Biomass From Soybean Plants Grown At. Different Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Concentrations. R. M. Wheeler, C. L. Mackowiak, and J. C. Sager. The Bionetics Corp.
NASA Technical Memorandum
103496
Proximate Composition Of Seed And Biomass From Soybean Plants Grown At Different Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentrations R. M. Wheeler, C. L. Mackowiak, The Bionetics Corp. Kennedy Space Center, Florida
May 1990
National Aeronautics
and
Space Administration John
F. Kennedy
Space
Center
and J. C. Sager
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
SECTION
TABLE
LIST
OF
OF
ABSTRACT
PAGE
CONTENTS
TABLES
RESULTS
AND
.............................
...........................................
AND
AND
i
ii
iii
1
METHODS
..................................
2
DISCUSSION
.................................
5
................................
6
Proximate
Analyses
Protein
......................................
6
Fat ..........................................
7
Carbohydrate
.................................
8
..................................
9
Crude
Fiber
Ash ..........................................
i0
Calories
.....................................
10
for
11
Applications
LITERATURE
FIGURES
...............................................
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
......................................
CITED
Human
Life
Support
...............
.......................................
i
13
LIST
OF
TABLES
AND
FIGURES
TABLE
PAGE
1
Dry
2
Proximate
analysis
of
seed
3
Proximate
analysis
of
seed
4
Proximate
analysis
of
leaves
5
Proximate
analysis
of
6
Proximate
analysis
of
7
Protein,
weight
yields
fat,
15
...............................
and
...................... pods
.................
16 17
....................
18
stems
.....................
19
roots
.....................
20
carbohydrate
yield
............
FIGURE
21
PAGE
1
Protein
2
Fat
3
Carbohydrate
content
content
of
of
soybean
soybean
content
plants
plants of
soybean
i±
...............
................... plants
..........
22 23 24
ABSTRACT
Soybean Pixie
plants
(PX)]
chambers
grown
for
500,
i000,
2000,
and
compared
bon
dioxide
(C02)
The
highest
seed
cv.
seed
protein
for
MC
and
and
McCall
plants were
lowest
PX).
Seed
fat
(oil)
and
20.9%
for
for
MC
ubar
and
and
yield
per
from
28.4%
20.8% unit
high
2000
for
seed
composition
gests
that
life
support of
at
MC
seed
and PX).
area,
the
with
from
the
2000
ubar,
of
to
PX)
at
5000
and
major
concentration
maximize
soybean
composition.
ii±
38.9
at
ubar
cv.
observed.
seed
be
used
yield
500
seed
protein CO2,
McCall
of
16.6%
ubar
ubar
effects
can
at
total
higher
were
and
of
i000
MC
(21.2%
2000
for
with
for
(13.6%
lowest
at
41.9% %
highest
proportionately
seed
and
production
McCall
no
cultivars,
2000
adjusted
highest
both
ubar were
value. obtained
and
and
car-
were
(39.3%
highest
produced
soybean
CO 2
For ubar
at
cv.
nutritional
(34.7%
When
were
(ppm)
yields
levels
and
fat
atmospheric
ubar
lowest
MC
ubar
i000
were
(MC)
environment
ubar.
at
2000
and
for
atmospheric systems
i000
McCall
controlled
biomass
at
cvs.
proximate
carbohydrate
of
Aside
produced
for
plant
occurred amounts
5000
levels
PX)
growing
ubar.
proximate
effect
and
carbohydrate
equally and
Seed
(31.5%
(20.9%
and
PX).
and
at
Merr.
in
highest
and
and
(L.)
days
grown
PX)
MC
90
total
levels
and
max
were
at
from
[Glvcine
at
fat CO 2
with
i000
levels on
This in
while
sug-
space minimal
INTRODUCTION In NASA
preparation
has
begun
The
oxygen,
reducing
and
(MacElroy Soybeans
study
for
their
seed
date,
CELSS
are
CELSS
Tolley-Henry
will
systems fects
These
and with
Raper,
however, growth,
Raper
will
and CELSS be
studies
have
focused
on
1988;
Baker
studies pared tion
et
have the in
the
being et al.,
been
effect
(C02)
be
conducted
atmosphere
In
(350
al.,
addition
factors
in
To
nitrogen
environment
most
the
of
these
nutritional
qualilty
addition, field the versus
1985;
many
of
settings normal 700
these
ambient ubar).
yield,
Allen
and
ef-
CO 2
and
al.,
and
atmospheric
development
et
the
Numerous but
(see
(Thomas
knowing
1
1982).
temperature,
closed,
ubar
of
the
tightly
of
content
to
the
Jones
for
environments
concentration
the
under
CELSS
the
Because
under
doubling
oil
1978).
on
1984;
or
irradiance,
plant
placed
a
In
reported,
whole
1989).
of
controlled
thereby conducted
on
important.
been
al.,
focused
other
particularly have
Rogers
have
et
of
recommended
and
Hoff
including
will
soybean
emphasis
protein
1986b).
Thomas,
been
crops
1982;
controlled
support,
have
humans,
production
candidate
and
dioxide
in
Systems,
high
many
by
Support
soybeans
1986a,
CO 2
(see
the
Afford,
with
crop
several of
life
studies
of
and
a
human
one
studies
little
for
systems
within of
on-site
1985).
carbon
1976;
provide
hydroponic
and
Raper,
would
Bredt,
soybean
humidity,
production
and
nutrition, affect
(crop)
water
because
habitation
plant
Life
studies in
space
Ecological
(Tibbitts
nutrition
mineral
plants
costs.
