Present Status and Future Prospects of Hydroelectric Energy in Turkey

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Present Status and Future Prospects of Hydroelectric Energy in Turkey

Harun Kemal Ozturk a a Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale University, Camlik, Denizli, Turkey. Online Publication Date: 01 July 2004 To cite this Article: Ozturk, Harun Kemal (2004) 'Present Status and Future Prospects of Hydroelectric Energy in Turkey', Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 26:9, 829 - 840 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/00908310490451385 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310490451385

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Energy Sources, 26:829–840, 2004 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc. ISSN: 0090-8312 print/1521-0510 online DOI: 10.1080/00908310490451385

Present Status and Future Prospects of Hydroelectric Energy in Turkey HARUN KEMAL ÖZTÜRK Mechanical Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Pamukkale University Camlik, Denizli, Turkey Energy is an essential input for social development and economic growth. Economic growth is arguably the most important driver of energy demand. The energy requirement in Turkey is steadily increasing due to the rapid growth in population and industrialization and is being met by both commercial and renewable energy sources. Among the different forms of renewable energy, hydroelectric energy is one of the major resources in Turkey. Turkey’s gross theoretical hydroelectric energy potential is 1% that of the World. The use of hydroelectric energy sources in Turkey is increasing steadily. The hydroelectric power generation sector is the primary consumer of the Turkish energy sector. Turkey will be able to produce only about one fourth of her primary energy demand by her own sources in the near future. Hydropower, being renewable, local, environment friendly, having long operational life and less maintenance cost, seems the most reliable energy source in Turkey, but it is obvious that in order to produce hydroelectric energy, the technically and economically feasible hydroelectric potential of the country should be considered. Keywords energy investment, energy sources, hydroelectric, hydropower, renewable energy, Turkey

Turkey, extending from Europe to Asia, has an area of 779,500 km2 , a population of 65 million, and holds a strategic location in the center of the Balkans, Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe, and Russia. Because of its unique geographical position, it is a country with European, Middle Eastern, Balkan, Caucasian, and Mediterranean and Black Sea identities. Turkey is an important candidate to be the “Energy Corridor” for the transmission of the Middle Asia Country’s rich oil and natural gas resources to the West Market. Turkey benefits from a geographical location that allows it to take advantage of trade with emerging economies in the region, including the trade in energy. Turkey has the highest population growth rate of all International Energy Agency (IEA) countries. Between 1990 and 1999, the average annual population growth rate was around 1.5%. Total population is expected to exceed 83 million in 2022 (SPO, 2001). Besides the other social factors, in parallel to the rapid growth in population, Turkey is experiencing high domestic migration rates toward urban areas and, in particular, Received 1 February 2003; accepted 24 February 2003. Address correspondence to Harun Kemal Öztürk, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20020 Camlik, Denizli, Turkey. E-mail: hkozturk@ pamukkale.edu.tr

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H. K. Öztürk

toward the western portion of the country. The combined demands of industrialization and urbanization nearly tripled energy consumption in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1960, more than half of the primary energy consumed came from noncommercial sources, mainly firewood, but also manure and other agricultural wastes. These noncommercial sources, plus domestic coal and lignite, accounted for more than 80% of all primary energy consumed; oil supplied only 18% (American Memory, 1995). By 1980, in contrast, oil supplied about 47% of the primary energy consumed, coal and lignite about 21%, hydroelectric power 8%, and noncommercial sources such as firewood and animal wastes only 23%. By 1992, 43.5% of final energy came from petroleum, 31.1% from lignite and hard coal, 4.1% from hydroelectric power, 6.9% from natural gas, and 14.4% from other energy sources, including solid fuels, geothermal, solar power, and wind power (Altas et al., 2000). According to 1999 data, Turkey produces 28 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) annually from its own primary sources and consumes an annual primary energy of 75 Mtoe (Oztopal et al., 2000; Çakan, 2001). In 2001, gross national product (GNP) was realized to be 148 billion US$, while GNP per capita was about 2500 USD. In 1996, the growth rate was 7.1%. In 1997, GNP increased by 8.3%. In the following years, economic grow rate slowed down. Like in the other developing countries, the demand for energy and electricity is growing rapidly due to the social and economic development and increase of the population of the country (MEF, 2001; EO, 2002).

