Public-Private Crime Prevention Partnerships in Australia

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Crime Prevention and Policy Conference, Sydney, 23 November 2011 ... on-site security after business hrs paid by the companies ... Public/business support.
Public-Private Crime Prevention Partnerships in Australia Crime Prevention and Policy Conference, Sydney, 23 November 2011

Tim Prenzler & Rick Sarre

Background 



PPPs  alleged advantages: flexibility, efficiency, expertise, stimulus Successful Crime Prevention PPPs, e.g.

Leicester Small Business and Crime Initiative (Tilley & Hopkins, 1998) • • • •

Funding: charity trust Coordination committee: Council, Police, Chamber of Commerce Post-burglary upgrades: e.g. portable silent alarms, CCTV Evaluation: few offenders caught burglary ↓ 41% over 2 years

Background Enschede-Haven Industrial Estate Security Cooperative (Van den Berg, 1995)

Area Entrepreneur Association requested increased police patrols Police suggested a partnership • • • • • • •

business Co-operative + police Project Agency national start up funds on-site security after business hrs paid by the companies vetted alarm activations advertising, lighting, appearance security incidents ↓ 72% from 90 per month to 25 in 1.5 yrs continued self-funding

also Vianen Industrial Estate (Van den Berg, 1995)

Background 

Police-Private Security Partnerships



Obstacles: • • • •

Contradictory principles Training differentials Lack of mutual respect Differing powers

ASIAL-ARC Linkage Project  “Private

Security and Public Interest: Exploring Private Security Trends and Directions for Reform in the New Era of Plural Policing” 5 studies:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Industry Trends Regulation Partnerships Legal Options OH&S

 2011,

final report: http://www.asial.com.au/Research

Method Partnerships: Australian Case Studies



Snowball method



Mixed primary and secondary



12 Case studies

Public-Private Security Case Studies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

2000 Sydney Olympics Perth “Eyes on the Street” Adelaide Oval MCG Strike Force Piccadilly 1 Strike Force Piccadilly 2 Centrelink Surveillance Ipswich “Safe City” Gold Coast Camera Safety Network Sydney Market City Project Griffin Cabramatta “Townsafe”

Sample Secondary Sources   

• • • • •

Perth “Eyes on the Street” (Crime Research Centre 2008) Gold Coast Camera Safety Network (Wilson & Welles 2007) Cabramatta “Townsafe” (Fairfield City Council 2002) Moderate forensic value (arrests) Assists emergency response Public/business support Police support No evidence of crime reduction effects

Sample Primary Sources 1.

Ipswich “Safe City”

2.

Centrelink Surveillance

3.

Strike Force Piccadilly 1 & 2

Ipswich Safe City 

Late-’80s & early-’90s: crime crisis



1994: Local council CCTV police & private security program



2010:



Impact?: “Reduced crime by 78% over the last 15 years, and in

181 cameras concentrated in city mall includes 6 other suburbs monitoring by private security, radio to police & guards high quality international “benchmark” program

some cases ... by 90%” (in Cowan 2010 p 23)

No long-term camera area-specific data No police crime data demonstrating positive impact No financials

Ipswich Safe City Reported crime, 1990s, Ipswich “district” only Offences Against the Person

1,200 1,000 800

Ipswich

600

Queensland

Toowoomba

400 200

Year

01 20

00 20

00 -

20

99 19

99 -

19

98 19

98 -

19

97 19

97 -

19

96 19

96 -

19

95 19

95 -

19

94 19

94 -

19

93 19

93 -

19

92

92 -

19 19

91 -

19

90 -

19

91

-

19

Rate per 100,000 Population

1,400

19 90 -1 99 19 1 91 -1 99 19 2 92 -1 19 993 93 -1 99 19 4 94 -1 99 19 5 95 -1 99 19 6 96 -1 99 19 7 97 -1 19 998 98 -1 99 19 9 99 -2 00 20 0 00 -2 00 1

Rate per 100,000 Population

Ipswich Safe City

. Offences Against Property

10,000

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000 Ipswich

5,000 Toowoomba

4,000 Queensland

3,000

2,000

1,000

-

Year

Ipswich Safe City Reported crime, 2000s, “divisional” level only Offences Against the Person

Rate per 100,000 Population

3,000 2,500 2,000

Booval Ipswich Toowoomba

1,500

Yamanto Queensland

1,000 500 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005 2006 Year

2007

2008

2009

Ipswich Safe City Offences Against Property 16,000

Rate per 100,000 Population

14,000 12,000 Booval

10,000

Ipswich Toowoomba

8,000

Yamanto

6,000

Queensland

4,000 2,000 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005 2006 Year

2007

2008

2009

Centrelink Surveillance 

1999: ‘Enhanced Investigation Initiative’ Outsourced to PIs First year: 1,063 cases finalised 70% → $3.9m targeted recoveries



2008/9: 11 contractors 1,023 operations 57.5% ‘actionable’ payments ↓ $5.5m, debt of $21.2m $26,126 per investigation in estimated gross savings

 • • • • • •

Impacts: secondary prevention (stopping fraud) recoveries “cost-effective” and flexible “rarely used in court” primary prevention? net cost effectiveness?

