Produced Water Treatment Using Olive Leaves
Produced water contains several percent of crude oil and high salt concentration. The content of oil and salt depends on the well site and oil extraction. The quantity of produced water generated per year depends on the well operation time and may exceed 80.00% of total oil production; hence it becomes environmentally important to treat this water to maintain environmental sustainability and water availability. In this work, Olive leaves powder are used to remove oil and hence treat produced water to acceptable level. Olive leaves powder were first dried, then treated with n-Hexane and stored for further use. Synthetic produced water samples were prepared and treated with different dosage of the new adsorbent. The adsorption process was optimized with respect to contact time, pH, adsorption dosage, salt content, and temperature.
Results and Discussion 60 120 50 100 40 80
olive blank
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olive
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olive+hexane
olive+hexane+oil
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Abstract
Relative Intensity
The Third International Conference on Water, Energy and Environment (ICWEE) AUS | March 24–26, 2015
Baraa M. Hafez1, Taleb H. Ibrahim1*, Mustafa I. Khamis2and Yehya A.ElSayed2 1Department of Chemical Engineering 2Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE * Corresponding Author. Email:
[email protected] ,
[email protected],
[email protected] and
[email protected]
olive+hexane
olive+hexane+oil
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Introduction
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0.6 4
Throughout the history of civilization, the olive plant has been an important source of nutrition and medicine. The first formal report of medicinal use was made in 1854, when olive leaves extract (OLE) was reported to be effective in treating fever and malaria [1]. OLE contains compounds with potent antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma [2–6]. The significance of oil and natural gas in modern civilization is well known. Nevertheless, like most production activities, oil and gas production processes generate large volumes of liquid waste. Oilfield wastewater or produced water contains various organic and inorganic components. Discharging produced water can pollute surface and underground water and soil[7].
y = 0.7558x + 2.0374 R² = 0.9962
0.5
Weight derivative (%/oC)
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afterr treatment olive+hexane
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Objectives
95
Removal Efficiency (%)
96.000
95.000
Removal Effeciency %
Using Natural resources Determine the optimum parameters (pH, salinity, temperature, amount of adsorbent etc.) for treating produced water by OLP (Olive leaves powder) . Environmentally friendly Low energy requirements Less expensive in produced water treatment
97.000
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Methods and Materials
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absorbent g\l
96
Removal effeciancy (%)
The olive leaves were used in the powder form (Olive leaves powder) brought from Palestine. Crude oil was obtained from Abu-Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC),UAE. All chemicals were of analytical grade, n-Hexane(95% pure, j.T.Baker) was used. Double distilled water was used in all experiments (Water still Aquatron A4000D, UK). Fluidized bed dryer (Sherwood Scientific, UK) was used for drying olive Leaves .Precise vacuum oven (Model WOV-30, DAIHAN Scientific Co.Ltd.,Korea) fitted with a vacuum pump (Model G50DA,Ulvac Kiko, Japan) was used to dry the powdered sorbent. A fuzzy control system was used as digital reciprocating shaker (Model SHR-2D, DAIHAN Scientific Co.Ltder., Korea). For temperature control a Hotplate stirrer (Model MSH-20D, DAIHAN Scientific Co.Ltder., Korea) was used. Mechanical shaker was used for thorough mixing. Oil was analyzed sepctrophotometrically (HACH DR-5000) at wavelength 450 nm , pH measurement were performed by a pH meter (3320, JENNWAY Ltd.,UK). The pH of all solutions was adjusted using either 0.1-1 M HCL or 0.1-1 M NaOH. Separation and classification into different sizes (500-50 microns) were done by sieves (Stainless steel; Aperture 150-500 micro meter , Pascal Engineering Company , UK). The topography images and chemical composition were obtained using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM: TESCAN VEGA.3-LMU,USA).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Bomem MB-3000 FT-IR equipped with ZnSe optics and a DTGS detector) was used to obtain spectra for olive leaves before and after treatment. Total Metals was determined using Varian Liberty axial sequential inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Varian, Australia). About 8-15 mg sample was used for each measurement where Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were obtained by measuring the change in the mass of sample with temperature. A QP2010 Ultra Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) (Shimadzu, Japan) was used to identify the volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds present in Bakhour smoke. Split injection mode of 30:1 was used with injection temperature equivalent to 280ºC. The initial temperature of the oven was maintained at 40ºC for 3 minutes, and then increased at a rate of 5ºC/min to 300ºC where it was held constant for 15 minutes. The column flow was set at 41.6 ml/min. A 30-meter Rtx-5MS column (crossbond 100% dimethyl polysiloxane) was used from Restek, USA. The GC-MS spectrum for the pure activated carbon and Tenax adsorbents tubes were obtained and used as a blank.
Removal Efficiency (%)
97
95 94 93
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Conclusions Olive leaves powder has an excellent adsorbent capacity for crude oil from produced water using low adsorbent dosage.
The new adsorbent is: environmentally friendly and cost effective.
Results and Discussion The natural adsorbent prepared by OLP (Olive leaves powder) has adsorption efficiency greater than 96.00%. The optimum parameters for oil removal were: pH = 3.00, OL dosage = 0.10 g/L, contact time = 60.00 minutes and adsorption temperature = 25.00 °C. The oil removal efficiency of OLP increases with increase in salinity of PW. The mixing time affects the oil removal efficiency of OLP. Increase in the initial concentration of oil, the removal efficiency of OL P decreases in gradually way . Initially by increasing the adsorbent dose, removal efficiency of the oil from produced water increased rapidly up to 96.40 % and then became almost constant where the optimum dose is 0.10g/L. The removal efficiency of oil by OLP increased with the decreasing in pH of adsorbate solution. The optimum pH for oil removal is 3.00. The removal rate of oil was observed higher initially which became constant with time. Equilibrium time for oil removal was 60 min. The adsorption isotherm for crude oil removal was found to follow Freundlich isotherm as compared to Langmuir isotherm , Dubinin-Redushick and Temkin isotherm models. This is the value R² = 0.9962 for Freundlich model for crude oil removal from OLP.
References [1] D. Hanbury, On the febrifuge properties of the olive (Olea europea, L.), Pharmaceut. J. Provincial Trans. (1854) 353–354. [2] B. Juven, Y. Henis, Studies on the antimicrobial activity of olivphenolic compounds, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 33 (1970) 721–732. [3] H.P. Fleming, W.M. Walter Jr., J.L. Etchells, Antimicrobial properties of oleuropein and products of its hydrolysis from green olives, Appl. Microbiol. 26 (1973) 777–782. [4] N.H. Aziz, S.E. Farag, L.A. Mousa, M.A. Abo-Zaid, Comparative antibacterial and antifungal effects of some phenolic compounds, Microbios 93 (1998) 43–54. [5] G. Bisignano, A. Tomaino, R. Lo Cascio, G. Crisafi, N. Uccella, A. Saija, On the in vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51 (1999) 971–974. [6] P.M. Furneri, A. Marino, A. Saija, N. Uccella, G. Bisignano, In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of oleuropein, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 20 (2002) 293–296. [7] A.F.l-Razi,A.Pendashteh,L.C.Abdullah,D.R.A. Biak, S. S.Madaeni,Z.Z.Abidin,Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment , Journal of Hazardous Materials,170(2009) 530–551.