Brief Historical Development of Hydroelectric Energy in Turkey The first dam in Anatolia was built by Hittites in 1300 BC. Urartians constructed very important hydro structures in the Van Province, in 1000 BC. Some part of this system is still being used. Dara Dam was constructed in the sixth century in Anatolia near the province of Mardin and was recorded as the first thin arch type dam in the world. Some of the dams and water conveyance systems built in Istanbul during the Ottoman period are still in use. The first dam built after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 is the Cubuk-I Dam, constructed between 1930 and 1936 for the domestic water supply for the capital city Ankara. Until the end of the Second World War, no serious activity in dam construction had been observed except some low dams built for irrigation purposes. The first hydroelectric production started with a micro-scale hydroelectric power plant of 60 kW in Tarsus in 1902. The first larger-scale power plant was built in Istanbul in 1913. In 1935, several government institutions with authority relating to electricity production were established. The whole installed capacity was 29,664 kW when the Republic of Turkey was established and the annual production was 45 GWh in those years. Electricity was only available in three cities; namely Istanbul, Adapazari and Tarsus (Orhan, 2001; Pasin, 2002). For modern Turkey, dam construction program was necessary not only for irrigation and the production of hydropower, but also for the domestic water supply of the population in large cities. More than one-third of the total population is receiving fresh and high quality water directly from the reservoirs (Turfan, 2002). Turkey’s gross theoretical hydroelectric energy potential is 433,000 GWh/yr, which is 1% that of the world total. Table 1 shows Turkey’s hydroelectric potential compared to the world’s potential. The technically feasible hydroelectric potential is calculated to be 216,000 GWh/yr since it is assumed as one half of the gross theoretical hydroelectric potential. When the economic feasibility is compared with the technical feasibility, this


Hydroelectric Energy in Turkey

831

Table 1 Hydroelectric potential of Turkey compared to world’s potential Gross theoretical hydroelectric potential (GWh/yr)

Technically feasible hydroelectric potential (GWh/yr)

Economically feasible hydroelectric potential (GWh/yr)

Africa Asia Australia/Oceania Europe North & Central America South America

4,000,000 19,300,000 600,000 3,220,000 6,330,000 7,020,000

1,750,000 6,700,000 270,000 1,225,000 1,657,000 2,720,000

1,000,000 3,600,000 105,000 775,000 1,000,000 1,600,000

World total

40,500,000

14,300,000

8,100,000

433,000

216,000

125,328

Turkey Source: Orhan, 2001; EIE, 2002.

figure comes out as about 125,000 GWh/yr, which is equivalent to an installed capacity of 35,000 MW and corresponds to 546 hydroelectric power plants including small hydroelectric ones (Pasin, 2002; Orhan, 2001). At the beginning of January 1999, construction of 202 dams were complete and put into operation. In 2002, 504 dams were in operation in Turkey (DAMS, 2002). The 55 hydroelectric power plants associated with dams or canals-rivers constructed by State Water Works (DSI) have a total installed capacity of 10,573 MW and an annual average electrical energy of 36,979 GWh. When the hydroelectric power plants constructed by the other organizations are considered, there are 104 hydroelectric power plants (HEPP’s) in operation with a total installed capacity of 10,215 MW and an annual average electrical energy of 37,079 GWh. This figure is equivalent to 30% of the total economic hydroelectric potential of Turkey. In the case that the above dams and hydroelectric power plants are completed, it will be possible to produce an annual electrical energy of 123.04 TWh with an installed capacity of 34,740 MW. Additionally, great benefits will be obtained from irrigation, flood control and domestic and industrial use of water (TRCOLD, 2002). The installed power generation capacity rosed to 27,391 MW in 2000 from 2235 MW in 1970, but still fails to fulfill the demand. As can be seen in Table 2, hydroelectric power is very important for Turkey (Altınbilek, 2000; Soysal, 2001; EIE, 2002). In the 1970’s, while hydroelectric power was 3032 GWh, the amount of hydroelectric energy production has steadily increased, and has grown to 42,229 GWh in 1998. Installed hydroelectric power plants provided approximately 32% of the electrical power during 1970, while 68% of the installed electrical power came from thermal power plants during the same year. Hydroelectric production increased to 75% in 2000. In 1999, electricity imports totaling 2330 GWh (from Bulgaria, Georgia and Iran) were also necessary to meet an annual electricity consumption of 91,202 GWh (Altınbilek, 2000; WECTNC, 2002a).

