Proximate Composition Of Seed And Biomass From Soybean Plants ...

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Biomass From Soybean Plants Grown At. Different Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Concentrations. R. M. Wheeler, C. L. Mackowiak, and J. C. Sager. The Bionetics Corp.
NASA Technical Memorandum

103496

Proximate Composition Of Seed And Biomass From Soybean Plants Grown At Different Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentrations R. M. Wheeler, C. L. Mackowiak, The Bionetics Corp. Kennedy Space Center, Florida

May 1990

National Aeronautics

and

Space Administration John

F. Kennedy

Space

Center

and J. C. Sager

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

SECTION

TABLE

LIST

OF

OF

ABSTRACT

PAGE

CONTENTS

TABLES

RESULTS

AND

.............................

...........................................

AND

AND

i

ii

iii

1

METHODS

..................................

2

DISCUSSION

.................................

5

................................

6

Proximate

Analyses

Protein

......................................

6

Fat ..........................................

7

Carbohydrate

.................................

8

..................................

9

Crude

Fiber

Ash ..........................................

i0

Calories

.....................................

10

for

11

Applications

LITERATURE

FIGURES

...............................................

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS

......................................

CITED

Human

Life

Support

...............

.......................................

i

13

LIST

OF

TABLES

AND

FIGURES

TABLE

PAGE

1

Dry

2

Proximate

analysis

of

seed

3

Proximate

analysis

of

seed

4

Proximate

analysis

of

leaves

5

Proximate

analysis

of

6

Proximate

analysis

of

7

Protein,

weight

yields

fat,

15

...............................

and

...................... pods

.................

16 17

....................

18

stems

.....................

19

roots

.....................

20

carbohydrate

yield

............

FIGURE

21

PAGE

1

Protein

2

Fat

3

Carbohydrate

content

content

of

of

soybean

soybean

content

plants

plants of

soybean



...............

................... plants

..........

22 23 24

ABSTRACT

Soybean Pixie

plants

(PX)]

chambers

grown

for

500,

i000,

2000,

and

compared

bon

dioxide

(C02)

The

highest

seed

cv.

seed

protein

for

MC

and

and

McCall

plants were

lowest

PX).

Seed

fat

(oil)

and

20.9%

for

for

MC

ubar

and

and

yield

per

from

28.4%

20.8% unit

high

2000

for

seed

composition

gests

that

life

support of

at

MC

seed

and PX).

area,

the

with

from

the

2000

ubar,

of

to

PX)

at

5000

and

major

concentration

maximize

soybean

composition.

ii±

38.9

at

ubar

cv.

observed.

seed

be

used

yield

500

seed

protein CO2,

McCall

of

16.6%

ubar

ubar

effects

can

at

total

higher

were

and

of

i000

MC

(21.2%

2000

for

with

for

(13.6%

lowest

at

41.9% %

highest

proportionately

seed

and

production

McCall

no

cultivars,

2000

adjusted

highest

both

ubar were

value. obtained

and

and

car-

were

(39.3%

highest

produced

soybean

CO 2

For ubar

at

cv.

nutritional

(34.7%

When

were

(ppm)

yields

levels

and

fat

atmospheric

ubar

lowest

MC

ubar

i000

were

(MC)

environment

ubar.

at

2000

and

for

atmospheric systems

i000

McCall

controlled

biomass

at

cvs.

proximate

carbohydrate

of

Aside

produced

for

plant

occurred amounts

5000

levels

PX)

growing

ubar.

proximate

effect

and

carbohydrate

equally and

Seed

(31.5%

(20.9%

and

PX).

and

at

Merr.

in

highest

and

and

(L.)

days

grown

PX)

MC

90

total

levels

and

max

were

at

from

[Glvcine

at

fat CO 2

with

i000

levels on

This in

while

sug-

space minimal

INTRODUCTION In NASA

preparation

has

begun

The

oxygen,

reducing

and

(MacElroy Soybeans

study

for

their

seed

date,

CELSS

are

CELSS

Tolley-Henry

will

systems fects

These

and with

Raper,

however, growth,

Raper

will

and CELSS be

studies

have

focused

on

1988;

Baker

studies pared tion

et

have the in

the

being et al.,

been

effect

(C02)

be

conducted

atmosphere

In

(350

al.,

addition

factors

in

To

nitrogen

environment

most

the

of

these

nutritional

qualilty

addition, field the versus

1985;

many

of

settings normal 700

these

ambient ubar).

yield,

Allen

and

ef-

CO 2

and

al.,

and

atmospheric

development

et

the

Numerous but

(see

(Thomas

knowing

1

1982).

temperature,

closed,

ubar

of

the

tightly

of

content

to

the

Jones

for

environments

concentration

the

under

CELSS

the

Because

under

doubling

oil

1978).

on

1984;

or

irradiance,

plant

placed

a

In

reported,

whole

1989).

of

controlled

thereby conducted

on

important.

been

al.,

focused

other

particularly have

Rogers

have

et

of

recommended

and

Hoff

including

will

soybean

emphasis

protein

1986b).

Thomas,

been

crops

1982;

controlled

support,

have

humans,

production

candidate

and

dioxide

in

Systems,

high

many

by

Support

soybeans

1986a,

CO 2

(see

the

Afford,

with

crop

several of

life

studies

of

and

a

human

one

studies

little

for

systems

within of

on-site

1985).

carbon

1976;

provide

hydroponic

and

Raper,

would

Bredt,

soybean

humidity,

production

and

nutrition, affect

(crop)

water

because

habitation

plant

Life

studies in

space

Ecological

(Tibbitts

nutrition

mineral

plants

costs.

