Production of transport biofuels in Sudan for replacement of petroleum fuels: The fundamental issues
Hazir Farouk Abdelraheem Assistant Professor, Sudan University of Science & Technology (SUST). Board Member, World Association (WBA), Sweden.
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Biofuels Workshop, Khartoum
Bioenergy
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Presentation Outlines Sudan Energy Profile, Drivers for biofioels and the potential for
Sudan, Movement for commercial scale
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Crude oil is the main source of fossil energy and its
consumption has rapidly increased in recent years owing to the increase in the country’s economic and population growth. Biomass contribution share has dropped, due to high
growth in LPG and oil use and in hydroelectricity production. Thermal generation 5%
Hydro 1%
2000 Petrolum 18%
Biomass 76%
Thermal generation 7%
Hydro 1%
2011
2008 Petrolum 35%
Biomass 57%
Thermal generation 5%
Hydro 5%
2013?
Petrolum 39%
Biomass 51%
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The main source of biomass is
wood (83%) in the form of raw and processed wood (charcoal). The wood is mainly sourced from
forest clearance for agriculture and this is leading to a very high rate of deforestation. Charcoal Market in Khartoum
Source of biomass Residues & waste 17%
Charcoal 20%
Wood 63%
Fuel wood market in Nyala, Southern Darfur
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The brick-making industry is a major market for fuel wood Brick kilns on the banks of the Blue Nile, in El Gezira state
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Electricity
consumption profile has significantly changed due to heightening of existing dams, and construction of new dams (Merowe Dam).
Electricity production by source Thermal 24%
Hydro 76%
Increase
of electricity production leads to decrease of the use of biomass and fossil fuels in the household, services and agriculture sectors.
8000 7000
Electricity Consumption by sector (GWH)
6000 5000
4000 3000 2000 1000
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0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
6 2011
Transportation
is the major sector for consumption of petroleum products, using about 61% of total volume (nearly to 3 million t/yr diesel, and more than1 million t/yr petrol).
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o o o
Diesel: Transport fuel for large vehicles and some small ones; small-scale electricity generation. Gasoline: Mainly private transportation. Fuel Oil: Large-scale electricity generation LPG: Cooking and heating, with some use as a vehicle fuel.
o Jet A1: Regular Airliners (Domestic and international) in Passenger and Cargo services, Government (Armed forces, Police and Security fleets), NGOs and other aircraft. o Avgas: Air Spraying for agricultural and health purposes), and Training (Military and Civil Academies).
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Fuel Products Consumbtion in Sudan 3000
Thousands of Metric Ton
o
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Diesel
Gasoline
LPG
Jet A1
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Why Biofuels? – International Prospective 2012 World Bank Report: Turn down the heat. Why a 4°C
Warmer World must be avoided?
Heat waves, fires, loss of ice: glaciers, Greenland, the Antartic,
oceans, sea level rise, coastal inundation and loss of mega cities, increased tropical cyclone intensity, droughts, food crises, acidification of the ocean – breakdown of maritime ecosystems, in parts of the world adaption no longer possible, dislocation is forced!
To avoid this disaster: agreement among 200 nations
(Kopenhagen Cancun, Doha) no more than 2°C temperature rise!
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On the way to a 2°C energy system! 2035: 50% Renewable energy 2050: 100% Renewable Energy
Important step: period from 2014 – 2035 accelerated growth in use of all renewables Halving in the use of fossil fuels
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Why Biofuels in Sudan? Shortfalls in Sudan’s domestic supply of petroleum products
Shortfalls in Sudans domestic supply of petroleum products Shortage in fuel demand
30% 20% 10% 0% -10%
Diesel
Gasoline
LPG
Jet A1
-20% -30%
-24% -33%
-40% -50%
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22%
-42%
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Why Biofuels in Sudan? (High
deforestation rate : 2.2% per year).
A.
