PVC Pressure Pipe & Fittings

Introduction

PVC Pressure Pipe & Fittings Technical Manual

Quality ISO 9001 Lic 570

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems

2

Disclaimer Minimum pack quantities apply to all products, orders will automatically be adjusted to minimum pack quantities or multiple. Limitation of Liability This product catalogue has been compiled by Vinidex Pty Limited (“the Company”) to promote better understanding of the technical aspects of the Company’s products to assist users in obtaining from them the best possible performance. The product catalogue is supplied subject to acknowledgement of the following conditions: 1 The product catalogue is protected by copyright and may not be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means in whole or in part without prior consent in writing by the Company.. 2 Product specifications, usage data and advisory information may change from time to time with advances in research and field experience. The Company reserves the right to make such changes at any time without further notice. 3 Correct usage of the Company’s products involves engineering judgements, which can not be properly made without full knowledge of all the conditions pertaining to each specific installation. The Company expressly disclaims all and any liability to any person whether supplied with this publication or not in respect of anything and all of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether whole or part of the contents of this publication. 4 No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading, are expressed or implied by the issue of content of this product catalogue. Nothing herein shall override the Company’s Condition of Sale, which may be obtained from the Registered Office or any Sales Office of the Company. 5 This product catalogue is and shall remain the property of the Company, and shall be surrendered on demand to the Company. 6 Information supplied in this product catalogue does not override a job specification, where such conflict arises; consult the authority supervising the job. © Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited..

Introduction

Contents Introduction

3

Manufacture

4

Quality Assurance

6

Research And Development

6


2

Introduction From Modest Beginning to Australia’s Leader

Vinidex Pty Limited is Australia’s leading manufacturer of PVC pipes. From its modest beginnings in Sydney in 1960, the company has grown dynamically with factories now located in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, Townsville and Wagga. Supply depots are maintained in Adelaide, Darwin, Launceston and Mildura. Vinidex pipe and fitting systems are used in a broad cross-section of applications including: • • • • • • •

Water, wastewater and drainage Irrigation Mining and industrial Plumbing Gas Communications Electrical

Vinidex is the most experienced company in Australia in the supply of PVC pipes for mains water reticulation and was the first to produce a rubber ring jointed pressure pipe. Early Vinidex rubber ring joint installations include: 1966, with the Victorian Rural Water Commission (previously State Rivers and Water Supply Commission) 1967, with the New South Wales Department of Public Works for water supply projects. Vinidex pressure pipe and fittings are manufactured from high quality PVC polymer. Vinidex specifications exceed the requirements of the various national and state specifying authorities and Standards Australia.

Vinidex pressure pipes and fittings combine the unique physical properties of PVC polymer with the most advanced manufacturing techniques and will continue to meet the exacting demands of the water supply industry in Australia and a growing number of overseas countries, well into the 21st century.

PVC Pipe - World Leader PVC pipe is the world’s most widely used medium for conveyance of fluids. After centuries of use of ancient materials such as clay, lead, iron and more recently steel, Ductile Iron and asbestos cement, PVC has, in a comparatively short 50 years, invaded all of the traditional applications of these materials to become the premier pipe material, measured by length or value, in the world today. The product has well recognised advantages of immunity to corrosion, chemical and micro-/macro-biological resistance, hydraulic capacity, ease of handling and installation together with toughness and flexibility to withstand abuse. Its widespread applications are largely attributable to these features. Pipe applications fall into two broad categories primarily determined by the dominance of either internal pressure or external loading over

design. They are referred to as ‘pressure’ or ‘non-pressure’ applications. This manual covers pressure applications with particular emphasis on general water supply. Other applications include irrigation, industrial, and pumped sewerage mains. It provides state-of-the-art information on material characteristics and performance, pipe selection and system design procedures, installation recommendations and detailed product specification data for both pipe and fittings. To date this is the most comprehensive technical manual published in Australia on PVC pressure pipe systems.

3 PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems

Introduction

Raw Material

Weighing

Mixing

Batching

Extruder

Head & Die

Sizing

Bath

Figure 1.1 Typical Pipe Extrusion Line

MANUFACTURE Basically, PVC products are formed from raw PVC powder by a process of heat and pressure. The two major processes used in manufacture are extrusion for pipe and injection moulding for fittings. Modern PVC processing involves highly developed scientific methods requiring precise control over process variables. The polymer material is a free flowing powder, which requires the addition of stabilisers and processing aids. Formulation and blending are critical stages of the process and tight specifications are maintained for incoming raw materials, batching and mixing. Feed to the extrusion or moulding machines may be direct, in the form of “dry blend”, or pre-processed into a granular “compound”.

Extrusion (Figure 1.1) Polymer and additives (1) are accurately weighed (2) and processed through the high speed mixing (3) to blend the raw materials into a uniformly distributed dry blend mixture. A mixing temperature of around 120°C is achieved by frictional heat. At various stages of the mixing process, the additives melt and progressively coat the PVC polymer granules. After reaching the required temperature, the blend is automatically discharged into a cooling chamber which rapidly reduces the temperature to around 50°C, thereby allowing

the blend to be conveyed to intermediate storage (4) where even temperature and density consistency are achieved. The heart of the process, the extruder (5), has a temperature-controlled, zoned barrel in which rotate precision “screws”. Modern extruder screws are complex devices, carefully designed with varying flights to control the compression and shear, developed in the material, during all stages of the process. The twin counter-rotating screw configuration used by all major manufacturers offers improved processing. The PVC dryblend is metered into the barrel and screws, which then convert the dry blend into the required “melt” state, by heat, pressure and shear. During its passage along the screws, the PVC passes through a number of zones that compress, homogenise and vent the melt stream. The final zone increases the pressure to extrude the melt through the head and die set (6) which is shaped according to the size of the pipe required and flow characteristics of the melt stream. Once the pipe leaves the extrusion die, it is sized by passing through a precision sizing sleeve with external vacuum. This is sufficient to harden the exterior layer of PVC and hold the pipe diameter during final cooling in a controlled water cooling chambers (8).

The pipe is pulled through the sizing and cooling operations by the puller or haul-off (9) at a constant speed. Speed control is very important when this equipment is used because the speed at which the pipe is pulled will affect the wall thickness of the finished product. In the case of rubber ring jointed pipe the haul-off is slowed down at appropriate intervals to thicken the pipe in the area of the socket. An in-line printer (10) marks the pipes at regular intervals, with identification according to size, class, type, date, Standard number, and extruder number. An automatic cut-off saw (11) cuts the pipe to the required length. A belling machine forms a socket on the end of each length of pipe (12). There are two general forms of socket. For rubber-ring jointed pipe, a collapsible mandrel is used, whereas a plain mandrel is used for solvent jointed sockets. Rubber ring pipe requires a chamfer on the spigot, which is executed either at the saw station or belling unit. The finished product is stored in holding areas for inspection and final laboratory testing and quality acceptance (13). All production is tested and inspected in accordance with the appropriate Australian Standard and/or to specifications of the purchaser. After inspection and acceptance, the pipe is stored to await final dispatch (14).


4

Introduction

The pipe is pulled through the sizing and cooling operations by the puller or haul-off (9) at a constant speed. Speed control is very important when this equipment is used because the speed at which the pipe is pulled will affect the wall thickness of the finished product. In the case of rubber ring jointed pipe the haul-off is slowed down at appropriate intervals to thicken the pipe in the area of the socket. An in-line printer (10) marks the pipes at regular intervals, with identification according to size, class, type, date, Standard number, and extruder number. An automatic cut-off saw (11) cuts the pipe to the required length. A belling machine forms a socket on the end of each length of pipe (12). There are two general forms of socket. For rubber-ring jointed pipe, a collapsible mandrel is used, whereas a plain mandrel is used for solvent jointed sockets. Rubber ring pipe requires a chamfer on the spigot, which is executed either at the saw station or belling unit. The finished product is stored in holding areas for inspection and final laboratory testing and quality acceptance (13). All production is tested and inspected in accordance with the appropriate Australian Standard and/or to specifica-

tions of the purchaser. After inspection and acceptance, the pipe is stored to await final dispatch (14). For oriented PVC (PVC-O) pipes, the extrusion process is followed by an additional expansion process which takes place under well defined and carefully controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. It is during the expansion that the molecular orientation, which imparts the high strength typical of PVC-O, occurs.

Injection Moulding PVC fittings are manufactured by high-pressure injection moulding. In contrast to continuous extrusion, moulding is a repetitive cyclic process, where a “shot” of material is delivered to a mould in each cycle.

termined “shot size”. During this action, pressure and heat “plasticise” the material, which now in its melted state, awaits injection into the mould. All this takes place during the cooling cycle of the previous shot. After a preset time the mould will open and the finished moulded fitting will be ejected from the mould. The mould then closes and the melted plastic in the front of the barrel is injected under high pressure by the screw now acting as a plunger. The plastic enters the mould to form the next fitting. After injection, recharge commences while the moulded fitting goes through its cooling cycle.

PVC material, either in dry blend powder form or granular compound form, is gravity fed from a hopper situated above the injection unit, into the barrel housing a reciprocating screw. The barrel is charged with the required amount of plastic by the screw rotating and conveying the material to the front of the barrel. The position of the screw is set to a prede-


Introduction QUALITY ASSURANCE

Product Testing

Vinidex is committed to the philosophy of Total Quality Management. All Vinidex manufacturing sites are certified to AS/NZS ISO 9002, “ Quality systems- Model for quality assurance in production, installation and servicing.” Vinidex was the first PVC pipe manufacturer in Australia to be awarded the prestigious StandardsMark product certification. Since that time, StandardsMark certification has been achieved by Vinidex for products to various Australian Standards, including AS/NZS 1477, PVC pipes and fittings for pressure applications, AS/NZS 4765, Modified PVC (PVC-M) pipes for pressure applications and AS 4441 Oriented PVC (PVC-O) pipes for pressure applications.

Products are examined and tested to ensure compliance with the relevant Australian Standard. Pipe production is fully traceable and test results are recorded for all extrusion and moulded products.

From the raw materials entering the factory to the delivery of the finished product, the Vinidex emphasis on quality and customer service ensures performance that exceeds the requirements of industry and standards.

The tests specified in Australian Standards can be divided into two main categories, type tests and quality control tests. Type tests are tests that are carried out to verify the acceptability of a formulation, process or product design. They are repeated whenever any of these factors changes. Dimensional checks and quality control tests are routinely conducted at regular intervals during production. The following is a brief summary of the tests included in AS/NZS 1477, AS/NZS 4441(Int) and AS/NZS 4765 and their significance to pressure pipes and fittings. •

Raw Material All raw materials for Vinidex products must meet detailed specifications and suppliers are required to conform to strict quality assurance standards.

Production Process Control Production processes are enumerated, closely specified and continuously monitored and recorded. Inspection and control are exercised by properly trained personnel using calibrated equipment.

•

Effect on water - This is a series of type tests carried out in order to demonstrate that the pipe or fitting does not have a detrimental effect on the quality of drinking water. It assesses the effect of the pipe or fittings on the taste, odour and appearance of water as well as the health aspects due to growth of microorganisms and leaching of toxic substances. Vinyl chloride monomer test- This requirement is to ensure that the residual VCM in PVC material does not exceed safe limits.

•

Light transmission tests - This test is conducted to ensure that PVC pipes have sufficient opacity to prevent growth of algae in the water conveyed. It is a type test for a given formulation and pipe wall thickness.

•

Joint pressure and infiltration tests - Elastomeric ring joints are subjected to both an internal hydrostatic pressure test and an external pressure or internal vacuum test in order to ensure a satisfactory joint design.

•

Processing tests - A number of tests are conducted in accordance with Standards to ensure the manufacturing process is consistent and repeated.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Vinidex has gained international recognition as leaders in PVC processing technology and product performance evaluation. New and existing materials and products undergo continuous examination. Advancements in polymer and processing technology are closely monitored. Vinidex regards its commitment to research and development as part of its investment in the future of the company, its customers and Australia.


