Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 26(3), 2016, 651-656
Predatory Species of Bark Beetles in the Pine Forests of Izmir Region in Turkey with New Records for Turkish Fauna Sarikaya, O. and H. M. Ibis Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry, 32260 Isparta, Turkey,
[email protected]. (Received: July 17, 2016 and Accepted: July 28, 2016)
ABSTRACT The most abundant predatory species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the pine forests of Izmir region in Turkey were determined. Specimens were collected from 10 sites throughout the region between 2012 and 2014. A total of 40 predatory species of Scolytinae belonging to 15 families of 3 orders were presented. Among these species; Athous (Haplathous) zebei Bach 1854 (Col.: Elateridae), Corticeus longulus Gyllenhal, 1827 (Col.: Tenebrionidae) and Scoloposcelis pulchella (Zetterstedt, 1838) (Hem.: Anthocoridae) were the first records fo r Turkish fauna. Aulonium ruficorne (30.79%), Thanasimus formicarius (27.88%), Temnochila caerulea (9.75%) and Rhizophagus depressus (9.16%) were found as the abundant species, respectively.
Key words: Predatory, Beetles, Scolytinae, Pinus forest, Izmir, Turkey. INTRODUCTION The tree species in forests have been decayed for many years due to the unplanned utilization. It is necessary to protect and develop the forest ecosystem in most effective ways to ensure sustainability of the forests and utilize them for many years. Forests are threatened by several abiotic and biotic factors. Combined with inappropriate forest management methods, pure stands, irregular maintenance, and climatic changes and similar other factors, the severity of the damage further increases. Therefore, several trees dry up due to the insect epidemics, resulting in significant ecological and economic damage. One of the insect groups that led to damage in forests is bark beetles (Yıldız, 2012) is Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) sub-family that represented by 9978 species in 288 genus of 33 tribes around the world. Scolytinae consists of species under Hylesinitae and Scolytitae tribes in Turkey, and 126 bark beetles including 47 from Hylesinate tribe and 79 from Scolytitae tribe were detected so far by several researchers (Knižek, 2011; Sarıkaya, 2013 and Sarıkaya and Knižek, 2013). Extraordinary reproduction of insect species in the
nature that have mass reproduction cycle or capability is prevented by the other species and thus all species survive in a balance. In fact, all species in the nature have natural enemies, namely predators, parasitoids and pathogens that prevent their epidemics (Oğurlu, 2000). Natural enemies play an important role on the population dynamics of Scolytinae species. In this study, the predatory species that have an impact on bark beetles damaging the forests in Izmir region, Turkey were identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted throughout the period from 2012 to 2014 in order to identify the predatory species of bark beetles distributed in pine species in Izmir region. Ten experimental sites were selected in the region where the damage was extensive (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Trap woods were prepared in the experiment sites in order to identify the Predatory species. Furthermore, samples were collected from the tree parts stacked as a result of production in the forestlands across Izmir region as well as from the trees that were damaged due to natural conditions such as wind and snow.
Table (1): Experimental sites and ecological informations Experimental areas Menderes-Çatalca, Soğuksu Menderes-Görece Cennetçeşme-Ilıca deresi Torbalı –Dağteke Gümüldür-Karacadağ Gümüldür-Ovacık Özdere-Kalemlik Seferihisar-Orhanlı Urla-Zeytinler Yamanlar-Karagöl
Locations Altitude (m) Forest type Forest age 35 S 0503380 E-4237818 N 321 Pinus brutia 60-70 35 S 0509917 E -4237981 N 261 Pinus brutia 25-35 35 S 0503899 E -4244379 N 550 Pinus brutia 35-45 35 S 0544588 E - 4231320 N 497 Pinus brutia 40-50 35 S 0512035 E -4213070 N 397 Pinus brutia 40-50 35 S 0502583 E -4216647 N 286 Pinus brutia 40-45 35 S 0507010 E -4208269 N 36 Pinus brutia 50-55 35 S 0494187 E -4220630 N 314 Pinus brutia 35-40 35 S 0465791 E -4233200 N 128 Pinus brutia 35-40 35 S 0520372 E -4268350 N 1012 Pinus brutia-Pinus nigra mixed forest 40-50
652 from the İzmir region of Turkey on pine trees. The species are given below with their number of individuals and other distribution records (Table 2).