Controlled

program

of

pure

resupply

NASA's

long-term

studies

environments. food,

for

with of

the

et

al.,

CO 2 only

com-

concentraIn

sealed

human

life

higher 6000

support

than ubar

under

either in

tight

Chamber

as

respired

from

from

plants

et

AND

L)

for

four

the

5000

ubar

with

final

8%

chamber

to

for

and

from

the

that

the

and and

life

up

to

conducted

CO 2

levels

accumulation et

al.,

caloric root

1990).

analysis

tissue

taken Such

management

support

in

may of

concentrations.

overall

much

Production

(Wheeler

CO 2

human

90-day

studies

at

NASA

the

were

of

1.013

set

the

of

in-

crop

space.

a set infrared

controlled

For

all

adding

a

point. gas with

A

"low"

small

analyzer a dedicated

levels 2000

and

pressure),

4986

ubar

treatment

activity

amount

Facility

I000,

(340-350)

treatments,

Chamber

2

500,

and

ambient

walk-in

(C02)

atmospheric

1984,

human

in

Support

dioxide

near

total

point.

from

out

Sciences

to

979,

normal

carried

Carbon

bar

506,

the

workday.

an

Life

controlled

equally of

was

Center.

resulting

maintain

bara,

to

tests

shown

stem

different

continuously

with

leaf,

Space

instead

monitored CA)

four

have

levels e.g.

Biomass

proximate

pod,

(assuming

(CV)

the

by

period

four

increases

provided

dark

used

averages

during

a daily

Kennedy

(ppm)

periodic

NASA's

day

useful

studies

selected

in

each

at

of

at

proximately

Preliminary

ubar

chambers

(Hangar

Earth-ambient,

1973).

present

reach

METHODS

series growth

times

1987)

seed,

prove

CO 2 could

al.,

we

systems

MATERIALS A

report

may

two

closure

1500

grown

production

bers

as

soybean

formation

was

Prince

this

data

or

atmospheric

much

however,

(Ross,

CO 2 during

In

plant

one

Skylab

(see

change

systems,

to

±

ap-

of

500

avoid

around

the

cham-

CO 2 enrichment of

pure

CO 2 levels (ANARAD computer

was

CO 2 to

the

were

Inc.,

Santa

system.

Bar-

Calibrations

and

signals

performed

were

(nitrogen)

and

updates

of

the

computer

automatically

span-gas

near

the

conversions

each working

of

day

using

a

range

for

the

analyzer

zero-gas particular

CO 2 treatment. Irradiance VHO

within

Vita-Lite

separated

fluorescent

from

the

Photosynthetic 294

dividual

tests)

and

+

0.2°C

during

Soybean were

soaked

(1989).

(DAP),

plants

tray.

At

white,

vinyl-coated

A

complete

(Mackowiak

automatically was stant

continuously

manually volume,

et to

added and

5.8 to

acrylic

for

m -2

and

Merr. 24

described each

(5

cm

prior

about

x

and

Pixie]

cm

seeds to

al.

placed after

in

a to

the

planting

plants

with

holes)

3%.

et

six

light held

planting

days

enclosed

6.2

were _

to

or

the

63%

were

12

inTem-

in

Mackowiak

three

was

between

0.3°C

McCall

by

either tray

±

NJ)

tests

photoperiod.

cultivar,

At

the

averaged

h

96-inch

Bergen,

humidities

cvs

as

to

dark

30

barrier.

(s.d.

25.7°C

dark

of

all

s -I

Relative

per

60-cm

high

confine

m 2 area. solution

using a common

1989).

using

dilute

the

reservoir

solution

a clear

light/12-h

from

al.,

by

for

fencing

nutrient

North

water

each

0.25

Inc,

umol

(L.)

thinned

the

(Duro-Test

levels

study.

DAP,

was

averaged

four

90-day

30

to

38

and

trays

were

about

recirculated trays

each

with

dark.

max

trays,

for

growth

the

light

growing Eight

±

12-h

deionized

chamber

shoot

in

provided

(PPF)

tests

[Glvcine in

hydronponic

a

the

the

area

s -I

using all

lamps

flux

m -2

for

20.0°C

constant

umol

chambers

growing

photon

averaged

peratures

the

only

reservoir

Solution

nutrients

(0.39 each were

nitrate-nitrogen

pH M)

was

nitric

day

to

to

was

each

of

the

controlled acid. maintain

replenished

Water a contwice

each

week

to

maintain

nutrient or

levels

ICP

90

DAP and

to

determine

materials pods,

all

mill

each)

proximate

were

vacuum

and

paragraph

by

7.061-7.065);

hydrolysis

(AOAC

per

kcal g

fat.

calorimetry. moisture

ether

energy

data

4 values

presented

have

mesh

for

total

furnace (AOAC

were

AOAC

moisture

muffle

and

or

paragraphs (AOAC

acid

carbohydrate

by

calculated

per

g

were

determined

by

(AOAC

technique

kcal

been

Inc.,

standard

extraction

equivalents

carbohydrate,

2-mm

seeds,

(approximately

gravimetric

7.055-7.060);

at

by

protein,

and

by

normalized

as9

bomb

for

zero

content.

complete

these

most

set

statistic

apparent that

g

Total All

Because

no

fat

a

following:

by

h

i.e.,

shipped

nitrogen

and

energy

per

ash

digestion by

part,

followed the

Kjeldahl

48

International

analyses included

paragraphs

Dietary

and

from

plant

samples

(Nutrition

by

least

through

bags

7.003);

protein

plant

tissue

plastic

a

removed

weighing,

ground

ground

Proximate

fiber

4

absorption

were

for

and

and

analysis

paragraphs

kcal

in

paragraph

7.009),

signing

cultivar

Analyses

(AOAC

difference.

atomic

seeds

Following

The

NJ).

