Prospective of Implementing Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in ...

World Applied Sciences Journal 32 (8): 1690-1697, 2014 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.32.08.895

Prospective of Implementing Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in Malaysia Environment Rosnani Affandi, Chin Kim Gan and Mohd Ruddin Ab Ghani Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia Abstract: Recently, climate change challenge and depletion of fossil fuels has prompted many countries to take these issues seriously. Promoting the use of Renewable Energy (RE) resources has become one of the top government agendas throughout the world. In this context, energy that is sustainable, economically feasible and environmentally friendly will become the priority object for further research and development. In this respect, solar energy has been the central for RE researches for the past decades. However, in order to develop RE such as Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in tropical environments such as Malaysia, several key factors that affect the performance of this system needs to be thoroughly investigated. In light of this, research towards the successful implementation of CSP technology in Malaysia environment should be continuously carried out. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the feasibility of implementing solar CSP in Malaysia by evaluating the CSP technologies, Meteorological data as well as Direct Solar Irradiance (DNI). Key words: Photovoltaic (PV) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Renewable Energy (RE)

Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)

INTRODUCTION According to the BP Statistical Review (2012), the global population has increased by 1.6 billion people for the last 20 years and will grow at 0.9% p.a. or 1.4 billion for the next 20 years [1]. With the increasing number in global population, this indirectly causes rapid expansion in the world's energy needs. At present, the world's energy resources are obtained from fossil fuels, biomass, hydro power, as well as the nuclear power. In 2010 it was recorded that oil has supplied 32.4% from the world energy primary supply. While the rest are coal 27.3%, natural gas 21.4%, biomass 10%, hydro 2.3%, nuclear 5.7% and others are 0.9% [2]. However, it is expected that there is no growth in world energy resources between 2010 and 2020. By referring Fig. 1, between 2020 and 2030 it is expected that the production of oil, natural gas and coal will most likely lead to a decrease of total primary energy supply. At this juncture, it is expected that future energy will be less dependent on fossil fuel. This is due to the increasing production coming from Renewable Energy (RE) resources such as solar, biomass, wind and etc. Meanwhile, world population utilize the energy for industrial sectors, transportation, agriculture, electricity,

Fig. 1: Total for world energy primary supply (1930-2090) [5,6]. buildings and others [5]. However, until now most of the industrial and transportation sector is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels [6]. In Malaysia from year 2005 to 2008, the highest energy consumption are recorded by industrial sector, followed by the transportation sector, residential and commercial sector and then the agriculture sector [7]. But the trend is changed in 2009, where the highest consumption sectors in Malaysia are recorded by transportation (Refer Fig.2).

Corresponding Author: Rosnani Affandi, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.

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Fig. 2: Total energy consumption by sector in Malaysia [7,8]. With the extreme dependence on fossil fuels, environmental problems such as excessive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) has created world anxiety conditions [9]. Between 2009 and 2010, it was recorded that the global CO2 emissions increased by 1.3 GtCO2 [10]. This in turn has led the government, industry and academic institutions in all over the world begun to improve their concerns and try to find alternative sources of energy [11,12]. Malaysia has intensifying the efforts towards using a low carbon energy sources by encourage the production and usage of sources from RE. For example in April 2009, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water was established in a cabinet. Next, on the July 2009, The National Green Technology Policy was launched with some of the objectives are to facilitate the growth of the green technology industry and increase national capability and capacity for innovation in green technology development. While on October 2010, Malaysia Feed-in Tariff (FiT) in turn was incorporated into the Malaysia National Budget 2011 (Paragraph 34) and Economic Transformation Programme (Chapter 6). As tropical country and located in the equatorial regions, Malaysia has a very abundant solar energy. In which, this became as an advantage to develop the solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems in Malaysia environment. In addition, according to S. Mekhilef et.al [13], it is ideal to install large scale solar power in Malaysia due to the tropical environment setting. Therefore, solar PV has been recognised as one of the RE technologies that are eligible for tariff payment in Malaysia. However, the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies were not given enough attention in the Malaysia context. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the feasibility of implementing solar CSP in Malaysia that takes into account both technical and economic aspects.