Fig. (1): Experimental sites. Moreover, physiologically weak trees were cut down and used as trap woods. Trap woods were checked on a weekly basis, and the barks were opened through the holes that the beetles entered and the ground material that accumulated around the holes. The barks that were lifted carefully and the samples containing beetles were put into zip log bags to be transported to the laboratory. In order to transport the samples collected from the land to the laboratory; (4.5x3 cm and 15x10 cm conic tubes) were used. Five pheromone traps were placed in each experimental site and the predatory species that fell into these traps were also observed. Traps were placed at 80 m intervals before flight periods and were controlled periodically. For this aim, funnel type pheromone traps were hanged in the experimental sites and the pheromone dispensers produced for the bark beetle species Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston), Ips sexdentatus (Boerner)and Tomicus minor (Hartig) that were observed in abundance in these sites were used in the traps. The dispenser for O. erosus contained (1500 mg methyl butanol + 100 mg cisverbanol + 30 mg lpsdienol), the one for I. sexdentatus contained (75 mg) Ipsenol and the dispenser for T. minor contained (1100 mg (+) αpinen + 200 mg (-) α-pinen). All insect materials collected from pheromone traps were brought to the laboratory for counting. To mitigate loss of effects of dispensers in pheromone traps, new dispensers were installed every other month. The beetles collected from the sites were examined under stereoscopic microscope. Species were identified by experts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Totally 40 predatory species of Scolytinae belonging to 15 families of 3 orders were collected
Among determined species, A. (Haplathous) zebei Bach 1854 (Col.: Elateridae), C. longulus Gyllenhal, 1827 (Col.: Tenebrionidae) and S. pulchella (Zetterstedt, 1838) (Hem.: Anthocoridae) were new records for Turkish fauna. D. (Dromius) quadrimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758), P. notatus (Stephens 1827) (Col.: Carabidae), C. ferrugineum Stephens, 1830 (Col.: Cerylonidae), A. quadrimaculatus (Schaller 1783), C. mutillaeformis Reitter, 1895, T. favarius (Illiger 1802) (Col.: Cleridae), D. (Dermestinus) undulatus Brahm 1790 (Col.: Dermestidae), A. (Ampedus) cinnaberinus (Eschscholtz 1829), A. duodecimstriatus (Schrank 1781) (Col.: Elateridae), P. paralellepipedus (Herbst, 1792), P. (Plegaderus) otti Marseul 1856 (Col.: Histeridae), E. atriceps Hansen, 1962 (Col.: Lathridiidae), R. (Rhizophagus) dispar (Paykull 1800) (Col.: Monotomidae), I. binotata Reitter 1875 (Col.: Nitidulidae), S. caesareus Cederhjelm 1798 (Col.: Staphylinide), A. aeneicollis (Sharp, 1869), T. signatus Gravenhorst 1802 (Col.: Staphylinidae), C. fraxini Kugelann, 1794, C. linearis Fabricius, 1790 and C. pini Panzer, 1799 (Col.: Tenebrinonidae) were found for the first time in Izmir region by this study. Among the collected species (a total of 7202 specimens), A. ruficorne reresented by (30.79%), T. formicarius (27.88%), T. caerulea (9.75%) and R. depressus (9.16%) were found as the most abundant species, respectively. D. (Dromius) quadrimaculatus was previously reported on Dendroctonus micans in Picea orientalis sites within the Black Sea Region of Turkey (Ünal, 1998). However, Tezcan et al. (2009) reported that P. notatus adults were encountered in Orthotomicus erosus pheromone traps in Antalya (Kaş, Elmalı, Beşkonak, Finike, Kemer, Side) provenance of Turkey. C. ferrugineum was previously detected under the barks of Abies nordmanniana in Safranbolu-Turkey and in Pityokteines curvidens (Germar) pheromone traps (Yıldız, 2012). In this study, C. ferrugineum adults were found along the main galleries of Ips sexdentatus on Pinus nigra. T. formicarius frequently encountered during the study at the elevation from 36 to 1012 m, while Sarıkaya (2008), Demir (2008) and Yıldız (2012) found it at different elevations from 891-1470 m. The prey of this species were reported to be Tomicus destruens (Wollaston), T. minor, Orthotomicus erosus, O. tridentatus Eggers and Ips sexdentatus. In this study, it was found intensively in the pheromone traps installed for O. erosus and I. sexdentatus and in