Controlled
program
of
pure
resupply
NASA's
long-term
studies
environments. food,
for
with of
the
et
al.,
CO 2 only
com-
concentraIn
sealed
human
life
higher 6000
support
than ubar
under
either in
tight
Chamber
as
respired
from
from
plants
et
AND
L)
for
four
the
5000
ubar
with
final
8%
chamber
to
for
and
from
the
that
the
and and
life
up
to
conducted
CO 2
levels
accumulation et
al.,
caloric root
1990).
analysis
tissue
taken Such
management
support
in
may of
concentrations.
overall
much
Production
(Wheeler
CO 2
human
90-day
studies
at
NASA
the
were
of
1.013
set
the
of
in-
crop
space.
a set infrared
controlled
For
all
adding
a
point. gas with
A
"low"
small
analyzer a dedicated
levels 2000
and
pressure),
4986
ubar
treatment
activity
amount
Facility
I000,
(340-350)
treatments,
Chamber
2
500,
and
ambient
walk-in
(C02)
atmospheric
1984,
human
in
Support
dioxide
near
total
point.
from
out
Sciences
to
979,
normal
carried
Carbon
bar
506,
the
workday.
an
Life
controlled
equally of
was
Center.
resulting
maintain
bara,
to
tests
shown
stem
different
continuously
with
leaf,
Space
instead
monitored CA)
four
have
levels e.g.
Biomass
proximate
pod,
(assuming
(CV)
the
by
period
four
increases
provided
dark
used
averages
during
a daily
Kennedy
(ppm)
periodic
NASA's
day
useful
studies
selected
in
each
at
of
at
proximately
Preliminary
ubar
chambers
(Hangar
Earth-ambient,
1973).
present
reach
METHODS
series growth
times
1987)
seed,
prove
CO 2 could
al.,
we
systems
MATERIALS A
report
may
two
closure
1500
grown
production
bers
as
soybean
formation
was
Prince
this
data
or
atmospheric
much
however,
(Ross,
CO 2 during
In
plant
one
Skylab
(see
change
systems,
to
±
ap-
of
500
avoid
around
the
cham-
CO 2 enrichment of
pure
CO 2 levels (ANARAD computer
was
CO 2 to
the
were
Inc.,
Santa
system.
Bar-
Calibrations
and
signals
performed
were
(nitrogen)
and
updates
of
the
computer
automatically
span-gas
near
the
conversions
each working
of
day
using
a
range
for
the
analyzer
zero-gas particular
CO 2 treatment. Irradiance VHO
within
Vita-Lite
separated
fluorescent
from
the
Photosynthetic 294
dividual
tests)
and
+
0.2°C
during
Soybean were
soaked
(1989).
(DAP),
plants
tray.
At
white,
vinyl-coated
A
complete
(Mackowiak
automatically was stant
continuously
manually volume,
et to
added and
5.8 to
acrylic
for
m -2
and
Merr. 24
described each
(5
cm
prior
about
x
and
Pixie]
cm
seeds to
al.
placed after
in
a to
the
planting
plants
with
holes)
3%.
et
six
light held
planting
days
enclosed
6.2
were _
to
or
the
63%
were
12
inTem-
in
Mackowiak
three
was
between
0.3°C
McCall
by
either tray
±
NJ)
tests
photoperiod.
cultivar,
At
the
averaged
h
96-inch
Bergen,
humidities
cvs
as
to
dark
30
barrier.
(s.d.
25.7°C
dark
of
all
s -I
Relative
per
60-cm
high
confine
m 2 area. solution
using a common
1989).
using
dilute
the
reservoir
solution
a clear
light/12-h
from
al.,
by
for
fencing
nutrient
North
water
each
0.25
Inc,
umol
(L.)
thinned
the
(Duro-Test
levels
study.
DAP,
was
averaged
four
90-day
30
to
38
and
trays
were
about
recirculated trays
each
with
dark.
max
trays,
for
growth
the
light
growing Eight
±
12-h
deionized
chamber
shoot
in
provided
(PPF)
tests
[Glvcine in
hydronponic
a
the
the
area
s -I
using all
lamps
flux
m -2
for
20.0°C
constant
umol
chambers
growing
photon
averaged
peratures
the
only
reservoir
Solution
nutrients
(0.39 each were
nitrate-nitrogen
pH M)
was
nitric
day
to
to
was
each
of
the
controlled acid. maintain
replenished
Water a contwice
each
week
to
maintain
nutrient or
levels
ICP
90
DAP and
to
determine
materials pods,
all
mill
each)
proximate
were
vacuum
and
paragraph
by
7.061-7.065);
hydrolysis
(AOAC
per
kcal g
fat.
calorimetry. moisture
ether
energy
data
4 values
presented
have
mesh
for
total
furnace (AOAC
were
AOAC
moisture
muffle
and
or
paragraphs (AOAC
acid
carbohydrate
by
calculated
per
g
were
determined
by
(AOAC
technique
kcal
been
Inc.,
standard
extraction
equivalents
carbohydrate,
2-mm
seeds,
(approximately
gravimetric
7.055-7.060);
at
by
protein,
and
by
normalized
as9
bomb
for
zero
content.
complete
these
most
set
statistic
apparent that
g
Total All
Because
no
fat
a
following:
by
h
i.e.,
shipped
nitrogen
and
energy
per
ash
digestion by
part,
followed the
Kjeldahl
48
International
analyses included
paragraphs
Dietary
and
from
plant
samples
(Nutrition
by
least
through
bags
7.003);
protein
plant
tissue
plastic
a
removed
weighing,
ground
ground
Proximate
fiber
4
absorption
were
for
and
and
analysis
paragraphs
kcal
in
paragraph
7.009),
signing
cultivar
Analyses
(AOAC
difference.
atomic
seeds
Following
The
NJ).
2.056-2.058);
Solution
an
oven-dried
roots
#4).
