Predetermined control of turbulent boundary layer with a piezoelectric oscillator Xiao-Bo Zheng, Nan Jiang, Hao Zhang Citation:Chin. Phys. B . 2016, 25(1): 014703. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/25/1/014703
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Chin. Phys. B Vol. 25, No. 1 (2016) 014703
Predetermined control of turbulent boundary layer with a piezoelectric oscillator∗ Xiao-Bo Zheng(郑小波)1 , Nan Jiang(姜楠)1,2,† , and Hao Zhang(张浩)1 1 Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin 300072, China (Received 3 May 2015; revised manuscript received 10 August 2015; published online 30 November 2015)
With a piezoelectric (PZT) oscillator, the predetermined controls of the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) are effective in reducing the drag force. The stream-wise velocities in the TBL are accurately measured downstream of the oscillator driven by an adjustable power source. The mean velocity profiles in the inner and outer scales are reported and the skin friction stresses with different voltage parameters are compared. Reduction of integral spatial scales in the inner region below y+ of 30 suggests that the oscillator at work breaks up the near-wall stream-wise vortices responsible for high skin friction. For the TBL at Reθ of 2183, the controls with a frequency of 160 Hz are superior among our experiments and a relative drag reduction rate of 26.83% is exciting. Wavelet analyses provide a reason why the controls with this special frequency perform best.
Keywords: turbulent boundary layer, predetermined control, drag reduction, piezoelectric oscillator PACS: 47.85.lb, 47.85.ld, 47.27.nb, 47.27.De
DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/25/1/014703
1. Introduction High skin friction generated by turbulent boundary layer (TBL) flow makes the drag reduction control a significant topic not only in fluid mechanics but also in other engineering areas. Coherent structure, i.e., multi-scale quasi-order spatiotemporal structure in a self-sustaining mechanism, plays a key role in the dynamics of the TBL. [1–6] Among them, stream-wise vortices near the wall are responsible for high skin friction regions underneath the TBL, [7,8] as shown in Fig. 1. From the perspective of control, a method that can manipulate stream-wise vortices and impede the self-generating process is beneficial to the purpose of skin-friction drag reduction. [9–12] TBL without control
predetermined control
streamwise vortex
2. Experiment setup
streamwise vortex
y
(PZT) material driving an oscillator with a forcing alternating voltage (AV) can be utilized as an actuator of predetermined control. [24] In this paper, a rectangular PZT oscillator is applied. We elaborate the oscillator used and examine the effect of the varied AV amplitude and frequency. To characterize the control performance, the statistical magnitudes of the TBL, such as mean stream-wise velocities and skin friction stress, are reported. The reduction of integral spatial scale in the inner region of the TBL reflects the control influence on the streamwise vortices near the wall. Wavelet analysis reveals on what scale these structures are and under what AV frequency the control can achieve a better drag reduction.
2.1. Basic TBL flow field
sweep ejection z low speed streak
yvibrating wall
high skin friction
Fig. 1. Schematic of predetermined control for drag reduction.
Compared with passive methods, [13–18] the active control has a wide adaptability to complex flows and can amplify the control effectiveness with a small auxiliary energy input. [19,20] For the actual implementation, a predetermined method is more feasible than interactive control. [21–23] Because of its low power consumption, fast response and low cost, piezoelectric
The experiments were conducted in an annular return wind tunnel. The TBL flow was developing along one side of a flat acrylic glass plate mounted vertically in the wind tunnel. Following the right-hand rule, the space coordinate system Oxyz is set with O as the origin at the leading edge of the plate, x as the stream-wise direction, y as the wall-normal direction, and z as the span-wise direction as shown in Fig. 2(a). By adjusting the pitch angle of the plate, a nearly zero-pressuregradient in the x direction was achieved. A piece of twistedpair wire was fixed spanwisely at x = 8 cm, and 4 pieces of No. 240 sandpaper were attached following the wire until x = 53 cm. These measures accelerated the transition of the
∗ Project
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11332006, 11272233, and 11411130150) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB720101 and 2012CB720103). † Corresponding author. E-mail:
[email protected] © 2016 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd http://iopscience.iop.org/cpb http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn
