Prototype Experiments - Science Direct

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia CIRP 60 (2017) 554 – 559

WK&,53'HVLJQ

3URWRW\SHH[SHULPHQWVVWUDWHJLHVDQGWUDGHRIIV 

6LJPXQG$7URQYROO &KULVWHU:(OYHUXP7RUJHLU:HOR



NTNU - Norwegian University of Technology and Science - Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Richard Birkelands vei 2B, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOE-mail address:VLJPXQGWURQYROO#QWQXQR

$EVWUDFW 7KURXJKRXWWKHZKROHSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVWKHUHLVDOZD\VDTXHVWLRQRQZKHWKHUWKHSURSRVHGSURGXFWLV³XSWRLWVWDVN´DQGRIWHQLW LVXSWRWKHHQJLQHHURUGHVLJQHUWRDQVZHUWKHVHTXHVWLRQV,QPDQ\FDVHVWKLVFDOOVIRUH[SHULPHQWVLQIRUPRISURWRW\SHWHVWLQJWRH[SORUH YHULI\DQGYDOLGDWHWKHSURGXFWSHUIRUPDQFH7KLVSDSHUFRQQHFWVWKHRYHUDOODSSURDFKRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVLQIRUPRISRLQWEDVHGVHW EDVHGDQGDJLOHVWUDWHJLHVDQGFRQQHFWVWKHPWRZKDWVHHPVWREHWKHIXQGDPHQWDOWUDGHRIILQSURWRW\SHH[SHULPHQWVH[HPSOLILHGE\UHDOFDVHV IURPDQLQGXVWULDODFDGHPLFGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFW  ©‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHRIWKHWK&,53'HVLJQ&RQIHUHQFH Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 27th CIRP Design Conference

Keywords:DJLOHGHYHORSPHQWVHWEDVHGHQJLQHHULQJSRLQWEDVHGHQJLQHHULQJSURWRW\SLQJH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ

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design thinking>@DQGagile development >@  DQG GRRPHG LQ RWKHUV DV quality function deployment >@ DQG total quality management >@  7KH GLIIHUHQFH LV QRW ZKHWKHU WKH\ H[LVW LQ GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUHV EXW KRZ WKH\ DUH SHUFHLYHG 'RHV WKH FXOWXUH HPSKDVL]H WXQLQJ HDFKGHVLJQGHFLVLRQWRSHUIHFWLRQEHIRUHFRPPLWWLQJWRLWRU GRWKH\DFNQRZOHGJHWKDWHDUO\GHVLJQGHFLVLRQVZLOOEHIODZHG DQGWKHUHIRUHLWHUDWHVZLWKODUJHUFKDQJHVEHWZHHQHDFKF\FOH" 'RWKHFXOWXUHOHDQWRZDUGV³GRLWULJKWWKHILUVWWLPH´RU³MXVW GRLW´"

2212-8271 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 27th CIRP Design Conference doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.01.049

555

Sigmund A. Tronvoll et al. / Procedia CIRP 60 (2017) 554 – 559

7RLQFUHDVHFRQILGHQFHLQVROXWLRQVHQJLQHHUVRIWHQXWLOL]H GLIIHUHQW GLPHQVLRQLQJ WRROV DV allowable stress design DQG limit state design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¶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

LWHUDWLQJZKLOHWKHRWKHUVWU\WRPLWLJDWHXQFHUWDLQW\LQ RWKHUZD\V  7KH WZRIROG XVH RI µVHW¶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

 )LJXUH'HVLJQSURJUHVVRIWKHIRXUGLIIHUHQWVWUDWHJLHV 3RLQWEDVHG GHVLJQ 6HWEDVHGVROXWLRQDUUD\ 3HUIRUPDQFHVHWLQYHVWLJDWLRQ  )OH[LEOHGHVLJQ