832

1509.50 1706.30 1818.70 2207.10 2282.90 2407.00 2491.60 2854.60 2987.90 2987.90 2987.90 3181.30 3556.30 3695.80 4584.30 5244.30 6235.20 7489.30 8299.80 9208.40 9550.80 10092.80 10334.90 10653.40 10992.70 11089.00 11312.10 11786.80 13045.00 15561.00 16219.00

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

725.40 871.60 892.60 985.40 1449.20 1779.60 1872.60 1872.60 1880.80 2130.80 2130.80 2356.30 3082.30 3239.30 3874.80 3874.80 3877.50 5003.30 6218.30 6597.30 6764.30 7113.80 8378.70 9681.70 9864.60 9862.80 9934.80 10102.60 10306.50 10556.00 11172.00

Hydro (MW) 67.5 66.2 67.1 69.1 61.2 57.5 57.1 60.4 61.4 58.4 58.4 57.4 53.6 53.3 54.2 57.5 61.7 59.9 57.2 58.3 58.5 58.7 55.2 52.4 52.7 52.9 53.2 53.8 55.9 59.6 59.2

Thermal (%)

Source: Altınbilek, 2000; Soysal, 2001; EIE, 2002.

Thermal (MW)

Years

Installed electricity power

32.5 33.8 32.9 30.9 38.8 42.5 42.9 39.6 38.6 41.6 41.6 42.6 46.4 46.7 45.8 42.5 38.3 40.1 42.8 41.7 41.5 41.3 44.8 47.6 47.3 47.1 46.8 46.2 44.1 40.4 40.8

Hydro (%) 2234.90 2577.90 2711.30 3192.50 3732.10 4186.60 4364.20 4727.20 4868.70 5118.70 5118.70 5537.60 6638.60 6935.10 8459.10 9119.10 10112.70 12492.60 14518.10 15805.70 16315.10 17206.60 18713.60 20335.10 20857.30 20951.80 21246.90 21889.40 23351.50 26117.00 27391.00

Total (MW) 5590.20 7170.90 8037.70 9821.80 10121.20 9719.20 9908.00 11972.30 12391.30 12218.30 11927.20 12056.70 12384.80 16004.10 17187.20 22174.00 27822.20 25735.10 19099.20 34103.60 34395.00 37563.00 40774.20 39856.60 47735.80 50706.50 54386.50 63479.70 68793.40 81727.00 92860.00

Thermal (GWh) 3032.80 2610.20 3204.20 2603.40 3355.80 5903.60 8374.80 8592.30 9334.80 10303.60 11348.20 12616.10 14166.70 11342.70 13426.30 12044.90 11872.60 18617.80 28949.60 17939.60 23148.00 22683.30 26568.00 33950.90 30585.90 35540.90 40475.20 39816.10 42229.00 34713.00 31340.00

Hydro (GWh) 64.8 73.3 71.5 79.0 75.1 62.2 54.2 58.2 57.0 54.3 51.2 48.9 46.6 58.5 56.1 64.8 70.1 58.0 39.7 65.5 59.8 62.3 60.5 54.0 60.9 58.8 57.3 61.5 62.0 70.2 74.7

Thermal (%)

Electricity production

35.2 26.7 28.5 21.0 24.9 37.8 45.8 41.8 43.0 45.7 48.8 51.1 53.4 41.5 43.9 35.2 29.9 42.0 60.3 34.5 40.2 37.7 39.5 46.0 39.1 41.2 42.7 38.5 38.0 29.8 25.2

Hydro (%)

Table 2 Variation of installed electricity power and electricity production in Turkey between 1970 and 1998

8623.00 9781.10 11241.90 12425.20 13477.00 15622.80 18282.80 20564.60 21726.10 22521.90 23275.40 24672.80 26551.50 27346.80 30613.50 34218.90 39694.80 44352.90 48048.80 52043.20 57543.00 60246.30 67342.20 73807.50 78321.70 86247.40 94861.70 103295.80 111022.40 116440.00 124200.00

Total (GWh)




833

Figure 1. The variation of hydro and thermal installed electricity power systems between 1970 and 2000.