6

Material

Contents POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

2

Different Types of Polyvinyl Chloride

2

Comparison Between OPVC, MPVC and Standard PVC

3

PROPERTIES OF PVC

3

Typical Properties

4

Mechanical Properties

6

Evaluated Temperatures

7

The Chemical Performance of PVC

8

Other Material Performance Aspects

9

Chemical Resistance of PVC - Performance Chart

11

Chemical Resistance of Various Elastomers - Performance Chart

30


Disclaimer Minimum pack quantities apply to all products, orders will automatically be adjusted to minimum pack quantities or multiple. Limitation of Liability This product catalogue has been compiled by Vinidex Pty Limited (“the Company”) to promote better understanding of the technical aspects of the Company’s products to assist users in obtaining from them the best possible performance. The product catalogue is supplied subject to acknowledgement of the following conditions: 1 The product catalogue is protected by copyright and may not be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means in whole or in part without prior consent in writing by the Company.. 2 Product specifications, usage data and advisory information may change from time to time with advances in research and field experience. The Company reserves the right to make such changes at any time without further notice. 3 Correct usage of the Company’s products involves engineering judgements, which can not be properly made without full knowledge of all the conditions pertaining to each specific installation. The Company expressly disclaims all and any liability to any person whether supplied with this publication or not in respect of anything and all of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether whole or part of the contents of this publication. 4 No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading, are expressed or implied by the issue of content of this product catalogue. Nothing herein shall override the Company’s Condition of Sale, which may be obtained from the Registered Office or any Sales Office of the Company. 5 This product catalogue is and shall remain the property of the Company, and shall be surrendered on demand to the Company. 6 Information supplied in this product catalogue does not override a job specification, where such conflict arises; consult the authority supervising the job. © Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited..

Material POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastics material which consists of PVC resin compounded with varying proportions of stabilisers, lubricants, fillers, pigments, plasticisers and processing aids. Different compounds of these ingredients have been developed to obtain specific groups of properties for different applications. However, the major part of each compound is PVC resin. The technical terminology for PVC in organic chemistry is poly (vinyl chloride): a polymer, i.e. chained molecules, of vinyl chloride. The brackets are not used in common literature and the name is commonly abbreviated to PVC. The common terminology is used throughout this publication. Where the discussion refers to a specific type of PVC pipe, that type will be explicitly identified as detailed below. Where the discussion is general, the term “PVC pipes” will be used to cover the range of PVC pipe materials in this manual.

Different Types of Polyvinyl Chloride The PVC compounds with the greatest short-term and long-term strengths are those that contain no plasticisers and the minimum of compounding ingredients. This type of PVC is known as UPVC or PVC-U. Other resins or modifiers (such as ABS, CPE or acrylics) may be added to UPVC to produce compounds with improved impact resistance. These compounds are known as modified PVC (PVC-M). Flexible or plasticised PVC compounds, with a wide range of properties, can also be produced by the addition

of plasticisers. Other types of PVC are called CPVC (PVC-C) (chlorinated PVC), which has a higher chlorine content and oriented PVC (PVC-O) which is PVC-U where the molecules are preferentially aligned in a particular direction. PVC-U (unplasticised) is hard and rigid with an ultimate tensile stress of approximately 52 MPa at 20°C and is resistant to most chemicals. Generally PVC-U can be used at temperatures up to 60°C, although the actual temperature limit is dependent on stress and environmental conditions. PVC-M (modified) is rigid and has improved toughness, particularly in impact. The elastic modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile strength are generally lower than PVC-U. These properties depend on the type and amount of modifier used. PVC (plasticised) is less rigid; has high impact strength; is easier to extrude or mould; has lower temperature resistance; is less resistant to chemicals, and usually has lower ultimate tensile strength. The variability from compound to compound in plasticised PVC is greater than that in PVC-U. PVC-C (chlorinated) is similar to PVC-U in most of its properties but it has a higher temperature resistance, being able to function up to 95°C. It has a similar ultimate stress at 20°C and an ultimate tensile stress of about 15 MPa at 80°C. PVC-O (Oriented PVC) is sometimes called HSPVC (high strength PVC). PVC-O pipes represent a major advancement in the technology of the PVC pipe industry.

PVC-O is manufactured by a process which results in a preferential orientation of the long chain PVC molecules in the circumferential or hoop direction. This provides a marked enhancement of properties in this direction. In addition to other benefits, ultimate tensile strength up to double that of PVC-U can be obtained for PVC-O. In applications such as pressure pipes, where well defined stress directionality is present, very significant gains in strength and/or savings in materials can be made. Typical properties of PVC-O are: Tensile Strength of PVC-O 90 MPa Elastic Modulus of PVC-O 4000 MPa Property enhancement by molecular orientation is well known and some industrial examples have been produced for over thirty years. In more recent times, it has been applied to consumer products such as films, high strength garbage bags, carbonated beverage bottles and the like. The technique for applying molecular orientation to PVC pipes was pioneered during the 1970’s by Yorkshire Imperial Plastics and in fact the earliest trial installations were made in 1974 with 100 mm pipe by the Yorkshire Water Authority, United Kingdom. Vinidex commenced production in a pilot PVC-O pipe plant in early 1982 and PVC-O pipes were first installed in Australia in 1986. Since that time, Vinidex have continued to develop and expand the PVC-O product range in commercial production under the registered trade name Supermain®.


2

Material Comparison Between OPVC, MPVC and Standard PVC PVC-O is identical in composition to PVC-U and their general properties are correspondingly similar. The major difference lies in the mechanical properties in the direction of orientation. The composition of PVC-M differs by the addition of an impact modifier and the properties deviate from standard PVC-U depending on the type and amount of modifier used. The following comparison is general in nature and serves to highlight typical differences between pipe grade materials. Tensile Strength. The tensile strength of PVC-O is up to twice that of normal PVC-U. The tensile strength of PVC-M is slightly lower than standard PVC-U. Toughness. Both PVC-O and PVC-M behave in a consistently ductile manner under all practical circumstances. Under some adverse conditions, in the presence of a notch or flaw, standard PVC-U can exhibit brittle characteristics. Safety Factors. The Design of PVC pipes for pressure applications involves prediction of long term properties and application of a safety factor. As in all engineering design, the magnitude of the safety factor reflects the level of confidence in the prediction of performance. The greater confidence in predictable behaviour for the new generation materials PVC-M and PVC-O has the benefit of allowing a lower factor of safety to be used in design.

Design Stress. PVC-O and PVC-M pipes operate at a higher design stress than standard PVC-U pipes as a result of their reduced safety factor and in the case of PVC-O, higher strength in the hoop direction. Elasticity and Creep. PVC-O has a modulus of elasticity up to 24% higher than normal PVC-U in the oriented direction and a similar modulus to standard PVC-U in other directions. The elastic modulus of PVC-M is marginally lower than standard PVC-U. Impact Characteristics. PVC-O exceeds standard PVC-U by a factor of at least 2 and up to 5. PVC-M also has greater impact resistance than standard PVC-U. Impact performance tests for PVC-M pipes focus on obtaining a ductile failure characteristic.

PROPERTIES OF PVC General properties of PVC compounds used in pipe manufacture are given in Table 2.1. Unless otherwise noted, the values given are for standard unmodified formulations using K67 PVC resin. Some comparative values are shown for other pipe materials. Properties of thermoplastics are subject to significant changes with temperature, and the applicable range is noted where appropriate. Mechanical properties are subject to duration of stress application, and are more properly defined by creep functions. More detailed data pertinent to pipe applications are given in the design section of this manual. For data outside of the range of conditions listed, users are advised to contact our Technical Department.

Weathering. There are no significant differences in the weathering characteristics of PVC-U, PVC-M and PVC-O. Jointing. PVC-U and PVC-M pipes can be jointed by either rubber ring or solvent cement joints. PVC-O is available in rubber-ring jointed pipes only. PVC-O cannot be solvent-cement jointed.

0.02µm

Clusters of PVC Molecules

Molecular Entanglements of PVC Pipe

Direction of Orientation


Material Typical Properties Table 2.1 Properties of PVC

Value

Conditions and Remarks

Molecular weight (resin)

140,000

cf: K57 PVC 70,000

Relative density

1.42 - 1.48

cf: PE 0.95 - 0.96, GRP 1.4 - 2.1, CI 7.20, Clay 1.8 - 2.6

Water absorption

0.12%

23°C, 24 hours cf: AC 18 - 20% AS1711

Hardness

80

Shore D Durometer, Brinell 15, Rockwell R 114, cf: PE Shore D 60

Impact strength - 20°C

20 kJ/m2

Charpy 250 µm notch tip radius

Impact strength - 0°C

8 kJ/m2

Charpy 250 µm notch tip radius

Coefficient of friction

0.4

PVC to PVC cf: PE 0.25, PA 0.3

Ultimate tensile strength

52 MPa

AS 1175 Tensometer at constant strain rate cf: PE 30

Elongation at break

50 - 80%

AS 1175 Tensometer at constant strain rate cf: PE 600-900

Short term creep rupture

44 MPa

Constant load 1 hour value cf: PE 14, ABS 25

Long term creep rupture

28 MPa

Constant load extrapolated 50 year value cf: PE 8-12

Elastic tensile modulus

3.0 - 3.3 GPa

1% strain at 100 seconds cf: PE 0.9-1.2

Elastic flexural modulus

2.7 - 3.0 GPa

1% strain at 100 seconds cf: PE 0.7-0.9

Long term creep modulus

0.9 - 1.2 GPa

Constant load extrapolated 50 year secant value cf: PE 0.2 - 0.3

Shear modulus

1.0 GPa

1% strain at 100 seconds G=E/2/(1+µ) cf: PE 0.2

Bulk modulus

4.7 GPa

1% strain at 100 seconds K=E/3/(1-2µ) cf: PE 2.0

Poisson’s ratio

0.4

Increases marginally with time under load. cf: PE 0.45

Dielectric strength (breakdown)

14 - 20 kV/mm

Short term, 3 mm specimen PE 70-85

Volume resistivity

2 x 1014Ω.m

AS 1255.1 PE > 1016

Surface resistivity

1013 - 1014 Ω

AS 1255.1 PE > 1013

Dielectric constant (permittivity)

3.9 (3.3)

50 Hz (106 Hz) AS 1255.4

Dissipation factor (power factor)

0.01 (0.02)

50 Hz (106 Hz) AS 1255.4

Property Physical properties

Mechanical properties

Electrical properties


4

Material

Thermal properties Softening point

80 - 84°C

Vicat method AS 1462.5 (min. 75°C for pipes)

Max. continuous service temp.

60°C

cf: PE 80*, PP 110*

Coefficient of thermal expansion

7 x 10-5/K

7 mm per 10 m per 10°C cf: PE 18 - 20 x 10-5, DI 1.2 x 10-5

Thermal conductivity

0.16 W/[m.K]

0 - 50°C PE 0.4

Specific heat

1,000 J/[kg.K]

0 - 50°C

Thermal diffusivity

1.1 x 10-7 m2/s

0 - 50°C

Flammability (oxygen index)

45%

ASTM D2863 Fennimore Martin test, cf: PE 17.5, PP 17.5

Ignitability index

10 - 12 (/20)

cf: 9 - 10 when tested as pipe AS 1530 Early Fire Hazard Test

Smoke produced index

6 - 8 (/l0)

cf: 4 - 6 when tested as pipe AS 1530 Early Fire Hazard Test

Heat evolved index

0

Spread of flame index

0

Fire performance

Will not support combustion. AS 1530 Early Fire Hazard Test

Abbreviations PE PP PA CI AC GRP

Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyamide (nylon) Cast Iron Asbestos Cement Glass Reinforced Pipe

Conversion of Units 1 MPa = 10 bar 1 Joule = 4.186 calories 1 Kelvin = 1°C

= 9.81 kg/cm2 = 0.948 x 10-3 BTU = 1.8°F temperature differential

= 145 lbf/in2 = 0.737 ft.lbf


Material Mechanical Properties

The Stress Regression Line

For PVC, like other thermoplastics materials, the stress /strain response is dependent on both time and temperature. When a constant static load is applied to a plastics material, the resultant strain behaviour is rather complex. There is an immediate elastic response, which is fully recovered as soon as the load is removed. In addition there is a slower deformation, which continues indefinitely while the load is applied until rupture occurs. This is known as creep. If the load is removed before failure, the recovery of the original dimensions occurs gradually over time. The rate of creep and recovery is also influenced by temperature. At higher temperatures, creep rates tend to increase. Because of this type of response, plastics are known as viscoelastic materials.

