postgraduate symposium on green engineering and ...

POSTGRADUATE SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2016 1

ABSTRACT BOOK POSTGRADUATE SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 2016 Researcher as Agent of Change

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Published by UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR PUBLISHING 1016, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia POSTGRADUATE SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2016 2

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PREFACE FOREWORD 1. FOREWORD FROM THE PRESIDENT/CEO OF UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR 2. FOREWORD FROM THE DEAN OF UNIKL-MICET

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KEYNOTE ADDRESS EXCELLENCE IN POSTGRADUATE STUDIES Prof. Dr. Mohd. Azizan Mohd. Noor

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ACADEMIC PAPERS* BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM USED COOKING OIL (UCO): THE IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim, Zaida Rahayu Yet, Nor Aini Burok, Sivanesan Krishnan 2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL TEST-RIG TO INVESTIGATE TURBULENCE IN OSCILLATORY FLOW USED IN THERMOACOUSTICS Mustaffa, S. H. A., Mohd Saat, F. A. Z., Mat Tokit, E. 3. INSTRUMENTATION FOR STUDYING THE TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTIC IN OSCILLATORY FLOW USED IN THERMOACOUSTIC: A REVIEW Johari, D., Mat Tokit, E., Mohd Saat,F.A.Z. 4. OPTIMIZATION OF FAT YIELD FROM RAMBUTAN (NEPHELIUMLAPPACEUM L.) SEED UNDER CONVECTIVE DRYING So’bah Ahmad, Mohd Shamsul Anuar, Farah Saleena Taip, Rosnah Shamsudin 5. A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF LATRINE CONSTRUCTION FOR BLACK WATER IN GUBENG DISTRICT, SURABAYA, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA Intan Permata Laksmi, Eddy Setiadi Soedjono 6. THE PERFORMANCE OF PERSULFATE OXIDATION FOR ANAEROBIC STABILIZED LEACHATE TREATMENT Ahmed H. Hilles, Salem S. Abu Amr 7. DETERMINATION OF NAPIER GRASS FIBER YIELD FROM DIFFERENT RETTING PROCESS TREATMENTS Che Wan Irsyaduddin Che Wan Takwa, Mohd Edyazuan Azni 8. DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM FROND (OPF) FIBER CEMENT BOARD Nor Azlina Ramlee, Mohd Edyazuan Azni, Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria 9. DESIGN FORWARD: BIOMIMICRY APPROACH IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY Nur-Afikah, I., Yunos M.Y.M., Ismail, N.A. 10. INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF LEACHATE BY USING ACTIVATED NATURAL CALCIUM CARBONATE FILTRATION AND CONSTRUCTED WETLAND Nadia Razali, Nurhanim Zulaikha Kamarulzaman, Noraishah Abdul Harris, Zetty Nursyarafina Adam, Nurul Fatihah Mat Jusoh 11. ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGING PATTERN IN THAILAND USING LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL Chaloemchon Wannathong, Attachai Ueranantasun 1.


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12. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT Hassan Ismail, Zainal Abdin Akasah, Siti Farizah Yaakub, Sasitharan Nagapan 13. PATTERNS OF SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION IN USA USING STATISTICAL MODEL Jaruek Atthasongkhro , Attachai Ueranantasun 14. NOISE LEVEL AT 3 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RAIL STATION : KUALA LUMPUR CASE STUDY Farah Mohd Akabal, Mohd Idrus Haji Mohd Masirin 15. STUDY OF AMD AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN ACTIVE AND ABANDONED IRON MINING IN PAHANG Rizwana Naureen, Ismail Bin Yusoff, Ahmad Farid Bin Abu Bakar 16. NOVEL MAGNETIC BIOCHAR FOR THE REMOVAL OF 6 OCPS FROM WASTEWATER Samavia Batool, Nor Kartini Binti Abu Bakar, Ahmad Farid Bin Abu Bakar, Mohd Jamil Bin Maah 17. EVALUATION OF LIGHT RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (LREES) IN CASTOR OIL AND LILAC TASSEL FLOWER PLANTS GROWN IN CONTAMINATED SOIL FROM EXMINES IN PERAK, MALAYSIA Aysha Masood Khan, Ismail Yusoff, Nor Kartini Abu Bakar, Ahmad Farid Abu Bakar, Yatimah Alias 18. EFFICIENT REMOVAL OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FROM NATURAL WATER BY PEI-MODIFIED MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOCUBES (P@SNC) Shanaz Jahan, Ismail Yusoff, Yatimah Alias 19. THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOCARBON PARTICLES IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND DEIONIZED WATER Syazwani Zainal Abidin, Imran Syakir Mohamad, Ahmad Yusairi Bani Hashim, Norli Abdullah, Tee Boon Tuan, Amirah Abdullah 20. BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF RICE STRAW LEACHATE AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE IN UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR (UASB) Nurul Shafiqah Rosli, Syazwani Idrus, Nik Norsyahariati Nik Daud, Amimul Ahsan 21. AUTOMOBILE KIT USING JATROPHA OIL AS FUEL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES: DESIGN AND SHORT-RUN TEST Shehrbano Fatima, Rizwan Ahmed Memon 22. THEORETICAL REVIEW ON SUCCESS FACTOR AFFECTING COMPETENCIES OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Hassan Ismail, Zainal Abdin Akasah, Sasitharan Nagapan 23. SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION OF NEEM SEED OIL: A COST COMPARISON STUDY WITH SOXHLET EXTRACTION AT LAB SCALE Sheela Subramanian, Md. Sohrab Hossain, Robert Thomas Bachmann 24. GA AND OPTIMIZED HEURISTIC BASED SMART NANO-GRID FOR COST EFFECTIVE PROVISIONING OF ELECTRICITY Nabila Ahmad, Rabiya Bibi, Shoab Ahmed Khan 25. EFFECT OF BIOCHAR TYPE AND CONCENTRATION ON BIOGAS REACTOR PERFORMANCE TREATING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT Ishak, D., Bachmann, R.T.


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26. EFFECT OF SOLVENT AND LEAVES CONDITION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF QUERCETIN EXTRACTED FROM MURRAYA KOENGII BY USING SOXHLET EXTRACTION METHOD Nur Farthiah Mohd Adanan, Nurzat Shaira Roslan, Siti Nurhidayana Md Lajis, Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim, Nor Aini Burok 27. REVALORISATION OF CHEESE WHEY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES Khairul Faizal Pa’ee, Nadia Razali, Jumardi Roslan 28. EFFECT OF TIME ON EXTRACTION OF COAGULANT-ACTIVE PROTEINS FROM DEFATTEDMORINGA OLEIFERASEEDS Ramli, U.H., Mariam, S.H.S., Bachmann R.T. 29. LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT PANEL MANUFACTURING: AN EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim, Nurul Liyana Zaharulhisham 30. STUDIES ON COD AND COLOUR REDUCTION IN POME USING ACTIVATED EFB CARBON Kumaran Kanapathy, Reuben Anthony, Arasu Uttran, Loh Soh Kheang 31. REMOVAL OF ANTIBIOTICS BY ADSORPTION ONTO MAGNETIC BIOCHAR Sabrina Karim, Subashini Pannerselum, Nadia Razali , Tengku Fazli Tengku Jaya, Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim, Elmy Nahida Othman, Salem Abu Amr 32. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH IN DETERMINING FATIGUENESS AND DROWSINESS DETECTION USING EEG-BASED AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK Firdaus Mohamed, Sazali Yaacob, Syed Faiz Ahmed, Sathees Kumar Nataraj 33. POTENTIAL OF CARBON FIBRE PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS LIGNIN USING SUB- AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUID Khalidatul Athirah, Asimi Ana, Kelly Yong Tau Len 34. HIGH-PERFORMANCE SUPERCAPACITORS OF POLYANILINE NANOFIBRES ON CARBON FIBRE CLOTH Razali, S.A., Rusi Rusi, Majid S.R 35. INFLUENCE OF 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONATE IONIC LIQUID ON THE BIODEGRADABLE SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE Mee Yoke Chong 36. READINESS IN IMPLEMENTING GREEN RESIDENTIAL: A STUDY AMONG SARAWAK CONSTRUCTION’S PRACTITIONERS Nadzirah Zainordin, Wahida Wahi, Magdalen Petrus 37. GREEN RESIDENTIAL: A PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS SARAWAK’S CONSTRUCTION PLAYERS Nadzirah Zainordin, Magdalen Petrus , Wahida Wahi 38. INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLER TUNING AND EMPIRICAL MODEL OF HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM Mat Noor, R. A., Ahmad Mokhtar, S. H 39. A REVIEW ON PLASTIC WASTES PYROLYSIS AS NEW ENERGY RESOURCES Shafferina Dayana Anuar Sharuddin, Faisal Abnisa, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua 40. DETERMINATION OF MAGNETITE EFFECT IN CONCRETE AS RADIATION SHIELDING Siti Amira Othman, Kamarizan Kidam


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41. OPTIMIZATION OF XANTHONE IN WATER BASE EXTRACTION FROM FRESH MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA) BY USING ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE Azliana Che Amat, Zaida Rahayu Yet, Abdul Manan Dos, Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim 42. EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CARBON BLACK WITH BIO-CARBON ON THE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FILLED SMRL VULCANIZATE Mohd. M.H., Hasan, M.F. Adnan, S.K. Ong 43. DEVELOPMENT OF SPWM FED 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE SIMULATION USING MATLAB SIMULINK Amir Rasyadan, Sazali Yaacob, Tengku Mohd. Azahar 44. STUDY ON ACID PRE-TREATMENT OF SAGO PITH WASTE FOR GLUCOSE PRODUCTION Wong Teck Soon, Lennevey Kinidi, Shanti Faridah Salleh 45. INVESTIGATING THE GREEN LOGISTICS PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA’S LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDER Norhayati Md Yusuff, Noorliza Karia 46. PHYTOREMEDIATION OF METAL (CD, CR, CU, NI AND PB) CONTAMINATED WATER USING BACOPA MONNIERI, LILAEOPSIS BRASILIENSIS, HEMIANTHUS CALLITRICHOIDES AND GLOSSOSTIGMA ELATINOIDES Rashidi Othman, Anis Fatihah Abu Yazid 47. EFFECT OF WATER QUENCHING ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DURIAN WOOD-DERIVED BIOCHAR PRODUCED WITH THE KON-TIKI EARTH CONE KILN Thilagam Krishnan, Sharifah Adawiyah Syed Idrus, Benson Khoo, Tan Sue Sian, Trevor Richards, Robert Thomas Bachman 48. EFFECT OF STEAM PRE-TREATMENT ON BANANA STEM BINDERLESS PARTICLEBOARD PROPERTIES Muhammad Syafiq Ridhwan Mohd Nasir, Wan Noor Aidawati Wan Nadhari Mohammed Danish, Boon Jia Geng 49. THE LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY: EXPERT VIEW TOWARDS TECHNOLOGY EXPECTATION TO ENCOURAGE MALAYSIA URBAN RESIDENTIAL CARBONCAPABILITY BEHAVIOUR Ani Shazwani Abas, Mohd Yazid Mohd. Yunos, Nor Kalsum Mohd. Isa, Nor Atiah Ismail, Faziawati Abdul Aziz 50. META-ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE PARTICLE SIZE ON THE BIOMETHANE POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC FIBRES Howe, T.-O., Bachmann, R. T. And Sellner, M. ORGANIZING COMMITTEE NETWORKING PAGE

*All information is correct at time of printing, but subject to change.