(1984). oven
were
by
nutritional
procedures
using
harvested,
weights.
sealed
Brunswick,
conductivity.
weekly
were
materials
stems,
(Thomas-Wiley
East
plants
separated
leaves,
g
monitored
dry
were
electrical
techniques.
all
pods,
70°C
i00
were
spectroscopic
At the
solution
of
of
the
available
analyses,
comparisons
differences differences
no
replicate
between are
not
below,
necessarily
was
required
samples
treatments
discussed are
tissue
could were
the
for be
made.
reader
statistically
the
taken
and
Although is
cautioned signifi-
cant. a
On
one
previous
occasion,
treatment
treatment's 1%
levels
within
caused
by
ferences
of
over
RESULTS
AND
are
shown
previous
occurred
plants
always
of
Pixie
of
each
Table
I.
The
at
I000 500
at
at
decreased
as
soybean,
to
where
rates
Allen,
The
above 5000 jurious
I000 ubar) to
i000
were 7%,
have
and
fat
been
repeatability, in
dif-
composition
harvest
of
ubar
is
decrease
(Kramer,
yield
CO 2
Pixie.
the
(Table
not
of
seed
in
the
higher
but
not
1981).
for
cv.
both
cul-
McCall exception to
total
I).
growth
by for
results plant
yield
levels McCall
level, the
surprising
total
area)
cv.
for
With
(ratio
total
for
yield
of
typically
slight
supraoptimal,
seed
index
and
unit CO 2
seeds
highest
CO 2
yield
per
different of
the
than
increased
were
the
Regardless seed
that
weight
lowest
and
suggests
plants
The
enrichment
ubar
the
while
increasing
seed
CO 2
photosynthetic 1985).
ubar,
in
500
yield
ubar.
with
increase
highest
more
5000
dry at
ubar.
2000
grams
cultivar
ubar,
produced
from
as
trays
at
tivars
CO 2
levels
could
changes
from
another
within
analysis
or
available
protein
discrepancies
including
(expressed
occurred
the
that
with
carbohydrate
homogeneity,
data
occurred
The
showed
The
factors,
along
was
DISCUSSION
in
biomass)
analyzed
tissue
time.
four
cv.
seed
sample,
15%.
sample
Yield the
was
Results
about
in
for
the
several
samples
Pixie
and
samples.
within
plants
sufficient
as
levels particularly
increasing a in
growth CO 2
C3
species
increased (Acock
was
(i.e., toxic
and
increased 2000 or
and in-
PEQximate
Analyses
Proximate ferent
analysis
parts
shown
of
again
in
carbohydrate
the
the
most
of
days
and
thus
will
growing
analyses
to
in
would
some
1982).
This
hydroponic with
be
leaf
low
be
nitrate
(C.A.
Gibbons
95%
96%
of
Seeds 42%
protein,
and
the
1). levels
the
from with
lowest
Seed
from
(39%
to
at cv. 42%)
as
fat,
and
note
senescent
by
healthy,
of
constituents
when
soybeans
90
ac-
CELSS,
what
these can
are
be
grown
have
levels for
plants seed
both
6
grown
lettuce
In
assumed addition,
accounts
soybean
seed.
from
about
occurring
at
cultivars
(Table
cv.
and
protein
McCall
had
in
However,
communication).
ranged
in-
al.,
plants
e.g.
consistently from
et
commonly
mature
roots)
have
are
treatments
highest
could
availability.
that
nitrate
(e.g.
Pace
with
plants
shown in
residual
and
vegetables, most
from
surface
1962;
important
of
any
the
Gibbons,
leafy
ubar
determined
protein
nutrient
various
than
dif-
are
to
from
6.25), to
personal
Pixie
were
the
data
protein,
purpose
were
(N x
protein
2000
same
important
pods
of
clinging
levels
the
by
is
the
levels
and
some
total
The
to
production.
high
(1962)
the
and
for
interpreted
Mitchell,
and
It
structures
or
with
6.
significantly
particularly
of
Krober to
seed
according
out
indication
(Krober
exception
spinach, to
error
culture
the
broken
differ
protein
be
2 -
stems,
plant
leaves)
may
but
concentration
subsequently
troduced
Tables
comparison.
an
Because
(e.g.
3,
presented
However,
for
nitrogen
tissues
in
likely
stage
are
leaves,
inedible
Protein. elemental
the
provide
from
a mature
of
tissue.
should
recovered
1 -
ease
that
tively
plant
Figs.
for
data
1000
higher
(35%
to
for
35
to
ubar
CO 2
2 and
Fig.
protein 39%).
Regardless these
of
studies
than
typical
Duke
and
5%)
and
i).
values
i).
Fig.
levels,
protein Fat. highest Fig.
fat clearly
have
slightly
fat
levels
of
and
were
The in
the
to fat
to
the
at
after
a
greater
than
the
accumulate
at
higher
(33%
11%
to
were
to
34%;
7%
to
23%
lowest
at
showed
the
both
low
(Table
21%
and
were
apparent
ranged
from
about
(3%
3
4
and
contrast
5000
Fig.
dis-
(Table in
to
and
were
and
ubar
Fig. to
(Table
highest
cultivars
trends
other all
of
5
protein
(Table
6
regarding
fat
fat
green
the
2000
and
root
Although during
fat
7
2
seeds
McCall. 16% for
the
and
Pixie
from
seems
the
sake
studies
grown
seed
cv.
seed
these
immature
with
The to
21%
field-
1986).
ubar
plants
21%,
(Table
reported
For
in
and
than
levels
Atchley,
plants
CO 2
ranged
and
to
treatment,
levels tests
14%
ubar
ubar
treatments.
but
rates
2000
I000
these
of
treatments. similar
at
the
Duke
planting,
proportion other
increased
for
than
content
uniformity,
days
25%
from
18%;
perimental
90
was
roots
higher
greater
(15%
comparison
to
cultivars
and
seed,
of
seed
slightly
high
seed
both
from
occurring
to
seed
were
concentration
ubar
levels
exception
grown
I000
20%
With
tended
from
concentration.