The consequence of creep is that pipes subjected to higher stresses will fail in a shorter time than those subjected to lower stresses. For pressure pipe applications, long life is an essential requirement. Therefore, it is important that pipes are designed to operate at wall stresses which will ensure that long service lives can be achieved. To establish the long term properties, a large number of test specimens, in pipe form, are tested until rupture. All of these separate data points are then plotted on a graph and a regression analysis performed. The linear regression analysis is extrapolated to obtain the 97.5% lower prediction limit failure stress at the design point which must exceed a minimum required stress (MRS).

A safety factor is then applied to the MRS to obtain a maximum operating stress for the pipe material which is used to dimension pipes for a range of pressure ratings. In Europe and Australasia, the ISO design point of 50 years, or 438,000 hours, is adopted. In North America, the design point of 100,000 hours has historically been used. This design point is quite arbitrary and should not be interpreted as an indication of the expected service life of a PVC pipe. The stress regression line is traditionally plotted on logarithmic axes showing the circumferential or hoop stress versus time to rupture.

Typical Stress Regression Curves

* For MPVC, the 50 year specification point is a 97.5% lower confidence limit point to ensure that the minimum factor of safety is obtained.


6

Material Creep Modulus For PVC, the modulus or stress/strain relationship must be considered in the context of the rate or duration of loading and the temperature.

Creep in Tension at 20OC

A universal method of data presentation is a curve of strain versus time at constant stress. At a given temperature, a series of curves is required at different stress levels to represent the complete picture. A modulus can be computed for any stress/strain/ time combination, and this is normally referred to as the creep modulus. Such curves are useful, for example, in designing for short and long term transverse loadings of pipes. Tests conducted in both England and Australia have shown that PVC-O is stiffer, i.e. it has a higher modulus, than standard PVC-U by some 24% for equivalent conditions in the oriented direction. From other work, there appears to be no significant change in the axial direction.

Elevated Temperatures Pressure Ratings at Elevated Temperatures

Reversion

The mechanical properties of PVC are referenced at 20°C. Thermoplastics generally decrease in strength and increase in ductility as the temperature rises and design stresses must be adjusted accordingly.

The term “reversion” refers to dimensional change in plastics products as a consequence of “material memory”. Plastics products “memorise” their original formed shape and if they are subsequently distorted, they will return to their original shape under heat.

See Section on Design for the design ratings for pipes at temperatures other than 20°C.

In reality, reversion proceeds at all temperatures, but with high quality extrusion it is of no practical significance in plain pipe at temperatures below 60°C and in PVC-O pipe at temperatures below 50°C.


Material The Chemical Performance of PVC

Factors Affecting Chemical Resistance

PVC is resistant to many alcohols, fats, oils and aromatic free petrol. It is also resistant to most common corroding agents including inorganic acids, alkalis and salts. However, PVC should not be used with esters, ketones, ethers and aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons. PVC will absorb these substances and this will lead to swelling and a reduction in tensile strength.

A number of factors can affect the rate and type of chemical attack that may occur. These are:

Chemical Attack Chemicals that attack plastics do so at differing rates and in differing ways. There are two general types of chemical attack on plastic: 1. Swelling of the plastic occurs but the plastic returns to its original condition if the chemical is removed. However, if the plastic has a compounding ingredient that is soluble in the chemical, the plastic may be changed because of the removal of this ingredient and the chemical itself will be contaminated. 2. The base resin or polymer molecules are changed by crosslinking, oxidation, substitution reactions or chain scission. In these situations the plastic cannot be restored by the removal of the chemical. Examples of this type of attack on PVC are aqua regia at 20°C and wet chlorine gas.

Concentration. In general, the rate of attack increases with concentration, but in many cases there are threshold levels below which no significant chemical effect will be noted. Temperature. As with all processes, the rate of attack increases as the temperature rises. Again, threshold temperatures may exist. Period of Contact. In many cases rates of attack are slow and of significance only with sustained contact. Stress. Some plastics under stress can undergo higher rates of attack. In general PVC is considered relatively insensitive to “stress corrosion”.

Considerations for PVC Pipe For normal water supply work, PVC pipes are totally unaffected by soil and water chemicals. The question of chemical resistance is likely to arise only if they are used in unusual environments or if they are used to convey chemical substances.

Although PVC-O is chemically identical to standard PVC-U, rates of attack may vary and this material is not recommended for use in chemical environments or for chemical conveyance. In most environments, the chemical performance of PVC-M is expected to be similar to standard PVC-U. However, where concentrated chemicals are to be in prolonged contact with PVC-M or elevated temperatures are likely, it is recommended that some preliminary testing should be carried out to determine the suitability of the material.

Sewage Discharges PVC will not be affected by anything that can be normally found in sewerage effluent. However, if some illegal discharge is made then most chemicals are more likely to attack the rubber ring (common to all modern pipe systems) than the PVC pipe. Because of modern pollution controls on sewage discharges PVC can be safely used in any municipal sewerage network including areas accepting industrial effluent.

For applications characterised as food conveyance or storage, health regulations should be observed. Specific advice should be obtained on the use of PVC pipes.


8

Material Chemical Resistance of Joints When considering the performance of pipe materials in contact with chemical environments, it is important not to overlook the effect of the environment on the jointing materials. In general, solvent cement joints may be used in any environment where PVC pipe is acceptable. However, separate consideration may need to be given to the rubber ring. Chemical attack on rubbers can occur in two ways. Swelling can occur as a result of absorption of a chemical. This can make it weaker and more susceptible to mechanical damage. On the other hand, it may assist in retaining the sealing force. Alternatively, the chemical attack may result in a degradation or change in the chemical structure of the rubber. Both types of attack are affected by a number of factors such as chemical concentration, temperature, rubber compounding and component dimensions. The surface area exposed to the environment may also influence the severity of the attack. See the chemical resistance tables for guidance on chemical resistance of rubber materials commonly used in pipe seals.

OTHER MATERIAL PERFORMANCE ASPECTS Permeation1 The effect on water quality due to the transport of contaminants from the surrounding soil through the pipe wall or rubber ring must be considered where gross pollution of the soil has occurred in the immediate vicinity of the pipe. For permeation to occur through the pipe wall, the chemical must be a strong solvent or swelling agent for PVC such as aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, anilines and nitrobenzenes. Permeation through PVC is insignificant for alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and organic acids. The mechanism of permeation depends on the effective concentration (activity) of the chemical contaminant. At lower concentrations, permeation rates are so slow that permeation may be considered insignificant. Thus, in the majority of cases, PVC pipe is an effective barrier against permeation of soil contaminants.

Weathering and Solar Degradation The effect of “weathering” or surface degradation by radiant energy, in conjunction with the elements, on plastics has been well researched and documented. Solar radiation causes changes in the molecular structure of polymeric materials, including PVC. Inhibitors and reflectants are normally incorporated in the material which limits the process to a surface effect. Loss of gloss and discolouration under severe weathering will be observed. The processes require input of energy and cannot proceed if the material is shielded, e.g. under-ground pipes. From a practical point of view, the bulk material is unaffected and performance under primary tests will show no change, i.e. tensile strength and modulus. However, microscopic disruptions on a weathered surface can initiate fracture under conditions of extreme local stress, e.g. impact on the outside surface. Impact strength will therefore show a decrease under test.

At high chemical concentrations (activity >0.25) a different mechanism applies and both the PVC pipe and water quality may be adversely affected in a short time. This corresponds to a gross spill or leak of the chemical in close proximity to the pipe. It should be noted that rubber rings are generally considered more susceptible to permeation than PVC and should be considered separately.

1. Berens, Alan R., “Prediction of Organic Chemical Permeation Through PVC Pipe,” Journal American Waterworks Association, Denver, CO (Nov. 1985) pp. 57-65. Vonk, Martin W., “Permeation of Organic Soil Contaminants Through Polyethylene, Polyvinylchloride, Asbestos Cement and Concrete Water Pipes,” Some Phenomena Affecting Water Quality During Distribution: Permeation, Lead Release, Regrowth of Bacteria, KIWA Ltd., Neuwegen, The Netherlands (Nov. 1985) pp. 1-14.


Material Protection against Solar Degradation All PVC pipes manufactured by Vinidex contain protective systems that will ensure against detrimental effects for normal periods of storage and installation. For periods of storage longer than one year, and to the extent that impact resistance is important to the particular installation, additional protection may be considered advisable. This may be provided by under-cover storage, or by covering pipe stacks with an appropriate material such as hessian. Heat entrapment should be avoided and ventilation provided. Black plastic sheeting should not be used. Above-ground systems may be protected by a coat of white or pastel-shade PVA paint. Good adhesion will be achieved with simply a detergent wash to remove any grease and dirt.

Material Ageing The ultimate strength of PVC does not alter markedly with age. Its short-term ultimate tensile strength generally shows a slight increase. It is important to appreciate that the stress regression line does not represent a weakening of the material with time, i.e. a pipe held under continuous pressure for many years will still show the same short-term ultimate burst pressure as a new pipe.

reduces, with an increasing number of cross-links between molecules. This results in some changes in mechanical properties: •

A marginal increase in ultimate tensile strength.

•

A significant increase in yield stress.

•

An increase in modulus at high strain levels.

In general, these changes would appear to be beneficial. However, the response of the material at high stress levels is altered in that local yielding at stress concentrators is inhibited, and strain capability of the article is decreased. Brittle-type fracture is more likely to occur, and a general reduction in impact resistance may be observed.

Microbiological Effects PVC is immune to attack by microbiological organisms normally encountered in under-ground water supply and sewerage systems.

Macrobiological Attack PVC does not constitute a food source and is highly resistant to damage by termites and rodents.

Effect of Soil Sulphides Grey discolouration of under-ground PVC pipes may be observed in the presence of sulphides commonly found in soils containing organic materials. This is due to a reaction with the stabiliser systems used in processing. It is a surface effect, and in no way impairs performance.

These changes occur exponentially with time, rapidly immediately following forming, and more and more slowly as time proceeds. By the time the article is put into service, they are barely measurable, except in the very long term. Artificial ageing can be achieved by heat treatment at 60°C for 18 hours. PVC-O undergoes such ageing in the orientation process and its characteristics are similar to a fully aged material, but with greatly enhanced ultimate strength.

The material does, however, undergo a change in morphology with time, in that the “free volume” in the matrix


10

Material Table 2.1: Performance Chart - Chemical Resistance of PVC Important Information The listed data are based on results of immersion tests on specimens, in the absence of any applied stress. ln certain circumstances, where the preliminary classification indicates high or limited resistance, it may be necessary to conduct further tests to assess the behaviour of pipes and fittings under internal pressure or other stresses. Variations in the analysis of the chemical compounds as well as in the operating conditions (pressure and temperature) can significantly modify the actual chemical resistance of the materials in comparison with this chart’s indicated value. It should be stressed that these ratings are intended only as a guide to be used for initial information on the material to be selected. They may not cover the particular application under consideration and the effects of altered temperatures or concentrations may need to be evaluated by testing under specific conditions. No guarantee can be given in respect of the listed data. Vinidex reserves the right to make any modification whatsoever, based upon further research and experiences.