653
Species
COLEOPTERA Carabidae 1 Broscus nobilis (Dejean 1828) Dromius (Dromius) angustus Brullé, 2 1834 Dromius (Dromius) quadrimaculatus 3 (Linneaus 1758) 4 Philorhizus notatus (Stephens, 1827) Cerylonidae
Percentage of individuals (%)
Order/ Family
Number of Individuals
Table (2): Predatory species of bark beetles determined in the pine forests of Izmir region
5
0,07
6
0,08
8
0,11
AL, HR, P, RO, T R
5
0,07
ARM, AJ, EG, GE, JO, LB, SYR, IL T R
5
Cerylon ferrugineum Stephens, 1830
26
0,36
6
Allonyx quadrimaculatus (Schaller 1783)
25
0,35
7
Clerus mutillaeformis Reitter, 1895
658
9,14
8
Thanasimus formicarius (Linnaeus 1758)
2008
27,88
9
Trichodes favarius (Illiger 1802)
12
0,17
2218
30,79
Colydiidae 10 Aulonium ruficorne (Oliver, 1790) Dermestidae
Distribution records
BG, CY, GR, IL, RL, SYR, T R AT , BE, BG, CZ, DK, EST , F, GB, D, HU, I, L, NL, N, PL, SK, SLO, E, S,CH, T R, UA
AT , BLR, B, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, F, D, GR, HU, IRL, I, LV, LT , MK, N, PL, RO, RUS, SRB, SK, SLO, E, S, CH, T R, UA AT , B, HR, CY, CZ, FR, D, GR, HU, I, MK, NL, PL, P, SK, E, CH, TR RUS, T R AL, ARM, A, BLR, B, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, F, D, HU, IRL, I, MA, LV, PL, P, RO, RUS, SK, SLO, E, S, CH, UA, T N, T R AL, ARM, A, BIH, BG, HR, CY, GR, HU, MK, ME, PL, RO, SK, SLO, RUS, SRB, T R, UA BG, F, GR, HU, I, PT , SRB, ES, T R, UA AL, DZ, ARM, AT , AJ, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CY, CZ, EG, FR, DE, GE, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IL, I, JO, KZ, KG, MK, MD, ME, MA, PL, RO, T N, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, CH, SYR, T R, T M, UA, UZ AL, DZ, ARM, AT , AJ, BE, BLR, BIH, BG, HR, CY, CZ, DK, EG, FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, I, KZ, LV, LAR, LT , MK, MA, NL, NO, PL, PT , RO, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, T N, T R, TM, UA
11
Anthrenus (Florilinus) verbasci (Linnaeus 1767)
32
0,44
12
Dermestes (Dermestinus) undulatus Brahm 1790
4
0,06
13
Ampedus cinnaberinus (Eschscholtz 1829)
123
1,70
14
Athous zebei Bach 1854
9
0,12
15
Drasterius bimaculatus (Rossi 1790)
3
0,04
16
Atholus duodecimstriatus (Schrank 1781)
48
0,67
17
Cylister angustatus (Hoffmann 1803)
113
1,57
18
Cylister cornix (Marseul 1861)
170
2,36
19
Cylister elongatus (Thunberg 1787)
22
0,31
AL, BLR, BG, CZ, GB, FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, I, LV, LT , NO, PL, PT , RUS, SK, ES, S, CH, T R, UA
20
Paromalus paralellepipedus (Herbst, 1792)
6
0,08
AL, AT , BLR, BIH, HR, GB, CZ, FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, I, LV, NL, LT , LUX, MK, NO, PL, PT, RO, RUS, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, T R, UA
2
0,03
DZ, HR, FR, GR, IL, I, ES, T R
3
0,04
DK, DE, GR, HU, RO, S, CH, T R
658
9,16
AT , BLR, BE, BG, CZ, DK, FIN, FR, DE, HU, I, LV, LT , NL, NO, PL, RUS, SK, SLO, CH, T R, UA
103
1,43
AL, ARM, AT , AJ, BLR, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GE, GR, HU, IR, IR, IQ, IL, I, JO, LV, LB, MK, ME, NL, NO, PL, SYR, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, T R, UA
3
0,04
AL, AT , BLR, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, IR, I, LV, LT , MK, ME, NL, NO, PL, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, T R, UA