Moreover, due to the Malaysian tropical environment settings; with the abundant of solar energy, light winds, copious rainfall with relatively high levels of cloud cover, temperature and humidity, these will affect the performance of solar energy system. Therefore, before installing solar energy systems such as the CSP systems; a few things should be thoroughly evaluated such as the solar radiation, wind and site conditions [14]. Meanwhile, the thorough investigation should be carried out to investigate on the feasibility and viability of solar CSP in the Malaysia environment. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of the CSP by evaluating the key determining factors such as CSP technologies, Malaysia meteorological data such as the rainfall, humidity, clouds cover as well as Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and the experience of other countries that has implemented CSP plant will also be considered in this paper. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies: Generally, solar energy is one of the RE that prominent with a great potential, clean and by far the most abundant energy resource on earth [14-16]. It can be converted to electrical energy in two ways; PV system and CSP system. PV and CSP collect the different fractions of solar resource and have different production capabilities as well as the different region for develop their power plants. These two systems use different technologies to generate electricity. CSP technologies using mirrors or lenses to concentrate the solar radiation for heating liquid inside receiver and produces steam; the steam then drives a turbine generator to generate electricity in the same way as the conventional power plants. The attractive feature about CSP is it can be equipped with thermal storage system to generate electricity even during cloudy or after sunset [20].

Fig. 3: Four type of the CSP technologies [18]

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CSP has different structure; therefore it will generate a different result on the temperatures, concentrating ratio and the efficiencies. Generally, there are four types of CSP technologies which are; Parabolic Troughs system, Linear Fresnel system, Parabolic Dish System and Power Tower system [18]. CSP systems can be differentiated into line focusing and point focusing systems. Two major types of line focusing systems are Parabolic Trough and Linear Fresnel, while the Parabolic Dish and Power Tower are point focusing systems. Line focusing system is equipped with single axis tracking system. It can concentrate sun rays about 100 times and reached operating temperature up to 150°C [16,21,22]. For point focusing system; Parabolic Dish system and Power Tower system, these two system are able to concentrate sunlight as far as 1,000 times and reach operating temperature more than 1000°C [21-25]. Point focusing systems are equipped with double axis tracking system to ensure that sunlight is always concentrated on the receiver. In general, CSP is considered as one of the most economic that could give a significant contribution to develop more sustainable energy, environmentally friendly and have an advantage of generating energy with no fuel cost [7,18,19]. However in the meantime for developing CSP Plant in Malaysia environment, it will face the public concerns on visual impacts especially the land area requirements for the centralized plant. To be able generating high electrical energy, more land is needed for the plant. Nevertheless, effects of land use can be reduced by choosing areas with low population density. Furthermore, from a few types CSP technologies, PD is suitable for small scale plant and they are modular. PD suitable for small area with each unit typically generating output of 3 to 25 kW and have the potential to become one of the least expensive sources of RE. In addition, the area of the CSP plant especially the PD is smaller than the area of the PV plant [26]. Compared to other CSP technology, PD offers the highest thermal and optical efficiency. The concentration process can achieve more than 1,500 times [27]. While the currently tests for PD have shown that solar to electric conversion efficiencies can be as high as 30%. This is significantly higher than other solar technology [17]. With all of the advantages of the PD compared to others CSP technologies such as the optical efficiencies, highest thermal efficiencies, highest concentration ratio, highest working temperatures and highest efficiencies. These could become advantages for CSP system especially the PD to be viable in Malaysia environment.