Sources for Chemical Resistances of PVC Source 1 The Water Supply Manual for PVC Pipe Systems, First Edition, Vinidex Tubemakers Pty Limited, 1989 Source 2 Chemical Resistance Guide For Thermoplastic Pipe and Fitting Systems, Vinidex Tubemakers Pty Limited Source 3 ISO/TR 10358 Technical Report: Plastic Pipes and Fittings-Combined Chemical-resistance Classification Table, First Edition, International Organisation for Standardisation, 1993 Source 4 Chemical Resistance, Volume 1- Thermoplastics, Second Edition, Plastics Design Library, 1994 Source 5 Chemical Resistance Data Sheets, Volume 1-Plastics, Rapra Technology Limited, 1993

Abbreviations S

Satisfactory Resistance

L

Limited Resistance

U

Unsatisfactory Resistance

dil.sol.

dilute aqueous solution at a concentration equal to or less than 10%

sol.

Aqueous solution at a concentration greater then10% but not saturated

sat.sol. saturated aqueous solution prepared at 20°C tg-g

technical grade, gas

tg-l

technical grade, liquid

tg-s

technical grade, solid

work.sol. working solution of the concentration usually used in the industry concerned susp. Suspension of solid in a saturated solution at 20°C


Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

ACETALDEHYDE

CH3CHO

100

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

3 3

1 2

2

3

3

1

2

3 3

1 2

1 2

3 3

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 3

1 1

1 1 1 1

3 3

1 2

2 2

1 3

1 2

1 1

1 2

2 3

2 3

1 2

3 3

2 2

3 3

1

3 3

2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 1

3 3 3 1

- AQUEOUS SOLUTION

ACETIC ACID

40

CH3COOH

≤25

30

60

80

- GLACIAL

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

ACETONE

100

(CH3CO)2O

100

CH3COCH3

10

100

ACETOPHENONE

CH3COC6H5

ACRYLONITRILE

CH2CHCN

nd

technically pure

ADIPIC ACID - AQUEOUS SOLUTION

(CH2CH2CO2H)2

sat.

ALLYL ALCOHOL

CH2CHCH2OH

96

ALUM - AQUEOUS SOLUTION

AI2(SO4)3.K2SO.nH2O

dil

AI2(SO4)3.K2SO4.nH2O

sat

ALUMINIUM - CHLORIDE

AICI3

all

- FLUORIDE

AIF3

100

- HYDROXIDE

AI(OH4)3

all

- NITRATE

AI(NO2)3

nd

- SULPHATE

AI(SO4)3

deb

sat

2 1 2 1 2 2 3 3

2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

2 1

1

1 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 2

1 2 2 3 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 3 3

3

3

1 3 3 1 3 3 1

3

2

3 3

3

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

2 3

1 2

1

1 2

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1

2 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 1

1 1

1

1

1

2 3 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 2

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1

Class 1: High Resistance Class 2: Limited Resistance Class 3: No Resistance.


12

Material

Chemical

Formula

AMMONIA - AQUEOUS SOLUTION

NH3

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

deb

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

1 1

1

1 1

1

sat

- DRY GAS

100

- LIQUID

100

AMMONIUM - ACETATE

CH3COONH4

sat

- CARBONATE

(NH4)2CO3

all

- CHLORIDE

NH4CI

sat

- FLUORIDE

NH4F

25

- HYDROXIDE

NH4OH

28

- NITRATE

NH4NO3

sat

- PHOSPHATE DIBASIC

NH4(HPO4)2

all

- PHOSPHATE META

(NH4)4P4O12

all

- PHOSPHATE TRI

(NH4)2HPO4

all

- PERSULPHATE

(NH4)2S2O8

all

- SULPHIDE

(NH4)2S

deb

sat

- SULPHYDRATE

NH4OHSO4

dil

sat

AMYLACETATE

CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3

100

AMYLALCOHOL

CH3(CH2)3CH2OH

nd

ANILINE

C6H5NH2

all

- CHLORHYDRATE

C6H5NH2HCI

nd

1 2

EPM

FPM

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2 3

1 1

1 1

2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

NBR

1 2

1 2

1

1 1

1

1

3 3

1 1 1 1 1

1 2

1

1

3

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2

1 2

3 1

1 1 1 1

1 2

2 1

1 1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

3 3

1 2

2

1 2

1 1

3 3

2 2

1 1 1 1 1

2 3

2 2

1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1

3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 2 3

2

3

1 2 3 3

3 3 3 1

1

3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2



Material

Chemical

Formula

ANTIMONY - TRICHLORIDE

SbCI3

ANTHRAQUINONE SULPHONIC ACID

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

100

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1

1 1

1

1

2 2

3 3

2

1 2

1 1

3 3 3 1 1

2 2 2 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

suspension

AQUA REGIA

HC+HNO3

100

ARSENIC ACID

H3AsO4

deb

80

BARIUM - CARBONATE

BaCO3

all

- CHLORIDE

BaCl2

10

- HYDROXIDE

Ba(OH)2

all

- SULPHATE

BaSO4

nb

- SULPHIDE

BaS

sat

BEER

comm

BENZALDEHYDE

C6H5CHO

nd

BENZENE

C6H6

100

- LIGROIN

20/80

- MONOCHLORINE

C6H5Cl

BENZOIC ACID

C6H5COOH

sat

BENZYL ALCOHOL

C6H5CH2OH

100

BLEACHING LYE

NaOCl+NaCl

12.50% Cl

BORIC ACID

H3BO3

technically pure

deb

sat

BRINE

BROMIC ACID

comm

HBrO3

10

PVDF

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

EPM

FPM

1

1

1

2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 1 2 2 1

1 1 3

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

3 3

2 2

3 3

1 2

3 3

3 3

3 3 3 3 3

1 2

3 3

NBR

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

PVC/C

1

1

1

3 3

1 1

3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3

3 3 3 3 3

1 2

3

2

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1 3 1 2

1 1 1 1 1

1 2

3

1

1

3

3 1

1 1 1 2

2

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 2 1 2

2 2

2

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1



14

Material

Chemical

Formula

BROMINE - LIQUID

Br2

- VAPOURS

BUTADIENE

BUTANEDIOL AQUEOUS

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

100

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

3 3

3 3

3 3 3 2

3 3 3

3 3

1 1 1 1 1

3

2

3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1

1 3

1 1

1

2

1

3

1

1 1

low

C4H6

100

CH3CH2CHOHCH2OH

10

concentrated

BUTANE GAS

C4H10

10

BUTYL - ACETATE

CH3CO2CH2CH2CH2CH3

100

- ALCOHOL

C4H9OH

- PHENOL

C4H9C6H4OH

100

BUTYLENE GLYCOL

C4H6(OH)2

100

C2H5CH2COOH

20

BUTYRIC ACID

concentrated

CALCIUM - BISULPHITE

Ca(HSO3)2

nd

- CARBONATE

CaCO3

all

- CHLORATE

CaHCl

nd

- CHLORIDE

CaCl2

all

- HYDROXIDE

Ca(OH)2

all

- HYPOCHLORITE

Ca(OCl)2

sat

- NITRATE

Ca(NO3)2

50

- SULPHATE

CaSO4

nd

- SULPHIDE

CaS

sat

CAMPHOR OIL

nd

1 1 1 3

3

3 3 1 1

1

2 3

2 3

2 2

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

3 3

3 3 1 1

3 3 3 1

2 2

3 3

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1

3

1 2

2 3 3 1 1 2 3 3

1 1

1

2

1 1

1 2

1 2

1

3 3

3 3

1 1

1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 2

1

1 1 1 1

2

1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

3 3 3

3

2 2

1

1 3 3 3 3 1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

2 2

1

1 1

1

1

1

3 3

3 3

1 1

2

3

1 1 1

1

2

1 1

1

1



Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

CARBON - DIOXIDE AQUEOUS SOLUTION - GAS

CO2

- DISULPHIDE

CS2

100

- MONOXIDE

CO

100

- TETRACHLORIDE

CCl4

100

CARBONIC ACID - AQUEOUS SOLUTION

H2CO3

sat

100

- DRY

100

- WET

all

CARBON OIL

comm

CHLORAMINE

dil

CHLORIC ACID

HClO3

20

CHLORINE

Cl2

sat

- DRY GAS

10

100

- WET GAS

5g/m3

10g/m3

66g/m3

- LIQUID

CHLOROACETIC ACID

100

ClCH2COH

85

100

CHLOROBENZENE

C6H5Cl

all

CHLOROFORM

CHCl3

all

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

2 3

2

3 3 3 1

3 3 3 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3

1 1

1 3 3 1 1

2 3

2 3

3 3

1 1

1

2

3

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1

3 1

1 1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1 1 1 3

1

1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1 2

1 3

1 3 3

1 1 1 1 1

1

2 3

3

2

1

3 1

1 2

3 3

1 1

1

3

1 1

2 3

3 3

1 1

1 1

3

1 1

1 3

3 3

2 2

3 3

1 1

3

2 2

3 3

1 1

3

3

3

3

3 3

1 1

3

3

1

1 2

2 3

1 3 3

3 3

2

1

3

3

1 2

3 3

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 2

3 3 3

3 1

3 3 3

2

3 3 3 3 3

2

3 3 3 3 2 3 1

1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3

3 3 3



16

Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

CHLOROSULPHONIC ACID

ClHSO3

100

2 3

3 3

1

3

nd

1 2

1 1

3 3 3 1

2

KCr(SO4)2

CHROMIC ACID

CrO3+H2O

10

1 2

2 3

1 2

2 3

1 2

2 3

1 2

3 3

3 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

2 3 3

CHROME ALUM

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

30

50

CHROMIC SOLUTION

CrO3+H2O+H2SO4

50/35/15

CITRIC ACID AQ. SOL. min

C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3

50

COPPER - CHLORIDE

CuCl2

sat

- CYANIDE

CuCN2

all

- FLUORIDE

CuF2

all

- NITRATE

Cu(NO3)2

nd

- SULPHATE

CuSO4

dil

sat

COTTONSEED OIL

CRESOL

comm

CH3C6H4OH

£90

>90

CRESYLIC ACID

CH3C6H4COOH

50

CYCLOHEXANE

C6H12

all

CYCLOHEXANONE

C6H10O

all

C10H18

nd

DECAHYDRONAFTALENE

DEMINERALIZED WATER

DEXTRINE

100

C6H12OCH2O

nd

3 3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

3 3

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

3 3

1

3 3

1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

2

1 1

1

1 1

2 3

3

3 3

1

2

1 1

3 3

3

3 3

2

1 2

1 3

2

3 3

1

3 3

3 3 3

2

3 3 3 3

1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 3 3 3

1

2 1 1 1 1

3 3

1

1 3 3 2

1 1

1 1

2 3

3 3 3 3

2

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1

1 2

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1



Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

DIBUTYLPHTALATE

C6H4(CO2C4H9)2

100

3 3

3

3 3

1

3 3

3

1

2

DICHLOROACETIC ACID

Cl2CHCOOH

100

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

2 3

DICHLOROETHANE

CH2ClCH2Cl

100

3 3

3 3

1

1 1

DICHLOROETHYLENE

ClCH2Cl

100

3 3

3 3

2

1 1

DIETHYL ETHER

C2H5OC2H5

100

3 3

3 3

1 1

1 3

DIGLYCOLIC ACID

(CH2)2O(CO2H)2

18

1 2

1 1

1 1

DIMETHYLAMINE

(CH3)2NH

100

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

2 3

2

1 2

2 3

3 3

1 2

2 2

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3

DIOCTYLPHTHALATE

all

DISTILLED WATER

100

DRINKING WATER

100

ETHERS

all

ETHYL - ACETATE

CH3CO2C2H5

100

- ALCOHOL

CH3CH2OH

nd

- CHLORIDE

CH3CH2Cl

all

- ETHER

CH3CH2OCH2CH3

all

ETHYLENE - CHLOROHYDRIN

ClCH2CH2OH

100

- GLYCOL

HOCH2CH2OH

comm

FATTY

ACIDS

nd

FERRIC - CHLORIDE

FeCl3

10

sat

- NITRATE

Fe(NO3)3

nd

- SULPHATE

Fe(SO4)3

nd

3 3 3 3

1 3

1 2

1 2

3 3

2

3 3

1 3

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

3

3 3

1

2

1

3 3 1 1

2 3

3

2

3 3

2

2

3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 1

3

1 3 3 1

3 3

2

1

3 3 3 1 1 1 2

1

3 3

2

2 3

3 3

1 2 3 1 1

3 3

3

3 3

1

1 2

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1 1 2

3

1

3 3 1 2

3

1

2

1 2

1 1 1

1

1

1



18

Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FERROUS - CHLORIDE - SULPHATE

