Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Value Addition & Innovation in Textiles COVITEX, 2015
Effect of drawing ratio on the liquid absorption, swelling and tensile properties of alginate fibre used in wound care Zarqa Shahzadi1, Rashid Masood1, Tanveer Hussain1, Zulfiqar Ali Raza1, Niaz Ahmad1 and Azeemullah1 1
National Textile University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Published By: COVITEX Secretariat-2015 National Textile University, Faisalabad ISBN 978-969-7549-000-9 Ph. No. +92 41 9230081-85 Email:
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27-28 March 2015
Effect of drawing ratio on the liquid absorption, swelling and tensile properties of alginate fibre used in wound care Zarqa Shahzadi, Rashid Masood, Tanveer Hussain, Zulfiqar Ali Raza, Niaz Ahmad and Azeemullah National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abstract Alginate is a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed. Over the last few decades alginate fibre has extended its ultimate use in the wound care and management. It has excellent ion-exchange and gel-forming abilities that are particularly useful in the treatment of highly exuding wounds. These fibers are usually developed by extruding sodium alginate solution into calcium chloride bath. In this study calcium alginate fibers were produced using calcium chloride bath at various drawing ratios to study the drawing effect on absorption, swelling, and tensile strength. The results shown that drawing have significant effect on alginate absorption, tensile strength as well as on calcium and sodium contents in the fibers. Key words: Sodium alginate, calcium chloride, Mechanical properties
1
Introduction
Alginate is a natural and non-toxic polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds, discovered by Stanford1 in 1881.It has been used in a wide range of industries, such as food, textile printing, paper and pharmaceuticals, and for many other novel end-uses like wound surfaces and in cavities [2]. It is a linear co-polymer of β-D-Mannuronic acid and α- L-Guluronic acid depending on the weed source and growing conditions. The ratio of mannuronic and guluronic acid and block structure can vary significantly.The poly guluronic acid blocks bind significantly more effectively with calcium ions than the poly mannuronic acid block [6]. As a natural polymer, it is a renewable resource with unlimited supply in nature. In the fiber form, it is also possible to process the alginate fibers into woven, non-woven, knitted and various composites to address specific wound management problem [3,4]. Alginate gels have the property to be cold setting and heat stable. Alginate fibres are particularly useful as raw materials for the production of highly absorbent wound dressings. The properties of alginate fibres are varied. Whenever a water-insoluble calcium alginate fiber is placed in contact with wound exudates, the calcium ions exchange with sodium ions in the body fluid and calcium ions are released, which can act as a haemostatic agent. As a calcium alginate fiber slowly turns into a sodium alginate fiber, it absorbs a large quantity of exudates and turns itself into a gel, which helps keep a moist interface on the wound surface. These fibers have an high moisture absorption, ion-exchange capabilities and perfect biodegradability[5,6]. Alginate fabrics are produced by continuous calcium alginate filament yarn by knitting and are being used for surgical and wound dressing. The alginate material is subjected to more solubilizing sodium salts, which is very useful, then the knitted fabric is treated or "converted" to replace part of the calcium content by the more solubilizing sodium cation [7].