2.056-2.058);

Solution

an

oven-dried

roots

#4).

(1984). oven

were

by

nutritional

procedures

using

harvested,

weights.

sealed

Brunswick,

conductivity.

weekly

were

materials

stems,

(Thomas-Wiley

East

plants

separated

leaves,

g

monitored

dry

were

electrical

techniques.

all

pods,

70°C

i00

were

spectroscopic

At the

solution

of

of

the

available

analyses,

comparisons

differences differences

no

replicate

between are

not

below,

necessarily

was

required

samples

treatments

discussed are

tissue

could were

the

for be

made.

reader

statistically

the

taken

and

Although is

cautioned signifi-

cant. a

On

one

previous

occasion,

treatment

treatment's 1%

levels

within

caused

by

ferences

of

over

RESULTS

AND

are

shown

previous

occurred

plants

always

of

Pixie

of

each

Table

I.

The

at

I000 500

at

at

decreased

as

soybean,

to

where

rates

Allen,

The

above 5000 jurious

I000 ubar) to

i000

were 7%,

have

and

fat

been

repeatability, in

dif-

composition

harvest

of

ubar

is

decrease

(Kramer,

yield

CO 2

Pixie.

the

(Table

not

of

seed

in

the

higher

but

not

1981).

for

cv.

both

cul-

McCall exception to

total

I).

growth

by for

results plant

yield

levels McCall

level, the

surprising

total

area)

cv.

for

With

(ratio

total

for

yield

of

typically

slight

supraoptimal,

seed

index

and

unit CO 2

seeds

highest

CO 2

yield

per

different of

the

than

increased

were

the

Regardless seed

that

weight

lowest

and

suggests

plants

The

enrichment

ubar

the

while

increasing

seed

CO 2

photosynthetic 1985).

ubar,

in

500

yield

ubar.

with

increase

highest

more

5000

dry at

ubar.

2000

grams

cultivar

ubar,

produced

from

as

trays

at

tivars

CO 2

levels

could

changes

from

another

within

analysis

or

available

protein

discrepancies

including

(expressed

occurred

the

that

with

carbohydrate

homogeneity,

data

occurred

The

showed

The

factors,

along

was

DISCUSSION

in

biomass)

analyzed

tissue

time.

four

cv.

seed

sample,

15%.

sample

Yield the

was

Results

about

in

for

the

several

samples

Pixie

and

samples.

within

plants

sufficient

as

levels particularly

increasing a in

growth CO 2

C3

species

increased (Acock

was

(i.e., toxic

and

increased 2000 or

and in-

PEQximate

Analyses

Proximate ferent

analysis

parts

shown

of

again

in

carbohydrate

the

the

most

of

days

and

thus

will

growing

analyses

to

in

would

some

1982).

This

hydroponic with

be

leaf

low

be

nitrate

(C.A.

Gibbons

95%

96%

of

Seeds 42%

protein,

and

the

1). levels

the

from with

lowest

Seed

from

(39%

to

at cv. 42%)

as

fat,

and

note

senescent

by

healthy,

of

constituents

when

soybeans

90

ac-

CELSS,

what

these can

are

be

grown

have

levels for

plants seed

both

6

grown

lettuce

In

assumed addition,

accounts

soybean

seed.

from

about

occurring

at

cultivars

(Table

cv.

and

protein

McCall

had

in

However,

communication).

ranged

in-

al.,

plants

e.g.

consistently from

et

commonly

mature

roots)

have

are

treatments

highest

could

availability.

that

nitrate

(e.g.

Pace

with

plants

shown in

residual

and

vegetables, most

from

surface

1962;

important

of

any

the

Gibbons,

leafy

ubar

determined

protein

nutrient

various

than

dif-

are

to

from

6.25), to

personal

Pixie

were

the

data

protein,

purpose

were

(N x

protein

2000

same

important

pods

of

clinging

levels

the

by

is

the

levels

and

some

total

The

to

production.

high

(1962)

the

and

for

interpreted

Mitchell,

and

It

structures

or

with

6.

significantly

particularly

of

Krober to

seed

according

out

indication

(Krober

exception

spinach, to

error

culture

the

broken

differ

protein

be

2 -

stems,

plant

leaves)

may

but

concentration

subsequently

troduced

Tables

comparison.

an

Because

(e.g.

3,

presented

However,

for

nitrogen

tissues

in

likely

stage

are

leaves,

inedible

Protein. elemental

the

provide

from

a mature

of

tissue.

should

recovered

1 -

ease

that

tively

plant

Figs.

for

data

1000

higher

(35%

to

for

35

to

ubar

CO 2

2 and

Fig.

protein 39%).

Regardless these

of

studies

than

typical

Duke

and

5%)

and

i).

values

i).

Fig.

levels,

protein Fat. highest Fig.

fat clearly

have

slightly

fat

levels

of

and

were

The in

the

to fat

to

the

at

after

a

greater

than

the

accumulate

at

higher

(33%

11%

to

were

to

34%;

7%

to

23%

lowest

at

showed

the

both

low

(Table

21%

and

were

apparent

ranged

from

about

(3%

3

4

and

contrast

5000

Fig.

dis-

(Table in

to

and

were

and

ubar

Fig. to

(Table

highest

cultivars

trends

other all

of

5

protein

(Table

6

regarding

fat

fat

green

the

2000

and

root

Although during

fat

7

2

seeds

McCall. 16% for

the

and

Pixie

from

seems

the

sake

studies

grown

seed

cv.

seed

these

immature

with

The to

21%

field-

1986).

ubar

plants

21%,

(Table

reported

For

in

and

than

levels

Atchley,

plants

CO 2

ranged

and

to

treatment,

levels tests

14%

ubar

ubar

treatments.

but

rates

2000

I000

these

of

treatments. similar

at

the

Duke

planting,

proportion other

increased

for

than

content

uniformity,

days

25%

from

18%;

perimental

90

was

roots

higher

greater

(15%

comparison

to

cultivars

and

seed,

of

seed

slightly

high

seed

both

from

occurring

to

seed

were

concentration

ubar

levels

exception

grown

I000

20%

With

tended

from

concentration.