FeCl2

sat

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

FeSO4

nd

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

2 3

2 3

3 3

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

2 3

1 2

3 3

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

3 3

1 2

1 3

1 1

1 1

2 2

2 2

1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

FERTILIZER

≤10

sat

FLUORINE GAS - DRY

F2

100

FLUOROSILICIC ACID

H2SiF6

32

FORMALDEHYDE

HCOH

FORMIC ACID

HCOOH

50

100

FRUIT PULP AND JUICE

comm

FUEL OIL

100

comm

FURFUROLE ALCOHOL

C5H3OCH2OH

GAS EXHAUST - ACID

all

- WITH NITROUS VAPOURS

GAS PHOSGENE

nd

ClCOCl

GELATINE

traces

100

100

GLUCOSE

C6H12O6

all

GLYCERINE AQ.SOL

HOCH2CHOHCH2OH

all

GLYCOGLUE AQUEOUS

10

GLYCOLIC ACID

HOCH2COOH

37

HEPTANE

C7H16

100

1 1 1 1

2

1 2

3 3

2 2

2 2

1 1

FPM

3

2 1 2 1

1

3 3 3 3 1

1

3

1

1

3

1

3 1

3

1 1

1

1 1

1

3 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 2

2 2

2 2

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2

1 3

3 3

1 3

1 1

1 3

1

1

1 1

1



Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FERROUS - CHLORIDE - SULPHATE

FeCl2

sat

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

FeSO4

nd

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

2 3

2 3

3 3

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

2 3

1 2

3 3

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

3 3

1 2

1 3

1 1

1 1

2 2

2 2

1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

FERTILIZER

≤10

sat

FLUORINE GAS - DRY

F2

100

FLUOROSILICIC ACID

H2SiF6

32

FORMALDEHYDE

HCOH

FORMIC ACID

HCOOH

50

100

FRUIT PULP AND JUICE

comm

FUEL OIL

100

comm

FURFUROLE ALCOHOL

C5H3OCH2OH

GAS EXHAUST - ACID

all

- WITH NITROUS VAPOURS

GAS PHOSGENE

nd

ClCOCl

GELATINE

traces

100

100

GLUCOSE

C6H12O6

all

GLYCERINE AQ.SOL

HOCH2CHOHCH2OH

all

GLYCOGLUE AQUEOUS

10

GLYCOLIC ACID

HOCH2COOH

37

HEPTANE

C7H16

100

1 1 1 1

2

1 2

3 3

2 2

2 2

1 1

FPM

3

2 1 2 1

1

3 3 3 3 1

1

3

1

1

3

1

3 1

3

1 1

1

1 1

1

3 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 2

2 2

2 2

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2

1 3

3 3

1 3

1 1

1 3

1

1

1 1

1



20

Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

HEXANE

HYDROBROMIC ACID

C6H14

100

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 1

1

HBr

≤10

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

1 1

3

1

1

1 1

2 1

3

3 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

1

1 2

1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

1 2

1 1

2 3

1

1 1 3 1 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1

48

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

HCl

≤25

≤37

HYDROCYANIC ACID

HCN

HYDROFLUORIC ACID

HF

deb

10

60

HYDROGEN

H2

all

HYDROGEN - PEROXIDE

H2O2

30

50

90

- SULPHIDE DRY

sat

- SULPHIDE WET

sat

HYDROSULPHITE

≤10

HYDROXYLAMINE SULPHATE

(H2NOH)2H2SO4

ILLUMINATING GAS

IODINE - DRY AND WET

12

100

I2

- TINCTURE

3

>3

ISOCTANE

C8H18

100

ISOPROPYL - ETHER

(CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2

100

- ALCOHOL

(CH3)2CHOH

100

PVDF PVC/C

2 1 1 1 2 1 1

NBR

FPM

3

1 3 3 1 2 2 3

1 2 1

EPM

3 3

3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 3

3 1 1 1 1 2 1

1

1

2

2 1

2

2 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1

1 1

1 2

1 2

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 2

1

1

1

1

3

2

1

1 1

3 3

1

3 1

1 1

1 1

3 3

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 2 1

1

1 1

1

2 3

2 3

1 3

1 1

1

2

2 3

1 1

1

3 3

2 3

2 3

2 3

1

3

3 3

1 1

1

2

1

1

1 1



Material

Chemical

Formula

LACTIC ACID

CH3CHOHCOOH

LANOLINE

LEAD ACETATE

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

≤28

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

1 1

1 2 2

2

1 1

1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 2

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

nd

Pb(CH3COO)2

LINSEED OIL

sat

comm

LUBRICATING OILS

comm

MAGNESIUM - CARBONATE

MgCO3

all

- CHLORIDE

MgCl2

sat

- HYDROXIDE

Mg(OH)2

all

- NITRATE

MgNO3

nd

- SULPHATE

MgSO4

dil

sat

MALEIC ACID

COOHCHCHCOOH

nd

MALIC ACID

CH2CHOH(COOH)2

nd

MERCURIC - CHLORIDE

HgCl2

sat

- CYANIDE

HgCN2

all

MERCUROUS NITRATE

HgNO3

nd

MERCURY

Hg

100

METHYL - ACETATE

CH3COOCH3

100

- ALCOHOL

CH3OH

nd

- BROMIDE

CH3Br

100

- CHLORIDE

CH3Cl

100

- ETHYLKETONE

CH3COCH2CH3

all

1 1 1 2 1 1

1

2 3

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

PVDF PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1

1

3

1 1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2

2

1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1

1 1 1 1 1

2 1

1

3

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

3

2 3

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2 2 3 3

1 1 1 1 1

1

1

1

2 2 2 1

3 3 3 1 2

1 1 1 2 3

2

3

2

2

3 3

1

3 3

1 1

1 1

3

3

3 3

1

3 3

1 2

3



22

Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

METHYLAMINE

CH3NH2

32

2 3

1 2

1

2

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

CH2Cl2

100

3 3

3

METHYL SULPHORIC ACID

CH3COOSO4

50

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

2 2

1 2 3 1 1 2

1 2

3 3

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 2 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 3

3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3

1 1

1

100

MILK

100

MINERAL ACIDOULOUS WATER

nd

MOLASSES

comm

NAPHTA

100

NAPHTALINE

100

NICKEL - CHLORIDE

NiCl3

all

- NITRATE

Ni(NO3)2

nd

- SULPHATE

NiSO4

dil

sat

NITRIC ACID

HNO3

anhydrous

20

40

60

98

NITROBENZENE

OLEIC ACID

C6H5NO2

C8H17CHCH(CH2)7CO2H

all

comm

3 3

1 1

2

1 2

3 3

3 3

3 3

3 3

2

3 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 2

1 1

2

1 2

1 2

1 2

PVDF PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

1

3 3 3 1

1

1

1

3 1

3 2

3 1

3 1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

2 1

1

3

2 1 1

2

3

3

1

1

1

3 1 1 1 1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

2 1

3 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

2

1

1

2

1



Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

OLEUM

nd

3 3

3 3

3 3

3 3

- VAPOURS

low

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

3 3

3 3

3 3

hight

OLIVE OIL

OXALIC ACID

comm

HO2CCO2H

10

sat

OXYGEN

O2

all

OZONE

O3

nd

PALMITIC ACID

CH3(CH2)14COOH

10

70

PARAFFIN

nd

- EMULSION

comm

- OIL

PERCHLORIC ACID

nd

HClO4

100

70

PETROL - REFINED

100

- UNREFINED

100

PHENOL - AQUEOUS SOLUTION

C6H5OH

1

≤90

PHENYL HYDRAZINE

C6H5NHNH2

all

- CHLORHYDRATE

C6H5NHNH3Cl

sat

PVDF PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

3 3

3

3 3

1

3 3

3 3

3

3 3

1

3 3

3 3

3 3

3

3 3

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2

1

1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1

1

2

1 1 1 1 1

2

1 1 1 1

1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2

3

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3

1 2

2 3

3 3

1 2

1

3 3

1

1

1 1

1

1

2

3

1 1

1

2 3

1

3

1

1 1 1 1

3

3

1 1

2

2

1

1 1

1 1

2 2

3 3

1 1

1 3

1 1

1 1 1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 2

1

1 1

1 3

1 1

1 3

1 1 1 1 1

1

2 3

1

3 3

2 2

1 1 3 1 3 3 2 2

1 3

1 3

1 3

1

1

1

3 3

2

1 1

3 3

2

1 1

1

2

3

1

1 1

1

2

3

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

3

1

1

3

3 3

3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2



24

Material

Chemical

Formula

PHOSPHORIC - ACID

H3PO4

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

≤25

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3

1

1

1 1

3 3

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

≤50

≤85

- ANHYDRIDE

P2O5

nd

PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE

PCl3

100

PHOTOGRAPHIC - DEVELOPER

comm

- EMULSION

comm

PHTHALIC ACID

PICRIC ACID

C6H4(CO2H)2

50

HOC6H2(NO2)3

1

>1

POTASSIUM - BICHROMATE

K2CrO7

40

- BORATE

K3BO3

sat

- BROMATE

KBrO3

nd

- BROMIDE

KBr

sat

- CARBONATE

K2CO3

sat

- CHLORIDE

KCl

sat

- CHROMATE

KCrO4

40

- CYANIDE

KCN

sat

- FERROCYANIDE

K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O

100

- FLUORIDE

KF

sat

- HYDROXIDE

KOH

≤60

- NITRATE

KNO3

sat

1 1 1 1

1

PVDF PVC/C

2 1 2 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

3 3

1 1

3 3

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

3

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 3 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

