Prevalence and trends of illicit drug use in the Republic of Ireland among adults and school-aged children Seán R. Millar Department of Epidemiology University College Cork
EMCDDA Irish Focal Point HRB Evidence Centre Email:
[email protected]
Methodology NACDA Prevalence Surveys on illicit Drug Use First national survey on drug use in the general population was carried out in Ireland in 2002/3 among people aged 15–64. Repeated in 2006/7 and in 2010/11. This presentation includes notification data from the most recent 2014/15 survey. Area based sampling – weighted by gender and age. Sample size – 7,005 respondents. Face-to-face interviews with respondents who are normally resident in households in Ireland.
Illicit drug use refers to the use of cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine power, magic mushrooms, amphetamines, poppers, LSD, new psychoactive substances (NPS), solvents, crack and heroin.
Methodology HBSC Prevalence Surveys on Cannabis Use The first Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey was conducted in Ireland in 1998 and has been repeated every four years since. In 2014 the study was conducted in Ireland for the fifth time.
Data from the 2011 census were employed to provide the population distribution across geographical regions. The sampling frame consisted of primary and post-primary schools, lists of which were sourced from the Department of Education and Skills; 230 schools across Ireland participated. 13,611 school-children drawn from 3rd class in primary school through to 5th year in post-primary school. Self-completed questionnaires administered by teachers in the classroom.
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of any illicit drug use in Ireland, 2002/3, 2006/7, 2010/11 and 2014/15
Percentage
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15
Adults 15-64 years
Males 15-64 years
Females 15-64 years
Young adults 15-34 years
Lifetime
18.5
24
27.2
30.7
23.8
29.5
35.5
38.8
13.1
18.6
19
22.6
25.9
31.4
35.7
37.2
Last year
5.6
7.2
7
8.9
7.8
9.8
10.4
12.9
3.4
4.7
3.6
4.9
9.8
12.2
12.3
15.7
3
2.9
3.2
4.7
4.1
4.5
5.3
7.1
1.8
1.4
1.1
2.2
5.2
5
5.3
8.5
Last month
Source: NACDA, 2016
The proportion of respondents aged 15-64 years who reported using any illicit drug in their lifetime has increased from 19% in 2002/3 to 31% in 2014/15. Results from the 2014/15 survey indicated that the most commonly used illicit drugs in Ireland, based on last month prevalence, were cannabis (4%), ecstasy (1%) and cocaine (0.5%).
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in Ireland, 2002/3, 2006/7, 2010/11 and 2014/15 40 35 Percentage
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15
Adults 15-64 years
Males 15-64 years
Females 15-64 years
Young adults 15-34 years
Lifetime
17.3
21.9
25.3
27.9
22.2
27.2
33.2
35.8
12.3
16.8
17.5
20
23.8
28.6
33.4
33.5
Last year
5.1
6.3
6
7.7
7.2
8.8
9.1
11.2
2.9
3.9
2.9
4.3
8.7
10.6
10.3
13.8
Last month
2.6
2.6
2.8
4.4
3.4
4.1
4.7
6.6
1.7
1.2
0.9
2.1
4.3
4.3
4.5
8.1
Source: NACDA, 2016
28% of the population aged 15-64 years reported having used cannabis at some point in their lives (lifetime prevalence); 8% indicated use in the year prior to the survey (recent use); and 4% reported use in the previous month (current use). The prevalence of cannabis use was noticeably higher among young adults (15-34). Lifetime rates were similar to those reported in 2010/11 (34%). Last year and last month prevalence rates were higher than those observed in the previous survey (14% vs. 10% and 8% vs. 5%).
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use among young adults in Ireland, 2014/15 60
Percentage
50 40 30 20 10 0
Males 15-24 years
Males 25-34 years
Females 1524 years
Females 2534 years
Lifetime
31.8
49.9
17
31.4
Last year
21.5
18
10.9
6.1
Last month
12.7
11.8
5.6
3
Source: NACDA, 2016
Lifetime prevalence increased across age categories, while last year and last month prevalence rates decreased.