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Experimental
2.1 Materials Sodium alginate (Protnol LF 60/10) supplied by Norway company was used to produce fibers. The Calcium chloride-2-hydrate, 3344A by Riedel-deHaen company,was used in coagulative bath. The calcium chloride and NaCl, S34900-4J, manufactured by UNI-CHEM, were used to determine swelling property. 2.2 Production of calcium alginate fibre Calcium alginate has wound healing properties. It was produced by using wet extruder machine WSM 4480(Manufactured by PACE, Pakistan) using 5%w/v sodium alginate (Prontal LF 60/10) supplied by Norway company, into distilled water and stirred for 3 hours on digital stirrer (HS-30D, Daihan Scientific, Korea) at 650rmp and kept into dope tank of wet extruder machine, for overnight so that air bubbles would be removed. The pH of dope solution was 7 with 2869cps viscosity. The coagulative bath was prepared by using 2.5%w/v of CaCl 2 -2hydrate (pure) into distilled water. The pH of coagulative bath was 6.The dope solution was extruted through spinneret having 0.7mm hole diameter, in coagulative bath at different speeds, expressed in below Table1.The sodium alginate was solidified by reacting with CaCl2, the sodium ions exchanged by calcium ions and calcium alginate was formed. The pump speed remained constant throughout the experiment. The speed of back roller remained also same but the speed of front roller was varied. We produced S1 sample by keeping front roller speed 14 (rpm), S2 on 16(rpm), S3 on 18(rpm) and S4 on 20(rpm). Table 1. Fibers Extrusion speeds. No. of samples
Pump speed
Front
(rpm)
speed (rpm)
speed (rpm)
(rpm)
1
17
14
12
7:6
2
17
16
12
8:6
3
17
18
12
9:6
4
17
20
12
5:3
2.3
roller Back
roller Drawing ratio
Testing and evaluation procedure
2.3.1 2.3.1 Tensile Strength The universal tensile tester, Tensometric Rochdale England, serial no. 41316(M250-2.5CT), was used to determine Tenacity (cN/tex), Force @ rupture N, Strain @ rupture % and Initial Modulus cN/tex. Tensile strength and percentage elongation for the samples were determined according to the ASTM D 3822-07 method (Standard Method for testing Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers). This test method is based on the increasing weight load on the fiber at a constant rate. Fiber samples of 50 mm length were prepared and they were adjusted between 113
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the two jaws of the Single Fiber Strength Tester. The sample was clumped between upper jaw and lower jaw of the machine. The upper jaw moved to apply tension on the sample while lower jaw was fixed. The jaw moved at a speed of 50 mm/min. Test readings of the tensile strength and percentage elongation of the fibers were recorded for evaluation. 2.3.2 Liquid absorption Tests The liquid absorption of fibers was calculated utilizing the test standard AATCC 70-1978. A small amount of fiber was rolled into a ball and dipped in beaker with 500 ml distilled water. After 30 minutes, wet weight of each fiber was measured. Then the wet fiber balls were placed in the oven and kept for 24 hours at 105⁰C .The weight of each sample was measured again. By noting the wet and oven dry weights, the liquid absorption of all the samples was calculated. Absorption (gram/gram) = [Wet Weight – Oven Dry Weight] / Oven Dry Weight The gram/gram absorption of all fiber samples for saline solution (0.9% NaCl) and Solution A (0.8298 % NaCl and 0.0368 % CaCl2) [15] were calculated according to the mentioned standards. Test for each fiber samples was made three times and the average was calculated. The results for gram/gram absorption of distilled water, saline solution, and Solution A were then evaluated. 2.3.3 Swelling Test: Single fibers of each fiber sample were cut off of 2 inch in lengh and wre taken images, with the help of Light Microscope, MC-5, Micros, Austia. Then three liquid solutions i.e. distilled water, saline solution (0.9 % NaCl solution) and solution A (0.8298 % NaCl and 0.0368 % CaCl2 solution) were prepared for the swelling test. Three specimen samples of each fibre were mounted on each of three glass strips were taken were wetted with the 2 drops of distilled water, saline solution (0.9 % NaCl solution) and solution A (0.8298 % NaCl and 0.0368 % CaCl 2 solution) respectively to determine the swelling effect. After 5 minutes the swelling effect of the fibers was observed under the microscope and snap of samples were taken, shown in Figure1.
3
Result and discussion
3.1 Absorbency test As the draw ratio increases the absorbency decreases from S1 to S4 because the amorphous region was more in S1. If the drawing ratio increased more aligned structure is formed. The absorbency behavior of all sample was more in saline solution instead of NaCl & CaCl2 and distilled water solution because the calcium ions more exchange in saline solution. Owing to more Na+ ions the absorbency increases. The absorbency behavior in NaCl & CaCl2 solution was greater than distilled solution but showed less absorbency behavior than saline solution because there were no ions in distilled water.
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Absorbancy results of all samples. 12 10 8 6 4
2 0 saline
NaCl & CaCl2
distilled
Figure 1. Absorbancy results was observed of all samples
3.2 Absorbency images Single fiber of each fiber sample were cut off of 2 inch in length and images were taken with the help of microscope, after and before dropping of different solution as shown in Table 2. Each fibre was dipped into each solution for 6 to 8 minutes and then observed for swelling behavior. The swelling behavior of saline solution was greater than NaCl & CaCl2 and distilled water because of its more ions exchange property (calcium ions exchange by sodium ions) in saline solutions than of NaCl & CaCl2 and distilled water. The swelling behavior in NaCl & CaCl2 solution was greater than distilled water because there were no ions in distilled water.