Elateridae AL, ARM, AT , AJ, BE, BLR, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, EST , GB, FIN, FR, DE, GR, GE, HU, IR, I, KZ, LV, LT , MD, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, T R AT , CZ, FR, DE, GR, I, PL, RO, SK, CH, UA AL, DZ, ARM, AT , AJ, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CY, CZ, EG, FR, DE, GE, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IL, I, JO, KZ, KG, MK, MD, ME, MA, PL, PT, RO, RUS, T N, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, CH, SYR, T N, T R, TM, UA, UZ
Histeridae
Plegaderus (Plegaderus) otti Marseul 1856 Lathridiidae 22 Enicmus atriceps Hansen, 1962 Monotomidae Rhizophagus (Eurhizophagus) depressus 23 (Fabricius 1792) 21
24
Rhizophagus (Rhizophagus) dispar (Paykull 1800)
AF, AL, DZ, ARM, AT , BE, BIH, BG, HR, CY, CZ, DK, EG, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GE, HU, IN, IR, IL, I, JO, KG, LV, LT , MK, ME, MA, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SA, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, SYR, T W, T N, T R, UZ AT , BLR, BE, BG, CZ, DK, FIN, FR, DE, HU, I, LV, LT , NL, NO, PL, RUS, SK, SLO, CH, T R, UA CY, GR, IL, SYR, T R
Nitidulidae 25
Ipidia binotata Reitter 1875
Species
Percentage of individuals (%)
Order/ Family
Number of Individuals
654
Distribution records
Staphylinidae 26
Nudobius lentus (Gravenhorst 1806)
11
0,15
AL, ARM, AT , BLR, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GE, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IR, IL, I, JO, LV, LB, MK, ME, NL, NO, PL, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, SYR, T R, UA
27
Staphylinus caesareus Cederhjelm, 1798
15
0,21
AL, ARM, AT , AJ, BLR, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GE, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IR, IL, I, JO, LV, LB, LT, MK, ME, NL, NO, PL, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, SYR, T R, UA
28
Bledius (Euceratobledius) furcatus (Olivier 1811)
3
0,04
AL, ARM, AT , AJ, BLR, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GE, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IR, IL, I, JO, LV, LB, LT , MK, ME, NL, NO, PL, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, SYR, T R, UA
29
Atheta aeneicollis (Sharp, 1896)
1
0,01
GB, BE, FR, DE, NL, NO, S, T R
30
Tachinus signatus Gravenhorst 1802
2
0,03
AL, ARM, AT , AJ, BLR, BE, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, IR, IQ, IR, IL, I, JO, LV, LB, LT , MK, ME, NL, NO, PL, SRB, SK, SLO, ES, S, CH, SYR, T R, UA
T enebrionidae 31
Corticeus fraxini Kugelann, 1794
85
1,18
AT , BLR, BE, BG, HR, CY, CZ, GB, EST , FIN, DE, GR, HU, IR, I, LV, LT , NL, NO, PL, RO, RUS, SK, ES, S, CH, T R, UA
32
Corticeus linearis Fabricius, 1790
18
0,25
AT , BLR, BE, CZ, DK, GB, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, I, LV, LT , NL, NO, PL, RO, RUS, SK, ES, S, CH, T N, TR
33
Corticeus longulus Gyllenhal, 1827
14
0,19
AL, AT , BLR, HR, CZ, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, LV, , LT , ME, NO, PL, RO, RUS, SRB, SK, ES, S, CH, UA
34
Corticeus pini Panzer, 1799
64
0,89
AT , BLR, BE, HR, CZ, EST , FR, DE, GR, HU, IL, I, LB, MN, PL, RO, RUS, SK, ES, CH, SYR, T N, T R, UA
3
0,04
DZ, HR, FR, GR, I, RUS, ES, CH, T N, T R, UA
1
0,01
BG, GR, T R
702
9,75
AT , BIH, BG, HR, CY, FR, DE, GR, I, RO, RUS, SK, ES, T R
2
0,03
AT , BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, EST , FIN, FR, GR, LUX, NL, NO, PL, RO, RUS, ES, T R, UA
3
0,04
AT , BLR, BIH, BG, HR, CZ, DK, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GR, I, LV, LUX, NL, NO, PL, RO, RUS, S, CH, ES, T R, UA
8
0,11
AT , BE, BG, HR, CZ, EST , FIN, FR, DE, GR, HU, I, LV, LT , NL, NO, PL, RO, SRB, SK, SLO, S, CH
7202
100
Platydema europaeum Laporte de Castelnau & Brullé 1831 36 Euboeus mimonti Boieldieu 1865 T rogositidae 35
37
Temnochila caerulea (Olivier 1790)
HEMIPTERA Anthocoridae Scoloposcelis pulchella (Zetterstedt 38 1838) 39
Scoloposcelis sp.