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PREFACE The Postgraduate Symposium on Green Engineering and Technology 2016 (PSGET 2016) is UniKL’s own homegrown postgraduate symposium. The postgraduate symposium aims to improve the visibility of students and their research projects on a larger scale and celebrate their achievements. This symposium is a platform for research students (Master and PhD) to present their research and to initiate critical discussion about their concept, materials, media and approaches with a broad scholarly audience. Our tagline “Researcher as Agent of Change” shows that researchers at post-graduate level are not just pursuing for another certificate but they are also capable to transform the world into a better place by solving an environmental issue to discovering new source of energy. We also want to encourage the graduates to choose a career as a researcher after graduating. In this first edition, we have 150 authors contribution in 50 papers. From that amount, 15% of them are international. This is very encouraging as the organizer envisaged this symposium to be an international platform for academia discussion. The papers covered vast themes of green technology such as Environmental, Sustainable & Clean Technologies, Bioengineering (Bioprocesses, Biocatalysts, Bio products), Food and Agricultural Based Technology & Products and Renewable Energy. We truly hope PSGET 2016 can provide the participants with interesting and multidimensional view, knowledge and relevant information that, hopefully, will be helpful for your future work. Most importantly, we do hope PSGET 2016 will open up new opportunities and path towards further development in the field of Green Technology.


FOREWORD FROM PRESIDENT / CEO UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Welcome to the Postgraduate Symposium on Green Engineering Technology 2016 (PSGET 2016). Universiti Kuala Lumpur is proud to organize this conference for the first time as we are resolute in contributing and making an impact to the development research and development of Green Technology in Malaysia. The theme of the conference, “Researchers as Agents of Change” reflects the university’s commitment towards research and innovation. I believe that PSGET 2016 will not only benefit academia community (especially postgraduate students) but also bring advantages to industry with potential collaborations in various areas related to Green Chemical Engineering and Technology. To Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET); the main organizer of this conference and the organizing committee, I would like to congratulate all of you who have worked hard to ensure the success of PSGET 2016. Dato’ Prof. Dr. Mazliham Mohd Su'ud President / Chief Executive Officer Universiti Kuala Lumpur


FOREWORD FROM DEAN AND HEAD OF CAMPUS UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR - MICET The Postgraduate Symposium on Green Engineering Technology 2016 (PSGET 2016) is the first edition of the postgraduate symposium that focus on Green Engineering and Technology. This truly shows our commitment and passion towards Green Technology, in-line with federal and state governments’ vison towards sustainable living. This symposium aims to provide a platform for young researchers in exchanging expertise and information in various related areas. It is my hope that this gathering of academics, researchers, industrialists and officials will enable them to explore new developments and innovation together in the effort to push for a Green Technology economy. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my warmest welcome and appreciation to all participants who are here to enrich the diversity of perspective and content. My appreciation also goes to the organizing committee for their commitment, diligence and support that has made this symposium possible. Assoc. Prof Dr. Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya Dean and Head of Campus Universiti Kuala Lumpur - MICET


KEYNOTE ADDRESS PROF. DR. MOHD. AZIZAN MOHD. NOOR UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Excellence in Postgraduate Studies Teaching/learning at postgraduate level is very different from the traditional teaching methods usually employed at school and undergraduate levels. It is very much an individualistic, self-motivated and directed form of learning with guidance/mentoring provided more or less on a need basis. The question is does one need to be a genius to be successful in getting a postgraduate degree, either at Master’s or Doctorate levels? A survey carried out among some Malaysian university professors are of the opinion that intelligence, critical thinking, discipline, endurance and independence are among the necessary ingredients for success at postgraduate level studies, but not necessarily in that order. This paper will discuss various issues contributing to success in postgraduate research degrees. This will be benchmarked against the characteristics and research path of recent Nobel Prize winners which led to their reaching the pinnacle of scientific recognition.


BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM USED COOKING OIL (UCO): THE IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT KHAIRUL NADIAH IBRAHIM1, ZAIDA RAHAYU YET1, NOR AINI BUROK1, SIVANESAN KRISHNAN2. 1Section of Environmental Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, MALAYSIA. Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: Sivanesan Krishnan, 2Section of Chemical Engineering Technology (SCET), Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, MALAYSIA. Email: [email protected] Tel: +6017 6297705 Increasing uncertainty about global energy production and supply, environmental concerns due to the use of fossil fuels, and the high price of petroleum products are the major reasons to search for alternatives to petrodiesel. In this perspective, considerable attention has been given towards the production of biodiesel as a diesel substitute. Biodiesel fuel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits due to the fact that plants and vegetable oils and animal fats are renewable biomass sources. Nevertheless, the selection of appropriate technology for production of biodiesel calls for careful selection of processing steps, catalyst and downstream process integration. The life cycle analysis of biodiesel production from used cooking oil (UCO) in this study involves 5 stages. They are namely; preparation of UCO, pretreatment of UCO, blending, washing, and filtration. The production process consists of several different approaches. An investigation was conducted on the environmental performance of the chemically catalyzed process by using life cycle analysis (LCA). Transesterification method in the production of biodiesel was seen to potentially contributing to all environmental impacts under damage assessment categories, which are human health, ecosystem quality and also natural resources. Electricity among others is found to be the input significantly contributing to the environmental impacts. Other inputs that are also seen to potentially contribute an adverse impact to the environment including methanol, glycerin, and sodium hydroxide solution, which are used in biodiesel production. Suggestions were included in the study towards biodiesel production of less environmentally damaging impact. Key Words: Biodiesel; Life Cycle Analysis (LCA); Transesterification, Damage assessment.


DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL TEST-RIG TO INVESTIGATE TURBULENCE IN OSCILLATORY FLOW USED IN THERMOACOUSTICS. MUSTAFFA, S. H. A., 1, MOHD SAAT, F. A. Z., 2 AND MAT TOKIT, E.3 1Universiti

Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Email: [email protected] 2Center of Advanced Research on Energy (CARE), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Email: [email protected] 3Center of Advanced Research on Energy (CARE), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Email: [email protected] Thermoacoustic technologies are clean and sustainable technologies that provide alternative ways of producing energy or cooling effect using proper interaction between pressure, temperature and density. In thermoacoustics, turbulence behaviours are difficult to understand. This paper provides a review about turbulence characteristics in oscillatory flow (the flow commonly appeared in thermoacoustics). The use of several dimensionless numbers are discussed. A research work about characteristics of turbulence is currently conducted at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Hence, the design and fabrication of a standing wave thermoacoustic rig for specific purpose of investigating turbulence in oscillatory flow is reported. The rig is designed following quarter wavelength criteria. Details descriptions of the design of various components of the rig including the internal structure that is to be investigated is given with emphasise on the size of the internal structure and the resonator length. The experiment is to be conducted with different drive ratios (defined as maximum pressure over mean pressure) up to 3%. Two values of frequency, 13.1 Hz and 23.1 Hz, are considered in the design in order to study the effect of frequency on turbulence. Future activities with regards to the plan studies are also discussed. Key Words: Thermoacoustics; Oscillatory flow; Turbulence


INSTRUMENTATION FOR STUDYING THE TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTIC IN OSCILLATORY FLOW USED IN THERMOACOUSTIC: A REVIEW JOHARI, D. 1, MAT TOKIT, E., MOHD SAAT,3 F.A.Z. 1Faculty

of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, [email protected] 2Centre of Advanced Research on Energy (CARE), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, [email protected] 3Centre of Advanced Research on Energy (CARE), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, [email protected] This paper summarizes instruments that are being used in previous research when investigating the turbulence characteristics in oscillatory flow across internal structures that are commonly used in thermoacoustics. The “drive ratios” (defined as maximum pressure at antinode divided by mean pressure) to be reported in this review are from as low as 0.3% up to 3%. The system’s set up that is going to be considered is using a quarter-wavelength design with a fundamental frequency of 13.1 Hz. An overview of the commercialized instruments for thermoacoustic measurements such as loudspeaker, hot wire, pressure sensor, data logger, band pass filter, function generator, power amplifier and PIV are discussed. These instruments are used to examine the fascinating turbulence flow phenomena that can be observed within the internal structures investigated. With the respect to the cases, the loudspeaker is utilized to control the level of excitation of fluid displacement amplitude and hot wire is used to measure velocity oscillations in the resonator. The pressure sensor is used to measure the pressure within the range of 1 kPA up to 3 kPA. This is important to ensure correct setting of the drive ratio. The PIV is a quantitative flow measurement technique by which two or three components of velocities of the flow in a plane or even a volume can be measured at a time. Band pass filter and function generator are used to generate electrical waveforms and also discriminate against signals at other frequencies. Each of these instruments has its own output range that will be discussed later in this paper. The arranged studies for the future activities on the instruments are also reported. Keywords: Instrumentation, Turbulent, Oscillatory flow, Thermoacoustics.


OPTIMIZATION OF FAT YIELD FROM RAMBUTAN (NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM L.) SEED UNDER CONVECTIVE DRYING SO’BAH AHMAD1A, MOHD SHAMSUL ANUAR1B, FARAH SALEENA TAIP1C, ROSNAH SHAMSUDIN1D 1 A,B,C,D Department Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Corresponding author: [email protected] The optimization of the process variables; temperature and drying time, under convective drying in an automatic electric oven were studied for the rambutan clone R4 seed fat yield. The optimization conducted using response surface methodology central composite design of experiments. The results indicated both process variables have positive effects upon the fat yield. However, the drying time exhibited a higher positive effect in increasing the fat yield. The optimum drying condition were obtained at the drying temperature of 54.02 °C for 36.52 h drying time yielding 38.65% fat. The response surface methodology used in this study was able to predict the optimum drying condition for fat yield of rambutan seed clone R4 via linear and square mathematical model with higher adjusted coefficient determination 2 of 0.918. Hence, the models gave good predictions of the fat yield obtained from the rambutan clone R4 seeds under the experimental conditions used in this study. Key Words: Optimum drying condition; Automatic electric oven; Rambutan seed; Fat yield


A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF LATRINE CONSTRUCTION FOR BLACK WATER IN GUBENG DISTRICT, SURABAYA, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA INTAN PERMATA LAKSMI1 AND EDDY SETIADI SOEDJONO2 1Institut

Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia – student Email: [email protected] 2Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia - Lecturer Up to now, issues regarding the Open Defecation (OD) behavior has not been resolved. Surabaya Mayor issued a circular mayor to immediately realize a clean environment, healthy and towards the area of Open Defecation Free (ODF). Gubeng is one of the districts in Surabaya located near the center of government. However, based on the reports from Mojo and Pucang Sewu Community Health Centre there are still 486 Family Head (FH) with OD behavior. This study aims to determine the factors that influence people's decision to behave OD. The result of the analysis of social aspect will answer the purpose of research, which will then be used as a deciding factor in choosing the type of healthy latrine which will be discussed in the technical aspect. Data for the social aspect by distributing questionnaires to 83 respondents from a total of 486 Family Head with OD behavior. The social analysis result showed that the inhibiting factor in OD behavior is the factor of land, where the study located in a densely populated location so that the existence of land to put a septic tank is not available. The most crucial factor is the economic factor where most of the income of the people in Gubeng district is under minimum salary in Surabaya. Therefore, it is suggested to select 3-1 latrine type for its economic factor, the manufacturing cost is relatively cheaper and then from the land factor, it requires only 1,3 m2. Key Words: Latrine, Open Defecation Free, Septic tank, Surabaya.