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Table 2. Images of all fibers samples before liquid absorption and after liquid absorption and see swelling characteristic.
No.of sample
Dry
fiber
dropping
before
water
Wet fiber after
Wet fiber after Saline
Wet fibre after NaCl
Water absorption
solution absorption
& CaCl2 absorption
1
2
3
4
3.3 Tensile test The tensile test was performed on Testometric Machine. We calculated 3 reading of each sample of Tenacity (cN/tex), Force @ rupture N, Strain @ rupture % and Initial Modulus cN/tex, values are given in Table 3. Then calculated their mean and SD (standard deviation) values, given in Table 3. The tenacity and force at rupture and initial modulous behaviour gradually increases from S1 to S4 as drawing ratio increases because the fiber become more aligned and finer and give more strength. Strain @ rupture gradually decreases. The tensile strength increased with the increase in Ca+2 concentration [15].
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Table 3. Mechanical property of fibre sample Initial Sample
Tenacity
Force
(cN/tex)
rupture N
rupture %
cN/tex
Mean SD
Mean SD
Mean
SD
Mean
19.57
0.64 0.15
@ Strain
@ Modulus, 0.00% Proof
SD
Mean
SD
1.69 14.8
2.53
0.81
0.13
S1
4.8
S2
11.12 0.93 0.16
0.017 15.47
2.79 40.55
3.23
0.70
0.12
S3
11.32 2.3
0.16
0.03
14.2
1.4
51.3
11.1
0.63
0.33
S4
17.7
0.2
0.003 15.9
1.3
373
38.3
0.18
0.01
0.1
0.02
Elong. @
4. Conclusion We have seen the effect of drawing ratio on calcium alginate fibre. As the drawing ratio increases the swelling property decreases. The swelling behaviour of saline solution was greater than NaCl & CaCl2 and distilled water because of its more ions exchange property (calcium ions exchange by sodium ions) in saline solutions than of NaCl & CaCl2 and distilled water. The tenacity and force at rupture and initial modulous increases as drawing ratio increases because the fiber become more aligned and finer and give more strength.
Reference 1. Yimin Qin, ‘an overview of the production processes and applications in wound management’ 2. Yimin Qin*, Huiqun Hu andAixiang Luo “The conversion of calcium alginate fibers into alginic acid fibers and sodium alginate fibers”. 3. Stanford ECC, Improvements in the manufacture of useful products from seaweeds. British Patent 142 (1881). 4. Onsoyen E, Alginates, in Thickening and Gelling Agents for Food, ed. byImeson A.Blackie Academic andProfessional,Glasgow (1992). 5. Tonnesen HH, Karlsen J. 2002. Alginate in Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 28:621-30. 6. Wang C, Liu H, Gao Q, Liu X, Tong Z. 2008. Alginate-calcium Carbonate Porous Microparticle Hybrid Hydrogels with 7. Versatile Drug Loading Capabilities and Variable Mechanical Strengths. Carbohydrate Polymers 71:476-80. 8. Mikolajczyk T, Wolowska-Czapnik D. 2005. Multifunctional Alginates Fibres with Anti-bacterial Properties. Fibres & 117
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9. Textiles in Eastern Europe Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 13:35-40. 10. Battarai N, Li Z, Edmonson D, Zhang M. 2006. Alginate-based Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Structural, Mechanical and Biological 11. Properties. Advanced Materials 18:1463-7. 12. Mohsen Miraftab, John Barnabas, John F. Kennedy, Rashid Masood, “Antimicrobial Properties of Alginate-Chitosan (Alchite) Fibers Developed for Wound Care Applications” 13. sst.umt.edu.pk/SST/courses/Spring2006-7/TX.../Alginate%20fiber.pdf10:50, am03/04/2014. 14. Process for the production of alginate fibre material and products made therefrom US 4562110 A 15. Teresa Cuadros, Olivier Skurtys, José Miguel Aguilera “Fibers of calcium alginate produced by a microfluidic device and its mechanical
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