Crime Prevention and Policy Conference, Sydney, 23 November 2011 ... on-site security after business hrs paid by the companies ... Public/business support.
Public-Private Crime Prevention Partnerships in Australia Crime Prevention and Policy Conference, Sydney, 23 November 2011
Tim Prenzler & Rick Sarre
Background
PPPs alleged advantages: flexibility, efficiency, expertise, stimulus Successful Crime Prevention PPPs, e.g.
Leicester Small Business and Crime Initiative (Tilley & Hopkins, 1998) • • • •
Funding: charity trust Coordination committee: Council, Police, Chamber of Commerce Post-burglary upgrades: e.g. portable silent alarms, CCTV Evaluation: few offenders caught burglary ↓ 41% over 2 years
Background Enschede-Haven Industrial Estate Security Cooperative (Van den Berg, 1995)
Area Entrepreneur Association requested increased police patrols Police suggested a partnership • • • • • • •
business Co-operative + police Project Agency national start up funds on-site security after business hrs paid by the companies vetted alarm activations advertising, lighting, appearance security incidents ↓ 72% from 90 per month to 25 in 1.5 yrs continued self-funding
also Vianen Industrial Estate (Van den Berg, 1995)
Background
Police-Private Security Partnerships
Obstacles: • • • •
Contradictory principles Training differentials Lack of mutual respect Differing powers
ASIAL-ARC Linkage Project “Private
Security and Public Interest: Exploring Private Security Trends and Directions for Reform in the New Era of Plural Policing” 5 studies:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Industry Trends Regulation Partnerships Legal Options OH&S
2011,
final report: http://www.asial.com.au/Research
Method Partnerships: Australian Case Studies
Snowball method
Mixed primary and secondary
12 Case studies
Public-Private Security Case Studies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
2000 Sydney Olympics Perth “Eyes on the Street” Adelaide Oval MCG Strike Force Piccadilly 1 Strike Force Piccadilly 2 Centrelink Surveillance Ipswich “Safe City” Gold Coast Camera Safety Network Sydney Market City Project Griffin Cabramatta “Townsafe”
Sample Secondary Sources
• • • • •
Perth “Eyes on the Street” (Crime Research Centre 2008) Gold Coast Camera Safety Network (Wilson & Welles 2007) Cabramatta “Townsafe” (Fairfield City Council 2002) Moderate forensic value (arrests) Assists emergency response Public/business support Police support No evidence of crime reduction effects
Sample Primary Sources 1.
Ipswich “Safe City”
2.
Centrelink Surveillance
3.
Strike Force Piccadilly 1 & 2
Ipswich Safe City
Late-’80s & early-’90s: crime crisis
1994: Local council CCTV police & private security program
2010:
Impact?: “Reduced crime by 78% over the last 15 years, and in
181 cameras concentrated in city mall includes 6 other suburbs monitoring by private security, radio to police & guards high quality international “benchmark” program
some cases ... by 90%” (in Cowan 2010 p 23)
No long-term camera area-specific data No police crime data demonstrating positive impact No financials
Ipswich Safe City Reported crime, 1990s, Ipswich “district” only Offences Against the Person
1,200 1,000 800
Ipswich
600
Queensland
Toowoomba
400 200
Year
01 20
00 20
00 -
20
99 19
99 -
19
98 19
98 -
19
97 19
97 -
19
96 19
96 -
19
95 19
95 -
19
94 19
94 -
19
93 19
93 -
19
92
92 -
19 19
91 -
19
90 -
19
91
-
19
Rate per 100,000 Population
1,400
19 90 -1 99 19 1 91 -1 99 19 2 92 -1 19 993 93 -1 99 19 4 94 -1 99 19 5 95 -1 99 19 6 96 -1 99 19 7 97 -1 19 998 98 -1 99 19 9 99 -2 00 20 0 00 -2 00 1
Rate per 100,000 Population
Ipswich Safe City
. Offences Against Property
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000 Ipswich
5,000 Toowoomba
4,000 Queensland
3,000
2,000
1,000
-
Year
Ipswich Safe City Reported crime, 2000s, “divisional” level only Offences Against the Person
Rate per 100,000 Population
3,000 2,500 2,000
Booval Ipswich Toowoomba
1,500
Yamanto Queensland
1,000 500 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 2006 Year
2007
2008
2009
Ipswich Safe City Offences Against Property 16,000
Rate per 100,000 Population
14,000 12,000 Booval
10,000
Ipswich Toowoomba
8,000
Yamanto
6,000
Queensland
4,000 2,000 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 2006 Year
2007
2008
2009
Centrelink Surveillance
1999: ‘Enhanced Investigation Initiative’ Outsourced to PIs First year: 1,063 cases finalised 70% → $3.9m targeted recoveries
2008/9: 11 contractors 1,023 operations 57.5% ‘actionable’ payments ↓ $5.5m, debt of $21.2m $26,126 per investigation in estimated gross savings
• • • • • •
Impacts: secondary prevention (stopping fraud) recoveries “cost-effective” and flexible “rarely used in court” primary prevention? net cost effectiveness?