Seed

2).

ubar

consistent

CO 2

levels

levels

environments

from

ranged

than

from no

and

5000

at

Other

CO 2

ranged

the

highest

but

protein

field-grown

from as

levels

ranging I),

for

pods

levels at

i).

controlled

increase

protein

were

Fig.

to

highest

leaves

of

protein

Stem

in

seed

1986).

levels

Leaf

concentration,

reported

Atchley,

tended

tinctly

CO 2

conducted

Protein

and

the

2000

pods

at and

development

of were

at

(oil)

anomalous

ubar this protein

exharvested

CO 2 stage can

(Yazdi-Samadi

had

et

al.,

1977),

soybean

seed

tively low

than

a

true

Fat below tion

other

tended 3-6

and

31%

and

tended

highest

at

tently

showed vs

lower and

to

seed

lowest

31%

Seed

21%

to

than

5000

ubar

at

2000

also

of

the

(Table

were

with

result

at

a

harvest,

very

low

increased

2

levels

CO 2

was

rather

(typically

CO 2

concentra-

occurred

and

Fig.

at

3).

28%).

Carbohydrate

levels

typical

ranged

increased

level

(Table may in

in

from

(Table 500

than

seed

and

consis-

seeds

both

to

The

CO 2

seeds

Pixie

for

21% 2).

ubar

McCall

field-grown

29%

at 3).

to

seed

pods

46%

to i000

at

Fig.

3).

The

high

the

delay

in

to

59%,

Leaf with

(27%

to

cultivars

were

to

Duke

(34%

ubar

and

the in

tended

to

8

2000

from

42%

ubar

and

35%;

seed

highest

decrease

60%

the

and

lowest

pod

ranged in

maturity

levels

at

with

levels

level

lowest stems

to

carbohydrate

carbohydrate

the

Carbohydrate and

ranged

occurring

treatment.

39%

Fig.

and

related

this

occurring and

3

be

approximately

proximately

(Table

levels

plants

4

as

concentration

at

cultivars

parts

levels

for

a

fat

1986).

highest

from

seeds

carbohydrate

Carbohydrate the

of

higher

levels

Atchley,

may

carbohydrate

decrease

ubar

rela-

high

be

in

2).

carbohydrate

2000

is

proportionately

and

decrease

Fig.

Carbohydrate.

early

effect. plant

to

seed

pods

relatively

accumulation

the

ubar

immature

in

and

2000

is

protein

Thus

concentration

levels

(Tables

the

of

CO 2

4%),

1987).

of

quantity

accumulation

while

(Wilson,

protein

greater

fat

development,

late

and

generally

for

5000 from

response

ranged both

ubar apto

in-

creased

CO 2

ranged in

from

levels

all

and

to

at

McCall

5000

crude

field-grown

ception This

crude

junction

cv. low

with to

the

tion

of

with

increased

proximately

cv.

1977;

(4%

6%;

fiber

levels

Pixie

at

crude high

a

C02, 10%

to

I000 with

15%

and

some

cellulose

shown

is

sup-

that

starch, of

pos-

broken

raffinose, the

Huber,

using

seed

1987)

standard

were

ubar for

than

Duke

and

were

typically

ubar,

dry

com-

proximate

and and

seed

Atchley,

pods

at

leaf

12%

for

to cv.

1000

ubar for

1986). near

30%

dropped

to

with

again

harvest.

ranging

4).

crude

the

levels from

fiber

ex-

(Table in

may

With

fiber

the

19.5%

occurred

cultivars Stem

both

increased

reported

which

crude

for

from

2000-Pixie level,

9

lowest

levels

which

for

ubar,

(Table

2000

higher

of

both

6%)

Except

level

stage

at

is

This

10-15%

levels

at

carbohydrate

immature Pixie

fiber

2000

fiber

(i.e.,

Brown

it

1986).

2).

were

to

have

only

carbohydrate

partially

which

analyses

Pixie

(Table

if

fiber.

(approximately

levels

seed

of

al.,

cv.

that

crude

seed

totaled

CO 2

for

ubar

fiber

soybean

trends

3).

hence

were

studies

crude

ubar

note

method;

of

clear

Fig.

overestimated

portion

Atchley,

levels no

and

to

compounds

from

Seed

13%

at

Pod

and

showed 6

difference

have

reported

and

important

other

et

i000

approximately

a

carbohydrate

(Table

is a

in

fiber.

cultivars

lated

as from

(Duke

38%

slightly

sucrose)

30-35%

Root

to

structural

(Yazdi-Samadi

_rude

3).

be

reported

procedures

CO2,

may

carbohydrates

weight pared

it by

evidence

stachyose,

3).

26%

determined

not

specific

Fig.

assays,

levels

by

and

concentration

insoluble,

and

ported

CO 2

the

that

other

down

to

were

sible

5

approximatley

response In

or

(Table

con-

be

re-

excepincreased

aplevels

also

showed cv.

a

distinctive

McCall

from

26%

increasing to

47%

roots

tended

to

Pixie

roots

from

no

lowest both

at

2000

cultivars to

6%

at

from

ash

lowest

at

for

both

calorie

dietary

energy

for

This

6% is

field-grown

to

seed

at

5000

treatments ubar

16%

4).