THE PERFORMANCE OF PERSULFATE OXIDATION FOR ANAEROBIC STABILIZED LEACHATE TREATMENT AHMED H. HILLES1, SALEM S. ABU AMR*2

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Palestinian Environmental Quality Authority

Environmental Engineering Technology Department, Malaysian Institute of chemical & Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, (UniKL, MICET), 78000, Melaka, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: Dr. Salem S. Abu Amr Tel: + 60-5512000; Fax: +60-5512001. E-mail: [email protected]

In the current study, persulfate (S2O8 2−) was used to treat anaerobic stabilized landfill leachate. Persulfate doses, pH and reaction time were evaluated to define the optimum operational conditions. The results indicated that under optimum operation conditions [i.e. 60 min of persulfate oxidation, a COD/S2O8 2− ratio (1g/4.2g), and pH 11], the maximum removal efficiencies of COD and NH3-N were 45% and 55%, respectively. The effect of persulfate oxidation on biodegradability of leachate was also investigated. BOD5/COD ratio has improved from 0.09 to 0.1. Bach aeration reactor was performed before and after oxidation to determine the effect of persulfate on biodegradable COD fraction (CODbi). CODbi in raw leachate was determined at 36.1% and improved to 57.1% after persulfate oxidation. Therefore, biological processes were observed to be generally affected positively. The results reveal that persulfate oxidation can be utilized as a pretreatment of high concentrated stabilized leachate and suggests further organic degradation and ammonia removal followed by biological treatment stage. Keywords: Sanitary Landfilling, Leachate, Persulfate, Biodegradability


DETERMINATION OF NAPIER GRASS FIBER YIELD FROM DIFFERENT RETTING PROCESS TREATMENTS

CHE WAN IRSYADUDDIN CHE WAN TAKWA, MOHD EDYAZUAN AZNI

UniKL MICET, Vendor City, 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka

Pennisetum purpureum, or also known as Napier Grass was introduced in Malaysia in 1920’s. This plant originally comes from East Africa and the Malaysian climate and conditions, with its high rainfall, provides the best condition for this plan to grow. This napier grass or also called as “elephant grass” is currently the most popular fodder grass in dairy production systems and now its fiber is used in construction materials. This napier grass fiber can be used in the production of cement board, fibre board, floor board and even bricks. The fiber can be obtained from the retting process, where in this process, the microorganism and the moisture in the plants break the chemical bonds that hold the stem together. The retting process also allows the separation of fibers from the stem of the napier grass. The objectives of this study are to determine the yield of fiber produced by retting process with different treatments which are; water treatment, biological treatment and chemical treatment. Besides the yield, the time taken for the production of fiber is also studied in this project. Keywords: Napier grass, Fiber, Retting process, Water treatment, Biological treatment, Chemical treatment


DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM FROND (OPF) FIBER CEMENT BOARD NOR AZLINA RAMLEE1, MOHD EDYAZUAN AZNI1, SHAIKH ABDUL KARIM YAMANI ZAKARIA2 1UniKL 2UiTM

MICET Vendor City, 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka

Pahang Campus, 26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang

Malaysia is among the top most important palm oil producers in the world. The country is experiencing a robust development in new oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. This commodity plays a significant role in the Malaysia economic growth. As this industry becomes bigger and wider, a substantial amount of oil palm frond (OPF) wastes is generated and create the problem of biomass waste overload. The agriculture residue especially oil palm frond (OPF) produce waste and environmental pollution that cause high carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air and also increase the carbon footprint. This research paper describes the development of eco-friendly oil palm frond (OPF) fiber cement board from agricultures waste for application in the housing or building industries and for sustainable infrastructure regeneration. Five different ratio of oil palm frond 1:2.0, 1:2.25, 1:2.50, 1:2.75 and 1:3.00 are produced and tested in this project. Keywords: Oil palm frond OPF, building, eco-friendly


DESIGN FORWARD: BIOMIMICRY APPROACH IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY NUR-AFIKAH1, I. YUNOS1 M.Y.M. AND ISMAIL1 N.A. 1 Department

of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor. Email:[email protected]

The density of human in an urban area of this era increase strongly and at risk as the capacity continues critically at the alarming rate even though the city nowadays is in unsustainable behaviour challenge of majority come from landscape ecology. This scenario is mostly cases of the implementation sustainability-oriented contemporary urban planning and relationship between landscape ecological design practices. The most difficult problem is in enhancing the urban ecological area in various perspectives of developing future patterns and theories although it relevant for socio-economic issues, environmental concerns and context of planning. However, this paper examines the application of biomimicry in sustainable landscape ecology and obtain the lesson beyond the formalistic characteristic design to more responsive understanding nature. Besides, it generates significant to explore sustainable and relevant solution towards design form and approach for successful landscape ecology. Biomimicry is an expression of imitation of the life process in nature reveals the unsustainable behaviour as the design field seen to imitate nature. Therefore, a qualitative method research is involved by having comprehensive content analysis throughout different task of ideas to strengthen the design context and interpreted the existing design instead of new design. Nevertheless, within the design context strikingly identify the biomimicry approach and develop multi-disciplinary design framework by having nature as inspiration to the future design field. The expected added value of integrating biomimicry approach into sustainable landscape ecology may be improved on social life behaviour which is more responsive towards natural environmental setting, economic, political issues and most importantly changing urban thought and understanding the fundamental approach of biomimicry that leads the globe objectives for enhancing the sustainable landscape ecology development. Thus, this study highlight that biomimicry approach as the emerging trends and opportunities areas by moving ahead of the transfer and sharing knowledge between the designers and biologist. Key Words: Biomimicry, Sustainable, Landscape, Ecology


INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF LEACHATE BY USING ACTIVATED NATURAL CALCIUM CARBONATE FILTRATION AND CONSTRUCTED WETLAND NADIA RAZALI, NURHANIM ZULAIKHA KAMARULZAMAN, NORAISHAH ABDUL HARRIS, ZETTY NURSYARAFINA ADAM, NURUL FATIHAH MAT JUSOH Section of Environmental Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bio-Engineering Technology (UNIKL-MICET) Lot 1988, Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor, Taboh Naning, Melaka. Corresponding E-mail: [email protected] This study was set up to compare the performance of integrated wastewater treatment process of abiotic and biotic. This treatment system utilized different types of activated calcium carbonate filters in combination with constructed wetland to treat leachate from local wet market. The performance of both treatments and their combinations were evaluated with respect to pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N). The sources of the activated natural calcium carbonate were extracted from chicken eggshells, cockle shells and limestones. The performance of all these three filters and constructed wetland were evaluated as (i) single treatment and (ii) combined treatment approaches. As single treatment, cockle shells and limestone filters exhibited similar performance as constructed wetland in the removal of BOD with the removal rate more than 90%. Constructed wetland was found to be capable to provide better removal of NH3-N and COD with removal rate of more than 50% and 90% respectively compared to calcium carbonate filters but demonstrated poor performance in the removal of TSS. However, in combined treatment approach, it was found that the removal of BOD, COD, TSS and NH3-N were significantly improved with the removal rate of more than 90%. In conclusion, combination of the calcium carbonate filters and constructed wetland are more effective to treat leachate compared to the calcium carbonate filters and constructed wetland as single treatments. Key Words: Integrated treatment, Leachate treatment, abiotic and biotic


ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGING PATTERN IN THAILAND USING LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL CHALOEMCHON WANNATHONG 1 AND ATTACHAI UERANANTASUN 2 1Department

of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, 94000, Thailand. Email: [email protected]

2Department


Global warming has been one of the primary concerns for the world's environmental problems over the recent years. The rise in temperature for areas around the earth has contributed in warming climate globally. Understanding of temperature patterns locally can be helpful to evaluate the warming situations for a particular area, and can be further combined and assessed for the climate at the larger scale. Hence, this study was determined to investigate changing patterns of temperatures in Thailand. The dataset for this study was retrieved from satellite photos recorded by NASA satellite (MODIS) for the period of 15 years, from 20002014. To demonstrate in this study, five locations in Thailand were purposefully selected to have a roughly fair distribution of each region around the country, both in-land and by-thesea. The data structure of satellite data was divided into days and nights for modelling separately. After managing data, the data were analyzed using the linear regression model to extract the trends. The results showed mixed directions of temperature changing patterns for day and night of the selected locations. Key Words: Temperature Changing Pattern; Linear Regression Model; Thailand


PRELIMINARY STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT HASSAN ISMAIL1, ZAINAL ABDIN AKASAH2, SITI FARIZAH YAAKUB3 AND SASITHARAN NAGAPAN3 1,2,4

Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn, Malaysia Email: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] 3 Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer,Malacca Polytehnic, Malaysia Email:[email protected]

Different researchers have tried to determine the factors for a successful project for a long time. Lists of variables have been abounding in the literature; however, the concept of project success remained vaguely defined as there is no general agreement achieved. It is generally accepted that the major goals of all parties involved in construction projects – owners, contractors, engineers and consultants in either the public or private sector is to successfully complete the project on schedule, within planned budget, with the highest quality and in the safest manner. The purpose of this study is to determine the factor that contributes the success of construction project in Malaysia, which can help project parties reach their intended goals with greater efficiency. This study uses a comprehensive literature review to design and conduct a survey to investigate the success factors, and then obtain a consensus of expert opinion. Pilot study of the questionnaire survey will be achieved by a scouting sample on project success. A questionnaire survey will be conducted, and categorized into groups. Key Words: Project Success, Construction Projects.


PATTERNS OF SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION IN USA USING STATISTICAL MODEL JARUEK ATTHASONGKHRO 1 AND ATTACHAI UERANANTASUN 1 1Department


The transitivity of solar radiation in the atmosphere depends on various factors and it varies significantly with locations, times of day, earth-to-sun distances, solar rotations and other activities. Apart from playing a major role on sustaining life on earth and determining terrestrial climates, solar radiation is the most abundant of all energy sources with its direct application including photovoltaic power for generating electricity. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal variability of solar irradiance patterns is thus precarious for designing the appropriate energy-conversion equipment and infrastructure, and generating an efficient management plan for both urban and rural areas. This study is thus aimed to study solar energy patterns on the earth’s surface via solar radiation absorption of cloud covers. Solar radiation data, between 1961 and 1990 in USA, were retrieved from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) and then analyzed to determine patterns in solar radiation absorption. A statistical method used in this study was a regression model with square root transformed and filtered to fit to the solar radiation absorption in five-day averages periods in selected nine monitoring stations. The results showed that the mean cloud cover in each of periods over the 30 years was well estimated by this model. The model was then tested to predict the amount of solar radiation absorbed for the further periods. Key Words: Solar Radiation; Statistical Model; USA


NOISE LEVEL AT 3 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RAIL STATION: KUALA LUMPUR CASE STUDY FARAH MOHD AKABAL1, PROF. ENGR. DR. MOHD IDRUS HAJI MOHD MASIRIN1 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat.

