Preparing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions to

Preparing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions to enhance Solid Waste Management in the Philippines

Technical report & working paper for stakeholder discussion Iloilo City, Philippines, September 21, 2012

Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units in the Philippines

Authors: Paul, J.G.1); Acosta, V.1); Flossmann-Kraus, U.2) & Soyez, K. 3) 1. 2. 3.

GIZ-AHT Project Office SWM4LGUs, Parola Street, c/o DENR-EMB, Iloilo City, Philippines Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Country Office, Makati City, Philippines University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany

With support of:

Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units (SWM4LGUs) A joint project of the German International Cooperation-AHT Group AG (GIZ-AHT) and the Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (EMB-DENR) DENR/FMS-6 compound, 2/F EMB-6 Bldg. Iloilo City, Philippines Tel/Fax No.: (033) 509-9788 e-mail: [email protected]

Paul, J. G.; Acosta, V.; Flossmann-Kraus, U. & Soyez, K. (2012)

Content:

Page

Preface Context for NAMA development Relevance of NAMA development for the waste sector

2 3 5

2.9

Options to address GHG emissions from waste management Options to divert organic waste prior to disposal Composting Waste to Energy options from organic waste recovery Options to reduce GHG emissions from past waste disposal Options to lessen climate impacts from future landfill operations Mechanical-biological waste treatment Landfill aeration Landfill gas control/utilization

6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Estimation of potential GHG emission reductions in the Philippines Establishment of baseline situation Assessment of emission reduction potentials through NAMA support Conclusions Outlook for additional options for GHG mitigation in the waste sector

1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

9 10 11 13 13

References Figures Figure 1: Waste composition Iloilo City Figure 2: Traditional and modified soil cover for waste disposal sites Figure 3: Relevant baseline data and GHG emissions in the Philippine waste sector Figure 4: GHG emission reductions through unilateral and supported NAMA components

Abbreviations: AHT

AHT GROUP AG Management and Engineering

CCC

Philippine Climate Change Commission

CDM

Clean Development Mechanism

DENR

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

GIZ

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GHG

Greenhouse Gases

MSWM

Municipal Solid Waste Management

MRV

Monitoring, Reporting, Verification

NFSCC

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change

NSWMC

National Solid Waste Management Commission

NSWMS

National Solid Waste Management Strategy

RA

Republic Act

SLF

Sanitary landfill

SWM

Solid Waste Management

SWM4LGUs

Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units

WMRC

Waste Management and Recycling Center

Preparing NAMA options to enhance solid waste management in the Philippines

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Paul, J. G.; Acosta, V.; Flossmann-Kraus, U. & Soyez, K. (2012)

Preface Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are an emerging international climate mitigation instrument. NAMAS could especially being used by developing countries to make progress in reducing their domestic greenhouse gas emissions, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building in a measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV) manner. Even though the term NAMA already emerged in 2007 at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali, the concept is not finally defined yet and there are no clear guidelines on what a NAMA should look like. Yet, there is an increasing international discussion on this promising concept, and actors around the world take the chance to press ahead with developing NAMA activities in all economic sectors, including the waste sector. The waste sector is particularly interesting for NAMAs as it offers significant potentials for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions whereas sustainable waste management practices can lead to emission reductions of up to 15-20% of the national GHG emissions in developing countries. A special focus lies on organic waste management as this fraction causes high methane emissions if not treated properly. The Philippines is among the 10 countries worldwide, which are most vulnerable towards the impacts of climate change, hence adaptation measures and policies are a national priority. The Philippine contribution to global GHG emissions is relatively small, but options for mitigation measures that offer opportunities for international financing, technology transfer and capacity building are at hand. In this context, the development of a NAMA concept for the waste sector was also proposed for the Philippines. Many countries as well as bi- and multilateral donors show a strong interest in NAMA framework development and NAMA piloting in order to gain experiences and lessons learnt that could be used to enhance the future climate change architecture whereas three types of NAMAs are being discussed lately: 1. Unilateral NAMAs: funded by domestic budget and subject to domestic MRV (Monitoring, Reporting, Verification) measures which do not require foreign technology and are straightforward to be implemented. They could also be considered as “low-hanging fruits”. 2. Supported NAMAs: financed by international support, ambitious mitigation measures, which require large investment and technology transfer. 3. Credited NAMAs: this type of NAMA is still being debated. Credit generating NAMAs could be a continuation of existing market mechanisms or the overachievement of domestic mitigation targets, which could be traded at the international carbon market. NAMAs as per their definition shall contribute to sustainable development by helping to overcome typical barriers that hinder a sustainable development path such as lack of know how, technology, funding, capacities etc. They should be pro-growth, pro-jobs and pro-poor. The submission of a NAMA proposal opens the opportunity for international financial support, capacity building and technology development/-transfer through the UNFCCC system. Such step would position the Philippines well in the international negotiations. Enhanced reputation and preparedness at the time the Green Climate Fund (GCF) will be fully in operation would create opportunities also in the Philippines to gain access to international climate finance.