Stem

to

ash

and

lowest

23%

for

levels

ubar

and

ranged

over

all

treatments

for

both

15%)

and

lowest

cv.

Pixie all

the

(energy) from

This

is

likely

a

the

seeds

in

comparison content

at

for

plant

result

both

highest

(Duke

cv.

1000

McCall (12%)

in

of

leaves,

I0

parts.

stems,

and

for

over 500

all ubar

to

11%

ash

of

ubar

showed

the

calculated

fat

(Tables content

Estimates roots

(10%)

6).

seeds

higher

plant

19%

and

6%

(Table

of other

ubar

5000

measurements

to

but

ash

Root

calorimeter much

ubar

ubar at

terms

the and

to

at

5).

components,

the

2000

approximately

at

both

i000

for

than

cultivars

(Table

ubar

values, bomb

from

at

3). at

were

cultivars

2000

lowest

and 8%

higher

Leaf

and

calorie

approximately

(Table

the

cv.

ranged

ubar

13%

6).

dietary

1000

approximately

Of

highest

from

at

from

highest

Calories.

highest

ranged

all

Pixie

but

CO 2 and

and

2000

for

to

cv.

41%)

ubar

cultivars

lowest

response

to

were

approximately

and

(31%

with

McCall

also

from

(Table

CO 2

cv.

levels

ranged

and

were

reported

of

and

ash

highest

treatments

levels

56%

Pod

over

(approximately

seed

to

CO2,

6).

CO 2 treatments.

were

were

(Table

all

levels

levels

35%

in

over

5000

cultivars

to

trend

increased

44%

increased

ranged

1986).

highest

with

and

of

to

fiber

ubar

levels

Atchley,

both

levels

response

Crude

clear

27%

in

approximately

5).

increase

approximately Ash

from

(Table

showed

Ash.

4%

increase

tended

2of

of to

decrease

with

of

energy

total

increasing

CO 2,

content

while

showed

no

bomb

calorimeter

clear

trends

measurements

regarding

CO 2

con-

centration. ADDlications

for

Seed

in

growing

this

in

the

yield

seed

from

the

different

that

the

unit

area

CO 2

(Table

7).

high

from

McCall

Thus

the

centration

gests managed

total

crops

(Table

at

or

yield

potential with used

space

fat,

and

soybeans

in

production, parts,

centrations shown

may a

life

if the may that

and be

5000

unfavorable

support

food

can

high be CO 2

ubar

be

total

important. enrichment

2000

life

lower

CO 2

ubar equally

(Table

in sug-

should turn

7).

con-

This

in

set

that

maximum

be

should

seed

the

yield

double

young starch

high yield

importance

from of

(i.e.

very

effectively

Analyses

II

i000 was

support

seed

suggests

recovered

can

ubar

which

Despite

biomass

seeds

per

carbohydrate.

for

farm.

from

at

concentration.

protein,

2000

carbohydrate grown

the

apparent

changes

of

at

and

is

from

returns

with

it

of

advantages

yield,

response

By

CO 2

seed

index)

2),

seed

1982).

from

maximize

"vegetative"

al.,

for

resulting

CO 2

for

be

reason

composition

plants

1000

several

main

would

the

protein

in

the

et

production

seed

any

and

McCall

(oil)

associated

concentrations

have

i

seed

grown

clearly

Hoff

to

The

plant

Table

cv.

biomass

system

foremost

maximize

vest

plants

soybean

and

1982;

total

fat

outweighed

that

support

from

Total

composition

life

from

for

in

I),

total

environments

obtained

changes

the

Alford,

data

yield

of

(Table a

and

combining

was

45%

study

(Tibbitts

best

SuDport

over

soybeans

production

seed

Life

represented

treatments for

Human

from the

high soybean levels

low

har-

CO 2 from of

seed

inedible CO 2

con-

leaves (Hrubec

et

al.,

for

1985;

recovering

addition, down

1983),

or

useful

as

1987).

harvest

there

from

the

in

yield

simple

might

either

case,

yield)

be

and

potential

used

parts.

stems

sugars

et

culture

be al.,

edible

mushroom)

(Calzada

harvest

increased

In

could

(Wilke

to

effective be

be

inedible

(oyster

the

would

may

leaves

ostreatus

certain

on

tissue

absence

of

any

at

ubar

2000

(Table

concentrations on

humans

diurnal

for

where

plants,

light/dark

regard

wide

range

tion

for

changes. 2,

seed

to of

their

total

Fig.

index

beyond

the

results

and

used

in

capacity

5000

cycles. plant

apparent

growth

and

CO 2 concentrations in

may

a CELSS.

12

closed

the

seed

to

CO 2

be

be

an

that

an

on

reservoirs,

important

the

levels varying

have

any

important

systems

composition

for

fat

not

resilience

seed

made

seed

depending gas

The

be

should

may

vary

system

can

indicate

ubar

tightly

regard

higher

This

may of

with

case

from

2), 500

strong

composition.

crops

inclusion

apparent

Aside

CO 2 concentrations

to

with

were a

between

influence

CELSS),

trends

composition,

major

characteristic

of

_

thus

alone.

effects

major

to biomass

edible

Although

CO 2

carbohydrates

In

percent

1988),

carbohydrate

inedible

such

al.,

al.,

enzymatically the

organisms

(i.e.,

et

structural

broken

et

Allen

(e.g. the or

of

a

ratio even

soybeans over

a

considera-

LITERATURE

CITED

i. Acock, B. carbon dioxide (eds.), tion.

and

L.H. Allen. concentrations.