NEUROPTERA Raphidiidae 40 T OT AL
Raphidia ophiopsis Linnaeus, 1758
AF: Afghanistan; AL: Albania; BLR: Belarus; DZ: Algeria, ARM: Armenia; AT : Austria; AJ: Azerbaijan; BE: Belgium; BIH: Bosnia& Herzegovina; BLR: Belarus; BG: Bulgaria; HR: Croatia; CY:Cyprus; CZ: Czechia; DK: Denmark; EG: Egypt; EST: Estonia; FIN: Finland; FR: France; GE: Georgia; DE: Germany; GR: Greece; HU: Hungary; IL: Israel; IN: India; IR: Iran; IQ: Iraq; IR: Ireland; I: Italy; JO: Jordan; KG: Kyrgyzstan; KZ: Kazakhistan; LV: Latvia; LT: Lithuania; LB: Lebanon; LUX: Luxembourg; MK: Macedonia; MN: Mongolia; ME: Montenegro; MA: Morocco; NL: the Ne therlands; NO: Norway; PL: Poland; PT: Portugal; RO: Romania; RUS: Russia; SA: Saudi Arabia; SRB: Serbia; SK: Slovakia; SLO: Slovenia; SYR: Syria; ES: Spain; S: Sweden; CH: Switzerland; T R: Turkey; TW: Taiwan; TM: Turkmenistan; TN: Tunusia; GB: United Kingdom; UA: Ukraine; UZ: Uzbekistan
* Distribution records were arranged based on the literatures: (Freud et al., 1976; Koch, 1989; Wanchmann and Platen 1995; Mazur, 2004; Smetana, 2004; Cate et al., 2007; Hava, 2007; Lölb et al., 2007; Demir, 2008; Smetana, 2008; Tezcan and Gülperçin, 2009; Sarıkaya and Avcı, 2009; Aksu and Bayır, 2011; Yıldız, 2012; Koehler, 2015 and Faunaeur, 2015).
655 the wood traps. A. ruficorne was also found in the pheromone traps installed for O. erosus and I. sexdentatus and in the wood traps. Other studies conducted in Turkey reported that the prey of A. ruficorne included Phloesinus aubei (Perris), O. erosus, Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst), I. sexdentatus and I. acuminatus (Gyllenhal) (Oğurlu 2000; Akbulut 2005 and Yüksel et al., 2005). Herard and Mercadier (1996) recorded T. piniperda, I. sexdentatus and I. acuminatus as prey species. Özkaya et al. (2010) reported in a study conducted in Rhizophagus (Rhizophagus) dispar (Paykull 1800), Picea orientalis forests that R. dispar was effective on I. typographus. S. caesareus was reported to be distributed in many regions in Turkey, beside found it in Isparta Gölcük Natural Park (Japoshvili and Anlaş, 2011). P. europaeum was found along the main galleries of O. erosus on P. brutia in a study conducted in İzmir-Balçova (Keskin, 1999). In this study, the adults of this species were found along the main galleries of I. sexdentatus on P. nigra. E. mimonti was reported to be distributed in in Gümüldür-Karacadağ beside the previous regions recorded earlier (Ferrer and Soldati, 1999). In this study, it was found in the O. erosus pheromone trap. T. caerulea was reported to be found in P. curvidens pheromone traps in the highlands in Black Sea region of Turkey (Yıldız, 2012). In the West Mediterranean region, it was reported to be found on the main and larvae galleries of O. erosus, T. destruens, I. sexdentatus, P. curvidens and T. minor (Sarıkaya, 2008) in all experimental sites of the study. R. (Eurhizophagus) depressus was reported to be found in abundance on the main and larvae galleries of T. destruens in the West Mediterranean region and also on the main and larvae galleries of O. erosus and P. pennidens (Sarıkaya, 2008). Furthermore, it was found on the main and larvae galleries of P. pityographus, P. curvidens and P. vorontzovi but it was encountered most extensively in the galleries of C. piceae (Serin et al., 2005). Yıldız (2012) found it in P. curvidens pheromones and C. piceae nests. In this study, it was found along the main and larvae galleries of O. erosus and I. sexdentatus. In conclusion, predatory species seems to be effective against I. sexdentatus, O. erosus and T. minor that are among the most important bark beetles causing damage in the forests located in İzmir provenance. Within this scope, it is of a great importance to utilize the promising species at least by protecting them from chemical control efforts used in these forest ecosystems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was a part of a M. Sc. Thesis of second
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