Dec 11, 2011 - Progress in Membrane Separation Processes, Ozonation and Other. Advanced ... industrial processes which will have to meet the requirements.
International Journal of Chemical and Analytical Science ISSN: 0976-1206 Review Article www.ijcas.info
Progress in Membrane Separation Processes, Ozonation and Other Advanced Oxidation Processes-A Review Sukanchan Palit, 43, Judges Bagan, Post-Office-Haridevpur, Kolkata-700082, India The ever increasing world population with growing industrial demands has led to a situation where protection of the environment has become a major and critical issue and a crucial factor for several industrial processes, which will have to meet the requirements of the sustainable development of modern society. In order to correlate industrial activities with preservation of the environment (sustainable development), there is a tendency in most countries to adapt rigid environmental legislation where the well-known Green Technology plays a key role. In this context, chemical processes, where the best available technology (BAT) not entailing excessive cost and aspiring to performance without considerable impact, are preferred in substitution of the classical ones. Challenges and efforts presented by the scientific community and scientific fraternity in recent times towards the development of green technology are presented and deliberated in details. In the light of role played by well known advanced oxidation processes are described giving importance to ozone and advanced oxidation process applications. Fundamentals as well as applied aspects encompassing ozone science and technology are presented. Ozone science is a vast area of scientific endeavor. It is crossing one frontier over another. Our primary objective is to present the vast unexplored area of ozonation, other advanced oxidation processes and membrane separation processes in lucid details. Keywords: Dyes, Ozonation, Scientific, Technology
INTRODUCTION The burgeoning world population with growing industrial and manufacturing demands has led to a scenario where the protection and safeguarding of the environment has become a burning issue. It has become a critical factor for several industrial processes which will have to meet the requirements of a sustainable society. In such a situation, Green technology will play a crucial role. Chemical processes where there is best available technology not involving costs will substitute classical processes. This environmentally friendly strategy minimizes the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design and manufacture of chemical products. The objective of this article is to present the role played by environmental chemistry and environmental engineering is discovering environmental friendly strategies and to discuss the potentialities of ozone applications, advanced oxidation processes and membrane separation processes. Advanced oxidation process (AOP’s) and ozonation: The goal and objective of any AOP’s design is to generate and apply hydroxyl free radical (HO’) as strong oxidant to destroy compound that cannot be oxidized by conventional oxidant. The goal and vision of advanced oxidation processes is radicals and the effectively-selectivity of attack which is an useful positive side for an oxidant. AOP is very much versatile and intensive scientific endeavor since they provide possible and different ways for OH’ radicals. Chemistry of ozone and its importance: The chemistry of ozone in nonaqueous solvents has been the subject of research and scientific endeavor since the latter half of the nineteenth century1. Bailey has reviewed this subject in a two-volume treatise, covering also what was known until mid-1980 of aqueous ozone chemistry1. However, much has occurred since that time, particularly in the area of the nature of ozone reactions at high pH values. Many of these advances in our knowledge are due to Hoigne and coworkers2, whose elegant works have shown that at high pH values ozone acts
not just by direct reaction of ozone (O3) but by formation and reaction of the hydroxyl radical, one of the most reactive of the oxygen species. Advanced Oxidation Technologies and its importance: The appearance of compounds that are difficult to degrade and destroy by conventional chemical and/or biological methods (toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic pollutants) in natural waters recently created a pressing need for the development of efficient water treatment processes. The search for a solution to this problem has involved extensive examinations in the field of advanced oxidation (AOP’s). In chemical oxidation processes, reaction mechanisms change structure, and chemical properties of the organic substances. Molecules break in smaller fragments; higher percent of oxygen appears in these molecules in form of alcohols, carboxylic acids etc. Oxidation of organic compounds with oxidation such as ozone or OH’ radicals usually yields more oxidized ones which are in most cases more easily biodegradable than the former ones. This is the general idea that yields to the combination of a chemical oxidation processes. Oxidation with ozone or hydrogen peroxide has been found to be an alternative to chlorination, because the oxidation does not result in toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Review of research work done in the domain of ozonation (advanced oxidation processes): Sarasa et al (1998)3delineated the treatment of a wastewater resulting from dyes manufacturing with ozone and chemical coagulation. The degradation of the compounds present in a previously chlorinated wastewater resulting from the production of azoic dyes has been studied in this project. Towards this end, the first step developed was the characterization of the spillage water by GC/MS and GC/FID. Secondly, a combined ozone+Ca (OH)2 treatment was carried out ,determining its efficiency on this wastewater. Chu et al (2000)4 dealt with the advanced oxidation process of ozonation of dye and its kinetics. A quantitative estimation of direct ozonation and indirect free radical oxidation of dyes
Corresponding Author: Sukanchan Palit, 43, Judges Bagan, Post-Office-Haridevpur, Kolkata-700082, India Received 11-10-2011; Accepted 11-12-2011 January, 2012