1985. Crop In: B.R.

Direct effects of increasing DOE/ER-0238, U.S. Dept. of

responses Strain

to elevated and J.D. Cure

carbon dioxide Energy, Washington,

on

vegetaD.C.

2. Allen, L.H., J.C.V. Vu, Jones. 1988. Nonstznlctural

R.R. Valle, carbohydrates

K.J. Boote, and P.H. and nitrogen of soybean

grown

enrichment.

Crop

3.

under

AOAC.

tion

carbon

1984.

of

dioxide

Official

Official

methods

Analytical

of

4. Baker, J.T., 1989. Response concentration.

L.H. Allen, K.J. of soybean to air Crop Sci. 29:98-105.

5. Brown, bilization

and S.C. enzymes

max)

C.S. and

cotyledons.

6.Calzada, 1987. Growth selection.

Physiol.

J.E.,

J.M.

9. Hrubec, T.C., of CO 2 enrichment tion of soybeans.

Howe,

P,

short-

long-term

13. MacElroy, life support CELSS. NASA

L.H. and

P.J. dry

and

1986. CRC

C.A.

Jones, and

and J.W. Jones. carbon dioxide

Allen, J.W. transpiration CO 2

1981. matter

R.P. Donaldson. content on the 79:684-689.

treatments.

Agron.

Nutritional

1985. Effects dark respira-

R. Valle. of soybean J.

FL.

for a regeneraNASA Ames Research

and

Jones, and responses

of proximate Boca Raton,

1982.

selection report to

C. Rolz. pulp: strain

1985. canopies

to

119-126.

Carbon dioxide concentration, photosynproduction. BioScience 31:29-33.

O.A. and S.J. Agricul. Food R.D., system. Conf.

Handbook Press, Inc.

Mitchell.

plant species Contract 2404.

J.M. Robinson, and carbohydrate Plant Physiol.

I0. Jones, Photosynthesis

Associa-

DC.

S.W., A.G. de Leon, M.L. de Arriloa, and of mushrooms on wheat straw and coffee Biological Wastes, 20:217-226.

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12. Krober, soybeans.

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70:537-543.

8.

ii. Kramer, thesis, and

(14th

Washington,

Boote, P. temperature

Plant.

J.A. and A.A. Atchley. tables of higher plants.

and

28:84-94.

Huber. 1987. Photosynthesis, reserve moof sucrose metabolism in soybean (Glycine

7. Duke, analysis Hoff,

analysis

Chemists,

Sci.

Gibbons. 1962. Chem. 10:57-59.

Nonprotein

and J. Bredt. 1985. Controlled Current concepts and future Pub. 2378 from XXV COSPAR mtg.

14. Mackowiak, C.L., L.P. Owens, 1989. Continuous hydroponic wheat ing system. NASA Tech. Memorandum FL.

C.R. Hinkle, and production using 102784, Kennedy

13

nitrogen

ecological directions of Graz, Austria. R.P. Prince. a recirculatSpace Center,

in

15. Pace, G.M., nitrate reduction tracts and stem

C.T. MacKown, and R.J. Volk. 1982. during Kjeldahl digestion of plant exudates. Plant Physiol. 69:32-36.

16. Prince, R.P., W.M. Design and performance SAE Tech. Paper 871437, July 1987.

Knott, J.C. Sager, and S.E. of the KSC biomass production Soc. Sutomotive Eng. Conf.,

17. Raper, C.D. and J.F. of dry matter partitioning 18:654-656.

19. JSC

Plant

Physiol.

J.D. Cure, J.M. Smith, carbon dioxide on water

21. Tibbitts, life support

J.F. for

and C.D. soybeans.

G. E. Bingham. relations of

preliminary biomedical Space Center, Houston,

Raper. Crop

T.W. and D.K. system. Use of

1976. Sci.

Alford. higher

23. Tolley-Henry, L. and C.D. matter partitioning in soybean recovery from nitrogen stress.

Photoperiodic 16:667-672.

1982. plants.

22. Tolley-Henry, L. and C.D. Raper. monium as a nitrogen source. Effects and nitrogen accumulation by soybean.

24. Wheeler, R.M., W.M. Knott. 1990. grown in a tightly

alteration Crop Sci.

74:233-238.

Ross, C.E. 1973. Skylab 1/2 Internal Note 08439, Johnson

20. Thomas, seed filling

Hilding. 1987. chamber. Seattle, WA,

Thomas. 1978. Photoperiodic and seed yield in soybeans.

18. Rogers, H.H., N Sionit, 1984. Influence of elevated soybeans.

Minimizing tissue ex-

Controlled NASA Conf.

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1986a. Utilization of amof ambient acidity on growth Plant Physiol. 82:54-60.

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25. Wilke, C.R., B. Maiorella, A. Sciamanna, K. Tangnu, D. Wiley, and H. Wong. 1983. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Theory and application. Noyes Data Corp. Park Ridge, NJ, USA. 26. Wilson, R.F. 1987. Seed metabolism. In: J.R. Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. Amer. Agron. Publishers, Madison, WI, USA.

Wilcox (ed.), Soc. of

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14

Table

CO 2

i.

Dry

weight

yield

of

soybean

plants

grown

under

at

concentrations.