As can be seen in Table 2, in 1998, average annual hydroelectric energy generation in Turkey reached 42,229 GWh, which corresponds to 38% of the total electricity production of the country. In 1998, Turkey planned to construct 329 new hydro plants to make use of the full available potential (Altınbilek, 2000). The variation of hydro and thermal installed electricity power development is illustrated in Figure 1. Total installed power increased 12 times from 1970 to 2000. After 1993, there is not recognizable change for the hydroelectric power installation. On the other hand, thermal power plant installation showed a rapid increase after 1997 due to the installation of natural gas power plants (Öztürk and Hepbasli, 2002a,b,c).

Hydroelectric Energy Potential of Turkey The Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED) has been executed for projections of general energy and electricity demand of Turkey by the Ministry of the Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). In order to achieve the energy policy objectives, improvement of domestic production by increasing efficiency of existing plants by rehabilitation, acceleration of existing construction programs, initiation of new investments, diversification of energy sources to secure fuel supply are chosen as basic strategy. As the government’s financial resources are not enough to achieve these objectives, utilization of private and foreign investments along with public investments is essential. For Turkey, it is necessary to meet energy requirements with national resources as much as possible and to use new technologies which eliminate the adverse effects of energy production on the environment. Current international developments in the fields of technology transfer research development programs, education, financing, and coordination have been followed and adopted to the country’s conditions (WECTNC, 2002b).


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Figure 2. Major rivers of Turkey.

Hydroelectric energy is one of the major resources in Turkey. Investments regarding hydroelectric power plants have been supported. The changes in the ecological and socioeconomic balances caused by especially high capacity hydro-electric power plants have been examined and necessary measures have been taken to minimize adverse effects. There are many rivers in Turkey and four separate watersheds. A map of the major rivers of Turkey is shown in Figure 2 (Hepbasli et al., 2001; DSI, 2002). The Persian Gulf watershed in eastern Turkey includes the Tigris River (known in Turkey as the Dicle River) and the Euphrates River (known in Turkey as the Firat River), which flow southwest into Iraq and eventually merge and empty into the Bay of Basra at the northern end of the Persian Gulf. The Black Sea watershed covers much of northern Turkey, and includes Turkey’s longest river, the Kizilirmak. The Mediterranean watershed covers much of southwestern Turkey, where rivers either flow south to the Mediterranean Sea or west to the Aegean Sea, as listed in Table 3. Two rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris, have 42%, and the Black Sea region and Çoruh River have about 20% of the total hydraulic potential of Turkey. Almost all of Turkish rivers have highly variable discharge characteristics over time. In other words, considerable deviations from average flow rates have been observed over the years. This underlines the necessity for storage, as flow rates show significant variations in terms of seasons and even in terms of months (Turfan, 2002). As of November 2000, there were 120 hydroelectric plants in operation. These have a total installed capacity of 11,588 MW and an annual average generation capacity of 42,015 GWh, amounting to almost 34% of the total exploitable potential, which is at present meeting about 35% of the electricity demand. Hydroelectric generating plants with an installed capacity greater than 10 MW are given in Table 4, while 26 hydro plants with an installed capacity higher than 90 MW, under construction and planned are shown in Table 5 (FE, 2002; HEPP, 2002). Turkey has an enormous task ahead to complete its full hydropower development program. In the future, 329 more hydro power plants will be constructed, to exploit the remaining potential of 69,326 GWh/yr, bringing the total number of hydro plants to 483 with a total installed capacity of 34,592 MW. This is foreseen to be accomplished upon the realization of a total development of 19,699 MW. In financial terms, it requires an investment of more than US$ 30 billion (Altınbilek, 2000).



835

Table 3 Economic hydroelectric potential of the rivers in Turkey

River name

Number of HEPP projects

Installed capacity (MW)

Annual average (GWh)

Energy firm (GWh)

%

Susurluk North Aegean Region Gediz Küçük Menderes Büyük Menderes West Mediterranean Region Göksu Sakarya West Black Sea Region Ye¸silirmak Kizilirmak East Mediterranean Region Seyhan Asi Ceyhan Euphrates East Black Sea Region Çoruh Aras Van Tigris

10 2 3 1 15 23 20 22 21 24 28 30 27 4 13 79 58 30 13 8 47

507 16.20 94 48 221.1 673.6 1432.8 1095.7 624 1259 2093.5 1389.5 2000.8 37.3 1413.2 9648.2 3307.5 3133.9 587.9 61.9 5050.8

1602 42 243 143 831 2534 5163 2373 2176 5297 6320 5029 7571 102 4652 37961 11062 10540 2287 257 16751

1262 26 78 62 117 953 2092 1436 1205 4266 4114 2904 3711 15 2797 30115 5232 6419 1807 156 10385

1.46 0.05 0.27 0.14 0.64 1.94 4.13 3.16 1.80 3.63 6.03 4.00 5.77 0.11 4.07 27.81 9.53 9.03 1.69 0.18 14.56

122936

79152

100.00

Total

478

34695.9

Source: Hepbasli et al., 2001; DSI, 2002.