Rail Station is the places where trains stop to collect and deposit passengers. This is the most important place for passenger to ride train. Stations are vital for many to enable them to engage in work and social commitments. There is some contamination that occurred at the railway station. This study focus on noise contamination at rail station platform. Contamination of noise takes place when there is either excessive amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural balance. High noise levels can affect human health and simultaneously this could threaten personal safety. Noise level measurement and recording were taken at three types of station in this study that is elevated station, at-grade station and underground station. The location of rail station is at Kuala Lumpur. Sound Level Meter (SLM) was used to measured noise level at rail station platform. Subsequently, the Leq noise level were identified and determined. It is important to measure the noise level in this study to provide safety for passenger’s health while using public transportation. Key Words: Rail Station, Noise Level.


STUDY OF AMD AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN ACTIVE AND ABANDONED IRON MINING IN PAHANG RIZWANA NAUREEN 1, PROF. DR. ISMAIL BIN YUSOFF 1 AND DR. AHMAD FARID BIN ABU BAKAR 1 1Dept.

of Geology, Faculty Science, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, [email protected]

Heavy metal contamination resulting from mining activities involves complex biogeochemical interaction where dissolution of minerals from tailings cause acid mine drainage. Mining operations in Pahang date back to 1960s and continue today for iron extraction. Many sites are still under heavy mining activities while some have been abandoned along the way with improper closure practices. A study was made to investigate the heavy metal content in surface and subsurface soil samples of Bukit Ibam which is an old active mining site located at eastern ridge of Pahang mineral belt. Lab quality parameters such as pH, EC, organic matter and moisture content were measure. Samples were also analysed for anions and heavy metal content. The study revelaed the acidic trend in soil with pH as low as 2.56 and EC of 549 µS/cm. The study also revealed high level of sulphates which is a typical character of mine tailings. Heavy metal content was analysed by ICP-OES with high concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn exceeding the effluent standards. An investigation was also made into possible biological treatment methods for soil and water reclamation. The study concludes that there is a need to adopt better mining practices with proper closure protocols as not only the the environment in general but also the local population in particular suffers from adverse effects. Key Words: Metal contamination, Acid Mine Drainage, Biological Treatment


NOVEL MAGNETIC BIOCHAR FOR THE REMOVAL OF 6 OCPS FROM WASTEWATER. SAMAVIA BATOOL2, NOR KARTINI BINTI ABU BAKAR1. AHMAD FARID BIN ABU BAKAR2, MOHD JAMIL BIN MAAH1, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were used extensively for pest control in oil palm plantation in the past. However, they are still detected in our environment because they are persistent in nature. They enter the food chain and pose serious health effects on biotic life. Their assessment and remediation is a dire need to clean our environment. Water samples were collected from the water drained out from area covered with oil palm vegetation. OCPs were extracted from wastewater using liquid liquid extraction (LLE) method. OCPs were detected and quantified using GCMS and GCECD. Remediation of OCPs was conducted by application of magnetic biochar. A cost effective magnetic biochar was prepared using green nanotechnology. Parameters were optimized for maximum removal of OCPs. Results indicated OCPs (DDT, Aldrin, Endosulfan, Heptachlore and Hexachlorobenzene) were detected ranging from 0.023-3.136 µg/L. Characterization revealed that novel magnetic biochar was successfully synthesized and removed 60% of six OCPs within 3 hrs at pH 4. Remaining of OCPs are still present in our water system. Although, ban was imposed on their production and usage in Malaysia. However, due to persistent nature and low water solubility they are still detected at low concentrations. The removal experiments herein demonstrate that the application of this as-prepared ZVI-MBC could represent an effective functional material for adsorption and subsequent reduction in aquatic system is a promising environmental pollution monitoring for the OCPs removal. Keywords: magnetic biochar, Organochlorine pesticides, green nanotechnology


EVALUATION OF LIGHT RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (LREES) IN CASTOR OIL AND LILAC TASSEL FLOWER PLANTS GROWN IN CONTAMINATED SOIL FROM EX-MINES IN PERAK, MALAYSIA AYSHA MASOOD KHAN1, ISMAIL YUSOFF1, NOR KARTINI ABU BAKAR2, AHMAD FARID ABU BAKAR1 AND YATIMAH ALIAS2, 3 1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia ([email protected]) ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ([email protected]) 3 University Malaya, Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ([email protected]) corresponding author email: [email protected]

Two plant species ricinus communis (castor oil plant) and emilia sonchifolia belonging to euphorbiaceae (spurge family) and asteraceae were sampled along with contaminated soil from Lahat, Perak. Light rare earth elements (sc, y, la, ce, pr, nd) were determined in the roots, stem and leaves by using acid digestion method involving microwave digestion using time pressure system followed by inductively coupled plasma mass. Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Among the LREES CE and LA were found in highest amount in roots with 66 μɡ/ɡ and 36 μɡ/ɡ in castor oil and 41 μɡ/ɡ and 22 μɡ/ɡ in emilia sonchifolia while less concentrations were found in stem and leaves of the plants. Soil was also analyzed for these rees and it was found highly contaminated. Transfer factor (TF), bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated that showed accumulation for y, la and ce having values > 1. Such plants are considered good enough to clean the contaminated soil from rare earths by simple and cheap way to keep our environment green and friendly. Key Words: Rare earth elements, ex-mine, castor oil, Emilia Sonchiofolia


EFFICIENT REMOVAL OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FROM NATURAL WATER BY PEIMODIFIED MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOCUBES (P@SNC) SHANAZ JAHAN1, ISMAIL YUSOFF1, YATIMAH ALIAS1. 1Department

of Geology, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Email:[email protected] 1Department of Geology, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] 1Department of Geology, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] We report a protocol for the efficient removal of five engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) from natural aqueous system using polyethylene imine (PEI) modified mesoporous silica nanocubes (P@SNC). The nanocubes were synthesized by conventional hydrothermal method having wellordered porous cubic structures with diameters of ~500 nm. The porosity of nanotubes was tuned by simply adjusting the precursors ratio and reaction temperature. The synthesized porous P@SNC were applied to investigate the removal efficiency of ENMs form natural water dosimetery. Results revealed that P@SNC imparts great efficiency for the entrapment and removal of ENMs form natural water environment. The P@SNC interacts with the dispersed ENMs and removes them readily from aqueous media by making aggregated complex. The complex then can easily be removed by centrifugation, filtration or simply decantation. The removal efficiency of P@SNC worked well with both –ve as well as +ve surface charged ENMs with 80-100% removal. The entrapment efficiency of ENMs was also examined under different solution pH and found that at a pH range from 5-7, the removal efficiency was not altered under natural environmental conditions.

Keywords: Silica nanocubes, Mesoporous Adsorption, Removal efficiency


THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOCARBON PARTICLES IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND DEIONIZED WATER SYAZWANI ZAINAL ABIDIN1, IMRAN SYAKIR MOHAMAD1,2, AHMAD YUSAIRI BANI HASHIM3, NORLI ABDULLAH4, TEE BOON TUAN1,2, AMIRAH ABDULLAH1 1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] 2Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 3Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] 4Department

of Chemistry, Centre for Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Nanofluids are widely used as heat transfer media for numerous applications such as microelectronics, pharmaceuticals, vehicle thermal management and others. The recent research has demonstrated that nanofluids have provided significantly better thermo-physical properties than the based fluids because of its novel properties. The nanofluids proved to have a much higher heat transfer property and specific heat capacity at a very low particle concentration than conventional heat transfer fluid. Generally, the available based fluid such as ethylene glycol (EG) and deionized water (DI) has a limitation in terms of thermo-physical properties like heat transfer and specific heat capacity. Demand for ultra-high performance cooling in electronics has been increasing and conventional enhanced surface techniques have reached their limit with regard to improving heat transfer. An innovative way to overcome this limitation is by addition of nanoparticles in the based fluid to form nanofluid. In this paper, the objective proposed is to formulate an efficient and stable nanofluid from –OH functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH) and HHT24 carbon nanofiber (CNF) in based fluid with the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the stabilizer through two-step preparation process. Then, the heat transfer was investigated at three different temperatures (6 ºC, 25 ºC and 40 ºC) and specific heat capacity test was conducted. Nanofluids tested for heat transfer shows that the highest enhancement was gained at 1.0 wt% volume concentration for both MWCNT-OH and HHT24 CNF based nanofluids. Whilst, data for the specific heat capacity in contrast with the heat transfer data where at 1.0 wt% volume concentration of both nanofluids, lower enhancement of specific heat capacity was observed. Overall, the nanofluid with greater enhancement is potentially highly preferable in cooling industry. Key Words: Heat transfer; Specific heat capacity; Nanofluids


BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF RICE STRAW LEACHATE AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE IN UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR (UASB) 1NURUL

SHAFIQAH ROSLI, 1SYAZWANI IDRUS, 1NIK NORSYAHARIATI NIK DAUD, 1AMIMUL AHSAN 1Universiti

Corresponding:

1Nurul

Putra Malaysia Shafiqah Rosli Email:[email protected]

In Malaysia, currently the environmental concerns related to rice straw disposal generated from open burning especially, needs to be carefully addressed. The anaerobic digestion of rice straw leachate showed the potential in generating biogas as a clean energy and it is regarded as an alternative method for rice straw disposal, due to the simultaneous benefits of environmental pollution control and meeting the national energy demands. However, due to the lacking of nitrogen source and degradability of the RSL, the production of biogas was found to be limited. Hence, the co-digestion of rice straw leachate with a high nutrient content of domestic sewage will be able to enhance the production of biogas as well as methane content. This research was conducted in a continuous modes by employing a seven litre working volume of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor under mesophilic condition at temperature of 38±2 . The effect of co-digestion of rice straw leachate with domestic sewage on the biogas potential was investigated at mixing ratio RSL/DS of 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 10:90. The co-digestion of RSL with a domestic sewage at mixing ratio RSL/DS of 10:90, resulted in the increment towards biogas production from 0.19 to 0.33L/gCODremoved, as well as methane composition from 51% to 72%.