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1. Context for NAMA development The Philippine Climate Change Commission (CCC) is the body in charge of national climate policy and coordination. The Commission thus is the appropriate host of a NAMA support unit, given her relevant technical expertise and political mandate. The waste sector is highly relevant in the Philippines as the third largest emitter after energy and agriculture (Philippine National Framework Strategy on Climate Change, 2009). Discussions about NAMA development already started between the Climate Change Commission and the relevant agencies, the waste sector being one of the agreed priorities. The Philippines finalized both a National Action Plan for Climate Change (NCCAP) and a National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) in 2012 and both provide a sound basis for mitigation actions and renewable energy capacity increase. The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) is very interested in developing a sectoral pilot NAMA together with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). The NSWMC and the CCC already consider appropriate mitigation policies and measures such as a national policy for dumpsite closure and requested GIZ to analyse the mitigation potential and related costs. GIZ therefore commissioned a study to assess mitigation potentials in the waste sector and for drafting a roadmap for NAMA development whereas the results of the study were shared with involved stakeholders in August 2012. For local governments, NAMA piloting will be more attractive than CDM development given the necessary high upfront additional investments of registering a CDM project. Participating in a NAMA pilot on the other hand could trigger private sector investments and capacitation of stakeholders as well as transfer of technology and know how to the local level. Existing CDM approaches are useful and could be adjusted in direction of PoA/credited NAMA interface. The private sector as a source for innovative financing should participate by creating a PPP facility on both the national level (within the NAMA Support Unit) as well as on the local pilot level. Development partnerships between GIZ and the private sector are a very promising modality for triggering investment, capacity building, technology and know how transfer. NAMAs per se are highly innovative. Through the development of a NAMA framework, NAMA template and pilot testing of a sectoral NAMA, the project could contribute to international concept development, generation of first lessons learnt and improved NAMA design for the future. The envisaged NAMA Support Unit would enable strong cooperation between all relevant sectors and among different donors on mitigation policies. The Unit would support the conceptualization of unilateral and supported NAMA proposals in cooperation with the sectors and undertake the quantification of direct, indirect and long-term mitigation impacts as well as develop social, economic and ecological criteria to ensure sustainability. Based on that NAMA proposals shall be prioritized and proposed to seek international support. This would be a contribution to international standard formulation. The development project Solid Waste Management for Local Governments Units (SWM4LGUs) supports the Philippines since 2005. Main objective of this project is that selected local government units implement solid waste management systems proficiently and economically. The project was

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implemented in 15 cities and municipalities over 3 phases in the Visayas Region of the Philippines during the time period 2005-2012. Best practices were developed with increasing engagement of the private sector and involvement of the informal sector, documented and made available through the project website www.swm4lgus.net and numerous publications. Furthermore, 18 modules for capacity building of SWM experts were developed and handed over to the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) and the Central Philippine University (CPU) for expert education. Based on this, CPU designed a SWM curriculum for the education of graduate students. This course recently started in June 2012 with a first batch of 25 graduate students. At the national level, the elaboration of the National Solid Waste Management Strategy as well as the development and adoption of various national guidelines for solid waste management are ongoing. At the same time up-scaling and transfer of SWM4LGUs project experiences to other stakeholders is being undertaken through regular NSWMC capacity development activities with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through its Environment Management Bureau (EMB) offices. In September 2011, the NSWMC, the CCC and GIZ started to discuss about the potentials of NAMA to support the waste sector in the Philippines whereas the development of a NAMA concept was prioritized, including follow up of the started revision and elaboration of guidelines for the Solid Waste Law RA 9003. It was also agreed that a study shall be conducted to elaborate mitigation potentials in the waste sector and to provide the Philippine government with reliable data before formulating and communicating a NAMA pilot and related mitigation targets. The corresponding fact finding mission was conducted in July 2012 by a German expert consultancy group (BIFA) and results have been presented and discussed with involved stakeholders in July and August 2012. Furthermore, a NAMA training module was pilot tested in the Philippines with participants from the NSWMC, the Climate Change Commission, the Department of Energy (DoE) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in July 2012. The BIFA mission from July 2012 assessed the mitigation potentials in the waste sector. This included various site visits and expert interviews on the municipal, regional and ministry level. Some major results of the study were: Sources of emissions:  The average amount of Municipal Solid Waste per capita is less than 0,4kg per day, which leads to more than 40.600 tons per day and around +14 million tons municipal waste generation per year in 2012. The waste amount is expected to increase in a linear relationship to the growing population (1,6% per year) resulting in at least 17,5 million tons/year in 2022.  Total waste amounts landfilled during the time period 1992 – 2012 were approx. 260 million tons (with an uncertainty of +/- 20%). The GHG emission potential of generated solid waste is 1,48 t CO2-eq per ton municipal solid waste (average between wet and dry conditions). In case all dumpsites in the Philippines would be closed, GHG emissions of up to 110 million t CO2-eq could be avoided through appropriate measures in the aftercare period. In addition, the GHG emissions from fresh waste could be minimized by far if appropriate treatment measures prior to landfilling could be implemented. Mitigation potentials in the Philippines are high in several sectors such as Renewable Energies, Energy Efficiency, Waste, Forestry or Agriculture. Provided a NAMA Support Unit and NAMA framework could be established, pilots could be developed and eventually rolled out for other