014703-1
Chin. Phys. B Vol. 25, No. 1 (2016) 014703 boundary layer and made us achieve the fully developed TBL flow at about x = 1000 mm where the end of the control mechanism was and the measurements were conducted as shown in Fig. 2(b). [25] miniature single sensor boundary layer probe
(a) upward view
y
piezoelectric oscillator x
air flow
y O
z
electrical connection posts
twistedpair
x
leading edge processed into halfoval style sandpaper
side view
control mechanism accessory O
y
x pressure hole for mean wall pressure
z (b)
The thickness of epoxy bond was negligible. To excite the PZT oscillator, we used a power source of YuanFang-GK10005 that supplies AV with adjustable frequency and amplitude in a wide range. The PZT oscillator was modeled as a cantilever beam [26] as shown in Fig. 2(c). When a voltage was applied between its upper and lower surfaces, the beam bent in the x–y plane. The oscillator changed the wall boundary conditions and introduced interference into the TBL. The assumption of perfect bonding implied that the strain was continuous at the bond interface, and a linear strain distribution in the y direction was adopted. According to the basic geometrical information and material properties of the PZT oscillator (Table 1), we analyze the static deformation and the dynamic vibration by using the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. For an incompressible air flow, the aerodynamic pressure loading on the oscillator is negligible at low Mach numbers. Table 1. Details of PZT oscillator materials. Quantity /kg·m−3
PZT density ρp Shim density ρs /kg·m−3 PZT elastic modulus Ep /N·m−2 Shim elastic modulus Es /N·m−2 PZT strain constant d31 /m·V−1
(c)
Ls
bs
z
x phosphor copper shim
neutral axis
piezoelectric ceramic
Lp
structure
7.45×103 8.89×103 7.69×1010 11.3×1010 –186×10−12
The first-order natural frequency f1 is 254 Hz and the direct voltage (DV) gain coefficient H0 , i.e., the tip displacement of the PZT oscillator actuated by a voltage of 1 V, is 0.0014 mm/V. These two parameters are both important for the second-order frequency response model which has been verified experimentally. [27] The model of AV gain coefficient H ( f ) can be expressed as h i H ( f ) = H0 / 1 − ( f / fn )2 + j (2ξ f / fn ) , (1)
y
y
Value
hs hp
bp Ls/Lp=30 mm bs=bp=3.62 mm hs=0.2 mm hp=0.22mm
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic of experiment set-up, (b) picture of PZT oscillator and miniature velocity probe, and (c) Euler–Bernoulli beam model of PZT oscillator.
2.2. PZT oscillator The control mechanism consisted of a cavity with the sizes of 32 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm and a PZT oscillator pasted firmly. The oscillator upper surface was kept flush with the flat plate. The effective length, total thickness, and the width of the oscillator were 30 mm, 0.42 mm, and 3.62 mm. The length and width were designed according to the size of the nearwall stream-wise vortex, a span-wise scale of O (100ν/uτ ), and a stream-wise scale of O (δ ) (both defined later). This unimorph configuration consisted of a piece of 220-µm-thick PZT-5H material and a 200-µm-thick phosphor-copper shim.
where fn is the n-th-order natural frequency, and ξ is the damping ratio and can be neglected for its small magnitude. Figure 3 shows the curve of the frequency response function. We set the AV control frequency fc to be below f1 to ensure the zero phase difference and appropriate gain. The tip displacement of the PZT oscillator is proportional to the applied voltage amplitude. Because of the voltage limit of the PZT material used, we supply voltage amplitudes Vc of no larger than 100 V for safety. The tip amplitudes At of the PZT oscillator in different working conditions are shown in Table 2. Under most control conditions, the interference introduced by the PZT oscillator belongs to the category of the Hydrodynamic smooth, because their amplitudes are less than 7 wall units (1 wall unit = ν/uτ ) (∼ 0.257 mm). Although the amplitudes are a little bigger than the critical condition of the Hydrodynamic smooth when fc is set to be 240 Hz, the typical layered structure of the TBL is not altered, owing to the small size of the PZT oscillator compared with the whole flow field.
014703-2
|H(ω)|/mmSV-1
Chin. Phys. B Vol. 25, No. 1 (2016) 014703 100
in the viscous sub-layer [30,31] as indicated in Fig. 4(a). The profile slope is related to skin friction stress τw , because
(a)
τw = ρν∂U/∂ y, 10-5
100
101
102
103
where air flow density ρ is 1.205 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity coefficient ν is 1.5×10−5 m2 /s. [32–34] The skin friction velocity uτ can be obtained according to
Arg(H(ω))/Degrees
fc/Hz (b)
0
(2)
τw = ρu2τ .