Keywords: Rice straw leachate, Domestic sewage,Chemical Oxygen Demand, biogas, anaerobic codigestion


AUTOMOBILE KIT USING JATROPHA OIL AS FUEL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES: DESIGN AND SHORT-RUN TEST SHEHRBANO FATIMA1, RIZWAN AHMED MEMON2 1M.E

Student, Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]

2Department

of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]

The global energy crisis is continuously compelling scientists and engineers to look for energy extraction from renewable sources. Jatropha Curcas yields oil which has the potential to contribute towards sustainable development of the society. The prolonged use of Jatropha Curcas Oil results in wear and tear of the existing running engine because of its high viscosity as compared to diesel (Jindal.S, 2015). Viscosity reduction by blending Jatropha curcas oil with diesel is common but this increases the average fuel cost. (Openshaw Kieth, 2000). The compromise is to be made between the blend ratio and overall cost. This article proposes the design of an engine modification kit which runs on 70:30 Jatropha-Diesel blend by utilizing heat from radiator. Thermal analysis of heat exchanger was done to calculate number of tubes and internal flow area. The engine was tested for 30 minutes run at the average rpm of 2000 during which the temperature of Jatropha Curcas oil increased from 25 oC to a maximum of 96oC at which point it became stable. The test results showed that the viscosity of the oil dropped down to an optimum level post the heat exchanger, making it a more mobile fuel and suitable to be used in an unmodified compression ignition engine. Key Words: Engine Modification Kit, Jatropha Curcas Oil, Viscosity, C.I Engines


THEORETICAL REVIEW ON SUCCESS FACTOR AFFECTING COMPETENCIES OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY HASSAN ISMAIL1, ZAINAL ABDIN AKASAH2, SASITHARAN NAGAPAN3 1,2,3 Faculty

of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn, Malaysia Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Success factors are inputs in construction project which can lead directly or indirectly to project success. It encompasses many elements, which have to be synchronized to ensure the project delivered on time. Competencies are important in all fields of human endeavor. Features of the construction process and construction project render competencies even more essential. Therefore the choosing a civil engineer for a construction project, particularly is a critical project decision. The selection process involves different criteria and should be in accordance with company policies and project specifications. Traditionally, potential candidates are interviewed and most qualified are selected in compliance with company priorities and project conditions. This paper aims to reveal a conceptual, critical success factor affecting competencies of civil engineer for construction project in Malaysia. Hopefully the result can be used as a guidance to measure the level of competency of civil engineer. Key Words: Engineer.

Critical

Success

Factor

(CSFs),

Competencies,

Construction,


Civil

SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION OF NEEM SEED OIL: A COST COMPARISON STUDY WITH SOXHLET EXTRACTION AT LAB SCALE SHEELA SUBRAMANIAN, MD. SOHRAB HOSSAIN, ROBERT THOMAS BACHMANN Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia. Azadiractha indica is a mahogany tree species whose seeds contain an oil that has been used for more than 4000 years due to its medicinal and insect repellent properties. The oil (AKA neem seed oil) was historically obtained through cold pressing, while modern techniques include mechanical pressing as well Soxhlet and super critical fluid extraction (SCE). Soxhlet extraction requires an organic solvent such as hexane which may still be present in defatted neem seed oil thus lowering its quality and destruction of valuable substances. SCE on the other hand, typically uses CO2 as solvent which does not leave undesirable traces in defatted seeds while yielding an oil of superior quality that does not require further treatment. Optimum SC-CO2 extraction time is 0.5 hrs compared to 6 hrs required by Soxhlet resulting in very similar oil yields. What further sets Soxhlet and SC-CO2 apart is the high initial investment cost for SCE, which is perceived as a drawback of the SCE technology. In this paper we aim to determine the cost of oil extraction at lab-scale using Soxhlet and SC-CO2. Single-chamber extraction units capable of handling 30 g per run are assumed for both technologies. For Soxhlet oil extraction a subsequent distillation process is required in order to separate the oil from the solvent, contrary to SCE. In order to achieve an oil of as similar quality as possible Soxhlet-extracted oil must be refined using a bleaching unit. The expected life span of equipment for both Soxhlet and SCE is assumed to be 10 years. Loss of solvent for hexane is expected to be 10 % per run, while all CO2 is lost to the atmosphere for SCE. Operational costs comprise of electricity for both technologies while Soxhlet requires water for cooling purposes and bleaching earth for refinery. Annual maintenance cost of each equipment is set to 10 % of the investment cost. Labor time and hence cost for Soxhlet are assumed to be higher than SCE due to lengthy extraction process and numerous process steps involved. Preliminary results show that the annuitized cost for Soxhlet is MYR 16,368 while for SCE it was found to be MYR 33,228. However, the cost of oil production was found to be the opposite with MYR 1,893/kg for SCE and MYR 4,562/kg for Soxhlet, respectively. This was mainly due to the higher throughput and superior oil quality achieved with SCE. Based on the economical performance as well as higher neem seed oil quality it is suggested to use SCE instead of Soxhlet. Keywords: Supercritical carbon dioxide, Neem Seed oil; Soxhlet extraction; Cost analysis.


A GA AND OPTIMIZED HEURISTIC BASED SMART NANO-GRID FOR COST EFFECTIVE PROVISIONING OF ELECTRICITY

NABILA AHMAD1, RABIYA BIBI2 AND SHOAB AHMED KHAN3 1 CEME Nust, Rawalpindi Pakistan, [email protected] 2 CEME Nust, Rawalpindi Pakistan, [email protected] 3 CEME Nust, Rawalpindi Pakistan, [email protected]

In the last few decades, developing countries power demand has been increased which lead to several critical issues like frequent power outages and peak pricing hours. Utilization of distributed energy sources along with utility grid has helped to cope with these issues to certain level but still there are some loopholes. Novel algorithms are needed to handle such hybrid systems. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for consistent and less expensive power supply for Grid-connected photovoltaic system which considers a set of constraints i.e. load-shedding hours, tariff hours and weather conditions. The paper purposes genetic algorithm for making optimal decision for the cost considering all the above mentioned constraints. The research has also presented another heuristic algorithm which takes much less computation time then GA and provides comparable results. Key Words: Smart grid optimization algorithm, (GA) genetic algorithm, Heuristics


EFFECT OF BIOCHAR TYPE AND CONCENTRATION ON BIOGAS REACTOR PERFORMANCE TREATING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT ISHAK, D.1, BACHMANN, R.T.1 1Universiti

Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology Lot 1988 Vendor City, 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka. *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

Palm oil industry in Malaysia has develop rapidly in recent years and this have heightened the risk of pollution to the environment; palm oil mill effluent (POME) being discharged to river system and methane released freely into the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Biogas harnessing could bring revenues to palm oil miller besides reducing the carbon footprint of the product. Recent studies have shown numerous approaches to enhance the biogas production and quality such as incorporating fixed film matrices in the reactors, adjusting the various operational parameters and also nourishing the nutritional requirements of microbes. However, very few have actually examined the integration of palm oil waste into anaerobic digesters treating POME. In this study, the effect of palm kernel shell biochar (PKS-B) and boiler bottom ash (BBA) concentration on biogas reactor performance treating POME was investigated. One liter media bottles were filled with 150mL of anaerobic digester sludge and 650mL fresh POME. Biogas production was measured daily for 20 days; biomethane was determined using the syringe method and by gas chromatography. Dissolved COD, total solids (TS) and total suspended solids (TSS) were determined at the start and end of experiment to determine the reduction efficiency. The experiment was repeated in triplicate. A higher biomethane yield was observed upon addition of 1 % PKS-B. Keywords: biochar, palm oil mill effluent, anaerobic digestion, palm kernel shell, bottom ash


EFFECT OF SOLVENT AND LEAVES CONDITION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF QUERCETIN EXTRACTED FROM MURRAYA KOENGII BY USING SOXHLET EXTRACTION METHOD 1NUR

FARTHIAH MOHD ADANAN, 1NURZAT SHAIRA ROSLAN, 1SITI NURHIDAYANA MD LAJIS, 1KHAIRUL NADIAH IBRAHIM, 1NOR AINI BUROK 1Malaysian

Institute of chemical & Bioengineering Technology Universiti Kuala Lumpur, (UniKL, MICET), 78000, Melaka, Malaysia. Alzheimer's diseases (AD) was categorized as dementia which is lost mind work that influences memory; considering dialect, judgment and conduct in conjunction with different nonreversible contaminations and sicknesses. Alzheimer Disease International report, this disease will increase to 0.126% in 2020. Among the list of medicinal plants, Murraya Koenigii extract contain flavonoid (polyphenolic compound) which possess antioxidant and antidementia properties that inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity by breaking down acetylcholine in the brain. Thus this study conducted to extract quercetin (family of flavonoid) from Murraya Koenigii leaves by conventional extraction method which is Soxhlet extraction. Murraya Koenigii leaves in powder form and non-powder form was used to study the effect of surface area towards extraction process. Acetone, ethanol, methanol and petroleum ether used as a solvent to compare the yield of quercetin obtained from the extraction of Murraya Koenigii . The presence of quercetin was analyzed by using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UVVIS) at wavelength 382 nm. Ethanol showed the highest concentration of quercetin obtained in powder form which is 883.783 ppm since ethanol has been known as a high polarity solvent for polyphenolic active compound extraction. Murraya Koenigii leaves in powder form give higher concentration of quercetin compared with non-powder due to its large contact surface area between solvent and the leaves. Keywords: Murraya Koengii, Quercetin, Bioactive compound, Soxhlet extraction


REVALORISATION OF CHEESE WHEY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES KHAIRUL FAIZAL PA’EE1, NADIA RAZALI2, JUMARDI ROSLAN3 1Section

of Food Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur - Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Malaysia.

2Section

3Faculty

of Environment Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur - Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Malaysia.

of Food Science & Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu,

Whey is a liquid fraction produced during the production of cheeses. During cheese production almost 90 % of whey is generated only which, 50% is processed. Whey is commonly used as animal feed, spread as fertilizers or simply thrown out. However, whey contained valuable protein such β-lactoglobulin, a precursor to ACE-inhibitory peptides. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the utilisation of whey protein for ACE-inhibitory hydrolysate. Traditionally, the production of whey protein hydrolysate is based on protease digestion. The enzymatic processes are carried out in batch reactors. However, limitation occurs such as batch-to-batch variation in the product and long process times for reaction completion due to substrate depletion and product inhibition that leads to high cost of operation. Subsequently, several alternatives have been proposed based on membrane application and ion-exchanger. Recently, innovative concept such as integrative processes has been introduced which has shown its potential to produce hydrolysate with high biological activity. Most importantly, these processes are all occur within a single cell and/or minimise the number of unit operation required, consequently, reduces the cost of operation, which is important in order to produce a cost-effective process.

Key Words: Whey protein, β-lactoglobulin, ACE-inhibitory peptides, bioactive peptides


EFFECT OF TIME ON EXTRACTION OF COAGULANT-ACTIVE PROTEINS FROM DEFATTED MORINGA OLEIFERASEEDS RAMLI, U.H., MARIAM, S.H.S., BACHMANN R.T. Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Lot 1988, TabohNaning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Malaysia [email protected]

Time is acrucial parameter in extraction processes. More than 200 publications are available investigating various aspects of a cationic protein with coagulation activity from Moringaoleifera (MO) seedsbut none has systematically studied the protein extraction process.Knowledge of the optimum extraction timewith minimum presence of other interfering seed componentscan help toreduce process time and hence resources.Seeds weredeshelled, grind and sieved followed bydefattingusing Soxhletextraction. A solution containing distilled water and 8% (w/v) of defatted MO seed powder was prepared, cooled to 4°C and stirred. Samples were taken at 10 min intervals and tested for protein and carbohydrate concentration using Bradford and DNS assays. Preliminary experiments have shown that protein concentration in the crude extract increased for the first 40 min. The optimum extraction time, however, was found to be 60min at which the highest coagulation activity was observed.