Future Prospects of Hydroelectric Energy The MENR prepares energy production and demand projections in accordance with the growth targets. Projections are made taking into account various factors, including development, industrialization, urbanization, technology, and conservation. The figures are revised each year in the light of the performance over the past year. As shown in Table 6, the demand for electricity in Turkey by 2005 is expected to increase by as much as half of the amount consumed at present. In terms of annual electricity generation, the electricity demand in the country is expected to be 199,600 GWh, 289,800 GWh, 398,200 GWh, and 547,100 GWh by the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, respectively (Altınbilek, 2000). In the power sector, per capita consumption aimed to be increased to 6092 kWh by 2020. In order to achieve this target, the installed capacity should be increased to 109,218 MW in 2020 from 22,173 MW at present. Between 1997 and 2010, 64 thermal units with a total capacity of 28,735 MW and 161 hydraulic units with a total capacity of 15,982 MW have to be added to the system. By the year 2020, a capacity of 43,218 MW

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62 27 700 16.9 138 2400 10 15 672 14.4 84 32 168.9 15 15.36 69 58.3 110 70.8 16.5 159.3 278.4 10.6 500 19.8 10 128 15.12 70

Source: FE, 2002; HEPP, 2002.

Adiguzel Almus Altinkaya Dalaman Aslantas Ataturk Berdan Beykoy Birecik Cagcag III Camlica-I Camligoze Catalan Caykoy Cildir Demirkopru Derbent Dicle Dogankent (I.II) Fethiye Gezende Gokcekaya Gonen Hasan Ugurlu Hazar I Hazar II Hirfanli Ikizdere Kadincik I

Name of HEPP


400 110 345

280 99 1632 83 569 8900 47 87 2516 42 429 102 596 36 30 193 257 298 314 90 528 562 47 1217 60

Mean annual electricity generation (GWh) 1996 1966 1988 1999 1984 1993 1996 2000 2000 1968 1998 2000 1997 1988 1975 1960 1991 1999 1971 1999 1994 1973 1998 1982 1957 1967 1960 1961 1971

Year of operation 56 54 32 47.2 1800 189 1330 48 26.4 76 124 51.2 90 93.8 22.65 48 124 540 170 160 54 283.5 76 15 12.5 26.2 37.89 10.56 11484.28

Kadincik II Kapulukaya Karacaoren I Karacaoren II Karakaya Karkamis Keban Kemer Kepez I Kesikkopru Kilickaya Kovada II Kokluce Kralkizi Kuzgun Manavgat Menzelet Oymapinar Ozluce Sariyar H. Polatkan Seyhan I Sir Suat Ugurlu Tercan Tohma-Medik Tortum Yenice Yerkopru Goksu Grand Total

Name of HEPP


Table 4 Hydroelectric generating plants in Turkey (10 MWe and greater)

41609

320 190 142 206 7354 652 6000 143 169 250 332 222 588 146 36 220 515 1620 413 400 350 725 345 51 59 100 122 70

Mean annual electricity generation (GWh)

1974 1989 1990 1993 1987 1999 1974 1958 1961 1967 1990 1971 1988 1998 1999 1988 1993 1984 1999 1956 1956 1991 1980 1990 1998 1960 2000 1959

Year of operation




837

Table 5 Hydroelectric generating plants in Turkey (planned or under construction) Location Generating facility

Province

River

Capacity (MWe )

Status

Ilisu Deriner Yusufeli Boyabat Yedigoze Artvin Borcka Gursogut Cizre Munzur Hakkari Alpaslan II Karg Pervari Kopru Camlihemsin Eric Silvan Yamula Konaktepe I & II Torul Durak Mut Aslancik Garzan Kayser

Batman Artvin Artvin Sinop Adana Artvin Artvin Eskihesir Mardin Tunceli Hakkari Mus Eskisehir Siirt Edirne Rize Erzincan Diyarbakir Kayseri Tunceli Gumushane Rize Icel Giresun Diyarbakir Diyarbakir