Strike Force Piccadilly 1  2009 Australian Crime and Violence Prevention Award  2005: ↑ ATM ram raids Greater Sydney Area Partnership: NSW Police, ABA, Shopping Centre Council of Australia, CIT firms, ATM Industry Association consultation, co-operative research, information sharing  Initiatives: 1. priority alarm response system (multiple alarm activations) 2. situational prevention (relocations, specialist bollards, antiramming devices) 3. risk assessment and reduction tool 4. e-mailed intelligence reports  Impacts: all raids: 5.75 per month in the 12 months pre-intervention ↓ 86% to 0.77 per month in following 3 years successful raids: 2.50 per month ↓ 98% to 0.05 per month No evidence of displacement in recorded crimes

Strike Force Piccadilly 2  2011 Australian Crime and Violence Prevention Award 2008: ↑ ATM explosive gas attacks  Continuation of SFP1+ rapid enlargement of SFP2 capture and incarceration of gang members gas detection and suppression devices partner assistance with forensics  Impacts: all gas attacks:

2.25 per month in the first 12 months ↓ 91% to 0.21 per month in final 14 months successful attacks: 1.83 per month ↓ 89% to 0.21 No evidence of displacement in recorded crime “last known attempted ATM gas attack in September 2009” (Oct 2011)

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8/05 9/05 10/05 11/05 12/05 1/06 2/06 3/06 4/06 5/06 6/06 7/06 8/06 9/06 10/06 11/06 12/06 1/07 2/07 3/07 4/07 5/07 6/07 7/07 8/07 9/07 10/07 11/07 12/07 1/08 2/08 3/08 4/08 5/08 6/08 7/08 8/08 9/08 10/08 11/08 12/08 1/09 2/09 3/09 4/09 5/09 6/09 7/09 8/09 9/09 10/09 11/09 12/09 1/10 2/10 3/10 4/10

Strike Force Piccadilly 1 & 2: All Ram raids and gas attacks

Strike Force Piccadilly Strike Force Piccadilly 2

Ram Raids

Gas Attacks

Conclusions “Successful” partnership ingredients:

 • • • • • • •

Mutual respect Shared goals Information sharing Confidentiality MOUs/contracts not always essential ‘Powers’ not an obstacle Mutual benefits



Police dominant Limited evidence of preventive effects/lack of impact data



Accountability for public money, e.g.,





Beccaria-Standards for Ensuring Quality in Crime Prevention Projects. www.beccaria-standards.net



AIC, Improving crime prevention knowledge and practice. aic.gov.au

References Cowan, R. (2010). Security makeover saves city. Security Insider, 14(6, 20-23. Crime Research Centre (2008). Evaluation of the Eyes on the Street program. Perth: Crime Research Centre, University of Western Australia. Fairfield City Council (2002). Cabramatta Townsafe 5 Year review. Prenzler, T. (2009). Strike Force Piccadilly: A Public-private partnership to stop ATM Ram Raids. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 32, 209-225. Prenzler, T. (2011). Strike Force Piccadilly and ATM security: A Follow up study. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 5(3), 236–247. Sarre, R., & Prenzler, T. (2011. Private Security and Public Interest: Exploring Private Security Trends and Directions for Reform in the New Era of Plural Policing. Adelaide: University of South Australia. Tilley, N., & Hopkins, M. (1998). Business as usual: An Evaluation of the Small Business and Crime Initiative. London: Home Office. Van den Berg, E. (1995). Crime prevention on industrial sites: Security through public-private partnerships. Security Journal, 6(1), 27-35. Wilson, P., & Wells, H. (2007). What do the watchers watch? An Australian case study of CCTV monitoring. Asian Policing, 5(1), 49-60. Photos: Courier Mail, Evidence Video Investigations, Odyssey Auto, Sydney Morning Herald, ATM Gas Shield, The Mercury, Rick Sarre