Principles and Practice of Land Surveying

This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted. Copyrighted by NCEES. For permission to reuse, email [email protected].

Copyright © 2013 by NCEES. All rights reserved. P.O. Box 1686 Clemson, SC 29633 800-250-3196 www.ncees.org ISBN: 978-1-932613-66-7 Printed in the United States of America November 2012

This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted.

CONTENTS Introduction to NCEES exams .......................................................... 1 About the publisher Updates on exam content and procedures Exam-day schedule Admission to the exam site Candidate Agreement Items permitted in closed-book exams Scoring and reporting Exam Specifications.......................................................................... 3 Supplied Reference Material............................................................. 7 Sample Questions ........................................................................... 33 Solutions .......................................................................................... 61 Study References ............................................................................ 73

iii This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted.

About the publisher NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors. It develops, administers, and scores the examinations used for engineering and surveying licensure in the United States. It also facilitates professional mobility and promotes uniformity of the U.S. licensure processes through services for its member licensing boards and licensees. These services include the records program, study materials, credentials evaluations, exam administration, and more. NCEES is composed of member licensing boards from throughout the United States and its territories. Updates on exam content and procedures NCEES.org is our home on the Web. Visit us there for updates on everything exam-related, including specifications, exam-day policies, scoring, and corrections to published study materials. This is also where you will register for the exam and find the additional steps you should follow in your state to be approved for the exam. Exam-day schedule Be sure to arrive at the exam site on time. Late-arriving examinees will not be allowed into the exam room once the proctor has begun to read the exam script. The report time for the exam will be printed on your Exam Authorization. Normally, you will be given 1 hour between morning and afternoon sessions. Admission to the exam site To be admitted to the exam, you must bring two items: (1) your Exam Authorization and (2) a current, signed, government-issued photo identification. Candidate Agreement The NCEES Candidate Agreement describes references and other personal materials allowed in the exam room. It also describes other exam policies designed to protect exam content. This document will be printed in your exam book. It is also available for download at NCEES.org. When you register to take an NCEES exam, you are strongly encouraged to review this document, as you will be asked to agree that you will abide by the policies and procedures it describes. Items permitted in closed-book exams The Principles and Practice of Surveying (PS) exam is closed-book, and few personal items are allowed. Be sure you are familiar with the requirements in the Candidate Agreement and your Exam Authorization so that you will know what is permitted in the exam room. The reference material supplied by NCEES is the only material allowed in the exam room. The morning and afternoon PS exams will include reference material similar to the material shown in this book. You will not be allowed to bring your personal copy of this material or any other documentation with you to the exam. Basic theories, conversions, formulas, and definitions that examinees are expected to know have not been included in the supplied references. When appropriate, NCEES will provide information in the question statement itself to assist you in solving the problem. NCEES will periodically revise reference material. Each PS exam will be administered using the latest version of the material. Scoring and reporting NCEES typically releases exam results to its member licensing boards 8–10 weeks after the exam. Depending on your state, you will be notified of your exam result online through your My NCEES account or via postal mail from your state licensing board. Detailed information on the scoring process can be found at NCEES.org. 1 This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted.

SUPPLIED REFERENCE MATERIAL

7 This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted.

CONVERSIONS AND OTHER USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS 12 m 39.37 * 1 international foot = 0.3048 m * 1 in. = 25.4 mm (international) 1 mile = 1.60935 km * 1 acre = 43,560 ft2 = 10 square chains * 1 ha = 10,000 m2 = 2.47104 acres

* 1 U.S. survey foot =

180 * 1 rad = π 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 L = 0.2624 gal 1 ft3 = 7.481 gal 1 gal of water weighs 8.34 lb 1 ft3 of water weighs 62.4 lb 1 atm = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.696 psi Gravity acceleration (g) = 9.807 m/s2 = 32.174 ft/sec2 Speed of light in a vacuum (c) = 299,792,458 m/s = 186,282 miles/sec °C = (°F – 32)/1.8 1 min of latitude (φ) ≅ 1 nautical mile 1 nautical mile = 6,076 ft Mean radius of the earth ≅ 20,906,000 ft ≅ 6,372,000 m * Denotes exact value. All others correct to figures shown.

Multiple 10–18 10–15 10–12 10–9 10–6 10–3 10–2 10–1

METRIC PREFIXES Prefix Symbol a atto f femto p pico n nano micro µ milli m centi c deci d

Multiple 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018

METRIC PREFIXES Prefix Symbol deka da hecto h kilo k mega M giga G tera T peta P exa E

QUADRATIC EQUATION ax2 + bx + c = 0 − b ± b 2 − 4ac Roots = 2a 9 This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted.

OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS ∑(x i − x) 2 ∑ v2 = n −1 n −1 where: σ = Standard deviation (sometimes referred to as standard error) 2 ∑ v = Sum of the squares of the residuals (deviation from the mean) n = Number of observations x = Mean of the observations (individual measurements xi)

= σ

Law of sines a b c = = sin A sin B sin C Law of cosines a 2 = b 2 + c2 − 2bc cos A

σ sum =

or

σseries = σ n σ σmean = n

2 2 2 cos A = b + c − a 2bc ab sin C Area = 2 2 a sin Bsin C Area = 2sin A

Area =

σ12 + σ 22 +  + σ n2

s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) where s = (a + b + c)/2

σ product =

Α 2σ 2b + Β2σ a2

 σ2 ∑ = x σ xy

σ xy  σ 2y 

tan 2θ =

SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

2σ xy

σ 2x

− σ 2y

where θ =the counterclockwise angle from the x axis

Relative weights are inversely proportional to variances, or: Wa ∝ 12 σa Weighted mean: M w = ∑ WM ∑W

Law of sines sin a sin b sin c = = sin A sin B sin C

where: M w = Weighted mean ∑ WM = Sum of individual weights times their measurements ∑ W = Sum of the weights

Law of cosines cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A Area of sphere= 4πR 2 4 3 Volume of sphere= πR 3 bc sin A Spherical excess in sec = 9.7 × 10−6 R 2 where R = Mean radius of the earth


SAMPLE QUESTIONS


PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING SAMPLE QUESTIONS 1.

2.

You are a surveyor who has prepared an "as-built" plan, without certification, for a developer showing the recently completed improvements on a parcel of land with relationships to the boundary lines. The developer now asks you to certify the boundary locations in order to obtain an insurance policy. If another surveyor had done the original boundary line work for that parcel, you should provide the certification if: (A)

the original surveyor has a good reputation

(B)

the developer allows you to resurvey the boundary line

(C)

your legal counsel so advises

(D)

the original surveyor's work was performed in recent times so that it is subject to current standards of practice

On an ALTA/ACSM survey, you find a building that overlaps the property boundary. For this situation, on the survey map, you show it as: (A)

an adverse possession

(B)

a prescriptive easement

(C)

an encroachment and dimension it

(D)

a license to possess

Copyright 2013 by NCEES

35

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE



The owner of a large tract of land sold several lots over a period of many years. The surveying work was done by different surveyors. The owners of the separate lots have quarreled continually over the location of their property lines. You have been engaged to help resolve the difficulties and have plotted the map shown below from the legal descriptions and plats called for in their deeds. The original owner claims to have retained the NW quarter of the original plot. Your office decides to prepare a perpetual map file showing probable resolutions to location conflicts. How would you apply the controlling standards of surveying to resolve the overlap conflict between Lots A and D? (A)

The correct property line should be established midway between the east line of Lot A and the west line of Lot D.

(B)

The east line of Lot A should be established by a thorough analysis of possession lines such as fences, walls, and general actions of the parties involved.

(C)

The west line of Lot D must be made coincident with the east line of Lot A.

(D)

The location of the dividing line depends purely upon matters of acquiescence and estoppel.


38




A portion of the original subdivision plat of 1926 and today's resurvey notes of the same block are shown in the figure. Iron pipes have been set on all lot corners. All angles are 90° unless otherwise shown. The northwest corner of Lot 5 would be reset by: (A)

measuring 100 ft from the southwest block corner on a line toward the northwest block corner

(B)

intersecting a line through the found northwest corner of Lot 8 parallel to the south block line with the west block line

(C)

measuring 101.25 ft from the southwest block corner on a line toward the northwest block corner

(D)

measuring 100.00 ft along a line from the southwest block corner perpendicular to the south block line


39




17.

You are asked to survey a property whose description runs to the thalweg of a river. You determine the thalweg at the: (A)

high waterline on the bank of the river at the 100-year flood level

(B)

midpoint of the river by splitting the high waterlines

(C)

deepest part of the channel as determined by measured depth or sounding

(D)

deepest single center point of the channel proportioned between existing bank lines

You establish the correct title line between Lots 7 and 8. This title line falls 3 ft west of an old fence. The two adjoining owners always thought that the old fence was their boundary line. While you are performing the survey, they once again orally agree and tell you that, regardless of your survey, they are going to mutually observe the fence line as their boundary line. In order to best preserve the evidence discovered by your survey, it would be best to show: (A)

only the surveyed title line on your plat of survey

(B)

the fence line and the title line on your plat of survey, and record the plat in the public records

(C)

the fence line and the title line on your plat of survey, and add a surveyor's note concerning the adjoiners' agreement and record the plat in the public records

(D)

the fence line and the title line on your plat of survey, and add a surveyor's note concerning the adjoiners' agreement


43




34.