-100 -200 100
101
102
103
fc/Hz
Fig. 3. Frequency responses of PZT oscillator. (a) Amplitude–frequency curve, (b) phase–frequency curve.
Table 2. Drag reduction effect at x = 1002 mm. Vc /V, fc /Hz
At /mm
τw /(N/m2 )
∆τw /τwN
uτ /(m/s)
No control 20, 80 20, 160 20, 240 60, 80 60, 160 60, 240 100, 80 100, 160 100, 240
0 0.031 0.046 0.261 0.093 0.139 0.784 0.155 0.232 1.306
0.2408 0.2421 0.2416 0.2488 0.2348 0.2066 0.2400 0.2037 0.1762 0.2290
0 0.54% 0.33% 3.32% –2.49% –14.20% –0.33% –15.41% –26.83% –4.90%
0.4317 0.4329 0.4324 0.4388 0.4263 0.3999 0.4310 0.3971 0.3693 0.4210
(3)
Table 2 shows the values of relative drag reduction rate ∆τw /τwN under different values of Vc and fc , and τwN is the skin friction stress of the TBL without control. Figure 4(b) shows the mean velocity profiles in inner scale units y+ = yuτ /ν and U + = U/uτ . According to the log law U + = κ −1 ln y+ + B, B is related to uτ as the following differential expression: duτ /uτ = −dB/ U + + 1/κ ,
(4)
where the Karman constant κ is 0.41. Because dτw /τwN is twice the value of duτ /uτ , dB becomes a visual measure of control effects in the view of whole TBL. The most beneficial effect of 160 Hz AV is obvious among the control strategies. With fc kept constant, the drag reduction effect is positively correlated with Vc . y+ 0.8
20
30
50 16
U/U8
0.6
12
0.4
8 no control 100 V, 80 Hz 100 V, 160 Hz
0.2
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
4 0 0.05
y/δ 28 (b) 24 20
log law
16
no control
linear law
20 V, 80 Hz 60 V, 80 Hz 100 V, 80 Hz 20 V, 160 Hz 60 V, 160 Hz 100 V, 160 Hz 20 V, 240 Hz 60 V, 240 Hz 100 V, 240 Hz
12
3. Result and analysis
8
3.1. Mean velocity and skin friction
4
The free stream velocity U∞ is 9.0 m/s and the TBL nominal thickness δ is 39.8 mm. Based on U∞ and the momentum thickness θ , the Reynolds number Reθ is 2183. The outer scale mean velocity profile (scaled with δ and U∞ ) is linear
0 1
014703-3
40
(a)
U+
At x = 1002 mm, i.e., 2 mm downstream the end of the control mechanism, the stream-wise velocity components u in the TBL were accurately measured by the constant temperature anemometry of IFA-300 with a miniature boundary layer probe TSI-1621A-T1.5. The hot wire of this probe is made of tungsten (platinum coated) cylinder with a sensitive length of 1.25 mm and diameter of 4 µm. This probe was specially prepared for velocity measurement, which was located very close to the wall. [28,29] Before measurement, mean-flow calibration was employed twice and the error was 0.087% based on the fourth-order polynomial curve fitting. We set the sampling rate and low pass cut off frequency to be 100 kHz and 50 kHz, respectively. Time sequences of the stream-wise velocity signals at different wall-normal locations were finally achieved and each sequence consisted of 222 moments in about 42 s.
10
U+
2.3. Velocity measurement
0
10
100 y+
1000
10000
Fig. 4. Mean velocity profiles of different control conditions in (a) outer and (b) inner scale units.
Chin. Phys. B Vol. 25, No. 1 (2016) 014703 3.2. Integral spatial scale The integral spatial scale L reflects the spatial dimension of a turbulent structure in large scale with the same order of mean motion, [25] and is achieved by the auto-correlation analysis and Taylor’s frozen hypothesis as Z∞ f (τ)dτ y+ , (5) L y+ = U y+ × 0
(n = 9, y+ = 14) is obvious and it corresponds to the streamwise vortex in the buffer layer that is located in a frequency band near the frequency f9W of about 147 Hz. These structures contain the most fluctuating energy in the near-wall multiscale turbulence. [37] It is the reason why the controls with a frequency of 160 Hz located in this special frequency band perform best for drag reduction in our experiments.
where f (τ) = u0 (t + τ) u0 (t)/u02 (t) is the auto-correlation coefficient of longitudinal fluctuating velocity temporal sequence u0 (t). As Fig. 5 shows, in the outer portion of the TBL, L keeps the same order as δ and curves of different control conditions overlap well. However, in the inner region of y+ < 30, it is obvious that L with control is smaller than that without control and L is the smallest when 100 V and 160 Hz AV are both applied. Coupled with the drag reduction effect, it suggests that the PZT oscillator at work breaks up the streamwise vortices near the wall, which leads to the reduction of high skin friction.
