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2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
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Apr 4, 2006 - Providing a native IPMulticast interface to applications. â. Distributing Multicast traffic using ALM. â. Prototype implementation. > Example of ...
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast Dragan Milic, Marc Brogle, Torsten Braun
4/4/06
1
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Multicast Middleware: ALM with an IPMulticast interface. —
Providing a native IPMulticast interface to applications. —
Distributing Multicast traffic using ALM. —
Prototype implementation.
>
Example of an ALM Integration: NEMO.
>
Outlook.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Why is there no Internetwide IPMulticast? At the moment, the Internet consists of IPMulticast islands:
>
—
ISPs are not always interested in mutual cooperation. —
Forwarding IPUnicast traffic is “easier” (stateless) than forwarding IPMulticast. —
ISPs fear the additional traffic induced trough IPMulticast (easy DoS attacks trough joining high traffic volume Multicast groups).
Multicast islands are interconnected with tunnels: MBONE [1].
>
>
—
Manual setup of tunnels. —
Administrative overhead.
Consequence: most of the Internet endusers cannot profit from IPMulticast services.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Overlay Multicast An alternative to relying on IPMulticast availability is to approximate Multicast data distribution using only Unicast communication (routing trough an overlay network).
>
Advantages: —
—
4/4/06
–
Can minimize (but not eliminate) redundant transmission of data trough the links. –
Does not require modification of network elements (routers). –
Can be implemented on the application layer – no need for special operating system support.
Disadvantage: topology of an overlay network is almost always lessoptimal than the topology of the underlying network → the ALM routing is less efficient than a native IPMulticast routing. 4
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Application Layer Multicast (ALM) >
User applications (e.g. a videoplayer) build a dynamic P2P overlay network for forwarding Multicast traffic.
>
Advantages: —
Simple deployment. —
No infrastructure is needed.
Disadvantages:
>
—
Existing applications have to be modified. —
Each application builds its own overlay network. —
Existing IPMulticast based protocols cannot be used.
4/4/06
5
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Multicast Middleware > Basic idea:
—
Using ALM for transporting Multicast traffic. —
Make ALM usage transparent to applications by providing a native IPMulticast interface.
> Virtual network interface (TUN/TAP).
—
TUN/TAP is a special kind of network interface that communicates with a user space process instead of communicating with a physical network. —
From the operating system’s point of view, a TUN/TAP interface is just a normal network interface.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
A user space application (the Multicast Middleware) is attached to a TUN/TAP interface and simulates a network with an attached Multicast router (implements IGMP[IPV4] and MLD[IPV6]). —
The operating system sends the outgoing IPMulticast traffic trough the TUN/TAP device. —
The TUN/TAP device forwards the outgoing IPMulticast traffic to the Multicast Middleware. The captured traffic is routed to all receivers trough ALM. —
The traffic received by the Multicast Middleware trough ALM is forwarded to the TUN/TAP interface as IPMulticast datagrams.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Multicast Middleware: Group Join
Overlay Route Setup IGMP VLC
IP TAP
MM VLC TCP 4/4/06
VLC UDP
MM IGMP TCP IP
NET
TAP
IGMP NET
TAP NET
TCP
Kernel Space
IGMP TCP
Kernel Space
UDP
MM
Sender
User Space
User Space
Receiver
NET
MMMM 8
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Multicast Middleware: Transporting Data
UDP Data P2P Data Message VLC
IP TAP
VLC TCP MM MM 4/4/06
VLC UDP
IGMP TCP IP
NET
TAP
UDP TAP NET
MM
TAP UDP NET
Kernel Space
IGMP TCP
Kernel Space
UDP
MM
Receiver
User Space
User Space
Sender
NET
MMMM TCP VLC 9
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Multicast Middleware: Prototype Implementation > Most of the implementation done in JAVA™
.
> A thin layer for the data transfer to/from the TUN/TAP interface
is written in C (JNI interface to JAVA™ ).
> Currently supported operating systems: Linux, Mac OS X. > Custom overlay network protocol. > Very good performance (forwarding of ~80 Mbit/s with 3 Ghz
P4-CPU resulted in 20-25% CPU usage).
> To be released under GPL license.
4/4/06
10
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Testing the Multicast Middleware Prototype Sender
Forwarder
Receiver
Receiver
> Media: 7x DVD MPEGTS ~11 Mbps (VBR) >
Applications: VLC (builtin IPMulticast support)
>
Results: no dropped packets, no perceived jitter
4/4/06
11
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Example of an ALM Integration: NEMO > NEMO [2] is a resilient ALM developed at CS department of
Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.
> Why NEMO?
—
It promises to provide a highperformance ALM. —
There is an opensource (GPL) example JAVAimplementation of the protocol [3].
> Integration of NEMO
—
Each state change of IP Multicast subscriptions is mapped to subscribing/canceling subscriptions in NEMO. —
For the first packet that is sent to an IPMulticast group, a publisher is registered with NEMO. Consequent packets to the same group are sent using this publisher.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Experience gathered using NEMO > The available NEMO implementations seems to be
performing very well with low bandwidth applications:
—
SAP announcements. —
Chat application.
> Applications with high bandwidth requirements do not
perform well:
—
Streaming MPEG1 1.5 Mbit/s CBR stream is impossible (very high deterioration of the picture quality). —
Possible cause: NACKs/retransmissions.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Conclusion & Outlook > It is possible to provide a transparent IPMulticast interface to
almost any ALM.
> Our prototype implementation shows one way of providing an
native IPMulticast interface to an existing ALM (NEMO).
> Pending tasks for the prototype implementation:
—
Integrating other ALMs. —
Adding support for more operating systems (win32, solaris, open/free BSD). —
Optimizing the NEMO ALM code (e.g. removing retransmissions) —
Adding support for “best effort” (measurement based) QoS.
4/4/06
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Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
Questions
? 4/4/06
15
Providing a Native IP Multicast Interface to Application Layer Multicast
References [1] H. Eriksson. Mbone: the multicast backbone. Communication of the ACM, 37(8):54–60, 1994. [2] S. Birrer and F. E. Bustamanteb. Resilient PeertoPeer Multicast without the Cost. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference (MMCN'05), San Jose, CA, USA, January 2005. [3] Nemo. http://www.aqualab.cs.northwestern.edu/projects/nemo/