Almost 13% of males and approximately 6% of females aged 15-24 reported that they had used cannabis in the month prior to the survey.
Percentage of 13-17-year-olds reporting use of cannabis in the past year, 2014 25
Percentage
20 15 10 5 0
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
All
2.5
4.4
10.3
16.7
23.1
Boys
2.9
4.8
13.1
17.5
23.5
Girls
1.7
4.1
7.5
13.3
17.6
Source: HBSC Ireland, 2015
Cannabis use increased with age, with 20% of school-aged children (aged 17 years) indicating cannabis use within the previous year.
A higher proportion of boys reported using cannabis compared to girls, and this difference was consistent across each year of age.
Percentage of 13-17-year-olds reporting use of cannabis in the last 30 days, 2014 Age
All
Boys
Girls
13 years
0.9
1.1
0.7
14 years
2.5
3.0
2.4
15 years
7.2
8.8
5.2
16 years
10.3
11.3
7.3
17 years
12.9
13.8
8.8
Source: HBSC Ireland, 2015
Overall, in 2014 one in twenty (5%) school-aged children reported using cannabis in the last 30 days. Statistically significant differences in cannabis use were observed across ages and by gender. Similar to last year use, the rate of last month cannabis use increased with age, with approximately 13% of 17-year-olds indicating current cannabis use compared to less than 1% of children aged 13 years.
Trends in lifetime use of cannabis among Irish school-aged children, 1998-2014 40 35 Percentage
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
13 years
14 years
15 years
16 years
17 years
1998
7.7
13.7
22.9
27.8
27.4
2002
4.5
9.4
21.2
29.5
32.4
2006
6.3
14.8
24
30.3
37.7
2010
4
9.1
15.9
21.8
27.8
2014
3
5.2
11.1
19.6
25.5
Source: HBSC Ireland, 2015
Although the percentage of children reporting lifetime use of cannabis has increased with age in each survey, overall, there has been a decrease in self-reported cannabis use among school-aged children in Ireland when compared to 2010 and earlier surveys.
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cocaine use (including crack) in Ireland, 2002/3, 2006/7, 2010/11 and 2014/15 12 10 Percentage
8 6 4 2 0
02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15
Adults 15-64 years
Males 15-64 years
Females 15-64 years
Young adults 15-34 years
Lifetime
3
5.3
6.8
7.8
4.3
7.1
9.9
11.1
1.6
3.5
3.8
4.6
4.7
8.2
9.4
10.7
Last year
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.3
2.6
0.5
1
0.7
0.5
2
3.1
2.8
2.9
Last month
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.7
1.1
1
0.9
Source: NACDA, 2016
Lifetime cocaine use among persons aged 15-64 years has increased when compared to 2010/11. The proportion of young adults who reported using cocaine in their lifetimes has also increased from 9% to 11%. However, although the lifetime rate of cocaine use among persons aged 15-64 years and young adults aged 15-34 has more than doubled since 2002/3, the percentage of respondents reporting current use of cocaine has remained relatively unchanged across surveys.
Percentage
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cocaine use (including crack) among young adults in Ireland, 2014/15 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Males 15-24 years
Males 25-34 years
Females 1524 years
Females 2534 years
Lifetime
10.3
18.3
4.2
8.7
Last year
5.5
4.5
0.8
0.8
Last month
1.5
1.5
0
0.4
Source: NACDA, 2016
Lifetime prevalence increased across age groups, while last year and last month prevalence rates decreased. Last year and last month rates of cocaine use were similar across both age categories, with approximately 6% of men aged 15-24 years reporting use of cocaine in the last year compared to less than 1% of young women for the same age group.