(a)
16 y/-.x+.
log2fnW
12 8 4 0 -4 0
10-1
3
6
9 12 Scale level n
15
18
u′r2(n,y+) in dB
103
0 -20
10-2
-40 102
no control 100 V, 80 Hz 100 V, 160 Hz 100 V, 240 Hz
10-3
y+
Integral spatial scale L/m
(b)
-60 -80 101
10-4
1
10
100
1000
y+/, n/
1
3
y+
5
7 9 11 13 Scale level n
15
-100
17
-120
Fig. 6. (a) Relationship between n and fnW , (b) distribution of u02 r in the plane (n, y+ ) without control.
Fig. 5. Profiles of integral special scale L.
3.3. Wavelet analysis In order to detect the most energetic coherent components of TBL flow and reveal the control mechanism, Mallat pyramidal algorithm of the orthonormal discrete wavelet transform is accomplished with db5 wavelet. [35,36] The wavelet scale index n is linear with respect to logarithmic characteristic frequency fnW , as Fig. 6(a) shows. The curve slope slightly differs from the dyadic property theoretical value of −1. This deviation is caused by the selection of wavelet basis. The intercept is related to the signal sampling frequency. According to the linear logarithmic relationship, the control frequencies of 80, 160, and 240 Hz are corresponding to varied discrete scale n values of 10, 9, and 8 in the multi-scale system of near-wall turbulence. The values of single-reconstructed velocity fluctuation u0r (n,t) without control are attained firstly at different values of wall-normal location y+ . Then the energy distribution u02 r (n, y+ ) in dB is shown by Fig. 6(b). A peak at
4. Conclusions The PZT oscillator controls of the TBL are effective in reducing the drag force, and the most relative drag reduction rate of 26.83% is noticeable. When the control frequency is fixed, the drag reduction effect is positively correlated with the tip amplitude of PZT oscillator which is proportional to the AV amplitude. The controls are superior when AV frequencies are set to be near the frequency corresponding to the scale of the near-wall coherent structure containing the most energy. Reduction of integral spatial scale in the inner region of y+ < 30 suggests that the PZT oscillator at work breaks up the near-wall stream-wise vortices responsible for high skin friction. Because of the high electrical impedance of PZT oscillator under AV driving, the power consumptions of different control conditions are all less than 0.1 watt measured by a power meter built-in the power supply. In this light, the drag reduction performances of our control strategies are exciting.
014703-4
Chin. Phys. B Vol. 25, No. 1 (2016) 014703 References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
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014703-5
Chinese Physics B Volume 25
Number 1
January 2016
TOPICAL REVIEW — Fundamental physics research in lithium batteries 018214
Editorial Hong Li and Liquan Chen
010509
Entropy and heat generation of lithium cells/batteries Songrui Wang
014601
Mechanics of high-capacity electrodes in lithium-ion batteries Ting Zhu
016104
Li-ion batteries: Phase transition Peiyu Hou, Geng Chu, Jian Gao, Yantao Zhang and Lianqi Zhang
017104
Soft x-ray spectroscopy for probing electronic and chemical states of battery materials Wanli Yang and Ruimin Qiao
017801
Electrochromic & magnetic properties of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries Zheng-Fei Guo, Kun Pan and Xue-Jin Wang
018202
Interfacial transport in lithium-ion conductors Shaofei Wang and Liquan Chen
018203
Size effects in lithium ion batteries Hu-Rong Yao, Ya-Xia Yin and Yu-Guo Guo
018204
Understanding oxygen reactions in aprotic Li-O2 batteries Shunchao Ma, Yelong Zhang, Qinghua Cui, Jing Zhao and Zhangquan Peng
018205
Strategies to curb structural changes of lithium/transition metal oxide cathode materials & the changes’ effects on thermal & cycling stability Xiqian Yu, Enyuan Hu, Seongmin Bak, Yong-Ning Zhou and Xiao-Qing Yang
018206
Physics of electron and lithium-ion transport in electrode materials for Li-ion batteries Musheng Wu, Bo Xu and Chuying Ouyang