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

556

Sigmund A. Tronvoll et al. / Procedia CIRP 60 (2017) 554 – 559

,WHUDWLRQWKURXJKSURWRW\SHH[SHULPHQWV ,WHUDWLYH GHYHORSPHQW F\FOHV KDYH EHHQ D ZLGHVSUHDG FRQFHSWIRUDORQJWLPHVHH)LJXUH SUREDEO\ILUVWIRUPDOO\ LQWURGXFHG E\ 6LPRQ >@ DV WKH generate-test cycle IRU H[SODLQLQJ KRZ DUWLILFLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH PLJKW FRQWULEXWH WR HQJLQHHULQJ DQG GHVLJQ 7KLV KDV ODWHU EHHQ H[SDQGHG WR WKH design-build-test cycle IURP>@WRILWIRUWKHSUREOHPVROYLQJ F\FOHVLQWKH-DSDQHVHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\RUWKHdesign-buildrun-analyze cycle IURP7KRPNH>@VWUHVVLQJWKHDQDO\]HSDUW DVDQHVVHQWLDODFWLYLW\WROHDUQIURPWKHF\FOH 7KHEDVLFRILWHUDWLYHGHYHORSPHQWLVKRZHYHUWKHIDFWWKDW GHVLJQ WDVNV FRQVLVW RIF\FOHV ZLWK GLYHUJHQW DQG FRQYHUJHQW DFWLYLWLHV ZKHUH RQH SURSRVH FUHDWH DQG WHVW VROXWLRQV DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\UHFUHDWHUHGHVLJQDQGUHWHVWLIWKHLQLWLDOUHVXOWV DUHQRWVDWLVI\LQJ ([SHULPHQWDWLRQERUURZLQJ6PLWK¶VGHVFULSWLRQ>@FDQEH GHVFULEHGDV³\RXSURYRNHDVLWXDWLRQDQGVHHKRZLWUHVSRQGV´ 7KHUHDVRQIRUH[SOLFLWO\XVLQJWKHWHUPprototype experiments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¶VGHILQLWLRQRISURWRW\SHVDV³« DQ DSSUR[LPDWLRQ RI WKH SURGXFW DORQJ RQH RU PRUH GLPHQVLRQV´>@ZRXOGWRDODUJHH[WHQWFRYHUPRVWSURGXFW GHYHORSPHQWH[SHULPHQWV &ODUN HW DO >@ LGHQWLILHG WKDW GLIIHUHQW SURWRW\SH H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH XVHG LQ WKH -DSDQHVH DXWRPRWLYH LQGXVWU\ GXULQJ VR FDOOHG ³SUREOHP VROYLQJ F\FOHV´ LQ  FODVVLFDO VHW EDVHG HQJLQHHULQJ ´,QVLGH WKH SUREOHP VROYLQJ F\FOHV DOWHUQDWLYH VROXWLRQV DUH FUHDWHG RU UHWULHYHG DQG WKHLU FRQVHTXHQFHV DUH VLPXODWHG WKURXJK SK\VLFDO PHQWDO RU FRPSXWHU H[SHULPHQWV´ ,W PXVW EH QRWHG WKDW WKH WHUP computer experiment VKRXOG EH UHSKUDVHG WR analytic calculations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

 )LJXUH7KHLWHUDWLYHSURWRW\SHH[SHULPHQWF\FOH

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x 5HGXFHGHYHORSPHQWFRVW x 6KRUWHQGHYHORSPHQWWLPH x ,QFUHDVHWRWDOSURGXFWTXDOLW\ x &UHDWHUHXVDEOHSK\VLFDODVVHWV x &UHDWHUHXVDEOHNQRZOHGJH  3RLQWDUHWKHJHQHUDOSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWSHUIRUPDQFH SDUDPHWHUV LQWURGXFHG E\ &ODUN DQG )XMLPRWR >@ ZKLFK WDUJHWWKHVLQJOHSURMHFWSHUIRUPDQFHZKLOHSDUDPHWHUDQG WDUJHW WKH SURMHFWWRSURMHFW DVVHW WUDQVIHU HPSKDVL]HG LQ knowledge based engineering >@ DQG front loading WDFWLFV >@ $OO WKHVH IDFWRUV DUH DOVR HPSKDVL]HG LQ /HDQ 3URGXFW 'HYHORSPHQW >@ IRFXVLQJ RQ SURMHFW SHUIRUPDQFH NQRZOHGJH DQG DVVHW JHQHUDWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ IRU WKH XVH LQ FRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQW.DL]HQ 