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sectors, in collaboration with other agencies and other donors. However, appropriate communication modes for opportunities for private sector investment and scientific analysis are still lacking. High upfront investment costs for technologies and a lack of local know how are a challenge not only for the technology-intensive waste sector but also for other sectors such as renewable energies, transport etc. Through engagement of the informal sector social conflicts stemming from landfill operations and closure processes could be mitigated, women empowered and livelihoods improved. The implementation of new technologies for waste processing may offer various options for the integration of waste pickers and the informal sector. The following aspects should also be considered during the envisioned NAMA development:  Low Carbon Development Strategy  NAMA Concept  National Baseline  GHG Inventory and reporting to the UNFCCC  MRV for actions and for support  Development of NAMA Pilots

2. Relevance of NAMA development for the waste sector Environmental degradation caused by uncontrolled dumping and burning of refuse as well as the accumulation of waste due to steadily increasing volumes of domestic solid waste is a severe problem in the Philippines, but overall compliance with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) remains low. This has led the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) to prepare a 3Strike Policy in 2008, which consists of a solid review of all LGUs that have not complied with RA 9003 and subsequent issuance of warnings. This action especially addresses the due closure of open dumpsites., drainage systems, water bodies, mangroves and the sea. Considering the importance of SWM for environmental protection but also in view to reduce related climate impacts, the need for know how and technology transfer to provide sustainable solutions intensifies. Based on experiences from industrialized countries, various windows of opportunities from an environmental and economic perspective emerge for developing countries. However, drivers to implement system enhancements appear too weak to easily solve the discussed SWM issues. The proposed NAMA would offer several entrance points to address the discussed barriers for waste sector enhancement.

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2.1 Options to address GHG emissions from waste management In general, the following interventions could be considered to address the steadily increasing waste generation and to enhance municipal waste management systems:  Policies and education programs to minimize waste generation (e.g. addressing producer-, distributer- and consumer responsibilities),  Policies, education programs and segregation technology to enhance material recovery at source,  Recycling of non-organic waste,  Recycling of organic waste through composting,  Energy recovery (e.g. organic waste utilization to substitute fossil fuels, biogas generation, co-processing),  Waste treatment,  Enhanced disposal management with methane avoidance or methane recovery,  Rehabilitation of waste disposal sites to lessen methane emissions and other negative long-term effects of waste disposal.

RA 9003 mandates that material recovery and composting should be performed at the village level (called ‘Barangay’ in the Philippines), whereas municipalities and cities are responsible to dispose residual waste. Although numerous composting projects are in operation in the country, most of them only treat a minor amount of generated bio-waste. Furthermore, the collected municipal solid waste contains often more than 60 % organic waste whereby the collected waste is mainly disposed at dumpsites without waste pre-treatment. So far, waste disposal at dumpsites remains the most chosen option to tackle solid waste from a (short term) cost perspective for many local decision makers. Other technologies to recycle or treat solid waste are often negelected since they require higher investments. Due to competing needs and other development targets in the municipalities, SWM usually ranks comparable low and implementation of enhancement measures are delayed. Therefore, NAMA development would offer a new framework to identify options that could support SWM in the short-medium term.