018207
Wavy structures for stretchable energy storage devices: Structural design and implementation Lei Wen, Ying Shi, Jing Chen, Bin Yan and Feng Li
018208
High-throughput theoretical design of lithium battery materials Shi-Gang Ling, Jian Gao, Rui-Juan Xiao and Li-Quan Chen
018209
Surface structure evolution of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries Yingchun Lyu, Yali Liu and Lin Gu
018210
Brief overview of electrochemical potential in lithium ion batteries Jian Gao, Si-Qi Shi and Hong Li
018211
Lithium-ion transport in inorganic solid state electrolyte Jian Gao, Yu-Sheng Zhao, Si-Qi Shi and Hong Li (Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover)
018212
Multi-scale computation methods: Their applications in lithium-ion battery research and development Siqi Shi, Jian Gao, Yue Liu, Yan Zhao, Qu Wu, Wangwei Ju, Chuying Ouyang and Ruijuan Xiao
018213
Redox-assisted Li+ -storage in lithium-ion batteries Qizhao Huang and Qing Wang
018801
Scientific and technological challenges toward application of lithium–sulfur batteries Ya-Xia Yin, Hu-Rong Yao and Yu-Guo Guo
018802
All-solid-state lithium batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes: Review of fundamental science Xiayin Yao, Bingxin Huang, Jingyun Yin, Gang Peng, Zhen Huang, Chao Gao, Deng Liu and Xiaoxiong Xu SPECIAL TOPIC — Fundamental physics research in lithium batteries
016101
FT-Raman spectroscopy study of solvent-in-salt electrolytes Liumin Suo, Zheng Fang, Yong-Sheng Hu and Liquan Chen TOPICAL REVIEW — 8th IUPAP International Conference on Biological Physics
013104
Ab initio path-integral molecular dynamics and the quantum nature of hydrogen bonds Yexin Feng, Ji Chen, Xin-Zheng Li and Enge Wang
013602
A new understanding of inert gas narcosis Meng Zhang, Yi Gao and Haiping Fang
016401
Uncovering the underlying physical mechanisms of biological systems via quantification of landscape and flux Li Xu, Xiakun Chu, Zhiqiang Yan, Xiliang Zheng, Kun Zhang, Feng Zhang, Han Yan, Wei Wu and Jin Wang
016402
Self-assembly of block copolymers grafted onto a flat substrate: Recent progress in theory and simulations Zheng Wang and Bao-Hui Li
016801
Development of mean-field electrical double layer theory Yike Huang, Xiaohong Liu, Shu Li and Tianying Yan
018201
Modeling the temperature-dependent peptide vibrational spectra based on implicit-solvent model and enhance sampling technique Tianmin Wu, Tianjun Wang, Xian Chen, Bin Fang, Ruiting Zhang and Wei Zhuang
018701
Hierarchical processes in β -sheet peptide self-assembly from the microscopic to the mesoscopic level Li Deng and Hai Xu
018702
Computational design of proteins with novel structure and functions Wei Yang and Lu-Hua Lai
018703
Flexibility of nucleic acids: From DNA to RNA Lei Bao, Xi Zhang, Lei Jin and Zhi-Jie Tan
018704
Amyloid-β peptide aggregation and the influence of carbon nanoparticles Wen-Hui Xi and Guang-Hong Wei
018705
Improvements in continuum modeling for biomolecular systems Yu Qiao and Ben-Zhuo Lu (Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover)
018706
Computational investigations on polymerase actions in gene transcription and replication: Combining physical modeling and atomistic simulations
018707
Jin Yu Multiscale molecular dynamics simulations of membrane remodeling by Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs family proteins Chun Chan, Haohua Wen, Lanyuan Lu and Jun Fan
018709
In vitro three-dimensional cancer metastasis modeling: Past, present, and future Wei-jing Han, Wei Yuan, Jiang-rui Zhu, Qihui Fan, Junle Qu, Li-yu Liu
018710
Recent technical advancements enabled atomic resolution CryoEM Xueming Li RAPID COMMUNICATION
017202
Unexpected low thermal conductivity and large power factor in Dirac semimetal Cd3 As2 Cheng Zhang, Tong Zhou, Sihang Liang, Junzhi Cao, Xiang Yuan, Yanwen Liu, Yao Shen, Qisi Wang, Jun Zhao, Zhongqin Yang and Faxian Xiu
017401