Sigmund A. Tronvoll et al. / Procedia CIRP 60 (2017) 554 – 559

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teration cost $V RQH RI WKH DWWULEXWHV GLUHFWO\ OLQNHG WR JHQHUDO SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQWSHUIRUPDQFHWKLVLVDQDWXUDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQWUDGHRII+RZHYHULWPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKH RYHUDOOSURFHVVSHUIRUPDQFHDQGWKHH[SHULPHQWLWHUDWLRQFRVW LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ GLUHFWO\ FRUUHODWLQJ ,I WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKHOLIHF\FOHFRVWVRIDSURGXFWDUH FRPPLWWHGWRDIWHUVSHQGLQJRIWKHSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQW FRVW >@ WKHUH DUH UHDVRQV WR EHOLHYH WKDW VRPHZKDW FRVWO\ H[SHULPHQWV LQ WKH HDUO\ SKDVH WKDW FRXOG EH JLYLQJ KLJK OHDUQLQJYDOXHFRXOGRIWHQEHEHQHILFLDO 6RPHIRUPVRIH[SHULPHQWDWLRQDVVLPXODWLRQVFDQRIWHQEH LWHUDWHGDJDLQDQGDJDLQZLWKQHJOLJLEOHPDUJLQDOFRVWZKLOH GHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJRISK\VLFDOSURWRW\SHVRIWHQKDYHWKHVDPH PDUJLQDODVLQLWLDOFRVW 4.2. Iteration time $V ZLWK LWHUDWLRQ FRVW WKLV LV D TXLWH REYLRXV SDUW RI DQ\ SHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUH$QGDVLGHQWLILHGE\7KRPNHHWDO>@ XVLQJWLPHDQGUHVRXUFHVRQH[WHQVLYHWHVWLQJDQGNQRZOHGJH FUHDWLQJLQWKHVWDUWRIDSURMHFWWHUPHGfront-loading FRXOG UHVXOWLQWLPHVDYLQJVIRUWKHRYHUDOOSURMHFWSHUIRUPDQFH 5HSURGXFLQJDOOORDGVDQGGXUDWLRQVDFWLQJRQDFRQVXPHU GXUDEOH WKURXJKRXW LW¶V VDIHOLIH LV UDUHO\ GRQH LQ SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQW DV WKHLU VDIHOLIH GR RIWHQ H[WHQG WKH SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQWSKDVHE\RUGHUVRIPDJQLWXGH2QHGRHVWKHUHIRUH RIWHQFUHDWHDPRUHFRPSDFWORDGVFKHPHRUVFHQDULR RUWHVW PXOWLSOH VLPLODU SURWRW\SHV RQ GLIIHUHQW FDVHV LQ SDUDOOHO (VSHFLDOO\LQVRIWZDUHLQGXVWU\ZKHUHXVHUVDUHRIWHQJUDQWHG SHUPLVVLRQWRXVH QRW\HWODXQFKHGSURGXFWVDVDSDUWRIWKH ODWHUVWDJHVRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWbeta testing), DQGLQUHWXUQJHW XVHU VWDWLVWLFV HUURU PHVVDJHV DQG EXJV ZKLFK WKH VRIWZDUH H[KLELWV$VDQH[DPSOH:LQGRZVKDGPLOOLRQLQGLYLGXDO QRQSDLG WHVWHUV >@7KDW GLG QRW RQO\ IUHH XS WLPH IRU WKH