CSP Research in Malaysia Environment: Preliminary researches on CSP, especially for PD have been carried out by a few researchers in Malaysia. However, the researchers are mainly focusing on the sub-system levels with no detail findings on the feasibility of CSP implementation by referring to the DNI in Malaysia. In 1997, pioneer work using solar bowl as the CSP system has been carried out at University Putra Malaysia [28]. However the efficiencies and the annual energy collection of solar bowl is lower when compared to the other collector optics and it has no advantage in terms of compensation [29]. In contrast to solar bowl, PD technology carries the much better prospects for off-grid operation, as well as providing the highest temperatures and therefore having the highest efficiency [30]. In recent research, that has been carried out by Y. Rafeeua and M.Z.A. Ab Kadir (2012) in Universiti Putra Malaysia, they mentioned that there is a significant variation in the efficiency of the concentrator with different reflective materials used [31]. Concentrator in CSP is used to concentrate the solar radiation to generate high temperature. Concentrator materials with good reflectance and able to reflect solar radiation is preferred. In addition, it must have a long lifetime and low capital cost. This is due to the reflectance surface usually will be decline especially when exposed to the weather such as Malaysia tropical environment settings with copious rainfall as well as relatively high levels of humidity. PD with aluminium reflector are much efficient than stainless steel. Reflector can be characterized by amount of the sunlight reflected onto the receiver. The performance is influenced by the sun shape, quality of the reflector, solar tracking accuracy as well as the CSP plant location [32]. Material used for the concentrator mostly from silver and aluminium and the reflecting toward the solar radiation around 80% to 90% [34,35]. While the previous researches has revealed that under tropical environment, mirror reflector with silver back surface have better reflectance and reach highest temperature [36,37]. Apart from the concentrator, tracking system is important in order to maximize the output generation and efficiencies of the CSP systems. These systems can adjust the concentrator to follow the sun during the day and the absorber position so as close to the sun beam [37]. In recent research, Omar Aliman and Ismail Daut (2007), has been successfully focused the images into one fixed target and maintained the image throughout the day [38]. By using concept of power tower system and rotation-elevation mode of sun tracking, this research has proven that the sun tracking has significantly benefits use

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in maximizing the temperature. This has clearly indicates that tracking system is important to CSP for provides a significantly greater energy yield for a given DNI compared to solar system with a fixed position. Malaysia Meteorological Data: The potential of a CSP plant is largely determined by the DNI. However, the DNI will be determined by meteorological factors; therefore it is essential to know the meteorological data such as solar radiation, rainfall, cloud cover and the humidity before developing any of CSP plant.

Fig. 4: Annual average solar radiation (MJ/m2/day) [13]

Solar Radiation Distribution in Malaysia: Malaysia is located at Southeast Asia, between 1° and 7° in North latitude and 100° and 120° in East longitude [13,40]. Total of Malaysia's landmass is about 329,845 km2, almost 60% of Malaysia landmass is made up of East Malaysia and the rest is Peninsular Malaysia. Daily solar irradiation in Malaysia is around 4.7 to 5.8 kWh/m2 (is said to be achieved 6.8kWh/m2 in August and November), monthly is 133.0 kWh/m2 and yearly value around 1596.5 to 1643 kWh/m2/year [41,42]. The sunshine duration is more than 2,200 hours per year and annual temperature varies from 26 to 28°C. Meanwhile the northern states and several places in east Malaysia receive high solar radiation throughout the year [42]. Solar radiation is decreased from the northern states to the southern states. Northern states such as Perlis, a part of Kedah, Penang, Kelantan, a part of Melaka and a few places in East Malaysia (especially Sabah) received the most amount of solar radiation, while Johor at the southern Peninsular Malaysia and most parts in Sarawak receives the lowest solar radiation. Nevertheless, by evaluating the solar radiation data in Malaysia, northern states and several places in east Malaysia can be considered as viable place for CSP compared to other places in Malaysia. Rainfall: Malaysia is considered as one of the wet climate countries where annual rainfall is about 2250 mm/year. Generally, Sabah and Sarawak receive a larger amount of rainfall compared to other states in Peninsula Malaysia [31]. Kuching and Bintulu in Sarawak, experienced heavy rainfall with the measurement of 11.68 mm and 11.02 mm, whereas areas with lower rainfall are Sitiawan, Tawau and Melaka with the measurement of 4.86 mm, 5.33 mm and 5.42 mm [39]. Areas that experience heavy rainfall such as Kuching and Bintulu have low potential to develop the CSP compared with Sitiawan, Tawau and Melaka. This is