Fabrication of superconducting NbN meander nanowires by nano-imprint lithography Mei Yang, Li-Hua Liu, Lu-Hui Ning, Yi-Rong Jin, Hui Deng, Jie Li, Yang Li and Dong-Ning Zheng
017601
Long-distance super-exchange and quantum magnetic relaxation in a hybrid metal–organic framework Ying Tian, Shipeng Shen, Junzhuang Cong, Liqin Yan, Yisheng Chai and Young Sun GENERAL
010201
A new six-component super soliton hierarchy and its self-consistent sources and conservation laws Han-yu Wei and Tie-cheng Xia
010202
Denoising of chaotic signal using independent component analysis and empirical mode decomposition with circulate translating Wen-Bo Wang, Xiao-Dong Zhang, Yuchan Chang, Xiang-Li Wang, Zhao Wang, Xi Chen and Lei Zheng
010203
Birkhoffian symplectic algorithms derived from Hamiltonian symplectic algorithms Xin-Lei Kong, Hui-Bin Wu and Feng-Xiang Mei
010204
Atomic-scale simulations of material behaviors and tribology properties for BCC metal film H D Aristizabal, P A Parra, P L´opez and E Restrepo-Parra
010205
Multi-symplectic variational integrators for nonlinear Schr¨odinger equations with variable coefficients Cui-Cui Liao, Jin-Chao Cui, Jiu-Zhen Liang and Xiao-Hua Ding
010301
Solution of Dirac equation for Eckart potential and trigonometric Manning Rosen potential using asymptotic iteration method Resita Arum Sari, A Suparmi and C Cari
010302
Spin dynamics of the potassium magnetometer in spin-exchange relaxation free regime Ji-Qing Fu, Peng-Cheng Du, Qing Zhou and Ru-Quan Wang
010303
Entanglement and non-Markovianity of a multi-level atom decaying in a cavity Zi-Long Fan, Yu-Kun Ren and Hao-Sheng Zeng (Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover)
010304
Tunable ponderomotive squeezing induced by Coulomb interaction in an optomechanical system Qin Wu
010305
Passive decoy-state quantum key distribution for the weak coherent photon source with finite-length key Yuan Li, Wansu Bao, Hongwei Li, Chun Zhou and Yang Wang
010306
Detection efficiency characteristics of free-running InGaAs/InP single photon detector using passive quenching active reset IC Fu Zheng, Chao Wang, Zhi-Bin Sun and Guang-Jie Zhai
010307
Effects of a finite number of particles on the thermodynamic properties of a harmonically trapped ideal charged Bose gas in a constant magnetic field Duan-Liang Xiao, Meng-Yun Lai and Xiao-Yin Pan
010501
Quantum walks with coins undergoing different quantum noisy channels Hao Qin and Peng Xue
010502
Complex dynamics of an archetypal self-excited SD oscillator driven by moving belt friction Zhi-Xin Li, Qing-Jie Cao and L´eger Alain
010503
Memcapacitor model and its application in a chaotic oscillator Guang-Yi Wang, Bo-Zhen Cai, Pei-Pei Jin and Ti-Ling Hu
010504
Effects of abnormal excitation on the dynamics of spiral waves Min-Yi Deng, Xue-Liang Zhang and Jing-Yu Dai
010505
Parrondo’s paradox for chaos control and anticontrol of fractional-order systems Marius-F Danca and Wallace K S Tang
010506
The Wronskian technique for nonlinear evolution equations Jian-Jun Cheng and Hong-Qing Zhang
010507
Kuznetsov–Ma soliton and Akhmediev breather of higher-order nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation Zai-Dong Li, Xuan Wu, Qiu-Yan Li and P B He
010508
Study on bi-directional pedestrian movement using ant algorithms Sibel Gokce and Ozhan Kayacan ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
013101
Correlation effects on the fine-structure splitting within the 3d9 ground configuration in highly-charged Co-like ions Xue-Ling Guo, Min Huang, Jun Yan, Shuang Li, Kai Wang, Ran Si and Chong-Yang Chen
013102
Accurate spectroscopic constants of the lowest two electronic states in S2 molecule with explicitly correlated method Changli Wei, Xiaomei Zhang, Dajun Ding and Bing Yan
013103
Phase equilibrium of Cd1−x Znx S alloys studied by first-principles calculations and Monte Carlo simulations Fu-Zhen Zhang, Hong-Tao Xue, Fu-Ling Tang, Xiao-Kang Li, Wen-Jiang Lu and Yu-Dong Feng