Seed
2).
ubar
consistent
CO 2
levels
levels
environments
from
ranged
than
from no
and
5000
at
Other
CO 2
ranged
the
highest
but
protein
field-grown
from as
levels
ranging I),
for
pods
levels at
i).
controlled
increase
protein
were
Fig.
to
highest
leaves
of
protein
Stem
in
seed
1986).
levels
Leaf
concentration,
reported
Atchley,
tended
tinctly
CO 2
conducted
Protein
and
the
2000
pods
at and
development
of were
at
(oil)
anomalous
ubar this protein
exharvested
CO 2 stage can
(Yazdi-Samadi
had
et
al.,
1977),
soybean
seed
tively low
than
a
true
Fat below tion
other
tended 3-6
and
31%
and
tended
highest
at
tently
showed vs
lower and
to
seed
lowest
31%
Seed
21%
to
than
5000
ubar
at
2000
also
of
the
(Table
were
with
result
at
a
harvest,
very
low
increased
2
levels
CO 2
was
rather
(typically
CO 2
concentra-
occurred
and
Fig.
at
3).
28%).
Carbohydrate
levels
typical
ranged
increased
level
(Table may in
in
from
(Table 500
than
seed
and
consis-
seeds
both
to
The
CO 2
seeds
Pixie
for
21% 2).
ubar
McCall
field-grown
29%
at 3).
to
seed
pods
46%
to i000
at
Fig.
3).
The
high
the
delay
in
to
59%,
Leaf with
(27%
to
cultivars
were
to
Duke
(34%
ubar
and
the in
tended
to
8
2000
from
42%
ubar
and
35%;
seed
highest
decrease
60%
the
and
lowest
pod
ranged in
maturity
levels
at
with
levels
level
lowest stems
to
carbohydrate
carbohydrate
the
Carbohydrate and
ranged
occurring
treatment.
39%
Fig.
and
related
this
occurring and
3
be
approximately
proximately
(Table
levels
plants
4
as
concentration
at
cultivars
parts
levels
for
a
fat
1986).
highest
from
seeds
carbohydrate
Carbohydrate the
of
higher
levels
Atchley,
may
carbohydrate
decrease
ubar
rela-
high
be
in
2).
carbohydrate
2000
is
proportionately
and
decrease
Fig.
Carbohydrate.
early
effect. plant
to
seed
pods
relatively
accumulation
the
ubar
immature
in
and
2000
is
protein
Thus
concentration
levels
(Tables
the
of
CO 2
4%),
1987).
of
quantity
accumulation
while
(Wilson,
protein
greater
fat
development,
late
and
generally
for
5000 from
response
ranged both
ubar apto
in-
creased
CO 2
ranged in
from
levels
all
and
to
at
McCall
5000
crude
field-grown
ception This
crude
junction
cv. low
with to
the
tion
of
with
increased
proximately
cv.
1977;
(4%
6%;
fiber
levels
Pixie
at
crude high
a
C02, 10%
to
I000 with
15%
and
some
cellulose
shown
is
sup-
that
starch, of
pos-
broken
raffinose, the
Huber,
using
seed
1987)
standard
were
ubar for
than
Duke
and
were
typically
ubar,
dry
com-
proximate
and and
seed
Atchley,
pods
at
leaf
12%
for
to cv.
1000
ubar for
1986). near
30%
dropped
to
with
again
harvest.
ranging
4).
crude
the
levels from
fiber
ex-
(Table in
may
With
fiber
the
19.5%
occurred
cultivars Stem
both
increased
reported
which
crude
for
from
2000-Pixie level,
9
lowest
levels
which
for
ubar,
(Table
2000
higher
of
both
6%)
Except
level
stage
at
is
This
10-15%
levels
at
carbohydrate
immature Pixie
fiber
2000
fiber
(i.e.,
Brown
it
1986).
2).
were
to
have
only
carbohydrate
partially
which
analyses
Pixie
(Table
if
fiber.
(approximately
levels
seed
of
al.,
cv.
that
crude
seed
totaled
CO 2
for
ubar
fiber
soybean
trends
3).
hence
were
studies
crude
ubar
note
method;
of
clear
Fig.
overestimated
portion
Atchley,
levels no
and
to
compounds
from
Seed
13%
at
Pod
and
showed 6
difference
have
reported
and
important
other
et
i000
approximately
a
carbohydrate
(Table
is a
in
fiber.
cultivars
lated
as from
(Duke
38%
slightly
sucrose)
30-35%
Root
to
structural
(Yazdi-Samadi
_rude
3).
be
reported
procedures
CO2,
may
carbohydrates
weight pared
it by
evidence
stachyose,
3).
26%
determined
not
specific
Fig.
assays,
levels
by
and
concentration
insoluble,
and
ported
CO 2
the
that
other
down
to
were
sible
5
approximatley
response In
or
(Table
con-
be
re-
excepincreased
aplevels
also
showed cv.
a
distinctive
McCall
from
26%
increasing to
47%
roots
tended
to
Pixie
roots
from
no
lowest both
at
2000
cultivars to
6%
at
from
ash
lowest
at
for
both
calorie
dietary
energy
for
This
6% is
field-grown
to
seed
at
5000
treatments ubar
16%
4).
Stem
to
ash
and
lowest
23%
for
levels
ubar
and
ranged
over
all
treatments
for
both
15%)
and
lowest
cv.