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with assorted chromophores was studied through the examination of reaction kinetics in the ozonation procedure. The reaction kinetics of dye coronation under different conditions was determined by adjusting the ozone doses, dye concentration and reaction pH. According to their research, the ozonation of dyes was found dominant by pseudo-first order reaction and the rate constants decreased as the dye/ozone ratio increased. They made a quantitative prediction of direct and indirect dye ozonation kinetics. In 2001 Ciardelli et al (2001)5 studied on the treatment and reuse of wastewater in the textile industry by means of ozonation and electro flocculation. Two different oxidation treatments, ozonation and electroflocculation, were experimented on a pilot scale to test their efficiency in removing polluting substances from wastewaters of textile industries. Both pilot plants used reproduced very closely a full –scale treatment in order to obtain indications about the feasibility of a transfer on industrial scale. By means of ozone treatment very high colour removal (95-99%) was achieved and treated waters were reused satisfactorily in dyeing even with light colours. Talarposhti et al (2001)6 delineated on the topic of colour removal from a simulated dye wastewater using a two-phase anaerobic packed bed reactor. According to them, the treatment alternatives applicable for the removal of colour vary, depending upon the type of dye wastewater. A synthetic, simulated mixed dye waste (Basuc Yellow 28, Basic Yellow 21, Basic Red 18.1, Basic Violet Red 16, Basic Red 46, Basic Blue 16, Basic Blue 41) representing a known waste from a fibre production factory, was investigated. The biological process of anaerobic digestion has been recognised as a simple and energy-efficient means of treating and stabilising a wide range of organic industrial wastewaters. Their study sets out to demonstrate the effect of different loading rates, dye concentrations and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) on colour removal efficiency under mesophilic anaerobic conditions. Wu et al (2001)7 studied the ozonation of aqueous azo dye in a semi-batch reactor. Results showed that the rate of ozone transfer increased with increases in the initial dye concentration, the applied ozone dose and temperature. A model was developed to predict the enhancement factor of ozone mass transfer. This model which they developed enables the prediction of mass transfer coefficient of ozone from the following parameters: initial dye concentration, applied ozone dose, temperature and concentration of dissolved in the organic-free water. The present model was also valid for reactors of larger sizes. The results of kinetic studies showed that ozonation of the azo dye were a pseudofirst-order reaction with respect of dye. The apparent rate constant increased with the applied ozone dose and temperature. In addition, ozonation reduced chemical oxygen demand and enhanced the biodegradability of the wastewater. An important domain of environmental engineering science-membrane separation process: Based on the Preferential Sorption-capillary Flow Model, Loeb and Sourirajan developed cellulose acetate membrane for seawater desalination8. The announcement of LoebSourirajan membrane in 1960 opened up the golden era of R&D activities on membrane technologies. Because of its historical importance, the casting method of the first successful reverse osmosis membrane is recorded below. A polymer solution with the following composition (numbers as wt%); cellulose acetate (acetyl content 39.8%) 22.2; acetone 66.7; water 10.0; magnesium perchlorate 1.1.8 A film was cast
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from the polymer solution on a glass plate to a thickness of 0.025cm in a cold box whose temperature was maintained at 0-100 C. Acetone was allowed to evaporate for 3-4 min, before the film was immersed to ice-cold water, together with the glass plate. The membrane so prepared was further subjected to heat and pressure treatment.8 Asymmetric structure of membrane with a top skin layer supported by porous sub layer increased membrane productivity tremendously for industrial separation processes. Another significant progress in membrane development was made by the formation of a thin film on the surface of a porous substrate membrane by in-situ interfacial poly condensation. After many attempts made from nineteen sixties to seventies, Cadotte9 was able to prepare a composite membrane that consisted of a thin layer of polyamide formed, in-situ, by condensation of branched polyethyleneimine and 2,4-diisocynate on a porous polysulfone membrane. Since then, the focus has been placed to the development of composite membranes with a thin skin layer, mostly made of aromatic polyamide material (Matsuura)8. There are visionary developments in the area of membrane development, membrane characterization, membrane transport and membrane system design. Environmental engineering integrated with membrane science are wonders of science and marvels of technology. Scientific rigour in the area of membrane science has led to newer developments and newer vision. Matsuura 8 has researched extensively in the area of membrane science. His vision is exemplary. Our aim and objective is to highlight the research domains and research advances in the field of membrane separation processes and advanced oxidation processes thus providing researchers with a vision of hurdles of this domain of science. Research pursuit in the area of review work of nanofiltration and ozonation: Matsuura (2001) 8 dealt with a review work in the domain of progress in membrane science and technology for seawater desalination. The research work comprised of the development of membranes and membrane processes for water production in general and seawater desalination in particular. The review highlights some new trends observable in the four areas: membrane development, membrane characterization and membrane transport and membrane system design. Wijmanns (1995) 10 described the review work in the area of solution-diffusion model. The solution – diffusion model has emerged over the past 20 years as the most widely accepted explanation in membrane transport. Ashagi (2007)11 dealt with the review of ceramic ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes for oilfield produced water treatment. Their vision was a mini review. Glaze (1986)1 described the reaction products of ozone in a detailed review. Lot of review work was done in the area of ozonation or ozone-oxidation. One visionary paper was done by Klavarioti (2009)12 in the domain of removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes. Vision behind ozonation and advanced oxidation process: A scientist’s vision is massive, instinctive and innovative. He is surpassing one frontier over another. The vision and objective of environmental engineering of today is a vision of tomorrow. The world of environmental engineering and environmental chemistry is opening up new frontiers every
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day. Both ozonation and advanced oxidation processes are innovative areas of science and technology. It has been found to be extremely efficient in treating dye effluents from textile industries13,14,15. Conversion levels are also found to be very high. High level research is being pursued in every country of the world16,17. Research in new areas of innovation will open up new domains of science and innovation in our wider future. A scientist’s vision will be widened if we pursue rigorous research in these areas.