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of ecstasy use in Ireland, 2002/3, 2006/7, 2010/11 and 2014/15 16 14 Percentage
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15 02/03 06/07 10/11 14/15
Adults 15-64 years
Males 15-64 years
Females 15-64 years
Young adults 15-34 years
Lifetime
3.7
5.5
6.9
9.2
4.9
7.4
10.1
12.9
2.6
3.6
3.7
5.6
7.1
9.1
10.9
14
Last year
1.1
1.2
0.5
2.1
1.5
1.8
0.6
3.1
0.6
0.6
0.3
1.1
2.3
2.4
0.9
4.4
Last month
0.3
0.3
0.1
1
0.6
0.5
0.1
1.1
0
0.2
0
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.1
2.1
Source: NACDA, 2016
Significant increases in lifetime and last year prevalence of ecstasy use were observed in respondents aged 15-64 years (7% to 9% and 0.5% to 2% respectively). 14% of young adults claimed to have tried ecstasy at least once in their lifetime, with over 4% having used it within the last year (vs. 0.9% in 2010/11) and 2% reporting current use (vs. 0.1% in 2010/11).
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of ecstasy use among young adults in Ireland, 2014/15 25
Percentage
20 15 10 5 0
Males 15-24 years
Males 25-34 years
Females 1524 years
Females 2534 years
Lifetime
14.7
22.7
7
10.4
Last year
9.7
3.8
3.7
1.5
4
1.2
2.7
1.2
Last month
Source: NACDA, 2016
Similar to cannabis and cocaine use, lifetime prevalence increased across age categories, with last year and last month prevalence rates decreasing. 10% of males and 4% of females aged 15-24 reported using ecstasy within the previous year, while current use was 4% (males) and 3% (females) for the same age group.
Last year prevalence of NPS use among adults in Ireland, 2010/11 and 2014/15 8 7 Percentage
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Last year
10/11
14/15
10/11
14/15
Adults 15-64 years
Males 15-64 years
3.5
5.4
0.8
1.2
10/11
14/15
Females 15-64 years 1.6
0.5
10/11
14/15
Young adults 15-34 years 6.7
1.6
Source: NACDA, 2016
Last year prevalence of NPS use was included as a drug category for the first time in the 2010/11 NACDA drug prevalence survey. In contrast to trends observed with other illicit substances, the prevalence of NPS use in Irish adults has decreased, in both genders.
Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of NPS use among young adults in Ireland, 2014/15 12 10 Percentage
8 6 4 2 0
Males 15-24 years
Males 25-34 years
Females 1524 years
Females 2534 years
Lifetime
5.4
9.8
4.6
3.9
Last year
2.7
2.2
1.2
0.4
Last month
0.2
0.1
0.3
0
Source: NACDA, 2016
The percentage of male and female young adults who reported current use of NPS was less than 1%. The low prevalence of current NPS use among younger Irish adults, and decreasing trends in last year use among respondents aged 15-64 years of both genders, may be as a result of the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 which came into effect in August 2010.
Opiate Use NACDA Capture-Recapture Study A national 3-source* capturerecapture (CRC) study to provide statistically valid estimates of the prevalence of opiate drug use in the national population was commissioned by the NACDA and undertaken in 2001 and 2006. A third study using the CRC method was commissioned in 2014, and a completion date for a final report is scheduled for October 2016. *Data sources: Central Treatment List (clients on methadone), the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry scheme and Garda PULSE data.
Main Findings There has been an increase in lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of illicit drug use in Irish adults when compared to earlier surveys. The prevalence of illicit drug use is higher in males and younger adults. Cannabis use among children appears to be declining. However, illicit substance use is still relatively common among Irish school-aged children, with 14% of boys and 9% of girls aged 17 years suggesting current cannabis use.
Thank You References: National Advisory Committee on Drugs and Public Health Information and Research Branch (2011). Drug use in Ireland and Northern Ireland: first results from the 2010/2011 drug prevalence survey. Bulletin 1. National Advisory Committee on Drugs & Public Health Information and Research Branch, Dublin. Available: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16353/
Gavin, Aoife, and Keane, Eimear and Callaghan, Mary and Molcho, Michal and Kelly, Colette and Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse (2015). The Irish Health Behaviour in Schoolaged Children (HBSC) study 2014. Dublin: Department of Health and National University of Ireland, Galway. Available: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24909/