Pixie all
the
(energy) from
This
is
likely
a
the
seeds
in
comparison content
at
for
plant
result
both
highest
(Duke
cv.
1000
McCall (12%)
in
of
leaves,
I0
parts.
stems,
and
for
over 500
all ubar
to
11%
ash
of
ubar
showed
the
calculated
fat
(Tables content
Estimates roots
(10%)
6).
seeds
higher
plant
19%
and
6%
(Table
of other
ubar
5000
measurements
to
but
ash
Root
calorimeter much
ubar
ubar at
terms
the and
to
at
5).
components,
the
2000
approximately
at
both
i000
for
than
cultivars
(Table
ubar
values, bomb
from
at
3). at
were
cultivars
2000
lowest
and 8%
higher
Leaf
and
calorie
approximately
(Table
the
cv.
ranged
ubar
13%
6).
dietary
1000
approximately
Of
highest
from
at
from
highest
Calories.
highest
ranged
all
Pixie
but
CO 2 and
and
2000
for
to
cv.
41%)
ubar
cultivars
lowest
response
to
were
approximately
and
(31%
with
McCall
also
from
(Table
CO 2
cv.
levels
ranged
and
were
reported
of
and
ash
highest
treatments
levels
56%
Pod
over
(approximately
seed
to
CO2,
6).
CO 2 treatments.
were
were
(Table
all
levels
levels
35%
in
over
5000
cultivars
to
trend
increased
44%
increased
ranged
1986).
highest
with
and
of
to
fiber
ubar
levels
Atchley,
both
levels
response
Crude
clear
27%
in
approximately
5).
increase
approximately Ash
from
(Table
showed
Ash.
4%
increase
tended
2of
of to
decrease
with
of
energy
total
increasing
CO 2,
content
while
showed
no
bomb
calorimeter
clear
trends
measurements
regarding
CO 2
con-
centration. ADDlications
for
Seed
in
growing
this
in
the
yield
seed
from
the
different
that
the
unit
area
CO 2
(Table
7).
high
from
McCall
Thus
the
centration
gests managed
total
crops
(Table
at
or
yield
potential with used
space
fat,
and
soybeans
in
production, parts,
centrations shown
may a
life
if the may that
and be
5000
unfavorable
support
food
can
high be CO 2
ubar
be
total
important. enrichment
2000
life
lower
CO 2
ubar equally
(Table
in sug-
should turn
7).
con-
This
in
set
that
maximum
be
should
seed
the
yield
double
young starch
high yield
importance
from of
(i.e.
very
effectively
Analyses
II
i000 was
support
seed
suggests
recovered
can
ubar
which
Despite
biomass
seeds
per
carbohydrate.
for
farm.
from
at
concentration.
protein,
2000
carbohydrate grown
the
apparent
changes
of
at
and
is
from
returns
with
it
of
advantages
yield,
response
By
CO 2
seed
index)
2),
seed
1982).
from
maximize
"vegetative"
al.,
for
resulting
CO 2
for
be
reason
composition
plants
1000
several
main
would
the
protein
in
the
et
production
seed
any
and
McCall
(oil)
associated
concentrations
have
i
seed
grown
clearly
Hoff
to
The
plant
Table
cv.
biomass
system
foremost
maximize
vest
plants
soybean
and
1982;
total
fat
outweighed
that
support
from
Total
composition
life
from
for
in
I),
total
environments
obtained
changes
the
Alford,
data
yield
of
(Table a
and
combining
was
45%
study
(Tibbitts
best
SuDport
over
soybeans
production
seed
Life
represented
treatments for
Human
from the
high soybean levels
low
har-
CO 2 from of
seed
inedible CO 2
con-
leaves (Hrubec
et
al.,
for
1985;
recovering
addition, down
1983),
or
useful
as
1987).
harvest
there
from
the
in
yield
simple
might
either
case,
yield)
be
and
potential
used
parts.
stems
sugars
et
culture
be al.,
edible
mushroom)
(Calzada
harvest
increased
In
could
(Wilke
to
effective be
be
inedible
(oyster
the
would
may
leaves
ostreatus
certain
on
tissue
absence
of
any
at
ubar
2000
(Table
concentrations on
humans
diurnal
for
where
plants,
light/dark
regard
wide
range
tion
for
changes. 2,
seed
to of
their
total
Fig.
index
beyond
the
results
and
used
in
capacity
5000
cycles. plant
apparent
growth
and
CO 2 concentrations in
may
a CELSS.
12
closed
the
seed
to
CO 2
be
be
an
that
an
on
reservoirs,
important
the
levels varying
have
any
important
systems
composition
for
fat
not
resilience
seed
made
seed
depending gas
The
be
should
may
vary
system
can
indicate
ubar
tightly
regard
higher
This
may of
with
case
from
2), 500
strong
composition.
crops
inclusion
apparent
Aside
CO 2 concentrations
to
with
were a
between
influence
CELSS),
trends
composition,
major
characteristic
of
_
thus
alone.
effects
major
to biomass
edible
Although
CO 2
carbohydrates
In
percent
1988),
carbohydrate
inedible
such
al.,
al.,
enzymatically the
organisms
(i.e.,
et
structural
broken
et
Allen
(e.g. the or
of
a
ratio even
soybeans over
a
considera-
LITERATURE
CITED
i. Acock, B. carbon dioxide (eds.), tion.
and
L.H. Allen. concentrations.
1985. Crop In: B.R.
Direct effects of increasing DOE/ER-0238, U.S. Dept. of
responses Strain
to elevated and J.D. Cure
carbon dioxide Energy, Washington,
on
vegetaD.C.
2. Allen, L.H., J.C.V. Vu, Jones. 1988. Nonstznlctural
R.R. Valle, carbohydrates
K.J. Boote, and P.H. and nitrogen of soybean
grown
enrichment.