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2.2 Options to divert organic waste prior to disposal Organic waste from municipal waste collection differs in composition for smaller and larger LGUs. Based on the DENR Department Administrative Order (DAO) 10-2006, four (4) categories of waste generation quantity per LGU were established based on daily waste generation rates (category 1 with 200 tons/day). LGUs under categories 3 and 4 are basically large and medium sized cities (around 120 LGUs) that could provide the needed investment, whereas the remaining 1,500 LGUs under the categories 1 and 2 are hardly capable to invest in technical sound SWM systems and in their capacity to sustain regular operations. On the other hand, the low waste generation rate in the LGU categories1 and 2 hardly attracts any private investor. To overcome this issue, the formation of municipal clusters could be an option to create joint municipal systems with higher category. In any case, NAMA design needs to consider the various conditions and constraints of LGUs for the different categories. 2.3 Composting Smaller LGUs in general are looking for low cost solutions, e.g. appropriate composting approaches such as windrow, heap or vermi-treatment to reduce organic waste disposal. Such systems require investments of only 1,200-2,500 Peso/ton (roughly 25-50 US-$/ton) treatment capacity whereas other more mechanized options (e.g. drum composting) are much higher in investment (15,000 to 20,000 Peso/ton established treatment capacity (equals 300-400 US-$/ton) but also demand higher operation budgets with >2,500 Peso/ton compost produced (equals 50 US-$/ton; Paul et al, 2008). However, the additional investment for the establishment of mechanized drum composting facilities does not necessary lead to an increased production efficiency, better compost quality or higher income from product sales. In general, the most LGUs that practice composting can expect a maximum income of 3,000 Peso/ton (equals 60 US-$/ton) of sold compost product. Nevertheless, the compost quality and local market demand may well justify to establish composting in LGUs of categories 1 and 2 since other waste treatment options cannot be financed and operated. NAMAs could be a suited option to assist LGUs to increase the recovery of organic waste and to provide natural fertilizer for local markets. (UNFCCC methods: AMS-III.F. / Version 10 – Avoidance of CH4 emissions through controlled biological treatment of biowaste AM0025 - Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment).

2.4 Waste to Energy options from organic waste recovery In larger and medium size cities composting is often considered as less attractive due to quality constraints, e.g. through increased disturbances that appear within the solid waste stream such as sharps, ashes, unknown liquids contained within the fine waste fraction, but also due to lacking or

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distant markets for compost. However, the collected waste very often contains organic materials with >40 %. Latest developments in industrialized countries show that anaerobic waste treatment may be a very suited option since the generated biogas can be utilized for energy generation. So far, waste-to-energy technologies are seldom applied in the Philippines. For Iloilo City, the project Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units (SWM4LGUs) conducted a pre-assessment for the establishment of an anaerobic bio-digester that could generate 1,2 MW. It was estimated that for a 40,000 ton/year capacity an anaerobic bio-digester including sorting technology could be provided with an investment of around 7 Mio US-$ (350 Mio Peso). The annual operation budget of this facility was estimated with 57 Mio Peso, an amount that could almost be refinanced only by the electricity generation from 1,2 MW with an estimated income of 50,4 Mio Peso/year for the Iloilo City case. Further products such as heat and Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFR) would make this project economical viable. This estimation did not include potential revenues from the carbon market. However, the real cost/benefits of an anaerobic bioreactor in the context of the Philippines need to be verified with a pilot project since this waste treatment option is not realized in the Philippines so far. Further options could be to utilize residues from the anaerobic treatment process to produce Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF, e.g. briquettes/pellets/green charcoal) for heat and/or power generation. (UNFCCC: ACM0012 / Version 03.1 – Consolidated baseline methodology for GHG emission reductions from waste energy recovery projects; ACM0003 / Version 07.3 – Emission reduction through partial substitution of fossil fuels with alternative fuels or less carbon intensive fuels in cement manufacture; AM0094 / Version 01.0.0 – Distribution of biomass stove and/or heater for household or institutional use; ACM 0006 / Version 09 – Consolidated methodology for electricity generation from biomass residues; ACM0012 / Version 4 – Consolidated baseline methodology for GHG emission reductions from waste energy recovery projects; AMS III.E - Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical/thermal treatment).

2.5 Options to reduce GHG emissions from past waste disposal 2.5.1 Methan emission reduction through eco-efficient soil cover and area use as carbon sink Considering the lack of funds in developing countries various research is needed to clarify the efficiency of eco-efficient soil cover for landfill rehabilitation as alternative process instead of active gas recovery. Methane emissions could be eliminated respectively reduced by passing the soil cover over long term periods (Martinssen et al, 2010). However this approach is not yet verified by an UNFCCC method. This method would also offer further climate benefits, namely to better utilize rehabilitated landfill areas, for example for the production of biomass, e.g. fast growing plants to provide organic materials or wood chippings as renewable fuel or plantations, or to make use of oil producing plants such as Jatropha. This approach may provide additional incentives for LGUs to implement landfill rehabilitation projects.