Keywords: Protein-based Moringaoleifera.

coagulant,

optimum

extraction

time, MTP,


LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT PANEL MANUFACTURING: AN EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS KHAIRUL NADIAH IBRAHIM1, AND NURUL LIYANA ZAHARULHISHAM2 1Section

of Environmental Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, MALAYSIA. Email: [email protected] 2 Section of Environmental Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, MALAYSIA. Email: [email protected] Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-established and informative method of understanding the environmental impacts of consumer products across the entire value chain. Methods that build on LCA strengths and illuminate other connected but less understood facets, related to social and economic impacts, would provide greater value to decision-makers. This study is a LCA that calculates the potential impacts associated with the painting process of aircraft panels manufactured at one of Malaysia’s largest supplier of composites materials and assembler of aircrafts. LCA and process analysis are used to quantify all the environmental interactions over the stages of the life cycle particularly the painting process, in terms of inputs of energy and natural resources and of outputs of emissions to the different environmental compartments. Eventually, the Simapro software was used to model the painting process of aircraft panels manufacturing. The results obtained with the Simapro software indicate that painting process contributes significantly to all environmental categories; environmental quality, human health and natural resources. Characterization results indicate that painting process contributes significantly to respiratory inorganics, climate change, carcinogen, ecotoxicity and fossil fuels. Electricity account for most of the environmental impacts, while epoxy resin in PR205 Base, acetone used in paint shop, isopropanol in pinhole filler-base, dichloromethane in Ardrox A6025, benzyl alcohol in ACT205 and usage of ethoxylated alcohol in PFSR are also responsible but for a smaller contribution. The inputs identified with the greatest effects on the environmental performance and hence where improvements are necessary. Guidelines and conclusions were provided as the basis for the development of new improvement plans to guide supply chain and manufacturing enhancements, and product design related to environmental protection and resource sustainability.

Key Words: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA); Painting process; SIMAPRO; Characterization


STUDIES ON COD AND COLOUR REDUCTION IN POME USING ACTIVATED EFB CARBON KUMARAN KANAPATHY1, REUBEN ANTHONY2, ARASU UTTRAN3, LOH SOH KHEANG4 1, 2, 3 Manipal

International University, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ([email protected];[email protected]) 4Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected])

The main objective of this experiment is to study the removal of COD in POME using activated carbon from EFB. The removal of organics in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was studied using EFB chemically activated carbon (CAC) and EFB physically activated carbon (PAC) as adsorbent in a batch process. The adsorption study was conducted at 150 rpm (25oC) until COD removal reached equilibrium. The sample were analysed for COD, pH and color reduction by measuring the absorbance of the sample. Based on this study, various type of activated carbon and dosage shows significant effect on COD removal in POME .It was observed for the batch adsorption that the COD was reduced from an initial value of 510 mg/L to 280 mg/L in the first four days by using 1.5 g of CAC which is the highest removal percentage 45.21% (P=0.030) compared with PAC 32.70%(P=0.00). Hence significant COD removal efficiency rates 35.67%, 43.99% and 45.21% were achieved at different dosage of (0.5g,1.0g,1.5g ) respectively using CAC. Thus, Chemically Activated Carbon (CAC) find more successfully in terms of COD removal by activating reagents studied, zinc chloride gave the highest surface area which influence the adsorption of organics matters in POME sample. Key Words: POME, Activated Carbon, Chemical Oxygen Demand


REMOVAL OF ANTIBIOTICS BY ADSORPTION ONTO MAGNETIC BIOCHAR SABRINA KARIM1, SUBASHINI PANNERSELUM1, NADIA RAZALI1, TENGKU FAZLI TENGKU JAYA1, KHAIRUL NADIAH IBRAHIM1, ELMY NAHIDA OTHMAN1, SALEM ABU AMRO1, 1 Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Lot 1988, Taboh Naning Vendor City, 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka. Presence of pharmaceuticals residues are recognised as emerging pollutant in water has raised importance concerns due to their effect to the environment. This study focused on the efficiency of magnetic biochar to remove a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic that belongs to penicillin class organism, amoxicillin (AMX) in water. pH reaction of pH 5 was selected as an optimum pH due to greater number of positive charge gaining by absorbing H+ ion to increase in adsorption capacity of biochar / γ- Fe2O3 and maximize the removal percentage. Meanwhile, the effect of dosage was evaluated by adsorption mechanism include both equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics. The adsorption kinetics was examined using Pseudo First Order and Pseudo Second Order; the kinetic data were well fitted by the Pseudo Second Order. The adsorption equilibrium was evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. Equilibrium data were well fitted with Freundlich model with better linear regression than Langmuir model. Based on effect of dosage on adsorption mechanism, it can seem that the removal efficiency was increased with the enhancement of the adsorbent dosage from 0.1 g to 1.0 g which was 87% and 93% respectively. These results indicated that biochar / γ- Fe2O3 adsorbent can be used to treat the presence of emerging contaminant in water. Key Words: Magnetic Biochar, Amoxicilin, Iron Oxides, Pharmaceutical.


CONCEPTUAL APPROACH IN DETERMINING FATIGUENESS AND DROWSINESS DETECTION USING EEG-BASED AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FIRDAUS MOHAMED1, SAZALI YAACOB2, SYED FAIZ AHMED3, SATHEES KUMAR NATARAJ4 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute, Kulim Hi-tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia. [email protected] [email protected] 3Universiti

Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute, Jalan Sungai Pusu, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected] 4Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Post Box No. 14, Kadiri Road, Angallu (Village), Madanapalle-517325, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. [email protected]

Driver fatigue is a major exogenous cause of fatal road accidents and has implications for Malaysian road safety. The major aspect that causes human errors is fatigue/drowsiness due to task-induced factors (environmental circumstance) or attitude/behaviour of the driver (lack of sleep, consumption of alcohol, long driving hours and etc.). Therefore, it is necessary to identify significant index to detect driver fatigue and associate that index with the level of alertness (active or asleep), for road safety and for use by regulatory bodies such as Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ) and Police for advice on driving conditions. This can be carried out by observing the physiological behaviour through the Event-related potentials (ERPs) and electroencephalography (EEG) measures. ERP’s are very small voltage potentials that examine the information processing and characterize the brain structures in response to specific events or stimuli. Studies have shown EEG changes that are time-locked to sensory, cognitive or motor events are the most promising psychophysiological measures for assessing mental process and better indicators of fatigue. Hence, in this research work, to detect the driver fatigue and associate with alertness, it is proposed to develop an adaptive fatigue identification model based on the EEG frequency spindles (alpha and theta waves that reflects the cognitive and memory process). The proposed adaptive model identifies the driver's fatigue by acquiring EEG signals using a suitable EEG recording protocol that distinguishes the brain's perception in response to various environmental changes and driver behavioural aspects. The recorded signals will be analysed to extract discriminant features through crosscorrelation techniques and Neuro-fuzzy algorithm for the classification of level of fatigue. Key Words: Drowsiness detection, Driver fatigue, Electroencephalography (EEG), Neuro-fuzzy algorithm.


POTENTIAL OF CARBON FIBRE PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS LIGNIN USING SUB- AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUID KHALIDATUL ATHIRAH1, ASIMI ANA1, KELLY TAU LENYONG1 1Malaysian

Institute of chemical & Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, (UniKL, MICET), 78000, Melaka, Malaysia. Corresponding: Kelly Tau LenYong. Email: [email protected]

Recent technology in the production of chemicals and bio-materials products are focusing on lignocellulosic resources since it is the world’s most abundant material, low cost as well as sustainable. Lignocellulosic biomass consist of 3 main compounds; cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Productions of carbon fibre using lignin as precursor are proposed to reduce the usage of depleting fossil fuel based materials. However, the difficulties on recovering lignin from biomass are challenging. Therefore, several studies have been done to explore possible technologies to isolate lignin from the complex lignocellulosic biomass in simple and low-cost ways. One of the promising methods is sub- and supercritical fluid technology. This technology can convert lignin to several types of phenolic compounds (conifery, sinapyl, and p-coumary alcohol), which can be used as precursor for the production of carbon fibre. Hence, this paper aim to review on the potential of carbon fibre production from biomass lignin using sub- and supercritical Fluid. Keywords: carbon fibre, lignin, supercritical, subcritical


HIGH-PERFORMANCE SUPERCAPACITORS OF POLYANILINE NANOFIBRES ON CARBON FIBRE CLOTH RAZALI, S.A.1, RUSI RUSI1, MAJID S.R1 1University

of Malaya, Malaysia

Corresponding: Majid S.R, Email: [email protected]

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibres deposited on electro-etched carbon fiber cloth (CCE) for supercapacitor electrode was successfully prepared by using electrodeposition method. The deposition potential applied were varied in order to obtain the electrode with good electrochemical performance. Field emission scanning electrode (FESEM) and high resolution transmittance electron microscope (HRTEM) were used to characterize the morphology and the growth mechanism of PANI. To confirm the deposition of PANI onto CCE substrate, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization has been done. The optimized electrode with the highest specific capacitance of 947 Fg-1 with energy density of 272 Wh kg-1 and power density of 15.3 kWkg-1 at 5 Ag-1 current density in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte were obtained. Keywords: supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor, conducting polymer, electrode, polyaniline, carbon, fibre cloth


INFLUENCE OF 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONATE IONIC LIQUID ON THE BIODEGRADABLE SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEE YOKE CHONG1,

1University

of Malaya, Malaysia

Corresponding: Mee Yoke Chong, Email: [email protected]

Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose has been used as a host polymer in preparing a biodegradable solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) by using solution casting technique. However, SPE exhibits low ionic conductivity upon addition of magnesium trifluoromethanesulfonate salt. In order to improve the performance of the SPE, ionic liquid has been added into it. Based on the findings, the degree of crystallinity and the glass transition temperature of the SPE reduces along with the increase of ionic conductivity at room temperature upon incorporation of 40 wt. % ionic liquid. All the SPE films obey Arrhenius theory. The interaction between the host polymer, salt and ionic liquid is investigated by means of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy.

Keywords: biodegradable, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, solid polymer electrolyte, steric hindrance


READINESS IN IMPLEMENTING GREEN RESIDENTIAL: A STUDY AMONG SARAWAK CONSTRUCTION’S PRACTITIONERS NADZIRAH ZAINORDIN1, WAHIDA WAHI2, MAGDALEN PETRUS3 1,2,3

School of Built Environment, University College of Technology Sarawak, Sibu Sarawak, Malaysia. 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] 1UTM RAZAK School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The objective of this research is to explore the level of readiness among construction practitioners in Sarawak in implementing and adapting green residential concept in their project. The respondent’s has been limited to the stakeholders and contractor only. Sample of respondents set by 200 respondents, which the location of the Sarawak itself limited to Sibu, Miri, and Kuching districts only. Qualitative and quantitative methodology has been chosen to gather the best possible data to identify the objective set for this research. . Working with both methods provides the researcher with a powerful tool; answers are likely to be precise, measurable and easy to understand. The outcomes from this research study it’s to put the result of this research for the service of this sector to promoting the importance of this study in green residential concept and to work together with Sarawak’s relevant bodies on promoting and implementing this concept among construction’s practitioners. The benefits by implementing this concept also been discuss further in this study so that the construction’s entire player clear on the benefits and principles of green residential which an advantages that they may get if implementing this concept on their future project.