013105
New developments in the multiscale hybrid energy density computational method Min Sun, Shanying Wang, Dianwu Wang and Chongyu Wang (Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover)
013301
Stark effect of the hyperfine structure of ICl in its rovibronic ground state: Towards further molecular cooling Qing-Hui Wang, Xu-Ping Shao and Xiao-Hua Yang
013302
Numerical analyses on optical limiting performances of chloroindium phthalocyanines with different substituent positions Yu-Jin Zhang, Xing-Zhe Li, Ji-Cai Liu and Chuan-Kui Wang
013401
Triple differential cross sections of magnesium in doubly symmetric geometry S Y Sun, X Y Miao and Xiang-Fu Jia
013601
Mobility of large clusters on a semiconductor surface: Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation results M Esen, A T T¨uzemen and M Ozdemir ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
014201
Cavity linewidth narrowing with dark-state polaritons Gong-Wei Lin, Jie Yang, Yue-Ping Niu and Shang-Qing Gong
014202
Steady-state linear optical properties and Kerr nonlinear optical response of a four-level quantum dot with phonon-assisted transition Yan-Chao She, Ting-Ting Luo, Wei-Xi Zhang, Mao-Wu Ran and Deng-Long Wang
014203
Stationary entanglement between two nanomechanical oscillators induced by Coulomb interaction Qin Wu, Yin Xiao and Zhi-Ming Zhang
014204
Fiber fuse behavior in kW-level continuous-wave double-clad field laser Jun-Yi Sun, Qi-Rong Xiao, Dan Li, Xue-Jiao Wang, Hai-Tao Zhang, Ma-Li Gong and Ping Yan
014205
Frequency doubled femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser with an assisted enhancement cavity Jin-Wei Zhang, Hai-Nian Han, Lei Hou, Long Zhang, Zi-Jiao Yu, De-Hua Li and Zhi-Yi Wei
014206
Joint transfer of time and frequency signals and multi-point synchronization via fiber network Nan Cheng, Wei Chen, Qin Liu, Dan Xu, Fei Yang, You-Zhen Gui and Hai-Wen Cai
014207
Tunable femtosecond near-infrared source based on a Yb:LYSO-laser-pumped optical parametric oscillator Wen-Long Tian, Zhao-Hua Wang, Jiang-Feng Zhu and Zhi-Yi Wei
014208
Tunable, continuous-wave single-resonant optical parametric oscillator with output coupling for resonant wave Xiong-Hua Zheng, Bao-Fu Zhang, Zhong-Xing Jiao and Biao Wang
014209
Optimization of the idler wavelength tunable cascaded optical parametric oscillator based on chirpassisted aperiodically poled lithium niobate crystal Tao Chen, Rong Shu, Ye Ge and Zhuo Chen
014210
Numerical simulation of modulation to incident laser by submicron to micron surface contaminants on fused silica Liang Yang, Xia Xiang, Xin-Xiang Miao, Li Li, Xiao-Dong Yuan, Zhong-Hua Yan, Guo-Rui Zhou, Hai-Bing Lv, Wan-Guo Zheng and Xiao-Tao Zu (Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover)
014211
Data point selection for weighted least square fitting of cavity decay time constant Xing He, Hu Yan, Li-Zhi Dong, Ping Yang and Bing Xu
014501
Non-Noether symmetries of Hamiltonian systems with conformable fractional derivatives Lin-Li Wang and Jing-Li Fu
014502
Two kinds of generalized gradient representations for holonomic mechanical systems Feng-Xiang Mei and Hui-Bin Wu
014701
Analytical study of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a boundary layer flow of Oldroyd-B fluid F M Abbasi, M Mustafa, S A Shehzad, M S Alhuthali and T Hayat
014702
Three-dimensional multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann front-tracking method for two-phase flow Hai-Qiong Xie, Zhong Zeng and Liang-Qi Zhang
014703
Predetermined control of turbulent boundary layer with a piezoelectric oscillator Xiao-Bo Zheng, Nan Jiang and Hao Zhang PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
015201
Optimized calculation of the synergy conditions between electron cyclotron current drive and lower hybrid current drive on EAST Wei Wei, Bo-Jiang Ding, Y Peysson, J Decker, Miao-Hui Li, Xin-Jun Zhang, Xiao-Jie Wang and Lei Zhang