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2.5.2 Gas recovery/flaring or utilization The recovery or flaring of landfill gas is an approved method in landfill gas management and verified as climate mitigation option by UNFCCC. A gas recovery project that produces Certified Emission Reductions (CER) is established at the Payatas landfill in Quezon City. (UNFCCC: ACM0001 / Version 11.1 – Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities; AMS-III.H\G. / Version 6 – landfill methane recovery; EB 28 – Methodological “Tool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methane”)

2.6 Options to lessen climate impacts from future landfill operations Due to the needed high investment for the pre-treatment of waste, e.g. through mechanicalbiological treatment technologies, but also for landfill gas recovery, the following options are only in reach for larger LGUs (categories 3 and 4). 2.7 Mechanical-biological waste treatment Mechanical-biological waste treatment (MBT) is already implemented in some municipalities but not common yet whereas the efficiency of those MBTs and successful integration into the overall municipal SWM system is unclear. UNFCCC: AMS III.E - Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical/thermal treatment

2.8 Landfill aeration Landfill aeration is an option acknowledged by UNFCC but not implemented in the Philippines yet. UNFCCC: AM0093/Version 01.00 – Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by passive aeration of landfills; AM 0083 / Version 01 – Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by in-situ aeration of landfills

2.9 Landfill gas control/utilization Landfill aeration is an option acknowledged by UNFCC but hardly implemented in the Philippines. One sustained practice is implemented at the Payatas landfill in Quezon City. UNFCCC: AMS-III.H\G. / Version 6 – landfill methane recovery

3.

Estimation of potential GHG emission reductions in the Philippines

The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) supports the Philippines in the waste sector with the bilateral development project “Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units in the Philippines“ (SWM4LGUs) since January 2005. During project implementation, various waste management issues related to climate change impacts emerged as priority targets to be included into local waste management actions, especially addressing organic materials that contribute more than 50% of collected waste in almost all municipalities in the country. Therefore, the development of doable actions to reduce GHG emissions from SWM was prioritized by the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) within the drafting of the new National Solid Waste Management Strategy.

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Relevant actions requested by RA 9003, that could significantly reduce GHG emissions, correspond to the following legal prescriptions: 1. Waste diversion target, set with 25% after Chapter III, Section 20 of the law, but proposed to be increased by +50% of 2010 baseline with the Medium Term Development Plan of the Philippines, which means a total material recovery rate of 37.5% in the year 2016. 2. Establishment of Material Recovery Facilities to support the set waste diversion targets (Chapter III, Article 4, Section 32 of RA 9003). 3. Closure of all dumpsites in February 2006 (Chapter III, Section 37 of RA 9003).

For NAMA development various interventions that could provide new approaches and model practises for sustainable solid waste management including climate mitigation aspects are needed. However, targets for GHG emissions reductions from the waste sector are not specifically defined by the Philippine waste legislation (Republic Act 9003) neither by the Climate Change Act (RA 9729). In this context, the authors proposed to delineate sector specific GHG emission reduction targets based on the existing waste legislation, whereas the set targets for waste minimization, waste diversion, recycling quota and enhanced waste treatment could be translated into concrete GHG mitigation targets based on certain assumptions. Although such “proxy-targets” would not be binding for international climate negotiations, they could be useful to identify climate mitigation potentials of the various sectors and support better understanding of the climate dimension of technical enhancement measures as legally requested. Furthermore, the proposed approach could be useful to establish a baseline that mirrors the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario for a sector that fully implements the legal prescriptions. Moreover, developing countries that undersigned the Kyoto-Protocol agreed to establish a national GHG inventory and to report the same to the IPCC. The establishment of proxy-targets for GHG emission reductions based on existing legal prescriptions could guide the responsible national agencies to better address climate related issues and to propose national climate mitigation actions if applicable.

4.

Establishment of baseline situation

Based on the results of a special mission conducted on behalf of the German International Cooperation agency (GIZ) in July and August 2012, an average of 14,8 Million tons of solid waste is generated per annum in the Philippines (Paul et al, 2011; Soyez & Paul, 2012). Considering a collection efficiency of around 60% this waste amount would lead to an average GHG emission potential of 6.2 Mio tCO2-eq/year for an accounting period of 50 years assumed that this waste is disposed on dumpsites (BIFA, 2012). It is further assumed that a portion of up to 0.4 tCO2-eq/per ton of disposed waste could be generated within the so-called post closure period of landfills in the longer term. This fact refers to an „untreated potential of GHG emissions“ from waste disposal sites of roughly 2 Mio tCO2-eq/year since RA 9003 does not demand measures to flare or utilize landfill gas emissions or to cover former dumpsites with Eco-Efficient Landfill cover (EELC) so far. Such special cover techniques are already standard in EU and can reduce remaining methane emissions from waste disposal with around 70% efficiency (Martinssen et al, 2009). In the following, relevant results from the conducted mission in August 2012 and from related studies conducted by the development support project SWM4LGUs are summarized and used to assess the GHG emission targets inhibited in RA 9003 as well as to propose doable actions and