Crop
3.
under
AOAC.
tion
carbon
1984.
of
dioxide
Official
Official
methods
Analytical
of
4. Baker, J.T., 1989. Response concentration.
L.H. Allen, K.J. of soybean to air Crop Sci. 29:98-105.
5. Brown, bilization
and S.C. enzymes
max)
C.S. and
cotyledons.
6.Calzada, 1987. Growth selection.
Physiol.
J.E.,
J.M.
9. Hrubec, T.C., of CO 2 enrichment tion of soybeans.
Howe,
P,
short-
long-term
13. MacElroy, life support CELSS. NASA
L.H. and
P.J. dry
and
1986. CRC
C.A.
Jones, and
and J.W. Jones. carbon dioxide
Allen, J.W. transpiration CO 2
1981. matter
R.P. Donaldson. content on the 79:684-689.
treatments.
Agron.
Nutritional
1985. Effects dark respira-
R. Valle. of soybean J.
FL.
for a regeneraNASA Ames Research
and
Jones, and responses
of proximate Boca Raton,
1982.
selection report to
C. Rolz. pulp: strain
1985. canopies
to
119-126.
Carbon dioxide concentration, photosynproduction. BioScience 31:29-33.
O.A. and S.J. Agricul. Food R.D., system. Conf.
Handbook Press, Inc.
Mitchell.
plant species Contract 2404.
J.M. Robinson, and carbohydrate Plant Physiol.
I0. Jones, Photosynthesis
Associa-
DC.
S.W., A.G. de Leon, M.L. de Arriloa, and of mushrooms on wheat straw and coffee Biological Wastes, 20:217-226.
and cultural aspects of tive life support system. Center, Grants 2401 and
12. Krober, soybeans.
edn).
70:537-543.
8.
ii. Kramer, thesis, and
(14th
Washington,
Boote, P. temperature
Plant.
J.A. and A.A. Atchley. tables of higher plants.
and
28:84-94.
Huber. 1987. Photosynthesis, reserve moof sucrose metabolism in soybean (Glycine
7. Duke, analysis Hoff,
analysis
Chemists,
Sci.
Gibbons. 1962. Chem. 10:57-59.
Nonprotein
and J. Bredt. 1985. Controlled Current concepts and future Pub. 2378 from XXV COSPAR mtg.
14. Mackowiak, C.L., L.P. Owens, 1989. Continuous hydroponic wheat ing system. NASA Tech. Memorandum FL.
C.R. Hinkle, and production using 102784, Kennedy
13
nitrogen
ecological directions of Graz, Austria. R.P. Prince. a recirculatSpace Center,
in
15. Pace, G.M., nitrate reduction tracts and stem
C.T. MacKown, and R.J. Volk. 1982. during Kjeldahl digestion of plant exudates. Plant Physiol. 69:32-36.
16. Prince, R.P., W.M. Design and performance SAE Tech. Paper 871437, July 1987.
Knott, J.C. Sager, and S.E. of the KSC biomass production Soc. Sutomotive Eng. Conf.,
17. Raper, C.D. and J.F. of dry matter partitioning 18:654-656.
19. JSC
Plant
Physiol.
J.D. Cure, J.M. Smith, carbon dioxide on water
21. Tibbitts, life support
J.F. for
and C.D. soybeans.
G. E. Bingham. relations of
preliminary biomedical Space Center, Houston,
Raper. Crop
T.W. and D.K. system. Use of
1976. Sci.
Alford. higher
23. Tolley-Henry, L. and C.D. matter partitioning in soybean recovery from nitrogen stress.
Photoperiodic 16:667-672.
1982. plants.
22. Tolley-Henry, L. and C.D. Raper. monium as a nitrogen source. Effects and nitrogen accumulation by soybean.
24. Wheeler, R.M., W.M. Knott. 1990. grown in a tightly
alteration Crop Sci.
74:233-238.
Ross, C.E. 1973. Skylab 1/2 Internal Note 08439, Johnson
20. Thomas, seed filling
Hilding. 1987. chamber. Seattle, WA,
Thomas. 1978. Photoperiodic and seed yield in soybeans.
18. Rogers, H.H., N Sionit, 1984. Influence of elevated soybeans.
Minimizing tissue ex-
Controlled NASA Conf.
report. TX.
control
of
ecological Pub. 2231
1986a. Utilization of amof ambient acidity on growth Plant Physiol. 82:54-60.
Raper. 1986b. Nitrogen and dryplants during onset of and Bot. Gaz. 147:392-399.
K.A. Corey, J.C. Sager, C.L. Mackowiak, and Gas excahnge rates by a stand of soybeans sealed chamber. HortScience Abstracts.
25. Wilke, C.R., B. Maiorella, A. Sciamanna, K. Tangnu, D. Wiley, and H. Wong. 1983. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Theory and application. Noyes Data Corp. Park Ridge, NJ, USA. 26. Wilson, R.F. 1987. Seed metabolism. In: J.R. Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. Amer. Agron. Publishers, Madison, WI, USA.
Wilcox (ed.), Soc. of
27. Yazdi-Samadi, B., R.W. Rinne, and R.D. Seif. 1977. Components of developing soybean seeds: Oil, protein, sugars, starch, organic acids, and amino acids. Agron. J. 69:481-486.
14
Table
CO 2
i.
Dry
weight
yield
of
soybean
plants
grown
under
at
concentrations.