Key Words: green residential, green concept, green benefit, practitioners.


GREEN RESIDENTIAL: A PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS SARAWAK’S CONSTRUCTION PLAYERS NADZIRAH ZAINORDIN1, MAGDALEN PETRUS 2, WAHIDA WAHI 3 1,2,3 School of Built Environment, University College of Technology Sarawak, Sibu Sarawak, Malaysia. 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] 1UTM RAZAK School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This quantitative study aims to explore the perceptions of housing builders towards green residential development. Presently, the demand for green residential is very low because buyers hesitate to pay 30% more costs for a green residential than a conventional house. Where this statement applicable to Peninsular Malaysia, to extend of this conceptual study, this research develop to study towards Sarawak’s builders perception. The data collections for the study its through structured questionnaire which send to 200 respondents which are housing developers and contractors. However, these study its limited to Sibu, Miri and Kuching areas only. Respondent’s perception towards implementing green residential and the constraint factors make them refuse to implement this concept has been discussed further. The findings of the study will be useful for gibing a new idea in green residential concept to Sarawak’s builders. Therefore, they may consider constructing their own residential project by following implementing this concept. Key Words: perception, housing developers, contractors, green residential.


INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLER TUNING AND EMPIRICAL MODEL OF HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM *MAT NOOR, R. A., AHMAD MOKHTAR, S. H. Section of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988, Bandar Vendor Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia [email protected] Energy is a thermo dynamical aspect of chemical plants that has been anatomized for quite some time. Pruning the energy as well as optimizing the operation of the plant is one of the major trade-offs in vast majority of operating plants. Heat exchanger is one of the crucial unit operations in a plant in which energy is consumed and transferred through contacted mediums. Managing and controlling the process is such a crucial task and contributing to the factors of operating the process at its optimum conditions. Having said that, choosing the suitable controller and its parameters inherently important in order to achieve that. This work discusses on the controller tuning for heat exchanger and determines the appropriate controller parameters in order to obtain the most desirable process conditions. Keywords: PID Controller, Lambda Tuning, Coohen-Coon Tuning, Process Modeling, Heat exchanger


A REVIEW ON PLASTIC WASTES PYROLYSIS AS NEW ENERGY RESOURCES SHAFFERINA DAYANA ANUAR SHARUDDIN1, FAISAL ABNISA1, WAN MOHD ASHRI WAN DAUD1 AND MOHAMED KHEIREDDINE AROUA1 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

The worldwide plastic generation expanded over years because of the variety applications of plastics in numerous sectors. The persistent interest of plastics caused the accumulation of plastic wastes in the landfill which utilized a huge amount of spaces that added to the ecological issue. The growing of plastics demand definitely affected the petroleum resources availability as non-renewable fossil fuel since plastics were the petroleum-based material. A few options that have been considered for plastic waste management were recycling and energy recovery technique. Nevertheless, there were a few disadvantages of the recycling technique such as the needs of sorting process that was labour intensive and caused water pollution that lessened the process sustainability. These problems have led the researchers to focus more on other alternative such as the energy recovery method to overcome the continuous demand of energy. As a result, the plastic waste conversion into energy was developed through innovation advancement and extensive research. Since plastics were part of petroleum, the oil produced through the pyrolysis process was said to have high calorific value that could be used as an alternative fuel. This paper reviewed the thermal and catalytic degradation of plastics through pyrolysis process and the key factors that affected the final end product, for instance, oil, gaseous and char. Additionally, the liquid fuel properties and a discussion on several perspectives regarding the optimization of the liquid oil yield for every plastic were also included in this paper. Key Words: Pyrolysis, plastic wastes, energy recovery, fuel


DETERMINATION OF MAGNETITE EFFECT IN CONCRETE AS RADIATION SHIELDING SITI AMIRA OTHMAN1, KAMARIZAN KIDAM2 1Universiti

Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

2Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia

Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine and can present a significant health hazard. It causes microscopic damage to living tissue which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures. There are three factors that control the amount or dose of radiation received from a source which is time, distance and shielding. Different types of ionizing radiation interact in different ways with shielding material. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a mineral and one of the main iron ores. Due to its high iron content, magnetite has long been a major use as part of concrete in radiation shielding. This study intends to see the suitability of magnetite as radiation shielding. Concrete was form by mix cement (10%), sand (20%), water (5%), gravel (30%) and magnetite (35%). Then will be insert in mould for sintering process. The characterization was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR). The sharpness of XRD reflections clearly shows that the Fe3O4 is highly crystalline. The characteristic vibrational bands of pure Fe3O4 mainly include those at 572 and 377 cm-1 are attributed to Fe–O vibrations. Based on this study, magnetite shows promise as a shielding material, particularly for nuclear application. Keywords: Magnetite, Concrete, Radiation, Shielding


OPTIMIZATION OF XANTHONE IN WATER BASE EXTRACTION FROM FRESH MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA) BY USING ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE AZLIANA CHE AMAT1, ZAIDA RAHAYU YET2, ABDUL MANAN DOS3, KHAIRUL NADIAH IBRAHIM4 1,2,3,4 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, MALAYSIA. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Xanthones are classed into biologically active polyphenolic compounds structurally similar to bioflavonoids. In this study, Xanthones potential as antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergy, antiinflammation, antibacterial and antiviral activities was studied by extracting it from mangosteen rind by using ultrasonic extraction method. The optimum conditions of the extraction time, extraction temperature, solvent ratio and sample weight for concentration of xanthones obtained have been investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental data obtained was adequately fitted into second order polynomial models with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9366. The study revealed optimum conditions for xanthones extraction were found at time (50.1515 minutes), temperature of extraction (48.9394 °C), solvent ratio of water, ethanol (10:90) and sample weight (5.7323 g). All values were calculated by using MINITAB to gain the maximum percentage yield of xanthones 6.1965 %.

Key Words: Xanthones, Mangosteen, Response Surface Methodology


EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CARBON BLACK WITH BIO-CARBON ON THE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FILLED SMRL VULCANIZATE M.H. MOHD. HASAN, M.F. ADNAN AND S.K. ONG Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988, Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia Natural rubber (NR), Standard Malaysian Rubber grade L (SMRL), is an interesting material with commercial success due to its excellent physical properties, especially high mechanical strength, low heat build-up, excellent flexibility, and resistance to impact and tear, and above all its renewability. They are filled for better performance. Carbon Black is the most common filler used in rubber vulcanizate. Carbon Black is produced by incomplete combustion of petroleum products. Recently it was reported that Carbon Black is carcinogen. The focus of this study is to partially replace carbon black with Bio-Carbon. Bio-Carbon used in this study was produced from incomplete combustion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS). PKS Bio-Carbon as filler is compounded with SMRL using conventional laboratory-sized two roll mills. For comparison purposes, commercial fillers (carbon black) were also studied. The effect partial replacement of Carbon Black with Bio-Carbon of each type of filler was investigated and compared in terms of, curing characteristics, tensile properties, rubber filler interaction and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results showed that scorch time and cure time of filled vulcanizates is increase as Bio-Carbon loading increase from 0%-50%. This is because the size of Carbon Black is much smaller and the chain mobility between rubber and filler is much faster. However, the incorporation of PKS bio-carbon offers the lowest cure rate index. From a reinforcement perspective, the tensile strength shows a decreasing trend as Bio-Carbon loading is increasing. Further evidence of interaction was supported by the measurement of rubber-filler interaction, physical, mechanical and thermal studies. Key Words: Natural Rubber (NR), carbon black (CB), Palm Kernel Shell (PKS), biocarbon


DEVELOPMENT OF SPWM FED 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE SIMULATION USING MATLAB SIMULINK AMIR RASYADAN1, SAZALI YAACOB2 AND TENGKU MOHD. AZAHAR3 1Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute, Kulim Hi-tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah Malaysia, [email protected] 1Universiti

Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute, Kulim Hi-tech Park, 09000 Kulim, Kedah Malaysia, [email protected]

2Universiti

Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute, Section 14, Jalan Teras Jernang, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43650, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, 43650, Malaysia, [email protected]

Induction motor is known with its robustness and reliable operation, it has been the main horse power of the industry and used in a wide variety of applications. To get an insight of induction motor dynamic behavior and the electromechanical interaction, computer simulations are very much useful as an alternative to physical experimentation. This paper is intended as a tutorial overview of utilizing MATLAB Simulink blocks for the study of a 3phase induction motor drive. The model includes Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), a power source (battery), 3-phase power inverter and a 3-phase induction motor. The SPWM model is built from 3 sine wave source blocks and are compared by a triangular wave producing a 3-phase switching sequence for the power inverter. The power inverter model which consist of six Power Switch and Diode blocks then converts the direct current (DC) of the battery to a 3-phase current to power the induction motor block. The model presented in this paper is use to simulate the fundamental working principle of an induction motor drive in a simple and concise manner, thus further developments are needed to take into account of other complicated parameters which exist in the real working environment. Key Words: Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), 3-Phase Inverter, 3Phase Induction Motor, Simulink.


STUDY ON ACID PRE-TREATMENT OF SAGO PITH WASTE FOR GLUCOSE PRODUCTION WONG TECK SOON1, LENNEVEY KINIDI2 AND SHANTI FARIDAH SALLEH3 1Faculty of Engineering,Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability. [email protected] 2Faculty

of Engineering,Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability. [email protected]

3Faculty

of Engineering,Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability. [email protected]

Sago Pith waste is one of the waste which is produced in the processing sago starch flour in the sago mill. The current waste management of the sago pith waste is just by placing the waste at large area and let it undergo decomposition. If this current practice of Sago Pith Waste management continues, it will pose threats to the environment. However, many researches were done to sago hampas to maximize the use of sago hampas by converting it to added-valued product. In the acid pre-treatment which is also known as acid hydrolysis is crucial for chemical modification of the Sago Pith Waste which leads to the production of glucose. The purpose of this study was to study the acid pre-treatment on the physical changes of the Sago Pith Waste and amount of glucose produced with regards to different acid concentration, temperature and time. In this study, the time taken for the Sago pith wastes to convert into a gel-like substance during acid pre-treatment was shorter with increasing concentration and temperature. The concentration of acid used had a less significance on the amount of glucose production. At a higher temperature, the time for glucose production was shorter. It was also founded that at temperature of 100 oC the glucose production was 3.361 g/L. This study shows that temperature did have a significant effect on acid hydrolysis of Sago Pith Waste and physical change of the sago pith waste was faster when the temperature is higher. Key Words: Sago Pith Waste, Waste Management, Acid Pre-treatment, Acid Hydrolysis.