Seed

CO 2

(ubar)

I000

200O

5OOO

Total

Weight

Cultivar

500

Dry

(g

Plant

Dry

m-2)

I

H arvest2

Weight

(g

Index

m-2)

(%)

McCall

621

1336

46

Pixie

282

705

40

McCall

766

1701

45

Pixie

267

787

34

McCall

593

1480

40

Pixie

231

756

31

McCall

613

1568

39

Pixie

269

737

36

i

Includes:

2

Harvest

leaves, index

s

stems, seed

DW

roots, /

total

seeds, plant

15

and DW.

pods.

four

Table four tal

2.

Proximate

CO 2 dry

CO 2

concentrations.

i000

2000

5000

1

cv

Protein

Data

seed are

from

soybean

expressed

as

plants a

grown

percent

of

at to-

Fat

Carbo-

Crude

hydrate

Fiber

Ash

Calories

I

Bomb Cal.

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(kcal/g)

(kcal/g)

McCall

37.7

16.1

31.5

7.7

6.9

4.2

5.4

Pixie

38.9

17.3

28.4

8.6

6.7

4.3

5.5

McCall

39.3

16.5

30.4

5.9

7.1

4.3

5.5

Pixie

41.9

16.8

27.1

5.7

8.1

4.3

5.5

McCall

34.7

21.2

26.9

10.7

6.3

4.4

5.3

Pixie

38.9

20.9

20.8

13.1

6.1

4.3

5.4

McCall

38.1

13.6

29.0

12.0

6.8

3.9

5.4

Pixie

40.0

16.6

23.8

12.0

7.1

4.0

5.5

Calculated tein,

of

weight.

(ubar) 500

analysis

and

by 9

assuming

kcal

g-I

4

kcal

g-I

fat.

16

carbohydrate,

4

kcal

g-i

pro-

Table

3. Proximate

grown

at

cent

CO 2

of

four total

cv

I000

2000

5000

of seed pods from

CO 2

concentrations.

dry

weight.

Protein

(ubar) 500

analysis

Fat

Data

Carbo-

Crude

hydrate

Fiber

(%)

(%)

are

soybean

plants

expressed

Ash

as

Calories

a

per-

I

Bomb Cal.

(%)

(%)

(%)

(kcal/g)(kcal/g)

McCall

3.6

2.2

46.1

32.8

14.7

2.2

3.7

Pixie

4.7

1.8

48.3

29.6

15.4

2.3

3.6

McCall

3.3

0.8

45.6

33.9

15.8

2.0

3.6

Pixie

4.7

0.6

45.0

32.7

16.3

2.0

3.5

McCall

3.9

1.2

50.1

31.3

13.2

2.3

3.5

Pixie

5.1

0.7

60.2

19.5

14.2

2.7

3.5

McCall

4.8

0.6

42.9

33.6

17.3

2.0

3.7

Pixie

5.1

0.6

42.0

32.1

19.0

1.9

3.6

b_Qmmmm_

1

Calculated tein,

and

by 9

assuming

kcal

g-1

4

kcal

g-i

fat.

17

carbohydrate,

4

kcal

g-i

pro-

Table at

4.

four

total

CO 2

Proximate CO 2

dry

i000

2000

5000

of

concentrations.

leaves

Data

cv

Protein

Fat

(%)

soybean

expressed

plants as

a

grown

percent

of

(%)

Crude

hydrate

Fiber

(%)

(%)

Ash

Calories

I

Bomb Cal.

(%)

(kcal/g)

(kcal/g)

McCall

12.7

4.3

51.4

11.2

19.9

3.0

3.5

Pixie

13.2

3.9

51.8

12.1

18.4

3.2

3.7

McCall

11.2

3.0

54.8

12.2

18.3

2.9

3.6

Pixie

12.0

2.5

58.8

9.9

16.4

3.1

3.7

McCall

13.3

2.8

49.9

14.2

19.4

2.8

3.4

Pixie

15.5

2.5

51.3

13.1

17.1

2.9

3.6

McCall

18.8

2.1

40.1

15.3

22.6

2.6

3.6

Pixie

21.1

1.8

38.8

15.0

22.4

2.6

3.7

Calculated tein,

are

Carbo-

.-

1

from

weight.

(ubar) 500

analysis

and

by 9

assuming

kcal

g-I

4

kcal

w

g-I

fat.

18

carbohydrate,

4

kcal

g-i

pro-

Table four dry

5.

Proximate

CO 2

concentrations.

of

stems

Data

are

from

soybean

expressed

as

plants a

grown

percent

of

at

total

weight.

CO 2

cv

Protein

(ubar) 500

I000

2000

5000

1

analysis

Carbo-

Crude

hydrate

Fiber

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

9.8

2.2

36.3

Pixie

13.3

2.4

McCall

13.3

Pixie

Ash

Calories

I

Bomb Cal.

(%)

(kcal/g)

(kcal/g)

43.6

7.7

2.1

4.1

46.2

26.4

11.3

2.6

3.9

1.4

30.3

47.0

7.5

1.9

4.1

22.7

1.0

36.6

31.4

8.1

2.5

3.9

McCall

11.7

0.9

30.6

50.3

6.1

1.8

4.0

Pixie

18.5

1.0

36.0

36.4

7.8

2.3

3.9

McCall

7.4

0.7

28.9

55.6

6.7

1.5

4.4

Pixie

8.8

0.7

31.8

47.5

1.7

4.2

McCall

Calculated tein,

Fat

and

by 9

assuming

kcal

g-i

4

kcal

g-I

fat.

19

10.7

carbohydrate,

4

kcal

g-I

pro-

Table CO 2

6.

Proximate

analysis

concentrations.

Data

of are

roots

from

expressed

as

soybeans a

grown

percent

of

at

four

total

dry

weight.

