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Preventing corruption and safeguarding sport integrity : a situational approach Stefano Caneppele
[email protected] Giulia Cinaglia
[email protected]
1913 - International Congress of Sport Psychology and Phisiology
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The School of Criminal Justice and the issue of Sport «Until now, we have heard nothing but praise on sport. I apologize in advance for not continuing in this direction (...) There is nothing human that is perfect and sport, being essentially human, necessarily has his dark corners» R. A. Reiss, 1913
Project ENERGIA Expertise Sochi 2014 DACCS
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CORRUPTION IN SPORT: Research paradigm RATIONAL CHOICE PARADIGM
• Corruptive behaviours are rational behaviours (cost & benefits) • Corruptive behaviours stem from opportunities offered by the environment (organizational, social, physical) • The environment can be changed in order to reduce opportunities for corruptive behaviours (situational crime prevention)
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CORRUPTION IN SPORT: Research problem & Research hypotheses RESEARCH PROBLEM
Corruption in sport not new in the history of sport, should we monitor some trends? RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
• H1 Through the open source media, it is possible to collect cases of corruption in sport • H2 The open source media provide a reliable representation of corruption in sport • H3 The open source media allow for detecting links among corruption cases • H4 The open source media allow for defining different modus operandi of corruption in sport
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CORRUPTION: Operational definition Cases of corruption in sport practiced at the professional level Any behavior likely to influence directly or indirectly the organization or the smooth running of a sports competition. ON FIELD
OFF FIELD
Behaviors directly impacting sports results (e.g. match manipulation, doping, etc.)
Only behaviors to avoid or manipulate controls
1) Behaviors influencing the adjudication, preparation and conduct of sports events (e.g. vote buying, bribery in the awarding of construction works, etc.) 2) Behaviors affecting the appointment and management of sports organizations (e,g. money laundering, embezzlement, etc.)
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METHOD – Data collection and data analysis Data collecton
Data analysis
Variables Deviant behaviour 2016
Sport and/or sport event
Date and Place
DACCS N= 133
• Quantitative – Explorative data analyis • Qualitative – Case text analysis
Discplinary sanctions Automatic extraction from web open sources
Judicial sanctions
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RESULTS/1 • H1 Through the open source media, it is possible to collect cases of corruption in sport • YES
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RESULTS/2 • H2 The open source media provide a reliable representation of corruption in sport • NO
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RESULT/3 • H3 The open source media allow for detecting patterns and links among corruption cases • YES o o
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Corruption cases concern more certain disciplines Major sporting events are more risky because of the economic opportunities offered and the geopolitical interests at stake. Adaptation to the constraints (e.g.displacement of match-fixing)
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RESULTS/4 • H4 The open source media allow for defining different modus operandi of corruption in sport • YES
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SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION TECHNIQUES
On-field corruption (examples) Efforts
Risks
Rewards
Provocations
Excuses
Establish a system for monitoring and detecting anomalous bets
At the level of the federation, establishing independent authorities with powers of investigation
Establish fines based on earnings from illegal activity
Rethinking bonus distribution in minor tournaments (tennis)
Establish specific rules (e.g. code of ethics) for players, coaches, referees, etc.
Random drawing for referees
Setting up an anonymous system for whistle-blowers
Extending the validity of disciplinary sanctions worldwide
Ensuring the regular payment of salaries for professional players
Informing sports stakeholders (e.g. players, coaches, referees, etc.)
Create a global blacklist for the players responsible for handling
Conducting annual audits on the balance sheets of sports companies
Protecting and supporting whistleblowers
Using technological devices to reduce discretionality (Goal Line Technology)
SCP techniques adapted from Cornish & Clarke, 2003
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SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION TECHNIQUES
Off-field corruption (examples) Efforts
Risks
Rewards
Provocations
Excuses
Increasing transparency in the awarding processes
Establishing an audit service in the federations
Establishing fines based on earnings from illegal activity
Establishing the evaluation criteria for the offers in advance
Establishing specific rules (e.g. code of ethics)
Introducing term limits for elected representatives
Setting up an anonymous system for whistleblowers
Applying the sanction of suspension proportioned to the behaviors
Establishing registries for intermediaries and promoters
Informing sports stakeholders (e.g. players, coaches, referees, etc.)
For event assignments opting for simultaneous voting to prevent agreements
At the level of the federation, setting up independent authorities with powers of investigation
Confiscating amounts illicitly acquired
Protecting and supporting whistleblowers
SCP techniques adapted from Cornish & Clarke, 2003
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Discussion, limits & further research • Promising pilot project: second round on 2017 cases • Measuring what? The problem of definition and the unit of analysis • The limit/bias of online detectability • The limit/bias of media coverage • The limit/bias of tracking cases • Further research: Evidence based knowledge: Towards a systematic data collection of corruption in sport? • Further research: Developing an empirical-based modus operandi of corruption in sport
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Thank you for your attention!
Stefano Caneppele
[email protected] Giulia Cinaglia
[email protected]
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