enthofenprox resulted in de-
crease in the population density of T. pyri in the IPM orchard. Fitzgerald & Solomon (1999) discovered the presence of resistant strains of T. pyri after the application of organophosphate insecticides in apple orchards. Igram & Nimmo (1993) observed toxic effects of the fungicides containing mancozeb, metizam, sulfur, thiram, zimab and ziram applied during their experiments. Pozzebon et al. (2010) used fungicides characterized by differential selectivity to predatory mites in laboratory: copper compounds, folpet, and mancozeb. In our experiments, mancozeb may have contributed to this effect. Therefore we can assume that pesticides applied in IPM orchard affected the population density of T. pyri in comparison to that in the organic orchard. The achieved results were statistically significant. Acknowledgements Our research was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency (SGA/VEGA) of the Ministry of Education of the Slo-
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