FPM

2 3

1 1 1 1 1 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

2 1

2 3 3

2 3

1

1

1 1

1

2 3

1

1 1

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 3

1

1

1

1 1

1 2

EPM

1

1 1

1 1

NBR

1

1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1

1

2

1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1

1 1 1

2 3

1

1

1 1

1

1



Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

- PERBORATE

KBO3

all

1 1

- PERMANGANATE

KMnO4

10

- PERSULPHATE

K2S2O8

nd

- SULPHATE

K2SO4

sat

C3H8

100

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

PROPANE - GAS - LIQUID

100

PROPYL ALCOHOL

C3H7OH

100

PYRIDINE

CH(CHCH)2N

nd

RAIN WATER

100

SEA WATER

100

SILICIC ACID

H2SiO3

SILICONE OIL

all

nd

SILVER - CYANIDE

AgCN

all

- NITRATE

AgNO9

nd

- PLATING SOLUTION

comm

SOAP - AQUEOUS SOLUTION

high

SODIC LYE

£60

SODIUM - ACETATE

CH3COONa

100

- BICARBONATE

NaHCO3

nd

- BISULPHITE

NaHSO3

100

- BROMIDE

NaBr

sat

- CARBONATE

Na2CO3

sat

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

1

1 1

NBR

EPM

FPM

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1

1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

2 3

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1 1

1

1

3

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

2

1

1 1

3 3

1 2

2 2

1 3

3 3

3

3 3

3 3

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 3

1 2

1 1

1

1

1 1 1 2

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 2

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1 2

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

2

1

1

1

1 2

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 2 2

1

1

1 1 1 2 3

1

1

1

1

1 3

1

1

1

1

1



26

Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

- CHLORATE

NaClO3

nd

1 2

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2

1

1 1

- CHLORIDE

NaCl

dil

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 3 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1

sat

- CYANIDE

NaCN

all

- FERROCYANIDE

Na4Fe(CN)6

sat

- FLUORIDE

NaF

all

- HYDROXIDE

NaOH

60

- HYPOCHLORITE

NaOCl

deb

- HYPOSULPHITE

Na2S3O3

nd

- NITRATE

NaNO3

nd

- PERBORATE

NaBO3H2O

all

- PHOSPHATE di

Na2HPO4

all

- PHOSPHATE tri

Na3PO4

all

- SULPHATE

Na2SO4

dil

sat

- SULPHIDE

Na2S

dil

sat

- SULPHITE

NaSO3

sat

STANNIC CHLORIDE

SnCl4

sat

STANNOUS CHLORIDE

SnCl2

dil

STEARIC ACID

CH3(CH2)16CO2H

100

SUGAR SYRUP

high

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1

1

1

3

3

1 2 3 2 2 3 1 1

1

1 2

1 1 1 1

1 3

1

1

2

1

3 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

2 2

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2 2

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

2

1 1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

2

2 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 2

1 2



Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

SULPHUR

S

100

1 2

SO2

sat

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

- DIOXIDE AQUEOUS

- DIOXIDE DRY

all

- DIOXIDE LIQUID

100

- TRIOXIDE

SO3

100

SULPHURIC ACID

H2SO4

≤10

≤75

≤90

≤96

- FUMING

- NITRIC AQUEOUS SOLUTION

all

H2SO4+HNO3+H20

48/49/3

50/50/0

10/20/70

TALLOW EMULSION

comm

TANNIC ACID

C14H10O9

10

TARTARIC ACID

HOOC(CHOH)2COOH

all

TETRACHLORO - ETHANE

CHCl2CHCl2

nd

- ETHYLENE

CCl2CCl2

nd

TETRAETHYLLEAD

Pb(C2H5)4

100

TETRAHYDROFURAN

C4H8O

THIONYL CHLORIDE

SOCl3

THIOPHENE

C4H4S

all

100

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

1 1

1 1

1

3

1

FPM

1 2

1

1

1

1

3 3

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 3

1 1 1

1

1

1

2 3

1 2

1 1 1 1

2 2

3 3

3 3

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 2

1 2

2 2

2 3

2 2

3 3

1 2

3 3

2 3

3 3

1 1

2 2

1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

1 1

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 1

3 3

2 3

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 2 1

1 1 2 3 3 3 1

3 1 3 3

2

1 1 1 1 2 1

2 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 2

1

2 3

2 3

1 2

3 3

2 3

2 3

1 2

1

1

3 3

2 3

3

3

2 3 3 3

3 3

2 2

2 3

3

2

1

1

1 2 3

3 3 3 3

3 3

3 3 3

1

1

3

2

3

1

3



28

Material

Chemical

Formula

Conc. (%)

Temp. (°C)

uPVC

PE

PP

PVDF

PVC/C

NBR

EPM

FPM

TOLUENE

C6H5CH3

100

25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100 25 60 100

3 3

2 3

1 1 1

3 3 3

3 3 3

1 2

3 3 3 3

2

1 2

2 3 3 1 2

1 3

1 2

1 1

2 2

2

2

3 3

3 3

2 2

3 3

1 1

3 3

3

3 3

1

2 3

1

1

3 3

2

2

2

1

2 2

2 3

3 3

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

TRANSFORMER OIL

nd

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

CCl3COOH

≤50

TRICHLOROETHYLENE

Cl2CCHCl

100

TRIETHANOLAMINE

N(CH2CH2OH)2

100

TURPENTINE

UREA AQUEOUS SOLUTION

100

CO(NH2)2

²10

33

URINE

URIC ACID

nd

C5H4N4O3

VASELINE OIL

VINYL ACETATE

10

100

CH3CO2CHCH2

100

WHISKY

comm

WINES

comm

WINE VINEGAR

comm

ZINC - CHLORIDE

ZnCl2

dil

sat

- CHROMATE

ZnCrO4

nd

- CYANIDE

Zn(CN)2

all

- NITRATE

Zn(NO3)2

nd

- SULPHATE

ZnSO4

dil

sat

1

1 2 1 3

1

1

1

1

1

3 3

1

1

1

2 3 3 1

1 2 1 2

1 2

3 3

1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1

3 3 3 1

1

1 1 1 1 2

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 1 1



Material Table 2.2: General Guide for Chemical Resistance of Various Elastomers (Rubber Rings) Important Information The listed data are based on results of immersion tests on specimens, in the absence of any applied stress. ln certain circumstances, where the preliminary classification indicates high or limited resistance, it may be necessary to conduct further tests to assess the behaviour of pipes and fittings under internal pressure or other stresses. Variations in the analysis of the chemical compounds as well as in the operating conditions (pressure and temperature) can significantly modify the actual chemical resistance of the materials in comparison with this chart’s indicated value. It should be stressed that these ratings are intended only as a guide to be used for initial information on the material to be selected. They may not cover the particular application under consideration and the effects of altered temperatures or concentrations may need to be evaluated by testing under specific conditions. No guarantee can be given in respect of the listed data. Vinidex reserves the right to make any modification whatsoever, based upon further research and experiences.

Sources for Chemical Resistances of Rubbers Source 1

Chemical Resistance Data Sheets, Volume 2-Rubbers, Rapra Technology Limited, 1993

Source 2

Handbook of PVC Pipe Design and Construction, Third Edition, Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 1993

Abbreviations Material and Designation NR

Natural Rubber

NBR Nitrile Rubber CR

Polychloropene (Neoprene)

SBR Styrene Butadiene Rubber EPDM Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer S

Satisfactory Resistance

L

Limited Resistance

U

Unsatisfactory Resistance


30

Material

Chemical

ACETALDEHYDE ACETIC ACID - glacial ACETIC ANHYDRIDE ACETONE ACETONITRILE ACETOPHENONE ACETYL CHLORIDE ACRYLIC ACID ALUMINIUM -chloride -sulphate AMMONIUM -hydroxide -sulphate AMYL ACETATE AMYL ALCOHOL ANILINE ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE AQUA REGIA ARSENIC ACID BARIUM -chloride -hydroxide -sulphate BENZALDEHYDE BENZENE BENZYL CHLORIDE BENZYL ALCOHOL BORIC ACID BROMINE BUTANOIS (butyl alcohols) BUTYL ACETATE BUTYL CHLORIDE BUTYRIC ACID CALCIUM -chloride -hydroxide -hypochlorite -nitrate CARBON DISULPHIDE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE CASTROL OIL CELLOSOLVE (2-ethoxyethanol) CELLOSOLVE ACETATE CHLORIDE -dry gas CHLORINE DIOXIDE CHLORINE WATER CHLOROBENZENE CHLOROFORM CHLOROSULPHONIC ACID CHROMIC ACID (plating soln) CITRIC ACID COPPER -acetate -chloride -cyanide -sulphate COTTONSEED OIL CREOSOTE CRESOL CYCLOHEXANONE CYCLOHEXANE CYCLOHEXANOL DIESEL OIL DIETHYL ETHER DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYLAMINE DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE DIOCTYL PHTHALATE DIOXANE

Formula

Temp. (°C)

CH3CHO CH3COOH

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

(CH3CO)2O CH3COCH3 CH3COC6H5

AICI3 AI2(SO4)3 NH4(OH) (NH4)2SO4 CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C6H5NH2 SbCI3 HCI + HNO3 H3AsO4 BaCI2 BaOH2 BaSO4 C6H5CHO C6H6

H3BO3 Br3 C4H9OH CH3CO2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C2H5CH2COOH CaCI2 CaOH2

CS2 CCI4

Ci2

CHCI3 CIHSO3 CrO3 + H2O C3H4(OH)CO2H)3 CuCI2 CuSO4

CH3C6H4OH C6H10O C6H12

C2H5OC2H5 (CH3)2NH

Conc. (%)

10

10 35 50

10

NR

NBR

CR

SBR

EPDM

L S L L S S U U L S S S S U L L S U S S

U S L U U U U U U S S S S U L U S U S S S S U U U U S U S U U U S S U S U U S L U U U U U U U U S L S S S S L U U L L S U S S U L U

U S U S U S U U L S S S S U S L S U S S S S U U U L S U S U U L S S U S U U S L U U U U U U U L S L S S S S U L U L L L L S L U U U

U S L L L S U U U S S S S U L S S U S S S S U U U L S U S U U U S S U S U U S U U U U U U U U U S L S S L U U U U U U U U S U U U U

S S L L S S S U S S S S S U L S S U S S S S U U U S S U S L U U S S S S U U L L S U U L U U U U S S S S S S U U L U L U U S U S S L

U U U L S U S U U U S S

10

U U S L U U U U U U U U S

S S U U U U U U S L U U U

Resistance: S = Satisfactory L = Limited U = Unsatisfactory


Material

Chemical

ETHANE ETHANOL (ethyl alcohol) ETHYL -benzene -acetate -chloride -ether ETHYLENE -bromide -dichloride -glycol (ethanediol) FERRIC -chloride -nitrate -sulphate FLUOBORIC ACID FLUORINE FLUOSILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE FORMIC ACID FURFURALDEHYDE (furfural) HEXANE HYDRAZINE HYDROBROMIC ACID HYDROCHLORIC ACID HYDROFLUORIC ACID HYDROGEN -peroxide -sulphide iSO-OCTANE (2,2,4-trimethylbentane) ISOPROPYL -alcohol -chloride -ether KEROSINE LACTIC ACID LEAD -acetate -nitrate -sulphamate LINSEED OIL LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS LUBRICATING OIL MAGNESIUM -carbonate -chloride -hydroxide -sulphate MANGANESE -sulphate MURCURIC -chloride METHYL -alcohol (methanol) -bromide (bromomethane) -ethyl ketone METHYLENE -chloride MOLASSES NAPTHALENE NATURAL GAS NICKEL -chloride -sulphate NITRIC ACID NITROBENZENE NITROMETHANE NITROPROPANE OLEIC ACID OXALIC ACID OZONE PARAFIN -emulsion/oil PETROL PERCHLOROETHYLENE PHENOL

Formula

Temp. (°C)

CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2CI

HOCH2CH2OH FeCI3

F2 HSiF6 HCOH HCOOH C6H14 HBr HCI HF H2O2 H2S C8H18 (CH3)2CHOH

CH3CHOHCOOH Pb(CH3COO)2

MgCO3 MgCL2 MgOH2 MgSO4 HgCi2 CH3OH CH3Br CH3COCH2CH3 CH2CI2

NiCI2 NiSO4 HNO3 C6H5NO2

C8H17CHCH(CH2)7CO2H HO2CCO2H O3

C6H5OH

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Conc. (%)

NR

S U U

40 90

50 10 36 40 35 87

90 10

U U S S S S S U S S L U U S S L L L S U U U S

S S S U U S

S S S U U U S U S 10 70

L U U L L U S U U U U L

NBR

CR

SBR

EPDM

S S U U U U U U S S S S S U S U L U S L U S S U S U U S S U L S L S S L S S S S S L S S S S U U U S U S S S L U U L U S L U S S U U

L S U U U U U U S S S S S U S L L U L L L S S S S U S L S U L U S S S S L L S S S S S S S S U U U S U S S S L U U S L L S L L U U L