Strike Force Piccadilly 1 2009 Australian Crime and Violence Prevention Award 2005: ↑ ATM ram raids Greater Sydney Area Partnership: NSW Police, ABA, Shopping Centre Council of Australia, CIT firms, ATM Industry Association consultation, co-operative research, information sharing Initiatives: 1. priority alarm response system (multiple alarm activations) 2. situational prevention (relocations, specialist bollards, antiramming devices) 3. risk assessment and reduction tool 4. e-mailed intelligence reports Impacts: all raids: 5.75 per month in the 12 months pre-intervention ↓ 86% to 0.77 per month in following 3 years successful raids: 2.50 per month ↓ 98% to 0.05 per month No evidence of displacement in recorded crimes
Strike Force Piccadilly 2 2011 Australian Crime and Violence Prevention Award 2008: ↑ ATM explosive gas attacks Continuation of SFP1+ rapid enlargement of SFP2 capture and incarceration of gang members gas detection and suppression devices partner assistance with forensics Impacts: all gas attacks:
2.25 per month in the first 12 months ↓ 91% to 0.21 per month in final 14 months successful attacks: 1.83 per month ↓ 89% to 0.21 No evidence of displacement in recorded crime “last known attempted ATM gas attack in September 2009” (Oct 2011)
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8/05 9/05 10/05 11/05 12/05 1/06 2/06 3/06 4/06 5/06 6/06 7/06 8/06 9/06 10/06 11/06 12/06 1/07 2/07 3/07 4/07 5/07 6/07 7/07 8/07 9/07 10/07 11/07 12/07 1/08 2/08 3/08 4/08 5/08 6/08 7/08 8/08 9/08 10/08 11/08 12/08 1/09 2/09 3/09 4/09 5/09 6/09 7/09 8/09 9/09 10/09 11/09 12/09 1/10 2/10 3/10 4/10
Strike Force Piccadilly 1 & 2: All Ram raids and gas attacks
Strike Force Piccadilly Strike Force Piccadilly 2
Ram Raids
Gas Attacks
Conclusions “Successful” partnership ingredients:
• • • • • • •
Mutual respect Shared goals Information sharing Confidentiality MOUs/contracts not always essential ‘Powers’ not an obstacle Mutual benefits
Police dominant Limited evidence of preventive effects/lack of impact data
Accountability for public money, e.g.,
•
Beccaria-Standards for Ensuring Quality in Crime Prevention Projects. www.beccaria-standards.net
•
AIC, Improving crime prevention knowledge and practice. aic.gov.au
References Cowan, R. (2010). Security makeover saves city. Security Insider, 14(6, 20-23. Crime Research Centre (2008). Evaluation of the Eyes on the Street program. Perth: Crime Research Centre, University of Western Australia. Fairfield City Council (2002). Cabramatta Townsafe 5 Year review. Prenzler, T. (2009). Strike Force Piccadilly: A Public-private partnership to stop ATM Ram Raids. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 32, 209-225. Prenzler, T. (2011). Strike Force Piccadilly and ATM security: A Follow up study. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 5(3), 236–247. Sarre, R., & Prenzler, T. (2011. Private Security and Public Interest: Exploring Private Security Trends and Directions for Reform in the New Era of Plural Policing. Adelaide: University of South Australia. Tilley, N., & Hopkins, M. (1998). Business as usual: An Evaluation of the Small Business and Crime Initiative. London: Home Office. Van den Berg, E. (1995). Crime prevention on industrial sites: Security through public-private partnerships. Security Journal, 6(1), 27-35. Wilson, P., & Wells, H. (2007). What do the watchers watch? An Australian case study of CCTV monitoring. Asian Policing, 5(1), 49-60. Photos: Courier Mail, Evidence Video Investigations, Odyssey Auto, Sydney Morning Herald, ATM Gas Shield, The Mercury, Rick Sarre