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scenarios for potential NAMAs in the SWM sector in the Philippines. All of the considered scenarios assume that a material recovery of 37.5% can be implemented in 2016. This would lead to the following situation of GHG emissions for the baseline situation 2010 and for the targets set with the Medium-Term Development Plan of the Philippines (MTDP) for the period 2012- 2016:

Figure 3: Relevant baseline data and GHG emissions in the Philippine waste sector As Figure 3 shows, the set targets of RA 9003 and the MTDP 2012-16 would result into potential total annual GHG emissions of around 4.3 Mio tCO2e/a. This corresponds with a GHG emission reduction target of 1.9 Mio tCO2e/a for the year 2016. Besides, the due closure of „dumpsites of the past“ would result into additional GHG emission reductions. However, RA 9003 does not demand specific actions respectively efficient technologies to reduce GHG emissions from waste disposal sites. Such measure could e.g. be the use of eco-efficient landfill covers (EELC) that would reduce remaining methane emission during the post closure period. It is estimated that up to 1.8 Mio tCO2e/a could be mitigated additionally if EELCs would be applied by Local Governments in the Philippines.

5. Assessment of emission reduction potentials through NAMA support To explore options for GHG emission reductions in the country context it was assumed that from all waste disposal sites around 5% can be upgraded to either Sanitary Landfills (SLF) that apply gas recovery/utilization or to introduce EELCs to reduce potential methane emissions from final waste disposal. Additionally, it was proposed that the recovery of 5% material gained as Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFR) from collected waste could be implemented by 5% of all local governments. The related GHG emission assessment was conducted by applying a GHG calculator for SWM that was specifically developed by KfW and GIZ (Giegerich & Vogt, 2009). This tool contains basic routines of SWM such as material recovery, composting, anaerobic digestion, waste dumping, landfilling, mechanical-biological waste treatment, co-processing, waste incineration etc. For the considered waste sector enhancements as discussed above the following options for additional GHG emission reductions through supported NAMA components result:

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Figure 4: GHG emission reductions through unilateral and supported NAMA components As Figure 4 shows, the proposed SWM pilot measures as supported NAMA components could result in additional annual GHG emission reductions of around 0.5 Mio tCO 2-eq/year. An initial cost assessment to co-finance these supported NAMA actions is given in Table 1: Table 1: Cost estimation to co-finance SWM technologies through supported NAMA components 1. Landfill category

2. Total SW/year (Mio tons)

3. Share of category

1 2 3

6,96 1,65 1,74

47% 11% 12%

4. Area target/a and for EELC [cost in MioEuro]2) 15 [0.9] 15 [1.05]

4

4,47

30%

10 [0.8]

14,8

100%

40 [2.75]

1)

TOTAL 1) 2) 3) 4)

5. CH4 recovery on 5% of all SLF Through PPP Through PPP

6. BS on 5% of all SLF in Mio tons [cost in MioEuro]3) 0.18 [0.9] 0.05 [0.25]

7. AFR recovery on 5% of all SLF in Mio tons [cost in Mio-Euro] 3) 0.18 [1.8] 0.05 [0.5]

0.05 [0.25]

0.05 [0.5]

0.28 [1.4]

0.28 [2.8]

The DENR Department Administrative Order 2006-10 proposed the following 4 categories of LGUs: C-1: up to 15 tons SW/day: C2: 16-75 tons SW/day; C-3: 76-200 tons SW/day; C-4: > 200 tons SW/day Cost per m2 EELC are estimated with + 6 Euro/m2 for C-2; + 7 Euro/m2 for C-3 and +8 Euro/m2 for C-4 The additional cost for bio-stabilization of waste prior to disposal are assumed with +5 Euro/ton The additional cost to recover Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFR) are estimated with +10 Euro/ton

Based on the cost assessment of Table 1, alone the conduct of technical measures to realize +0.5 Mio tCO2-eq/year GHG emission reductions would require supported investments in the magnitude of up to 7 Mio Euro. Further budget will be needed to support capacitation of stakeholders and the set up of a NAMA-SWM and MRV support units, to provide tools and mechanism for MRV and to conduct pilot projects within scientific support projects that clarify baseline data for the specific SWM conditions and for the Philippine context.

