Proceeding of International Seminar
Enhancing Grassroots Innovation Competitiveness for Poverty Alleviation (EGICPA) Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 16-18th October 2012 Bioethanol potency: Development of small business based on cassava in Gunungkidul region, Yogyakarta Roni Maryana and Satriyo Krido Wahono Unit for Development of Chemical Engineering Processes Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jl. Yogya-Wonosari Km. 31.5, Gading, Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861 Email:
[email protected];
[email protected] ABSTRACT The shortage of hydrocarb on fuel, air pollution and global warming are major considerations for searching alternative energy sources. Bioethanol is an alternative energy that could be used to cope with these problems. It can be produced from molasses; starchy materials and lignoce llulose. Currently c ellulosic-ethanol has been produced , however , the production method still faces techno-economical problem. Meanwhile, starchy-ethanol has been already proved for its robust and economical production method. Gunungkidul region produce s about 800 thousand tons of cassava yearly, 65% is sold as dried cassava; 20% is processed as foodstuff and 15% is used as food reserves. Generally, dried cassava price is cheap. Therefore, in order to increase cassava economical value, farmers are likely to initiate small and medium business to produce ethanol. This paper aims to discuss economical potency of bioethanol in Gunungkidul region not only for bioenergy but also for other purposes. If supported by appropriate government policies, bioethanol could be used to overcome energy problems; to reduce air pollution as well as to increase welfare of the farmers. Key words: bioethanol, cassava, business, air pollution, Gunungkidul region INTRODUCTION Because of the shortage of hydrocarbon fuel, air pollution and global warming, in recent year, research of bioethanol is developing rapidly in order to search for alternative fuel. B ioethanol has assumed a very important place among renewable fuel resources and its market is continuously expanding (Shaibani, 2011). Several sources have been used as raw material for bioethanol production. First generation of bioethanol is refers to molasses and starchy materials such as cassava, corn and sugarcane as raw materials. Meanwhile, second generation of bioethanol is refers to ligno celluloses materials such as wood, straw, sugarcane bagasse and grasses .
Second generation of bioethanol has been being produced because of the competitiveness of the starchy materials with foodstuff. Indonesia is an archipelago country. There are total n umber 17,508 islands which about 6000 islands are inhabited, with a land area of about 1.9 million km 2. It consists of five major islands: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Papua, Sulawesi and Java. Therefore, Indonesia is very potential for growing biofuel-plants beca use of its wide land. In order to avoid the competition with agricultural land, critical land could be used for planting biofuel -plants. Based on the data of Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, in 2011, there was 29.9 million ha of critical land. Cassava that is
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Proceeding of International Seminar Enhancing Grassroots Innovation Competitiveness for Poverty Alleviation (EGICPA) Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 16-18th October 2012 considering enzymes; additional supporting material and worker cost, ethanol price could be about Rp.8000 10,000 per liter. The idea of this paper is to make the farmers to process cassava for making ethanol by themselves until 10-30% ethanol yielded. Therefore, ethanol that yielded by the farmers is clustered in small or medium enterprise. This small or medium enterprise is responsible for further distill ation process until ethanol yielded is about 70-99%. After that, the enterprise should manage the marketing of the product such as both by direct selling or by selling to ethanol factory for further distribution. The flowchart of idea of producing ethanol is presented in Figure 1. Based on scheme on Figure 1, farmers have additional benefit because they do not need buy raw materials. Therefore, small and medium enterprise could be run by association of farmers. Approximation cost of ethanol production from cassava has been calculated by Nguyen as shown in Table 2. Based on Table 2, profit margin to produce ethanol from cassava could reach 17%. Therefore, this process has good prospect to be implemented. Potential market for bioethanol, especially in Yogyakarta is quite open. For instance, PT. Madu Baru still need s some supplies to meet its ethanol
Farmer
requirement. Another example, junior and senior high school in Gunungkidul region will also need ethanol for their laboratories and could be supplied by cassava-ethanol. The potency of bioethanol using based on concentration is 40 -50% for the stove, 70 -90% for hospitals and pharmacies, the levels of 90% and above for export, pharmaceutical industry and alternative fuels. Life cycle analysis for the production of ethanol is necessary for the green house gas (GHG) mitigation of cassava-ethanol. Several sources of GHG could be come from cassava farming (emit N 2O); cassava processing (electricity or fossil fuel) and ethanol transport (fossil fuel). Therefore, it can be conclude d that cassava ethanol can reduce GHG between 23.3 -62.9% (Nguyen, 2007). Another benefit of making bioethanol from cassava is biogas production. Waste of cassava -ethanol can be used for the production of biogas. Root fiber represents 30% of the dry weight organic matter and 20% ends up in the wastewater. These two sources can be used for biogas production. Per ton of fresh cassava root theoretically 42 m 3 methane can be 3 extracted and 28 m from the wastewater (Kuiper et al.,2007 ). Biogas can be used for daily cooking of household.
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Fig 1. Flowchart of several parties for producing ethanol 129
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