CO 2

cv

Protein

(ubar) 500

1000

2000

5000

1

(%)

(%)

Carbo-

Crude

hydrat

Fiber

(%)

(%)

Ash

Calories

I

Bomb Cal.

(%)

(kcal/g)

(kcal)

McCall

20.9

3.7

29.1

31.2

14.7

2.3

3.8

Pixie

20.8

2.6

32.8

29.9

13.6

2.4

3.8

McCall

21.9

1.7

27.9

33.3

14.8

2.2

3.9

Pixie

25.3

1.6

30.3

26.7

15.2

2.4

3.9

McCall

23.2

1.5

31.0

33.3

10.6

2.3

3.8

Pixie

22.0

1.2

38.0

26.7

11.7

2.5

3.7

McCall

20.4

1.6

26.2

40.7

9.9

2.0

4.0

Pixie

23.2

1.0

27.2

35.0

12.3

2.1

4.1

Calculated tein,

Fat

and

by 9

assuming

kcal

g-I

4

kcal

g-1

fat.

20

carbohydrate,

4

kcal

g-i

pro-

Table from

7. soybean

CO 2

Protein,

fat,

seed

grown

Cultivar

and at

carbohydrate four

Total

different

Protein

Yield

(ubar)

5OO

I000

2OOO

(g

CO 2

Total

Fat

Yield

m -2)

(g

m -2)

per

unit

area

concentrations.

Total

Carbo-

hydrate

Yield

(g

m -2)

McCall

234

i00

196

Pixie

ii0

49

80

McCall

301

126

233

Pixie

112

45

72

McCall

206

126

159

48

48

Pixie

5000

yields

90

McCall

234

84

178

Pixie

108

45

64

21

40

30 z

_

2o 10

o

• SEEDS

PODS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS

50 t

cv. Pixie

4O

g z

30

_

2o

D.

10

0 SEEDS

PODS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS

Figure 1. Protein content of soybean plants grown at four different carbon dioxide concentrations.

22

I!

500 IJbar

. []

1000 IJbar

[]

2000 lzbar

R

5000 lzbar

2+: F

cv. McCall

2O

5

o SEEDS

PODS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS

25 t

cv. Pixie

20

15

I,L

0 SEEDS

PODS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS

Figure 2. Fat content of soybean plants grown at four different carbon dloxide concentrations.

23

I

[]

500 pbar

[]

1000 llbar

[]

2000 lzbar

_

5000 I_bar

80

A

,ot

cv. McCall

Ill I" a >.

40

0 m

20 o

o SEEDS

PODS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS

80

t

A

CV. Pixie

60 ILl I-rr r_

40

3_

0

m

20

0 SEEDS

PODS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS

Figure 3. Carbohydrate content of soybean plants grown at four different carbon dioxide concentrations.

24



500 pbar

[]

1000 lzbar

[]

2000 pbar

[]

5000 pbar

i

Report

Documentation

Page

Soace _,_,_n I. Report

No.

NASA

TM

2. Government

Accession

No.

3, Recioient's

Catalog

No,

103496

4._eandSubtitle

5. Report

Proximate

composition

Plants Grown Concentrations

at

of

Seed

Different

and

Carbon

Biomass Dioxide

from

Soybean

Date

May

1990

(CO 2) 6. Performing

Organization

Code

Organization

Report

BIO-3 7. Author(a}

8. Performing

Wheeler,

R.M.,

C,L.

Mackowiak,

and

J.C.

Sager 10. Work

9. Performing

Organization

Name

11. Contract

Name

or Grant

No.

(JCS) 13. Type

Agency

Unit No.

and Addm_

The Bionetics Corporation (RMW, CLM) NASA Biomedical Operations and Research Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899 12. Sponsoring

No.

of Report

and

Period

Covered

and Address

14. Soonsoring

Agency

Code

HD/PJ_S 15. Supplementary

Notes

Soybean

16. Ab=_

plants

(Glycine

max

cvs.

McCall

and

Pixie)

were

grown

for

90

days

at

500, I000, 2000, and 5000 ubar (ppm) carbon dioxide (CO 2) and compared for proximate nutritional value. For both cultivars (MC and PX), seed protein levels were highest at I000 (39.3% and 41.9% for MC and PX) and lowest at 2000 (34.7% and 38.9% for MC and PX). Seed fat (oil) levels were highest at 2000 (21.2% and 20.9% for MC and PX) and lowest at 5000 (13.6% and 16.6% for MC and PX). Seed carbohydrate levels were highest at 500 (31.5% and 28.4% for MC and PX) and lowest at 2000 (20.9% and 20.8% for MC and PX). When adjusted for total seed yield per unit growing area, the highest production of protein and carbohydrate occurred with MC at i000, while equally high amounts of fat were produced with MC at i000 and 2000. Seed set and pod development at tionately

2000 high

were delayed fat and low

incomparison to other CO 2 treatments; protein at 2000 may have been a result

thus the proporof the delay in

plant maturity rather than CO 2 concentration. Stem crude fiber and carbohydrate levels for both cultivars increased with increased COp. Leaf protein and crude fibez levels also tended to rise with increased CO 2 but lea_ carbohydrate levels decreased as CO 2 was increased. The results suggest that CO 2 effects on total seed yield outweighed any potential advantages to changes in seed composition. 17. Kw

Words(Suggest_

18, Distribution

byAuthor(s))

Statement

Carbon Dioxide, C02, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate, Proximate Analysis, Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems, CELSS, Bioregenerative Life Support Systems 19. Security

Clessif.

(of this report)

Unclassified FORM

Clessif,

Unclassified i

NASA

20. Security

1828 OCT 86

i

(of this page)

21.

No. of pages

28

22. Price