Tigris Çoruh Çoruh Kizilirmak Seyhan Çoruh Çoruh Sakarya Tigris Munzur Zap Murat Sakarya Botan Kopru Çamlihemsin Karasu Tigris Kizilirmak Munzur Harsit Durak Goksu Harsit Garzan Tigris

1.200 670 540 510 300 320 300 242 240 235 208 200 194 192 189 180 170 150 150 138 122 120 91 90 90 90

Planned Construction Planned Construction Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Construction Construction Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

Source: FE, 2002.

should be added to the system. The share of HEPPs will decrease from present 46% to 38% and 27% in 2010 and 2020, respectively. While the share of thermal power plants increases, natural gas fired ones will be leading in the coming two decades. The share of lignite fired power plants will decrease to 15% from the present value of 27%, as can be seen in Table 7 (WECTNC, 2002c). Because of the very large amounts of financing required for the new hydroelectric power plant investments and the limited budgetary sources available, alternative ways of project award, implementation, operation and distribution have been promoted (SPO, 2001). The models such as Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT), Build and Operate (BO), Build, Own and Operate (BOO) and Transfer of Operating Right (TOR), developed in Turkey to facilitate private investments in the energy sector have created considerable interest in the international circles of investors and financiers (Sohtaoglu, 1999; Hepbasli and Ozalp, 2002).

838 27,261

Total consumption

Source: EIE, 2002.

24,854 14,236 39,090

Thermal Hydro Total production

(MW)

2003

170.8

161.6 50.5 212.1

Billion (kWh)

31,850

27,654 17,981 45,635

(MW)

2005

199.6

179.8 63.0 242.8

Billion (kWh)

46,219

40,134 24,935 65,069

(MW)

2010

289.8

261.9 85.4 347.3

Billion (kWh)

Years

64,122

56,834 28,806 85,640

(MW)

2015

398.2

372.0 99.1 471.1

Billion (kWh)

Table 6 Future projections of Turkish electricity production and consumption balance from 2003 to 2020

88,100

79,234 29,984 109,218

(MW)

2020

547.1

520.0 103.7 623.7

Billion (kWh)




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Table 7 Power plants to be installed by the year 2020 in Turkey 1997–2010

2010–2020

Unit

Capacity (MW)

Unit

Capacity (MW)

Hard coal Imported coal Lignite Natural gas Oil Nuclear Geothermal & others Total thermal Hydro

4 7 15 27 7 2 2 64 161

1300 2500 5080 15355 2430 2000 70 28735 15982

0 11 19 22 11 8 0 71 45

0 6500 5300 15400 3850 8000 0 39050 4168

Total

225

44717

116

43218

Source: WECTNC, 2002c.

Conclusions Turkey has dynamic economic development and rapid population growth. Turkey’s energy demand has grown rapidly almost every year and is expected to continue growing, but the investment necessary to cover the growing demand has not been forthcoming at the desired pace. Renewable energy resources and their utilization in Turkey are intimately related to sustainable development. Hydroelectric energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources and abundantly available in Turkey. It has a major role to play in meeting the needs of energy demand. Turkey’s electricity generation is based on hydro power and fossil generation. In the last 50 years, the dams and hydroelectric power plants contribute about US$ 25 billion of agricultural and US$ 39 billion of energy value to the GNP each year, which is 39.1% of the GNP. However, it is expected to decline in future, and is subject to fluctuations in proportion to rainfall. Analysis of implemented hydraulic projects and forecasts for the future projects are very important for sustainable development of Turkey. The hydroelectric energy offers a solution to many of the environmental and social problems associated with fossil and nuclear fuels. For the governments or societies to attain sustainable development, much effort should be devoted to utilizing sustainable energy resources in terms of renewable energy.

References Altas, M., Ozkan, H. F., Celebi, E., and Aksoy, F. 2000. Turkey’s Energy Statistics. World Energy Council, Turkish National Committee, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). Altınbilek, D. 2000. Hydroelectric development plans in Turkey, http://www.dsi.gov.tr/doganyazi. htm. American Memory. 1995. A Country Study: Turkey. Historical Collection for the National Digital Library, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/trtoc.html#tr0073. Çakan, Z. 2001. Turkish Energy Form, A Speech of The Minister of The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, http://www.dsi.gov.tr/bakan-knsm.htm (in Turkish).


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