Biofuels production can reduce deforestation and can be part of reforestation
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Potential of Biofuels in Sudan - Sources Sugar & Starchy crops, Sugar cane, millet, sorghum, sweet sorghum, cassava…
Ethanol
Vegetable oils and animal fats (jatropha and used cooking oils)
Biodiesel
Wet wastes (seedcake, sewage, organic wastes)
Biogas and Biomethane
Agricultural and forestry residues and municipal wastes
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Advanced Biofuels (including cellulosic ethanol) 13
Potential of Biofuels in Sudan Applications
Nile Ultra E10 For land transportation
Cessna
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Jatropha oil at under $500/tonne could produce biodiesel, or a competitive biojet by the HEFA process
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10 Kw e-gasifier (India)
Smoke free pellet stove (Indonesia) & Economic stove ( Senegal)
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biogas producer 2m3 (India) Charcoal Production & Charcoal Briquettes (Tanzania)
Biogas from organic waste Cow manure and slaughterhouses waste Biogas research group
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The production of biofuels in rural areas allows greater energy self-sufficiency, and should improve rural economies.
Biogas research group-SUST
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Wet waste to biogas (to electricity & heat or to transport fuels) Anaerobic digestor producing upgraded biogas (98% methane) from cow manure (Sweden) Bus using upgraded biogas Stockholm, Sweden.
Spanish collecting system for UCO, www.eko3r.com
Petrotec Biodiesel Plant ( UCO), Düsseldorf (SüdlohnOeding) – Germany (85,000 ton/year)
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Other transport biofuels Ethanol fuelled bus, Sweden biodiesel Bus, Sweden
Ethanol–fuelled spray plane
Waste to energy
Copenhagen WTE plant, 520,000 t/yr waste to 35 MW-e, 120 MW-th
How to move to commercial scale? By introducing a national Roadmap for development of Sudan’s biofuel production. 11/26/2014
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To study and forecast covering the coming 30 years on: o Sudan’s transport fuel requirements – including aviation fuels, o Fossil fuels availability within the world market, and likely pricing and demand trends, o The costs to Sudan of over-reliance on fossil fuels in a ‘business as usual’ scenario, o The benefits of using domestically-produced biofuels (particularly biodiesel and bioethanol), including social, environmental and economic factors. 11/26/2014
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To examine all other biofuels production options,
To assemble necessary legislation and policy structures required for long-term viability of production of biofuel in Sudan. To audit possible feedstocks for bioethanol production, audit biomass/biowastes, and assess technologies for producing 2nd generation biofuels. 11/26/2014
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Sustainability
Social Employment Land issues Small holder integration Food security
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Environmental GHG emissions and air quality Soil quality Water use and quality Biodiversity
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Economic Energy security and self sufficiency Balance of payments Financing Fuel cost
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R&D Technology
Product
market
2014 2018 2020 2022 2030
Parallel steps crucial for progress and success are: Provision of necessary support for industry start-up and establishment. Identification of aspects that need to be put in place or supported. Selection of the most cost-effective technologies. Support from all players – army, government, public, smallholders, truck and bus owners, fuel refiners and distributors, etc...
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SUCCESS OF LARGE COMMERCIAL BIOFUELS VENTURES WILL LIE IN BEST PRACTICE AT EVERY STAGE….
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WBA: How we work? Office in Stockholm, Sweden Our board: 22 members from 5 continents (Africa 4, Americas 6 , Asia 6, Australia 1, Europe 5) Our members: companies, associations, indiviudals from all over the world Main issues: biomass potential, sustainability of biomass, small scale heat with biomass, combined heat and power, biogas, future of biofuels, carbon neutrality of biomass, bioenergy statistics Main activities: fact sheets, projects, position papers, presentations in conferences and workshops, supporting biomass trade with the platform: bioenergy connect (BC)
We invite you: join WBA! for more: www.worlebioenergy.org 11/26/2014
Biofuels Workshop, Khartoum
Official Sponsors:
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Thank You Dr. Hazir Farouk Abdelraheem
[email protected]