because, the large amount of rainfall will effect the efficiency of the concentrator as well as overall of the CSP system. Cloud Cover: Cloud cover is normally high throughout the year and it is very rare to have clear skies for a full day even in the dry period. Many areas in Malaysia have the highest values of cloud cover on October until February and lowest value of the cloud cover from Mac to September. According to Engel-Cox et.al (2012), Tawau has a significantly lower cloud cover compared to the other locations in Malaysia; whereas Kota Bharu, Kota Kinabalu, Kuantan and Labuan are locations with highest cloud cover [39]. Meanwhile, Melaka and Bayan Lepas have been identified as locations with low cloud cover in Peninsular Malaysia. Cloud with specific weather patterns are among the most important factor that limiting, restricting and cut a large amount of sunlight from reaching the atmosphere and subsequently affects the amount of radiation received at the earth's surface. Humidity: Humidity in Malaysia is varies from 80% to 90%. The low relative humidity area was Subang and Bayan Lepas which is 78.6% and 79.4%. The higher relative humidity area is a few cities in Sarawak such as Kuching, Bintulu, Miri and Sibu. Others are Kuantan, Sitiawan and Tawau, while areas with slightly lower humidity are Kota Bharu, Kota Kinabalu, Melaka and Labuan. Overall, it can be said that heavy rainfall, constantly high temperature, high levels of cloud cover and relative humidity is the characteristics of Malaysian tropical climate. However, northern states and several places in Sabah receive high solar radiation, lower rainfall, lower cloud cover and lower humidity. These places can be considered as viable place for CSP compared to other places in Malaysia

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Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): A Knowledge on the quality and future reliability of the sunlight is essential to get an accurate analysis of CSP system performance [43]. CSP technologies uses direct sunlight and it is depending on the intensity of the sun's radiation referred as DNI. DNI is radiation that comes in a direct line from the sun. On clear sky conditions, DNI represents more than 80% of the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface. While, on a cloudy day the DNI is nearly zero. Some of the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is absorbed and scattered. The solar radiation is absorbed by ozone, oxygen and water vapor. Weather conditions such as storms and clouds become the main element that changed solar radiation to the surface. Meanwhile, a good solar resource is a top priority for CSP technology. Therefore in order to be economically feasible, CSP technology requires DNI of at least 1900-2000kWh/m2/year or daily solar radiation value of at least 5kWh/m2/day [17]. Malaysia DNI is around 1,401-1,600 kWh/m2/year [44]. Mostly the CSP plant is established in a country with DNI higher than 1800kWh/m2/year. Nevertheless, there is no technical reason why CSP plants cannot run at DNI levels lower than 1800kWh/m2/year. A previous studies has revealed that most of world regions except Canada, Japan, Russia and South Korea have significant potential areas for CSP [18,20,45]. Therefore, the most promising areas for developing CSP plants are areas with high sun exposure, low cloud cover and in dry arid mid-latitude zone.

Table 1: Malaysia and List of Country with CSP Plant [20,46,47]

Country

Start Year

Algeria Australia Chile China Egypt France Germany India Italy Malaysia Mexico Morocco South Africa Spain Thailand UAE USA

2011 2011 2015* 2012 2011 2012 2008 2011 2010 Nil 2013 2010 2014* 2007 2012 2013 1984

Installed Capacity (MW) 25 12 Nil 1.5 20 250 1.5 2.5 5 Nil Nil 20 Nil 2057 5 100 650

Under Construction (MW) Nil 44 360 50 Nil 21 Nil 425 Nil Nil 14 164 200 250 Nil Nil 3202

DNI value (kWh/m2/yr) 2,700 2,600 2,900 2,000 - 2,100 2,431 1,800 - 1,930 902 2,200 1,936 1400 2,050 - 2,305 2,400 - 2,600 2,700 1,950 - 2,291 1,400 1,934 2,636 - 2,725

*Under development

Fig. 5:

Global CSP Development: Until March 2012, the global installed capacity of CSP plants amounting 1.9 gigawatts (GW) and 90% of the plants are located in Spain and United States [23]. From these two countries, Spain dominated the total of CSP worldwide installed capacity and followed by United States. While, from the list of countries that developed CSP plant, more than 90% is using parabolic trough technology. Globally the solar power tower system capacity is 70 MW. Solar power tower is less commercial than parabolic trough solar system. However, there are countries such as Russia, Italy, Spain, Japan, France and the United States have been developed and tested the power tower systems with a power output between 0.5 to 10MW. Other CSP technologies such as linear Fresnel have capacity of 31 MW in Spain and 4 MW in Australia [23]. For PD, even that it has been proven as CSP technologies with high efficiencies, nevertheless for the moment, the electricity

Solar world map [Source:http://www. schott. com/ csp/ english/ parabolic - through technology. html

generation costs is quite higher compared to parabolic trough or tower power plants. There a number of prototype dish engine systems are currently operating in Nevada, Arizona, Colorado and Spain. From Table 1, it is observed that more than 87% countries that develop the CSP plant are located in area that have been identified as areas with excellent resources of (DNI of 1900-2000 kWh/m2/year), while the rest are Thailand and German. Thailand is located in satisfactory area for CSP plant (Fig. 5). The plant is located in Huai kachao with DNI around 1350 to 1400 kWh/m 2/year. With relatively high diffuse fraction of global radiation and located in tropical region, Thailand has successfully supplied 5MW of electrical power from their CSP Plant called TSE1 to the Thailand public power network on January 25, 2012.

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CONCLUSION

Fig. 6: LCOE/tariff development over DNI level [49]. However, what is exciting and fairly stunning among the countries that develop CSP plant is German. By referring Fig. 5, it clearly shows that German is located in unsuitable area for CSP plant. However, with DNI 902 kWh/m2/year, the solar tower that is located in the city of Jülich, has been successfully delivered the electricity to the grid in early April 2009 [22]. Apart from German, Japan is another country that has been identified as unsuitable area for CSP plant. The CSP project is located in Nio and named as Sunshine's central receiver. With 0.75 kW/m2 of direct normal radiation intensity, this project has began generate the electricity in September 1981. It also successfully achieved the rated output as well as turned out showed the R&D for solar thermal power generation is technologically successful. Thailand, German and Japan have started their project early and proved that CSP plant can run at DNI levels lower than 1800kWh/m2/year. This is indirectly makes German as the first country in the world that has success developed and delivers the electricity to the grid even the country is located in area that is alleged as unsuitable for CSP plant. Meanwhile, Thailand become first tropical country that has the CSP plant and prove CSP still can be develop even in a country with high diffuse fraction of global radiation. However, CSP project in Japan is not economically viable even that the project has successfully achieved its rated output [48]. Overall, it can be stated that there is a strong relationship between DNI and the output power. Sites with high DNI will produce more energy, enable greatest electricity generation and have a lower Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) [23,49]. Fig. 6 shows that the LCOE/Tariff of CSP is decrease significantly with increasing in the irradiation level (which is - 4.5% with the increasing of DNI by 100kWh/m²/year) [23,49].

Generally, there are many limitations and barriers that should be overcome for developing CSP in Malaysia environment. Nevertheless, these should not be a reason to abandon CSP altogether. Apart from the tropical settings that will affect the CSP performances; things that should be given seriously attention are the lack of technical expertise locally in CSP technology and Malaysia has a very limited experience in CSP market. Anyhow, changes in global RE markets, investments, industries and policies have been so rapid in recent years. This is occurred as other RE technologies (wind and PV), where usually the initial cost was high but Cumulative Capacity (MW) will be decreased when installed capacity increased. The same trend will be occurred for CSP, where it will be cost competitive when the technology evolves toward maturity and the technologies attain the commercial viability. Besides, these limitations can be overcome through innovation as well as ongoing research on CSP, especially in Malaysia tropical environment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the funding support provided by the Ministry of Education Malaysia under the research grant No: FRGS/2/2013/ TK02/ FKE/01/F00167. REFERENCES 1. 2.

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