GHYHORSPHQWWHDPEXWPDGHDPXFKPRUHH[WHQVLYHWHVWWKDQ DQ\LQKRXVHWHVWLQJIDFLOLWLHVFRXOGKDYHGRQH 4.3. Level of approximation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an-Gen Shugithe three reals GembaGembutsuDQG GenjitsuZKLFKWUDQVODWHVWRthe real placereal itemDQGUHDO situation/data>@,QFDVHRISURGXFWLRQWKLVLVSRVVLEOH DV WKHVHDUHSK\VLFDOHQWLWLHVZKLOHIRUSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWLWFDQ EHDELWPRUHGLIILFXOWGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWDOOWKH³UHDOSK\VLFDOV´ RQO\H[LVWLQWKHIXWXUHDIWHUSURGXFWGHSOR\PHQW 6RPH KDYH JLYHQ ³GLPHQVLRQV´ WR WKH DSSUR[LPDWLRQ RQ ZKHWKHUWKHSURWRW\SHLVHLWKHUULFKORZRQIXQFWLRQVDWWULEXWHV DQGKRZDFFXUDWHWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHVHIXQFWLRQVDUH7KLV KDV EHHQ QDPHG E\ VRPH DV ILGHOLW\ YV UHVROXWLRQ >@ RU KRUL]RQWDOYVYHUWLFDOSURWRW\SLQJ>@8OULFKDQG(SSLQJHU >@KDVDGLIIHUHQWZD\RIGHVFULELQJSURWRW\SHVDVZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH IRFXVHGFRPSUHKHQVLYH WKH DPRXQW RI IXQFWLRQV LPSOHPHQWHG DQGDQDO\WLFDOSK\VLFDOJLYLQJDGLPHQVLRQRQ ZKHWKHUWKH\DUHWREHWHVWHGLQWKHUHDOZRUOGRUE\DQDO\WLF FDOFXODWLRQVHVWLPDWLRQV 4.4. User level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esults presentation $OWKRXJK SHUIRUPDQFH PHDVXUHV TXDOLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV DQG YLVXDO DSSHDUDQFH FDQ EH GHVFULEHG LQ ZRUGV DQG QXPEHUV D WKRURXJKDQDO\VLVDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHVXOWVRIWHQUHTXLUH

557

558

Sigmund A. Tronvoll et al. / Procedia CIRP 60 (2017) 554 – 559

DPRUHJUDSKLFDODSSHDUDQFHLQIRUPRIJUDSKVSORWVYLGHRV DQG VWDWHPHQWV 2IWHQ WR JHW D IHHO IRU KRZ WKH SURWRW\SH SHUIRUPVWKHUHVXOWLVWKHQIUHTXHQWO\VKRZFDVHGDJDLQVWVRPH EDVHOLQH SHUIRUPDQFH PDUNHW OHDGHUV QRPLQDO YDOXHV OHJLVODWLYH YDOXHV HWF  ZKLFK RIWHQ FDOOV IRU H[SHULPHQWLQJ ZLWKLQPDUNHWSURGXFWVDOVR

REVHUYHG ZKHQWHVWLQJ ZLWKD PRUHUHDOLVWLFVHWXS7KHVHWXS FRQVLVWHGRIDEXFNHWZLWKDWH[WXUHSODWHHQFLUFOLQJDGUDLQLQJ KROHLQWKHERWWRPDQGRQWRSRIWKLVDSODWHZLWKDJOXHGRQ FLUFXODUJDVNHWDVVHHQLQILJXUH7KHVHWXSDOVRLQFRUSRUDWHG DXWRPDWLFZDWHUOHYHOLQJDQGLQSXWZDWHUPHDVXULQJWREHDEOH WRORJSHUIRUPDQFHGDWD

4.6. Experiment flexibility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

 )LJXUH6HFRQGH[SHULPHQWVHWXS>@JLYLQJDPRUHULJRURXVWHVWLQJRI SHUIRUPDQFHSDUDPHWHUVRIDPRUHFRQVWUDLQHGW\SHRIVHDOLQJVROXWLRQ

7KH ODWWHU H[SHULPHQW UHGXFHG WKH IOH[LELOLW\ RI WKH VHWXS DQG ZRXOG RQO\ DFFRPPRGDWH VHDOV RI ³JDVNHW OLNH´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ll new concept 7KLVZDVDSURMHFWLQLWLDOL]HGWRGHYHORSDIORRGEDUULHUIRU WKHFRQVXPHUPDUNHWUDWKHUWKDQEXVLQHVVWREXVLQHVVZKLFKLV WKHFRPSDQ\¶V PDLQ PDUNHWVHJPHQW 7KHSURSRVHGSURGXFW FRQVLVWHGRIWULSRGVKROGLQJDFDQYDVDVVHHQLQILJXUH 