015202
Numerical study of the effect of water content on OH production in a pulsed-dc atmospheric pressure helium–air plasma jet Mu-Yang Qian, Cong-Ying Yang, Zhen-dong Wang, Xiao-Chang Chen, San-Qiu Liu and De-Zhen Wang
015203
Effects of 𝑞 -profiles of a weak magnetic shear on energetic ion excited q = 1 mode in tokamak plasmas Ze-Yu Li, Xian-Qu Wang and Xiao-Gang Wang
015204
Conversion of an atomic to a molecular argon ion and low pressure argon relaxation M N Stankov, A P Jovanovi´c, V Lj Markovi´c and S N Stamenkovi´c CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
016102
Evolution of structure and physical properties in Al-substituted Ba-hexaferrites Alex Trukhanov, Larisa Panina, Sergei Trukhanov, Vitalii Turchenko and Mohamed Salem
016103
A new family of sp-hybridized carbon phases Ning Xu, Jian-Fu Li, Bo-Long Huang and Bao-Lin Wang
016301
Phonon dispersion on Ag (100) surface: A modified analytic embedded atom method study Xiao-Jun Zhang and Chang-Le Chen
016701
Ab initio investigation of photoinduced non-thermal phase transition in β -cristobalite Shi-Quan Feng, Hua-Ping Zang, Yong-Qiang Wang, Xin-Lu Cheng and Jin-Sheng Yue
016702
Vortices in dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates in synthetic magnetic field Qiang Zhao and Qiang Gu
016802
Phase transition and critical behavior of spin–orbital coupled spinel ZnV2 O4 Li Wang, Rong-juan Wang, Yuan-yuan Zhu, Zhi-hong Lu, Rui Xiong, Yong Liu and Jing Shi (Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover)
CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 017101
Characteristics of Li diffusion on silicene and zigzag nanoribbon Yan-Hua Guo, Jue-Xian Cao and Bo Xu
017102
Heterogeneous fragmentation of metallic liquid microsheet with high velocity gradient An-Min He, Pei Wang and Jian-Li Shao
017103
Spin texturing in quantum wires with Rashba and Dresselhaus spin–orbit interactions and in-plane magnetic field B Gisi, S Sakiroglu and ˙I Sokmen
017201
Characterization of vertical Au/β -Ga2 O3 single-crystal Schottky photodiodes with MBE-grown highresistivity epitaxial layer X Z Liu, C Yue, C T Xia and W L Zhang
017301
Manipulating coupling state and magnetism of Mn-doped ZnO nanocrystals by changing the coordination environment of Mn via hydrogen annealing Yan Cheng, Wen-Xian Li, Wei-Chang Hao, Huai-Zhe Xu, Zhong-Fei Xu, Li-Rong Zheng, Jing Zhang, Shi-Xue Dou and Tian-Min Wang
017302
Modulating doping and interface magnetism of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) Pan Zhou and Da-Wei He
017303
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In-situ SAXS study on PET/ PMMT composites during tensile tests Wei-Dong Cheng, Xiao-Hua Gu, Xue Song, Peng Zeng, Zhao-Jun Wu, Xue-Qing Xing, Guang Mo and ZhongHua Wu INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti Umm-i-Kalsoom, Shazia Bashir, Nisar Ali, M Shahid Rafique, Wolfgang Husinsky, Chandra S R Nathala, Sergey V Makarov and Narjis Begum
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Superior material qualities and transport properties of InGaN channel heterostructure grown by pulsed metal organic chemical vapor deposition Ya-Chao Zhang, Xiao-Wei Zhou, Sheng-Rui Xu, Da-Zheng Chen, Zhi-Zhe Wang, Xing Wang, Jin-Feng Zhang, Jin-Cheng Zhang and Yue Hao
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Detection and formation mechanism of micro-defects in ultrafine pitch Cu Cu direct bonding Zi-Yu Liu, Jian Cai, Qian Wang and Yu Chen
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Quantum dynamics of charge transfer on the one-dimensional lattice: Wave packet spreading and recurrence V N Likhachev, O I Shevaleevskii and G A Vinogradov GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS
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Application of long-range correlation and multi-fractal analysis for the depiction of drought risk Wei Hou, Peng-Cheng Yan, Shu-Ping Li, Gang Tu and Jing-Guo Hu