U S U U U

U S U L L U U L S S S S S U S S S S U S S S L S S S S U S U U U S S S S S U U S S S S S S S U S U S U U S S S U S L S L S S U U U S

U U S S S S S U L L S U L S U S L S S U U U S U U S S S L U U U S S L L S S S U U U S U U S L L U U L L U L U U L U L



32

Material

Chemical

PHOSPHORIC -acid PICRIC ACID POTASSIUM -cyanide -floride -hydroxide -permanganate -nitrate -sulphate PROPYLENE OXIDE PYRIDINE SEA WATER SEWAGE SODIUM -carbonate -chloride -cyanide -hydroxide -hypochlorite -nitrate -nitrite -perborte -peroxide -phosphate -silicate -sulphate -thiosulphate STANNIC CHLORIDE (Tin (IV) Chloide) SULPHAMIC ACID SULPHUR DIOXIDE (gas) SULPHURIC ACID

TETRACHLOROETHANE TETRAHYDROFURAN THIONYL CHLORIDE TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE TOLUENE TRICHLOROACETIC ACID TRICHLOROETHANE TRICHLORETHYLENE TRIETHANOLAMINE TRIETHYLAMINE TURPENTINE VEGETABLE OILS VINYL ACETATE WATER XYLENE ZINC -acetate -chloride -sulphate

Formula

Temp. (°C)

Conc. (%)

NR

NBR

CR

SBR

EPDM

H3PO4 HO6H2(NO2)3 KCN KF KOH KMnO4 KNO3 K2SO4

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

85

S L S S S L S S L U S S S S S L S S S S

U L S S S S S S U U S S S S S S S S L S L

S L S S S S S S L U S S S S S S S S S S L

S L S S L L S S U U S S S S S S S L L S L

S S S S S S S S L L S S S S S S S S S S S

S

S S S L S S L S U U U U U U L U L U U S L S S L S U L S S

S S S S S S L S L U U U U U U U U U U S U U S S S U L S S

S S L L S S U S U U U U U U U U L U U L U U U U S U U S L

S S S S S S S S S U U U U L U U L U U S U U L U S U S S S

CH(CHCH)2N

NA2CO3 NaCI NaCN NaOH NaOCI NaNO3 NaNO2

Na2SO4 SnCI4 SO2 H2SO4

CHCI2CHCI2 C4H8O SOCI3 C6H5CH3 CCI3COOH CI2CCHCI N(CH2CH2OH)2

CH3CO2CHCH2 H2O C8H10 ZnCI2 ZnSO4

50 25

10 25 10 20

10 70 96 FUMING

S S U S U U U U U U U U L U U L U U U U S U S



Design

Contents

i

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

2

SELECTION OF PIPE DIAMETER AND CLASS

3

FLOW CONSIDERATIONS

4

Basis Of Design Flow Charts

4

Other Pipe Flow Formulas

5

Relating Roughness Coefficients

6

Effect of Varying Parameters

7

Roughness Consideration

8

Form Resistance to Flow

9

Worked Examples

11

Flow Charts

14

PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS

24

Static Stresses

24

Dynamic Stresses

25

TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS

32

Maximum Service Temperature

30

Pressure Rating

30

Expansion and Contraction

32

ABRASION RESISTANCE

33

MINE SUBSIDENCE

33

TRANSVERSE BUCKLING

35

Unsupported Collapse Pressure

35

Examples of Class Selection for Buckling

39

WATER HAMMER

39

Celerity

40

Pipe Response

41

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure

Design

Contents THRUST SUPPORT

42

Pressure Thrust

42

Velocity Thrust

43

Thrust Blocks

43

Vertical Thrusts

44

AIR AND SCOUR VALVES

45

Air Valves

45

Scour Valves

45

SOIL AND TRAFFIC LOADS

45

BENDING LOADS

45

Installing Pipes on a Curve

45

Joint Deflection

46

Bending of Pipes

46


ii

Disclaimer Minimum pack quantities apply to all products, orders will automatically be adjusted to minimum pack quantities or multiple. Limitation of Liability This product catalogue has been compiled by Vinidex Pty Limited (“the Company”) to promote better understanding of the technical aspects of the Company’s products to assist users in obtaining from them the best possible performance. The product catalogue is supplied subject to acknowledgement of the following conditions: 1 The product catalogue is protected by copyright and may not be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means in whole or in part without prior consent in writing by the Company.. 2 Product specifications, usage data and advisory information may change from time to time with advances in research and field experience. The Company reserves the right to make such changes at any time without further notice. 3 Correct usage of the Company’s products involves engineering judgements, which can not be properly made without full knowledge of all the conditions pertaining to each specific installation. The Company expressly disclaims all and any liability to any person whether supplied with this publication or not in respect of anything and all of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether whole or part of the contents of this publication. 4 No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading, are expressed or implied by the issue of content of this product catalogue. Nothing herein shall override the Company’s Condition of Sale, which may be obtained from the Registered Office or any Sales Office of the Company. 5 This product catalogue is and shall remain the property of the Company, and shall be surrendered on demand to the Company. 6 Information supplied in this product catalogue does not override a job specification, where such conflict arises; consult the authority supervising the job. © Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited.

Design This section covers specification, selection and design considerations for PVC-U, PVC-O and PVC-M pressure pipe systems.

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS Australian Standards for PVC pipes cover composition, dimensions, performance and marking requirements for pipes, fittings and joints. Pipes are designated by their nominal size (DN) and their nominal pressure rating or class at 20°C (PN). Standards generally cover more than one size range with different outside diameters. These are identified in the marking on the pipe and sometimes by colour. Special purpose colours for specific applications may also be used, such as purple for recycled water.

Series 1 pipes are generally coloured white and Series 2 pipes are generally coloured light blue. This standard covers Series 1 pipes in sizes from DN 10 upwards with solvent cement joints or rubber ring joints (Polydex) and Series 2 (Vinyl Iron) pipes from DN 100 with rubber ring joints.

AS/NZS 4441 - Oriented PVC (OPVC) pipes for pressure applications AS/NZS 4441 is an adoption of the International Standard ISO 16422 with some additional requirements for Australia and New Zealand. AS/NZS 4441 has specifications for two diameter series. These are: ISO series. These pipes are known as Supermain International pipes and fully comply with both AS/ NZS 4441 and ISO 16422; and • Series 2. These pipes are compatible with the Australian Cast/Ductile Iron pipe outside diameter series and are known as Supermain. Supermain pipes meet the material and performance requirements of both standards and the dimensional requirements of AS/NZS 4441. Supermain Series 1 pipes for drinking water applications are coloured white. Supermain Series 2 pipes for drinking water applications are coloured light blue. Other colours may be used for different applications for both Series such as purple for recycled water and cream for pressure sewer pipes. •

For a given diameter series and nominal size, the mean outside diameter is specified and the wall thickness increases with increasing pressure rating. The standard effective length of PVC pipes is 6m although other lengths, up to 12m, may also be available. Pipes are supplied with an integral socket for either solvent cement or rubber ring 1 jointing or as plain-ended pipes for jointing with couplings. The following Australian Standards specify requirements for PVC pressure pipes.

AS/NZS 1477 - PVC pipes and fittings for pressure applications AS/NZS 1477 covers two size ranges of PVC-U pipes. Series 1 is a metric size range and Series 2 is compatible with the outside diameter of Australian cast and ductile iron pipes.

Both series are available in rubber ring joints only.

As Supermain pipes achieve their performance enhancement from molecular orientation, it is possible to vary the mechanical properties by changing the orientation level. AS4441 (Int) covers a range of PVC-O pipe materials, classified by their Minimum Required Strength or MRS value. The material class is related to the MRS as shown in the table below

Material Class

MRS (MPa)

315

31.5

355

35.5

400

40

450

45

500

50

Material class for a given pipe can be identified by the marking on the pipe. Vinidex specialises in the higher material classes of PVC-O.

AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) Modified PVC (PVC-M) pipes for pressure applications Series 1 (Vinidex Hydro® Series 1) and Series 2 (Vinidex Hydro® Series 2) PVC-M pressure pipes are covered by AS/NZS 4765. Series 1 pipes have either solvent cement joints or rubber ring joints. Series 2 pipes have rubber ring joints only. Sizes start from DN 100 for both series. Vinidex Hydro® Series 1 pipes for drinking water applications are coloured white. Vinidex Hydro® Series 2 pipes for drinking water applications are coloured light blue. Other colours may be used for different applications for both Series such as purple for recycled water and cream for pressure sewer pipes.

1. Current Australian Standard terminology is “elastomeric ring joint”, however the simpler term “rubber ring joint is used throughout this manual PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure

2

Design SELECTION OF PIPE DIAMETER AND CLASS The pipe diameter and class of PVC pipes is selected by consideration of the required hydraulic capacity and the expected operating conditions. For determination of the flow capacity, it is the mean internal diameter or bore which is the significant dimension. The mean bore for pipes to Australian Standards is calculated as mean OD minus twice the mean wall thickness. Along with other relevant dimensions, the mean bore of PVC-U, PVC-O and PVC-M pipes is tabulated in the product data section of this manual Australian Standards classify PVC pipe into pressure classes shown in Table 3.1. Note that not all of these classes apply to all product ranges. Consult the relevant standard for applicable classes. This classification is intended to provide a first order guide to the duty for which the pipes are intended. These working pressures incorporate a suitable factor of safety to ensure trouble free operation under average service conditions.

Table 3.1 Maximum Working Pressure

PN

3

Meters head (MPa)

4.5

46

0.45

6

61

0.6

8

81

0.8

9

91

0.9

10

102

1.0

12

122

1.2

12.5

127

1.25

15

153

1.5

16

163

1.6

18

184

1.8

20

204

2.0

There are, however, many factors which must be considered when determining the severity of service and the appropriate class of pipe. In some instances, standard factors of safety may be too conservative, in others too risky. The final choice is up to the designer in the light of his knowledge of his particular situation.

For situations involving high costs of down-time and repair, a higher factor should be used. These considerations are discussed in detail later in this section.

Amongst the factors to be considered are: 1. Operating pressure characteristics: a) Maximum steady state or static pressures. b) Dynamic conditions, frequency and magnitude of pressure variations due to system operation or demand variation. 2. Temperature: The stress capability of PVC is temperature dependent. 3. Other load conditions: Earth loads, traffic loads, bending stresses, installation loads, expansion and contraction stresses and other mechanical loads. 4. Service life required: For short-term projects, e.g. mining, a life of 5 to 15 years could be appropriate; for irrigation, possibly 15 to 30 years; for municipal water supplies, 30 to 100 years. 5. Factor of safety: Dependent largely on the likelihood and consequences of failure, and the number of unknowns. Basic factors of safety built into Australian Standards for PVC pipes are applied at the design point of 50 years. For PVC-U to AS/ NZS 1477 the standard safety factor is 2.145, for PVC-O, it is 1.6 and for PVC-M it is 1.42

2.For PVC-U, the safety factor is applied to the mean extrapolated stress whereas for PVC-O and PVC-M it is applied to the 97.5% lower confidence limit. PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure

Design FLOW CONSIDERATION Basis Of Design Flow Charts Vinidex flow charts, as detailed in the following pages, relate the percentage hydraulic gradient to the diameter, discharge and flow velocity of PVC-U, PVC-O and PVC-M pressure pipelines. PVC-O and PVC-M pipes have a larger internal bore than standard PVC-U for a given size and pressure class, thus providing increased flow capacity. This may allow a smaller size to be chosen for a given application or, for reduced pumping costs to be realised in a size for size installation. The flow charts are based on Darcy’s expression for energy loss in pipes, i.e.

The Colebrook-White transitional flow function is used to evaluate the friction factor, i.e.