 )LJXUH)LUVWH[SHULPHQWVHWXSRILQYHVWLJDWLQJVHDOLQJSHUIRUPDQFH

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

)LJXUH)LUVWSURWRW\SHVDQGWHVWVRIFDQYDVWULSRGVROXWLRQ

7KH ILUVW URXQG RI H[SHULPHQWV ZDV D classical proof-ofconcept prototype $V WKHUH ZHUH XQFHUWDLQWLHV DERXW WKH VWUXFWXUDOLQWHJULW\RIWKHFRQFHSWWKHRYHUDOOSXUSRVHZDVWR LQYHVWLJDWHZKHWKHULWZRXOGZRUNRUQRW7KHSURGXFWZDVEXLOW LQKDOIVFDOHDQGWHVWHGLQDVWHHOWDQN'XHWRWKHQXPEHURI XQFHUWDLQWLHVDVDSRWHQWLDOQHHGRIDURGIRUKROGLQJWKHFDQYDV EHWZHHQ WKH PRGXOHV OHQJWK RI FDQYDV WULSRG IHHW VSUHDG IOH[LELOLW\ RI WULSRG IOH[LELOLW\ LQ DOO WKHVH IDFWRUV ZHUH GHVLJQHG LQWR WKH SURGXFW 7KLV ZDV DFKLHYHG XVLQJ D KLJK GHJUHH RI PRGXODULW\ DOORZHG IRU IHDWXUHV WR EH DOWHUHG

Sigmund A. Tronvoll et al. / Procedia CIRP 60 (2017) 554 – 559

UHPRYHG DQG LQWURGXFHG LQ PXOWLSOH LWHUDWLRQV DOWKRXJK NHHSLQJPRVWRIWKHFRQFHSWIL[HG WKURXJKRXWWKHH[SHULPHQW

 )LJXUH6HFRQGURXQGRIH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ±&RPSXWHUVLPXODWLRQRI JHRPHWU\DQGORDGLQJRIFDQYDV

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performance-set investigation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

6PLWK537MDQGUD3([SHULPHQWDOREVHUYDWLRQRILWHUDWLRQLQ HQJLQHHULQJGHVLJQ5HVHDUFKLQ(QJLQHHULQJ'HVLJQ± +DVNLQV&)RUVEHUJ..UXHJHU0:DOGHQ'+DPHOLQ'6\VWHPV