When developing a street layout plan for a new subdivision, a surveyor should first: (A)

run an elevation grid across the tract to be subdivided and set temporary stakes along the proposed street centerline

(B)

consult with the local planning authorities for the existence of a street master plan for the municipality

(C)

route streets so as to minimize the amount of excavation or fill required

(D)

develop a preliminary plan that minimizes the number of streets

A preliminary route survey is to be prepared for a proposed pipeline. Consider the following procedures: 1. Notify all utility companies along the potential route of the client's intention to extend a new pipeline. 2. Thoroughly examine a wide area from one terminal point to the other to identify feasible route alternatives. 3. Perform a reconnaissance survey of the alternative routes in sufficient detail to select the best route. 4. Use the same degree of accuracy from the first stage to the last. 5. Perform a detailed survey of the best route for the preparation of plans. 6. Prepare deeds of easements for the affected landowners. The procedures that must be performed are: (A)

1, 2, 4, 5 only

(B)

1, 3, 5 only

(C)

2, 3, 5 only

(D)

3, 4, 5, 6 only


53



SOLUTIONS


PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING SOLUTIONS 14.

Refer to diagram.

THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (B)

15.

Reference: See List F THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (A)

16.

Reference: List F THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (C)

17.

Reference: See List F The title line must be shown since the agreement may be binding between present parties only. The fence line should be shown to illustrate possession. Noting agreement and recording the plat puts others on notice of both locations and agreement. THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (C)

18.

Reference: See List F The deed does not call for a line 100 ft from and parallel with Sky Road. The call for acreage is not controlling in this description. Acreage is of low order of importance. The bearings and distance along Rains Road and along the Gull line are the most certain calls. THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (C)


PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING SOLUTIONS 25.

The plumb bob technique will check rod straightness and bubble but not phase center.

THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (C)

26.

Reference: See List H THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (C)

27.

Reference: See List H Flight lines are not determined by control surveys but are chosen by aerial photographers. NGS marks are generally used as standard for control surveys by others, not vice versa. Ground control allows the photogrammetrist to "fix" the map scale and to orient (including level) the photogrammetric model. THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (C)

28.

Reference: See List A THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (A)

29.

Reference: See List A Area of a triangle A = 1/2 bh solve for a2 + b2 = c2 (25)2 + b2 = (51.54)2 b = 45.0707 A = 1/2(25)(45.0707) = 563.3842 Area of a rectangle L × W = (45.0707)(150) = 6,760.6050 1/2 area of a circle A = 1/2 πr2 r = 1/2(45.0707) = 22.5354 A = 1/2 π (22.5354)2 = 797.69 563.3842 + 6,760.6050 + 797.69 = 8,121.68 THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: (D) 67 This is a preview. Some pages have been omitted.

STUDY REFERENCES


In addition to the following, other books are suitable references if they contain substantially the same content as those listed. Later editions of the references listed are typically acceptable. This list is assembled for guide purposes only and is not intended to be exhaustive. Inclusion on the list should not be considered an endorsement. A.

General Surveying Reference Books Anderson, James, and Edward Mikhail, Surveying Theory and Practice, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.

Kavanagh, Barry F., Geomatics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003. Moffitt, Francis, and Harry Bouchard, Surveying, 9th ed., Harper Collins, Glenview IL, 1992. Moffitt, Francis, and John D. Bossler, Surveying, 10th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997. Wolf, Paul R., and Charles Ghilani. Elementary Surveying, An Introduction to Geomatics, 13th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2011. B.

Route and Construction Surveying Kavanagh, Barry F., Surveying with Construction Applications, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2009.

—, Surveying: Principles and Applications, 8th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2008. Meyer, C.F., and D.W. Gibson, Route Surveying and Design, 5th ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1981. C.

GIS, Mapping, Photogrammetry Antenucci, J; K. Brown; P. Croswell; and M. Kevany, Geographic Information Systems, A Guide to the Technology, 1st ed., Springer, New York, 1991.

Bernhardsen, Tor, Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 2002. Bolstad, Paul, GIS Fundamentals, A First Text on Geographic Information Systems, 3rd ed., Eider Press, White Bear Lake, MN, 2007. Huxhold, William E., An Introduction to Urban Geographic Information Systems, 1st ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1991. Lo, Chor Pang, and Albert K.W. Yeung, Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006. Mikhail, Edward M., James S. Bethel, and J. Chris McGlone, Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry, Wiley, New York, 2001. Wolf, Paul, Bon A. Dewitt, and Benjamin Wilkinson, Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2012. D.

Measurement Errors and Adjustment Computations Ghilani, Charles, Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 2010.

Mikhail, Edward, with F. Ackerman, Observations and Least Squares, University Press of America, Maryland, 1983.