5.
Ciardelli G, Ranieri N, The treatment and reuse of wastewater in the textile industry by means of ozonation and electroflocculation, Water Research, Vol.35, 2001, No.2.
6.
Talarposhti A, Donnelly T, Anderson GK, Colour removal from a simulated dye wastewater using a two-phase anaerobic packed bed reactor, Water Research, Vol.35, 2001, No.2.
7.
Wu J, Wang T, Ozonation of aqueous azo dye in a semi-batch reactor, Water Research, Vol.35, 2001, No.4.
8.
Matsuura T, Progress in membrane science and technology for seawater desalination, a review, Desalination, 134 (2001), 47-54.
Future Vision of Membrane Separation Processes and Future Flow of Thoughts: An environmental engineer’s vision is wide and unparalled. Membrane separation processes is a domain in the wide frontiers of science and technology. The various avenues of membrane separation processes will open doors to unimaginable gifts of environmental engineering. Imagination and hope are two domains of human intuition. They invariably and intuitively nurture leap forward in science and technology. Membrane separation processes will surely dominate the entire gamut of environmental science in distant future.
9.
LT Rozelle, JE Cadotte, KE Cobian and CV Kopp Jr, Nonpolysaccharide membranes for reverse osmosis: NS-100 membranes, in Reverse Osmosis and Synthetic Membranes, Theory-Technology-Engineering, S Sourirajan, Ed, National Research Council Canada, 1977, p.249.
10.
Wijmanns JG, Baker RW, The solution – diffusion model: a review, Journal of membrane science, 107 (1995) 1-21.
11.
Ashaghi Shams K, Ebrahimi M, Czermak P, Ceramic Ultra- and nanofiltration membranes for oilfield produced water treatment- a mini review, The Open Environmental Journal, 2007, 1, 1-8.
12.
Klavarioti Maria, Mantzavinos Dionissios, Kassinos Despo, Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes, Environment International, 35, 2009, 402-417.
13.
Palit Sukanchan, Studies on Ozone-oxidation of Dye in a bubble column reactor at different pH and different oxidation-reduction potential, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, October 2010,No.4
14.
Palit Sukanchan, Ozonation of Direct Red – 23 dye in a fixed bed batch bubble column reactor, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2 , October 2009, No.10
15.
Palit Sukanchan, Ozonation associated with nanofiltration as an effective procedure in treating dye effluents from textile industries with the help of a bubble column: A review, International Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Vol 1, 2011, Number 1 (2011) pp 53-60.
16.
Silva Leonardo M, Jardim Wilson F, (2006) Trends and strategies of ozone application in environmental problems, Quim Nova Vol 29, Mar-April, 2006, No.2, SaoPaulo .
17.
Palit Sukanchan, An overview of ozonation associated with nanofiltration as an effective procedure in treating dye effluents from textile industries with the help of a bubble column reactor, International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 10 (1), 2012, 27-35.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to Dr. Bhaskar Sengupta, Dr. Des Robinson, Dr John Mckinley, Faculty, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom under whose guidance I did research work in the field of ozonation of dye.
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Glaze Williams H, Reaction products of ozone- a review, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 69, 1986, pp. 151-157.
2.
Hoigne J, Bader H, The role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions, Water Research, 1979, 10:377-386.
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Sarasa J, Roche MP, Ormad MP, Gimeno E, Puig A, Ovelleiro JL, Treatment of a wastewater resulting from dyes manufacturing with ozone and chemical coagulation, Water Research, Vol.32, 1998, No.9.
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Chu W, Ma CW, Quantitative prediction of direct and indirect dye ozonation kinetics, Water Research,Vol.34, 2000, No.12.
Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None Declared
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