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6. Conclusions Presently, municipal solid waste generation in the Philippines sums up to around 14,8 Mio tons annually. To assess GHG emissions from waste disposal an average total emission rate of 1.48 tCO2-eq per ton municipal solid waste over a period of 50 years was calculated for the Philippine context based on IPCC FOD Model (BIFA, 2012). However, weighted assessments that integrate variations in methane generation due to changes of disposal volumes, disposal technology and degeneration patterns for four (4) categories of local governments indicate total GHG emissions from the solid waste sector of currently 6,2 Mio tCO2-eq/year. This number could be considered as the overall mitigation potential. However, the existing waste disposal (dumpsites) from the past 20 years may add +2 Mio tCO2-eq/year as GHG emissions generated during the post closure period. The presented assessment concludes that the interventions proposed by RA 9003 could result into GHG emission reductions of up to 3,3 Mio tCO2-eq/year. This number could be considered as the intended “GHG mitigation target of RA 9003”, that corresponds to the so-called BAU scenario (Business-As-Usual). Consequently, up to 5 Mio tCO2-eq/year are not addressed by mitigation targets yet and could be subject to enhanced scenarios formulated by NAMAs, parts of which could be proposed for international funding. Based on the model calculations made with the SWM GHG calculator developed by GIZ/KfW for two scenarios (urban and rural setting with each low and high organic waste recovery), future emissions for the establishment of Sanitary Landfills based on RA 9003 technology criteria would be in the magnitude of 1,8 - 2,4 Mio tCO2-eq/year. This scenario considers already an overall reduction of waste disposal due to the waste diversion target of 37,5% (+50% of 2010 baseline). Provided additional technologies such as co-processing, pre-treatment of waste, use of AFR and gas recovery etc. would be implemented, further emission reductions are possible. The new target +50% material recovery set by the Philippine Midterm Development Plan 2012-2016 itself would contribute towards GHG mitigation through increase in recycling quota in the range of 0,2 - 0,4 Mio tCO2-eq/year.

7. Outlook for additional options for GHG mitigation in the waste sector Annual GHG emissions involved in the actual SWM strategy as outlined in RA 9003 amount to about 7 to 10 Mio tCO2-eq annually. This means that further mitigation actions are desirable which could be activated through appropriate technologies to reduce the expected GHG emissions from solid waste management. Such technologies are economically proven und available or under intensive international research and involve options which are also suitable for the current situation in the Philippines. In the following options are summarized for appropriate technologies that would be applicable under the umbrella of NAMA in the Philippines: i)

further recycling of waste components at higher recycling rates and improved technologies such as: a. increased utilization of organic fraction by improved composting, application of bio-digestion of waste components and usage of biogas for household and electricity production, b. usage of energy rich components such as plastics for alternative fuels to be applied in cement kilns and/or in power plants, c. utilization of paper, cardboard and woody waste components as alternative fuel to be applied in household and industry substituting fossil fuels such as coal and oil,

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d. increased recovery of non-organic materials (e.g. metals, plastics) through enhanced sorting technology, and e. use of recent technologies such as green coal / biomass power station, ii) Pre-treatment of waste prior to deposition in combined processes for ARF production and improved recycling, iii) Improved waste deposition and landfill management through: a. Use of eco-efficient bio-layers to reduce dissipative methane emission into atmosphere, and b. landfill gas usage.

REFERENCES Acosta, V.L.; Paul, J.G. & Hanuschke, K. (2012): ECO-CENTER: Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility with Sanitary Landfill and Resources Recovery Technologies. – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Manila, Philippines, 47 pages. BIFA (2012): GHG Mitigation Options for the Philippine Waste Sector. – Technical Report August 2012 for the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Makati City, Philippines, 30.9.2012, 70 pages. CCAP (2008): Sectoral Approaches: A Pathway to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions. – In: National Framework Strategy on Climate Change, Quezon City, Philippines, 39 pages. Climate Change Commission of the Philippines (2010): National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022. – Office of the President, Quezon City, Philippines, 37 pages. Dehoust, G.; Wiegmann, K.; Fritsche, U.; Stahl, H.; Jenseit, W.; Herold, A.; Cames, M. & Gebhardt, P. (2005): Umweltstudie: Beitrag der Abfallwirtschaft zum Klimaschutz. - Forschungsbericht 2005 33 314 UBA-FB III, Dessau, Germany, 66 pages. Giegrich, J. & Vogt, R. (2009): SWM-GHG Calculator: Tool for calculating Green House Gases (GHG) in Solid Waste Management. – KfW and GIZ, Germany, 55 pages. Hetz, K.; Alfaro, J.C. & Paul, J.G. (2011): The Informal Recycling Market in Ormoc City, Philippines: Evaluation of Options to enhance Resources Recovery. – Proceedings of the International SWM Conference - Moving Towards Sustainable Resource Management in Hongkong, 2.-6. May 2011, 4 pages. International Solid Waste Association (2009): Waste and Climate Change: ISWA White Paper. - ISWA, Vienna, Austria, 39 pages. IPCC (2006): IPCC – Guideline for National Greenhous Gas Inventories. – Volume 5, Waste. – International Panel on Climate Change.