INVESTIGATING THE GREEN LOGISTICS PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA’S LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDER NORHAYATI MD YUSUFF1, NOORLIZA KARIA2 1Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Georgetown, Pulau Pinang [email protected] 2Universiti

Sains Malaysia, 11800 Georgetown, Pulau Pinang [email protected]

Although the development of logistics industry is promising, but environmental problems cannot be a void. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the current green logistics practices by Malaysia’s logistics service provider. This inquiry proposes to look into the relationship between green logistics practices and performance of operational and environmental in logistics service providers. The determinations in this subject area will present the current status of green logistics practice adopt by logistics service supplier. Key Words: Green Logistics, Logistics Service Provider, Environment.


PHYTOREMEDIATION OF METAL (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) CONTAMINATED WATER USING BACOPA MONNIERI, LILAEOPSIS BRASILIENSIS, HEMIANTHUS CALLITRICHOIDES AND GLOSSOSTIGMA ELATINOIDES RASHIDI OTHMAN AND ANIS FATIHAH ABU YAZID Department of Landscape Architecture, KAED, International Islamic University Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, 53100, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] The pollution of aquatic ecosystems in Malaysia has emerged as a major ecological problem coinciding with rapid industrialization and urbanization. The contamination often contributed by industries bearing heavy metals, such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb can cause significant ecological and environmental problems. Due to their high solubility in water environment, they can easily enter food chain, thus making it a serious health hazards for human and other organisms. Presently, the study on phytoremediation by using macrophytes are still on-going and appears to be one of prospective alternative and innovative technology that can be applied at contaminated aquatic environments. However, it is noted that careful evaluation of its applicability and effectiveness will be required. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb remediation in water was assessed through selected aquatic plant species, which are Bacopa monnieri, Lilaeopsis brasiliensis, Hemianthus callitrichoides and Glossostigma elatinoides via in-vitro model system. Based on the bio-concentration factor (BCF), the capability of the plant species to remediate Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb can be assessed and it was concluded that all of the plants have different capabilities of heavy metals uptake and shown vary signs of stress and symptoms of toxic poisoning. Key Words: Aquatic ecosystems, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Macrophytes


EFFECT OF WATER QUENCHING ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DURIAN WOODDERIVED BIOCHAR PRODUCED WITH THE KON-TIKI EARTH CONE KILN 1THILAGAM

KRISHNAN, 2 SHARIFAH ADAWIYAH SYED IDRUS, 1BENSON KHOO, 1TAN SUE SIAN, 3TREVOR RICHARDS, 2ROBERT THOMAS BACHMAN 1Top

2Malaysian

Fruits Sdn.Bhd.

Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology Universiti Kuala Lumpur, (UniKL, MICET), 78000, Melaka, Malaysia. 3International

Biochar Initiative

Durian fruits are commercially produced in South East Asia. Extraction of valuable substances from byproducts such as Durian shell and seed have been reported, while there is a lack of knowledge about value added use of orchard pruning waste and wood scraps. Kon-Tiki earth cone kiln, a new low-cost and low emission biochar production technology, was tested for its ability to convert Durian wood to biochar. Four trials of biochar production were carried out. In the first trial, Durian wood biochar was quenched from top to bottom (DWB1_1) while in the second and third trial biochar was quenched from bottom to top (DWB2_1 and DWB2_2) and last forth trial was again quenched from top to bottom (DWB1_2). Biochar was produced at 600-700°C. The biochar yield was found to be 12 – 13 wt. % with a volatile matter content of < 16 wt.%, while the biochar pH was alkaline. No functional groups where present on the biochar surface, a typical feature of hightemperature biochars. Ash content determined by ASTM 1762-84 as well as SEMEDX agreed reasonably well. The CEC of top quenched biochar shows higher results than bottom quenched trial, DWB1_1 (11.31 meq/100g) and DWB1_2 (24.11 meq/100g). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil found to be 5.88 meq/100g. The Oorg/C ratio of all biochars as determined by SEM-EDX was found to be well below the prescribed ratio of 0.4. Quenching of biochar from the top (DWB1_1) resulted in a biochar with a five times greater BET (N2) surface area (263 m2/g) compared to bottom-quenched biochar. The average BJH pore diameter was found to be > 50 nm suggesting the biochar to be macroporous and suitable for adsorption of larger molecules such as humic acid. Potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon and phosphorous were the main mineral constituents of the Durian wood biochars. Future EDX analysis should include elements Na, Fe and Mn for a more complete characterization of the ash composition.

Keywords: Kon-Tiki earth cone kiln, Durian wood biochar, FTIR, SEM-EDX, CEC, BET (N2) surface area


EFFECT OF STEAM PRE-TREATMENT ON BANANA STEM BINDERLESS PARTICLEBOARD PROPERTIES MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ RIDHWAN MOHD NASIR1, WAN NOOR AIDAWATI WAN NADHARI1*, MOHAMMED DANISH1, BOON JIA GENG2 1

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Lot 1988, Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor, 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Beg Berkunci No 100, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected]

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of steam pre-treatment on the strength and dimensional stability of banana stem binderless particleboard. Banana stems particles were pre-treated for 15 min at steam temperature of 111°C, 121°C, and 131°C, respectively. The particles were hot pressed for 40 min at 180 °C temperature to make a binderless particleboard with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3. The prepared board was set for bending, water absorption, and thickness swelling test. The results revealed that the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) for steam treated binderless particleboard (steam treatment at 121°C temperature) was higher (MOR, 4.569 MPa; MOE, 764.637 MPa) than the binderless particleboard without undergoing any steam pre-treatment (MOR, 1.544 MPa; MOE, 296.742 MPa). It was observed that the steam pre-treatment has increased the binderless particleboard dimensional stability by reducing the water absorption and thickness swelling value. The steam pre-treatment also has enhances the particleboard properties in terms of bending strength. It shows that banana stem could be the potential raw material for binderless particleboard manufacturing and the mechanical and physical properties are comparable to the particleboard standard issued by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5908:2003 for particleboards. Keywords: Banana stem, steam pre-treatment, binderless, particleboard


THE LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY: EXPERT VIEW TOWARDS TECHNOLOGY EXPECTATION TO ENCOURAGE MALAYSIA URBAN RESIDENTIAL CARBON-CAPABILITY BEHAVIOUR ANI SHAZWANI ABAS1, MOHD YAZID MOHD. YUNOS1,*, NOR KALSUM MOHD. ISA2 , NOR ATIAH ISMAIL1, FAZIAWATI ABDUL AZIZ1 1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, University Putra Malaysia 2 Research Centre for Sustainable Environment, Faculty of Human Sciences, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak [email protected], [email protected]

Malaysia, including in the Southeast Asia countries, is one of the most vulnerable regions to the global warming threats. Even though we are not the highest releases global carbon dioxide (CO2) countries, community action is essential to reduce the emissions significances. The carbon-capability behaviour, which promotes people’s ability and motivation to reduce daily emissions, somehow requires the technology interventions to facilitate such behaviours. This paper aims to present the expert view towards technology expectation among Malaysia urban residential in order to encourage their low-carbon capability behaviour. This study uses the qualitative approach by adopting the content analysis and the focus group discussions held among expert panels in relevant field. The analysis and discussion briefly discuss on the expert’s opinion and suggestion towards technological aspects that could aiding Malaysia urban residents to at least perform the low-carbon capability behaviour. The issues concerning on the low-carbon technology related to urban residents is also highlighted in the summary. Key Words: low-carbon technology, technology expectation, urban residential, carboncapability behavior


META-ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE PARTICLE SIZE ON THE BIOMETHANE POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC FIBRES HOWE, T.-O. a,b; BACHMANN, R. T.b AND SELLNER, M.c a Hochschule Wismar, University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design, PhilippMüller-Str. 14, 23952 Wismar, Germany; [email protected] b MICET, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Lot 1988, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Malaysia; [email protected] c Hochschule Wismar, University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design, PhilippMüller-Str. 14, 23952 Wismar, Germany; [email protected] In 2010, carbon dioxide (CO2) was with 76% by far the greatest contributor to the released amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) worldwide. In order to fight global warming, the Malaysian government pledged to reduce the GHG emission until 2020 by 40% compared to the amount released in 2005. To achieve this target one of the strategies is to increase the number and types of decentralised renewable energy systems (RES). Studies have shown that industrial organic by-products can be used successfully in anaerobic digesters to produce biomethane. Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil in the world generating 22.5 million tonnes of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and 58.5 million tonnes of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as by-products. Our estimates suggest that these by-products can be potentially converted to 730 ktoe bio-methane that can either substitute 0.77% of primary fossil fuels (FF) used in the energy sector or 3.40% of FF used in the transportation sector. In order to achieve this conversion, it is important to operate anaerobic digester under optimum conditions. The rate-limiting step in anaerobic digestion of fibrous matter is hydrolysis which in turn is a function of particle size, temperature, hydraulic retention time and pH-value. However, very little experimental results are available for EFB. The main objective of this meta-analysis is therefore to review the effect of particle size of organic fibres such as sisal and Ulex Europeans on the bio-methane potential in the anaerobic digestion process and derive a mathematical model to predict the optimum particle size and bio-methane potential for EFB fibres. Key Words: empty fruit bunch; particle size; bio methane potential; organic fibres


ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ADVISOR Assoc. Prof Dr Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya CHAIRMAN Dr Zulhafiz Tajudin VICE CHAIRMAN YM Tengku Fazli Tengku Yahya SECRETARY Dr Nadia Razali TECHNICAL REVIEWING COMMITTEE Dr Salem S.S. Abu Amro (Head) Assoc. Prof Dr Robert T. Bachmann Assoc. Prof Dr Indok Nurul Hasyimah Assoc. Prof Dr Ahmad Marzio Mohd Yusof Dr Kelly Yong Tau Len Dr Khairul Faizal Paée Dr Rapidah Othman

Sheela Subramanian Fittinna Musa Angelia Laurentia David REGISTRATION Nurhanim Zulaikha Kamarulzaman Khalidatul Athirah Khalid CERTIFICATES & SOUVENIRS Muhammad Zukhairy Mohamad Nor Noor Juliani Ali Assoc. Prof Dr Mohd Zahit Ali Dr Nor Zalina Kassim Azliana Che Amat ABSTRACT BOOK & PUBLICATIONS Nurelina Asyikin Saadon Dr Salem S.S. Abu Amro Dr Nadia Razali CENTRE OF RESEARCH & INNOVATION (CoRI) Dr Norzahir Sapawe Dr Yusriah Lazim

TREASURER Sabrina Karim Nor Aini Burok Anefa Othman SPONSORSHIP Dr Nadia Razali PROTOCOL & EVENT MANAGEMENT Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim Sa'adiah Hussin Darus Ishak Uswatun Hasanah Ramli

PROCUREMENT & PRINTING Mohd Nazri Kamisan Hairool Hisham Mohd Ikhwan Ider Nur Hazirah Abd Aziz IT SUPPORTS & DESIGN Mohammad Akashah Ahmad Tajuddin Nora Rezali


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