559

HQJLQHHULQJKDQGERRN,1&26( 'RZ63.OHPPHU657KH(IILFDF\RI3URWRW\SLQJ8QGHU7LPH &RQVWUDLQWV,Q0HLQHO&/HLIHU/3ODWWQHU+HGLWRUV'HVLJQ 7KLQNLQJ6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJS± >@ %HFN.%HHGOH09DQ%HQQHNXP$&RFNEXUQ$&XQQLQJKDP: )RZOHU0HWDO0DQLIHVWRIRUDJLOHVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQW >@ 0RKDPHG=DLUL0RKDPHG$@ +DUDUL27HQUHDVRQVZK\740GRHVQ¶WZRUN0DQDJHPHQW5HYLHZ  >@ (OYHUXP&::HOR77URQYROO63URWRW\SLQJLQ1HZ3URGXFW 'HYHORSPHQW6WUDWHJ\&RQVLGHUDWLRQV3URFHGLD&,53±  >@ &RRSHU5*.OHLQVFKPLGW(-1HZSURGXFWSURFHVVHVDWOHDGLQJ LQGXVWULDOILUPV,QGXVWULDO0DUNHWLQJ0DQDJHPHQW± >@ :DUG$/LNHU-.&ULVWLDQR--6REHN'.7KHVHFRQG7R\RWD SDUDGR[+RZGHOD\LQJGHFLVLRQVFDQPDNHEHWWHUFDUVIDVWHU6ORDQ 0DQDJHPHQW5HYLHZ >@ .HQQHG\%06REHN'..HQQHG\015HGXFLQJ5HZRUNE\ $SSO\LQJ6HW%DVHG3UDFWLFHV(DUO\LQWKH6\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ 3URFHVV6\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ± >@ 6REHN'.:DUG$&/LNHU-.7R\RWD¶V3ULQFLSOHVRI6HW%DVHG &RQFXUUHQW(QJLQHHULQJ6ORDQ0DQDJHPHQW5HYLHZ± >@ :HOR72QWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIOHDQSULQFLSOHVLQ3URGXFW 'HYHORSPHQWDFRPPHQWDU\RQPRGHOVDQGSUDFWLFHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI3URGXFW'HYHORSPHQW± >@ 6PLWK3*)OH[LEOHSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWEXLOGLQJDJLOLW\IRU FKDQJLQJPDUNHWV-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV >@ 6WHLQHUW0/HLIHU/-³)LQGLQJ2QH´V:D\¶5H'LVFRYHULQJD +XQWHU*DWKHUHU0RGHOEDVHGRQ:D\IDULQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI (QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ >@ 6LPRQ+$7KHVFLHQFHVRIWKHDUWLILFLDO&DPEULGJH0DVV0,7 3UHVV >@ &ODUN.%)XMLPRWR7/HDGWLPHLQDXWRPRELOHSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQW H[SODLQLQJWKH-DSDQHVHDGYDQWDJH-RXUQDORI(QJLQHHULQJDQG 7HFKQRORJ\0DQDJHPHQW± >@ 7KRPNH6+0DQDJLQJH[SHULPHQWDWLRQLQWKHGHVLJQRIQHZ SURGXFWV0DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFH± >@8OULFK.7(SSLQJHU6'3URGXFWGHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWWKHG 0F*UDZ+LOO >@ 7KRPNH6+6LPXODWLRQOHDUQLQJDQG5 'SHUIRUPDQFH(YLGHQFH IURPDXWRPRWLYHGHYHORSPHQW5HVHDUFK3ROLF\± >@ 7URQYROO6$(OYHUXP&::HOR77HVW(QYLURQPHQWVLQ (QJLQHHULQJ'HVLJQ$FRQFHSWXDOVWXG\'63URFHHGLQJVRI 1RUG'HVLJQ9ROXPH >@ &ODUN.%)XMLPRWR73URGXFW'HYHORSPHQW3HUIRUPDQFH6WUDWHJ\ 2UJDQL]DWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWLQWKH:RUOG$XWR,QGXVWU\+DUYDUG %XVLQHVV3UHVV >@ 6WXGHU5%HQMDPLQV95)HQVHO'.QRZOHGJHHQJLQHHULQJ 3ULQFLSOHVDQGPHWKRGV'DWD .QRZOHGJH(QJLQHHULQJ ± >@ 7KRPNH6)XMLPRWR77KH(IIHFWRI³)URQW/RDGLQJ´3UREOHP 6ROYLQJRQ3URGXFW'HYHORSPHQW3HUIRUPDQFH-RXUQDORI3URGXFW ,QQRYDWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW± >@ 3URWDOLQVNL(:LQGRZVKDGPLOOLRQWHVWHUVELJJHVWEHWDHYHU$UV 7HFKQLFDZZZDUVWHFKQLFDFRPDFFHVVHG1RYHPEHU  >@ ,DQVLWL00DF&RUPDFN$'7HDP1HZ=HDODQG$ +DUYDUG %XVLQHVV3XEOLVLQJ >@ +LOO$97KH(QF\FORSHGLDRI2SHUDWLRQV0DQDJHPHQW$)LHOG 0DQXDODQG*ORVVDU\RI2SHUDWLRQV0DQDJHPHQW7HUPVDQG &RQFHSWV)73UHVV >@ 0F&XUG\0&RQQRUV&3\U]DN*.DQHIVN\%9HUD$%UHDNLQJ WKHILGHOLW\EDUULHUDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIRXUFXUUHQWFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI SURWRW\SHVDQGDQH[DPSOHRIDPL[HGILGHOLW\VXFFHVV3URFHHGLQJV RIWKH6,*&+,&RQIHUHQFH$&0S± >@ %HDXGRXLQ/DIRQ00DFND\:3URWRW\SLQJWRROVDQGWHFKQLTXHV +XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ'HYHORSPHQW3URFHVV± >@ )OR\G&$6\VWHPDWLF/RRNDW3URWRW\SLQJ,Q%XGGH5 .XKOHQNDPS.0DWKLDVVHQ/=OOLJKRYHQ+HGLWRUV$SSURDFKHVWR 3URWRW\SLQJ6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJS± >@ %MHUNKROW-7/LQGKROP2*$Q,QQRYDWLYH6HPLSHUPDQHQW)ORRG 3URWHFWLRQ6WUXFWXUH$OWHUQDWLYHWR6DQGEDJVDQG6XSSOHPHQWVWR &RQYHQWLRQDO(DUWK(PEDQNPHQWV$GYDQFHVLQ8UEDQ)ORRG 0DQDJHPHQW >@ +DDODQG.9:DOGHUKDXJ‘%0DVWHU7KHVLV3URWRW\SLQJDQGWHVWLQJ RIQRYHOIORRGSURWHFWLRQV\VWHPV >@