Seed
CO 2
(ubar)
I000
200O
5OOO
Total
Weight
Cultivar
500
Dry
(g
Plant
Dry
m-2)
I
H arvest2
Weight
(g
Index
m-2)
(%)
McCall
621
1336
46
Pixie
282
705
40
McCall
766
1701
45
Pixie
267
787
34
McCall
593
1480
40
Pixie
231
756
31
McCall
613
1568
39
Pixie
269
737
36
i
Includes:
2
Harvest
leaves, index
s
stems, seed
DW
roots, /
total
seeds, plant
15
and DW.
pods.
four
Table four tal
2.
Proximate
CO 2 dry
CO 2
concentrations.
i000
2000
5000
1
cv
Protein
Data
seed are
from
soybean
expressed
as
plants a
grown
percent
of
at to-
Fat
Carbo-
Crude
hydrate
Fiber
Ash
Calories
I
Bomb Cal.
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(kcal/g)
(kcal/g)
McCall
37.7
16.1
31.5
7.7
6.9
4.2
5.4
Pixie
38.9
17.3
28.4
8.6
6.7
4.3
5.5
McCall
39.3
16.5
30.4
5.9
7.1
4.3
5.5
Pixie
41.9
16.8
27.1
5.7
8.1
4.3
5.5
McCall
34.7
21.2
26.9
10.7
6.3
4.4
5.3
Pixie
38.9
20.9
20.8
13.1
6.1
4.3
5.4
McCall
38.1
13.6
29.0
12.0
6.8
3.9
5.4
Pixie
40.0
16.6
23.8
12.0
7.1
4.0
5.5
Calculated tein,
of
weight.
(ubar) 500
analysis
and
by 9
assuming
kcal
g-I
4
kcal
g-I
fat.
16
carbohydrate,
4
kcal
g-i
pro-
Table
3. Proximate
grown
at
cent
CO 2
of
four total
cv
I000
2000
5000
of seed pods from
CO 2
concentrations.
dry
weight.
Protein
(ubar) 500
analysis
Fat
Data
Carbo-
Crude
hydrate
Fiber
(%)
(%)
are
soybean
plants
expressed
Ash
as
Calories
a
per-
I
Bomb Cal.
(%)
(%)
(%)
(kcal/g)(kcal/g)
McCall
3.6
2.2
46.1
32.8
14.7
2.2
3.7
Pixie
4.7
1.8
48.3
29.6
15.4
2.3
3.6
McCall
3.3
0.8
45.6
33.9
15.8
2.0
3.6
Pixie
4.7
0.6
45.0
32.7
16.3
2.0
3.5
McCall
3.9
1.2
50.1
31.3
13.2
2.3
3.5
Pixie
5.1
0.7
60.2
19.5
14.2
2.7
3.5
McCall
4.8
0.6
42.9
33.6
17.3
2.0
3.7
Pixie
5.1
0.6
42.0
32.1
19.0
1.9
3.6
b_Qmmmm_
1
Calculated tein,
and
by 9
assuming
kcal
g-1
4
kcal
g-i
fat.
17
carbohydrate,
4
kcal
g-i
pro-
Table at
4.
four
total
CO 2
Proximate CO 2
dry
i000
2000
5000
of
concentrations.
leaves
Data
cv
Protein
Fat
(%)
soybean
expressed
plants as
a
grown
percent
of
(%)
Crude
hydrate
Fiber
(%)
(%)
Ash
Calories
I
Bomb Cal.
(%)
(kcal/g)
(kcal/g)
McCall
12.7
4.3
51.4
11.2
19.9
3.0
3.5
Pixie
13.2
3.9
51.8
12.1
18.4
3.2
3.7
McCall
11.2
3.0
54.8
12.2
18.3
2.9
3.6
Pixie
12.0
2.5
58.8
9.9
16.4
3.1
3.7
McCall
13.3
2.8
49.9
14.2
19.4
2.8
3.4
Pixie
15.5
2.5
51.3
13.1
17.1
2.9
3.6
McCall
18.8
2.1
40.1
15.3
22.6
2.6
3.6
Pixie
21.1
1.8
38.8
15.0
22.4
2.6
3.7
Calculated tein,
are
Carbo-
.-
1
from
weight.
(ubar) 500
analysis
and
by 9
assuming
kcal
g-I
4
kcal
w
g-I
fat.
18
carbohydrate,
4
kcal
g-i
pro-
Table four dry
5.
Proximate
CO 2
concentrations.
of
stems
Data
are
from
soybean
expressed
as
plants a
grown
percent
of
at
total
weight.
CO 2
cv
Protein
(ubar) 500
I000
2000
5000
1
analysis
Carbo-
Crude
hydrate
Fiber
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
9.8
2.2
36.3
Pixie
13.3
2.4
McCall
13.3
Pixie
Ash
Calories
I
Bomb Cal.
(%)
(kcal/g)
(kcal/g)
43.6
7.7
2.1
4.1
46.2
26.4
11.3
2.6
3.9
1.4
30.3
47.0
7.5
1.9
4.1
22.7
1.0
36.6
31.4
8.1
2.5
3.9
McCall
11.7
0.9
30.6
50.3
6.1
1.8
4.0
Pixie
18.5
1.0
36.0
36.4
7.8
2.3
3.9
McCall
7.4
0.7
28.9
55.6
6.7
1.5
4.4
Pixie
8.8
0.7
31.8
47.5
1.7
4.2
McCall
Calculated tein,
Fat
and
by 9
assuming
kcal
g-i
4
kcal
g-I
fat.
19
10.7
carbohydrate,
4
kcal
g-I
pro-
Table CO 2
6.
Proximate
analysis
concentrations.
Data
of are
roots
from
expressed
as
soybeans a
grown
percent
of
at
four
total
dry
weight.
CO 2
cv
Protein
(ubar) 500
1000
2000
5000
1
(%)
(%)
Carbo-
Crude
hydrat
Fiber
(%)
(%)
Ash
Calories
I
Bomb Cal.