Martinssen M. et al (2009): Efficiency of methane oxidizing landfill covers in Sachsen Anhalt, Germany. – Müllmagazin, Journal, May 2009.

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Paul, J.G. (2008): Assessment of composting approaches to enhance waste management systems in rural areas in the Philippines. – International Conference ORBIT 2008, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 12 pages. Paul, J. G.; Ravena, N.; Lange, S. & Paredes, E. (2009): Technical and Socio-Economic Aspects of a 100-day Material Recovery Test for the Production of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) in Iloilo City, Philippines. - International Conference SARDINIA, October 1-5, 2009, Cagliari, Italy, 12 pages. Paul, J.G. (2009): Rapid Assessment of Green House Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Philippines. – 6th Development and Research Summit of the Central Philippine University, Iloilo City, Philippines, 12 pages. Paul, J.G.; Ravena, N. & Soyez, K. (2011): Assessment of Climate Mitigation Potentials and CDM-Options to enhance the Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Iloilo City, Philippines. – Proceedings of the International Conference WASTESAFE, Khulna, Bangladesh, 13.-15. February 2011, 10 pages. Paul, J.G. et al (2011): Climate mitigation with appropriate soil cover on landfills. Ongoing case studies in the Visayas region, Philippines. – International SWM Conference, Hongkong, May 2-6, 2011, 4 pages. Paul, J.G.; Sanchez, L.; Batholomaque, A. & Hanuschke, K. (2012): Evaluation of innovative, appropriate technologies to increase organic waste recovery at the Eco-Center San Carlos City, Negros Island, Philippines – Internat. Conference ORBIT, Rennes, France, 10 pages. Republic of the Philippines (2001): Republic Act 9003 – The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of the Philippines 2000. – 11th Congress of the Philippines, Third Regular Session, January 26, 2001, Manila, Philippines, 43 pages. Republic of the Philippines (2002): Implementing Rules and Regulation of Republic Act 9003. – Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines, 65 pages. Republic of the Philippines (2009): Climate Change Act – Republic Act 9729. – 14th Congress, 3rd Regular Session, October 23, 2009, Manila, Philippines, 10 pages. Soyez, K. & Paul, J. (2012): Rapid Assessment of GHG emission reduction potentials based on legal prescriptions and waste management targets as set by Republic Act 9003. – Paper presented to the National Solid Waste Management Commission of the Philippines on 17.9.2012, Quezon City, Philippines, 13 pages. Wuppertal Institute (2011): Current Developments in Pilot Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions of Developing Countries. In: Ecofys 2010: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions. Insights from example development, Wuppertal, Germany. UNFCCC (2014): NAMA Workshop Report – UNFCCC publication from January 2014, www.climate-l.iisd.org/news/unfccc-releases-nama-workshop-report, 9 pages.

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Cited UNFCCC Methods/Tools: UNFCCC - Composting: AMS-III.F. / Version 10 – Avoidance of CH4 emissions through controlled biological treatment of biowaste AM0025 - Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes

UNFCCC - Waste-to-Energy: ACM0012 / Version 03.1 – Consolidated baseline methodology for GHG emission reductions from waste energy recovery projects ACM0003 / Version 07.3 – Emission reduction through partial substitution of fossil fuels with alternative fuels or less carbon intensive fuels in cement manufacture AM0094 / Version 01.0.0 – Distribution of biomass stove and/or heater for household or institutional use ACM 0006 / Version 09 – Consolidated methodology for electricity generation from biomass residues ACM0012 / Version 4 – Consolidated baseline methodology for GHG emission reductions from waste energy recovery projects AMS III.E - Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical/thermal treatment

UNFCCC - Landfill gas avoidance/recovery: AM0093/Version 01.00 – Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by passive aeration of landfills AM 0083 / Version 01 – Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by in-situ aeration of landfills ACM0001 / Version 11.1 – Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project AMS-III.H\G. / Version 6 – landfill methane recovery EB 28 – Methodological “Tool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methane” EB 41 / Version 04 – Methodological “Tool to determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal site”

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