(%)
(kcal/g)
(kcal)
McCall
20.9
3.7
29.1
31.2
14.7
2.3
3.8
Pixie
20.8
2.6
32.8
29.9
13.6
2.4
3.8
McCall
21.9
1.7
27.9
33.3
14.8
2.2
3.9
Pixie
25.3
1.6
30.3
26.7
15.2
2.4
3.9
McCall
23.2
1.5
31.0
33.3
10.6
2.3
3.8
Pixie
22.0
1.2
38.0
26.7
11.7
2.5
3.7
McCall
20.4
1.6
26.2
40.7
9.9
2.0
4.0
Pixie
23.2
1.0
27.2
35.0
12.3
2.1
4.1
Calculated tein,
Fat
and
by 9
assuming
kcal
g-I
4
kcal
g-1
fat.
20
carbohydrate,
4
kcal
g-i
pro-
Table from
7. soybean
CO 2
Protein,
fat,
seed
grown
Cultivar
and at
carbohydrate four
Total
different
Protein
Yield
(ubar)
5OO
I000
2OOO
(g
CO 2
Total
Fat
Yield
m -2)
(g
m -2)
per
unit
area
concentrations.
Total
Carbo-
hydrate
Yield
(g
m -2)
McCall
234
i00
196
Pixie
ii0
49
80
McCall
301
126
233
Pixie
112
45
72
McCall
206
126
159
48
48
Pixie
5000
yields
90
McCall
234
84
178
Pixie
108
45
64
21
40
30 z
_
2o 10
o
• SEEDS
PODS
LEAVES
STEMS
ROOTS
50 t
cv. Pixie
4O
g z
30
_
2o
D.
10
0 SEEDS
PODS
LEAVES
STEMS
ROOTS
Figure 1. Protein content of soybean plants grown at four different carbon dioxide concentrations.
22
I!
500 IJbar
. []
1000 IJbar
[]
2000 lzbar
R
5000 lzbar
2+: F
cv. McCall
2O
5
o SEEDS
PODS
LEAVES
STEMS
ROOTS
25 t
cv. Pixie
20
15
I,L
0 SEEDS
PODS
LEAVES
STEMS
ROOTS
Figure 2. Fat content of soybean plants grown at four different carbon dloxide concentrations.
23
I
[]
500 pbar
[]
1000 llbar
[]
2000 lzbar
_
5000 I_bar
80
A
,ot
cv. McCall
Ill I" a >.
40
0 m
20 o
o SEEDS
PODS
LEAVES
STEMS
ROOTS
80
t
A
CV. Pixie
60 ILl I-rr r_
40
3_
0
m
20
0 SEEDS
PODS
LEAVES
STEMS
ROOTS
Figure 3. Carbohydrate content of soybean plants grown at four different carbon dioxide concentrations.
24
•
500 pbar
[]
1000 lzbar
[]
2000 pbar
[]
5000 pbar
i
Report
Documentation
Page
Soace _,_,_n I. Report
No.
NASA
TM
2. Government
Accession
No.
3, Recioient's
Catalog
No,
103496
4._eandSubtitle
5. Report
Proximate
composition
Plants Grown Concentrations
at
of
Seed
Different
and
Carbon
Biomass Dioxide
from
Soybean
Date
May
1990
(CO 2) 6. Performing
Organization
Code
Organization
Report
BIO-3 7. Author(a}
8. Performing
Wheeler,
R.M.,
C,L.
Mackowiak,
and
J.C.
Sager 10. Work
9. Performing
Organization
Name
11. Contract
Name
or Grant
No.
(JCS) 13. Type
Agency
Unit No.
and Addm_
The Bionetics Corporation (RMW, CLM) NASA Biomedical Operations and Research Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899 12. Sponsoring
No.
of Report
and
Period
Covered
and Address
14. Soonsoring
Agency
Code
HD/PJ_S 15. Supplementary
Notes
Soybean
16. Ab=_
plants
(Glycine
max
cvs.
McCall
and
Pixie)
were
grown
for
90
days
at
500, I000, 2000, and 5000 ubar (ppm) carbon dioxide (CO 2) and compared for proximate nutritional value. For both cultivars (MC and PX), seed protein levels were highest at I000 (39.3% and 41.9% for MC and PX) and lowest at 2000 (34.7% and 38.9% for MC and PX). Seed fat (oil) levels were highest at 2000 (21.2% and 20.9% for MC and PX) and lowest at 5000 (13.6% and 16.6% for MC and PX). Seed carbohydrate levels were highest at 500 (31.5% and 28.4% for MC and PX) and lowest at 2000 (20.9% and 20.8% for MC and PX). When adjusted for total seed yield per unit growing area, the highest production of protein and carbohydrate occurred with MC at i000, while equally high amounts of fat were produced with MC at i000 and 2000. Seed set and pod development at tionately
2000 high
were delayed fat and low
incomparison to other CO 2 treatments; protein at 2000 may have been a result
thus the proporof the delay in
plant maturity rather than CO 2 concentration. Stem crude fiber and carbohydrate levels for both cultivars increased with increased COp. Leaf protein and crude fibez levels also tended to rise with increased CO 2 but lea_ carbohydrate levels decreased as CO 2 was increased. The results suggest that CO 2 effects on total seed yield outweighed any potential advantages to changes in seed composition. 17. Kw
Words(Suggest_
18, Distribution
byAuthor(s))
Statement
Carbon Dioxide, C02, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate, Proximate Analysis, Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems, CELSS, Bioregenerative Life Support Systems 19. Security
Clessif.
(of this report)
Unclassified FORM
Clessif,
Unclassified i
NASA
20. Security
1828 OCT 86
i
(of this page)
21.
No. of pages
28
22. Price