2 Hydraulic = H = f V L H 2g Gradient

v = Kinematic viscosity of water (m2/s)

[

k +

3.7D

2.51

Re f

[

1 = 2 log10 f

Note: The first term in brackets relates to surface roughness. The second term in brackets relates to viscous effects = VD v

Where: Re = Reynolds Number k = Colebrook-White roughness coeff. (m)

where: H = uniform frictional head loss (m) L = pipe length (m) f = Darcy friction factor V = velocity of flow (m/s) D = pipe internal diameter (m) g = gravitational acceleration (9.8m/s2)


4

Design Depending on the nature of the surface of a pipe and the velocity of fluid that it is carrying, the flow in a pipe will either be rough turbulent, smooth turbulent or most probably somewhere in between.

Examples 1. What is the hydraulic gradient (H/L) and Velocity (V) in DN 100, PN 12 Series 1 PVC-U pipe flowing at 10 L/s?

Other Pipe Flow Formulas Other pipe flow formulas include: a) The Manning formula:

2. What hydraulic gradient is required to achieve a flow velocity of 1 m/s in a DN 300 PN 9 Series 1 PVC-U pipe? From the Series 1 PN 9 flow chart, locate intercept of DN 300 line (East/West) with velocity V = 1 m/s (North/South). Trace back along hydraulic gradient line (NW/SE) to find H/L = 0.25 m/100 m.

Substituting for f in the Darcy equation notes that: Q = flow velocity x pipe internal area Where:

H L

]

1/2

b) The Hazen-Williams formula: 0.63

V = 0.849 C R

]

The Colebrook-White transition equation incorporates the smooth turbulent and rough turbulent conditions. For a smooth pipe the first term in the brackets tends to zero and the second term predominates. For a rough pipe the first term in the brackets predominates, particularly at flows with a high Reynolds Number. This equation is therefore of almost universal application to virtually any surface roughness, pipe size, fluid or velocity of flow in the turbulent range.

2/3 V= 1 nR

]

From the Series 1 PN 12 flow chart, locate intercept of DN 100 line (East /West) and Discharge (Q) for 10 L/s (SW/ NE). Trace back along hydraulic gradient line (NW/SE) to find H/L = 1.3 m/100 m From Diameter/Discharge intercept, trace (South) to find V = 1.25 m/s.

H L

]

0.54

Where: n = Manning roughness coefficient C = Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient R = Hydraulic radius (m) (R = D/4 for a pipe flowing full) H/L = Hydraulic gradient (m/m) Though both formulas do not give the same accuracy as the Colebrook-White equation over a wide range of flows they are often used in hydraulics because of their comparative simplicity.

Q = discharge (m3/s) This leads to the following expression upon which the flow charts are based. πD2

4

2gDH log 10 L

[

k +

3.7

D

2.51q

2gDH L

[

Q=

2

This Colebrook-White based formula is now recognised by engineers throughout the world as the most accurate basis for hydraulic design, having had ample experimental confirmation over a wide range of flow conditions.

5


Design Relating Roughness Coefficients Knowing k the equivalent roughness coefficients n and C for the other two formulas can be compared as follows:

H L

]

-0.04

2g log10

2.51v 2gD H L

[

D

k + 3.7

2.51v 2gD H L

[

]

-0.13

C = 5.64D

[

D

k + 3.7

[

-1/6 1 2g log10 n = 5.04D

Table 3.2 Equivalent Roughness Coefficients

ID (m)

k (m)

v (m2/s)

H/L (m/m)

n

C

0.20

0.003 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0082

154

0.015 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0084

151

0.03 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0086

147

0.15 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0096

132

0.3 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.01

123

0.6 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.011

113

0.003 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0084

156

0.015 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0086

152

0.03 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0088

148

0.15 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.0099

132

0.3 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.011

123

0.6 x 10-3

1 x 10-6

0.01

0.011

114

0.45


6

Design Effect of Varying Parameters

Manufacturing Diameter Tolerance

For a given discharge Q, the friction head loss H developed in a pipeline will vary with the following parameters:

Vinidex pressure pipe is manufactured in accordance with Australian Standards which permit specific manufacturing tolerance on both its mean outside diameter and wall thickness. Hence the mean bore of a pipe is given by:

Parameter

Set Value

Water temperature Small changes in pipe diameter Roughness coefficient

20oC mean diameter (Australian Standards)

k = 0.003mm

Designers should use their own discretion as to whether or not it is appropriate to vary these parameters.

Water Temperature The viscosity of water decreases with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases the friction head will decrease. An approximate allowance for the effect of the variation in water temperature is as follows:Increase the chart value of the hydraulic gradient by 1% for each 2 °C below 20 °C. Decrease the chart value of the hydraulic gradient by 1% for each 2 °C above 20 °C.

7

Mean bore = Dm

mean OD

2

T

mean wall thickness

The “Size DN” lines on the flow chart correspond to the mean bore of that size and class of pipe. (See product data section) However, it is conceivable that a pipe could be manufactured with a maximum OD and a minimum wall thickness within approved tolerances. In this case, the discharge will be more than that indicated by the charts. Similarly, a pipe with a minimum OD and a maximum wall thickness will have a lower discharge than indicated. For a given discharge the variation in friction head loss or hydraulic gradient due to this effect can be of the order of 2% to 10% depending on the pipe size and class. For pipe sizes greater than DN 100 this variation is usually limited to 6% for a PN 18 pipe.


Design Roughness Consideration The value of k, the roughness coefficient, has been chosen as 0.003 mm for new, clean, concentrically jointed Vinidex pressure pipe. This figure for k agrees with recommended values given in Australian Standard AS 2200 (Design Charts for Water Supply and Sewerage). It also is in line with work by Housen1 at the University of Texas which confirms that results for PVC pipe compare favourably with accepted values for smooth pipes for flows with Reynolds’ Number exceeding 10 4. Roughness may vary within a pipeline for a variety of reasons. However, in water supply pipelines using clean Vinidex PVC pressure pipe these effects are minimised if not eliminated and k can be reliably taken as being equal to 0.003 mm.

Example

• •

Wear or roughening due to conveyed solids. Growth of slime or other incrustations on the inside. Joint irregularities and deflections in line and grade.

Note: Significant additional losses can be caused by design or operational faults such as air entrapment, sedimentation, partly closed valves or other artificial restrictions. Every effort should be made to eliminate such problems. It is not recommended that k values be adjusted to compensate, since this may lead to errors of judgement concerning the true hydraulic gradient.

From Table 3.3 correction factor is 2.8%. Corrected H/L = 1.028 x 0.25 = 0.257m.

Table 3.3 Percentage Increase in Hydraulic Gradient for Values of k higher than 0.003mm

Size DN

Flow velocity (m/s)

k = 0.006 (mm)

k = 0.015 (mm)

50

0.5

0.6%

2.3%

1.0

1.0%

3.8%

2.0

1.6%

6.2%

4.0

2.7%

9.8%

0.5

0.5%

2.0%

1.0

0.9%

3.3%

2.0

1.5%

5.5%

4.0

2.4%

8.8%

0.5

0.4%

1.8%

1.0

0.8%

2.9%

2.0

1.3%

4.9%

4.0

2.2%

7.9%

0.5

0.4%

1.6%

1.0

0.7%

2.8%

2.0

1.2%

4.6%

4.0

2.0%

7.4%

0.5

0.4%

1.5%

1.0

0.6%

2.5%

2.0

1.1%

4.3%

4.0

1.9%

6.9%

100

Factors which may result in a higher k value include: •

What is the corrected Hydraulic Gradient for roughness coefficient of 0.015 if the H/L read from the charts was 0.25 m/100 m for a DN 300 pipe and a velocity of 1 m/s? (see example 2, design.6)

Engineers who wish to adopt higher values of k should take into account some of the above effects in relation to their particular circumstances. The maximum suggested value is 0.015 mm. Table 3-3 lists the percentage increase in the hydraulic gradient for typical k values above 0.003 mm for various flow velocities.

200

300

450

1. HOUSEN, “Tests find friction Factors in PVC pipe”. Oil & Gas Journal Vol. 75, 1977


8

Design Form Resistance to Flow In a pipeline, energy is lost wherever there is a change in cross section or flow direction. These energy losses which occur as a result of disturbances to the normal flow show up as pressure drops in the pipeline. These “form losses” which occur at sudden changes in section, at valves and at

fittings are usually small compared with the friction losses in long pipelines. However, they may contribute a significant part to the total losses in short pipeline systems with several fittings.

i.e. loss in pressure head

It can be shown that form losses in pipes may be expressed as a constant multiplied by the velocity head:

Where: V = velocity (m/s) from the flow chart K = resistance coefficient (from Table 3.4)

HL (m)

= K

V2 2g

Table 3.4 Resistance Coefficients for Valves, Fittings and Changes in Pipe Cross Section

9


Design Example What is the head loss in a DN 100 short radius 90° elbow when the flow velocity is 1m/s?

ID (m)

Friction Factor f

0.5

0.021

0.10

0.018

0.15

0.0165

V2 2g

0.20

0.0158

12 2 x 9.8

0.30

0.0146

0.45

0.0135

(Table 3.4) K = 1.1 for a short radius elbow Head loss

HL = K = 1.1 x

= 0.06m

Hence for any pipeline system the total form resistance to flow can be determined by adding together the individual head losses at each valve, fitting or change in cross section.

Equivalent Length (Le) Form losses in fittings, valves, etc., are sometimes expressed in terms of an ‘equivalent length’ of straight pipe which has the same resistance to flow as the valve or fitting. By equating the form loss expression to the Darcy formula for energy loss in pipelines i.e.

2 HL = K V = f Le D 2g

Table 3.5 Value of Darcy Friction Factor f at Flow Velocity of 1 m/s and Roughness Coefficient 0.003 mm

With increasing flow velocity, f will decrease. At V = 4 m/s, t is approximately 75% of the above values, i.e. the values in the table above are conservative. Example What is the equivalent straight pipe length of a DN 100 short radius 90° elbow? Le = KD = 1.1 x 0.096 = 5.9m 0.018 f

K = 1.1 D = 0.096m f = 0.018

(Table 3.4) (product data section) (Table 3.5)

V2 2g

the ‘equivalent length’ Le is given by Le = KD f

As a general rule the ‘equivalent length’ method is not preferred as the value of the friction factor f depends not only on the ColebrookWhite roughness coefficient chosen but also on the particular pipe size and velocity of flow (see Table 3.4).


10

Design Worked Examples

Example 2: Gravity Main

Example 1: Gravity Main Water is required to flow at a discharge of 36,000 litres per hour from a storage tank on a hill to an outlet 3 km away. The difference in water level between the tank and the discharge end is 48m.

A pipeline 6.5km long is required to deliver a flow of at least 30L/s. The storage tank at the pipeline inlet has a minimum water level 45m higher than the outlet. Pipe is required to be selected from the Series 2 diameter range. What size and class of Vinidex pipe should be selected? Try Vinidex Hydro. Discharge = 25L/s Hydraulic Gradient = H 40 = L 6500

1. What size and class of Vinidex PVC-U pipe is required? 2. What is the flow velocity and actual discharge? Discharge Q = 36,000 L/s = 10 L/s

Hydraulic Gradient = H 48m = x 100 = 1.6m/100m L 3,000m

1. Minimum Class required is PN 6. From flow chart: find intersection of Q = 10 L/s (Left hand scale) and H/L = 1.6 (Top scale)

2. Now that the pipe has been selected, check actual flow. Using PN 6 flow chart find the intersection of DN 100 line and Hydraulic Gradient = 1.6m/100m. Velocity

V = 1.41m/s (Bottom scale)

discharge Q = 12.8L/s (Left hand scale) = 46,080L/h

x 100 = 0.6m/100m

From the Vinidex Hydro Series 2 flow chart, find the intersection of Q=30 L/s and H/L=0.6. Read off the nearest larger pipe size which gives DN 200. The maximum pressure is 45m; therefore, a PN 6 pipe would be suitable. Using the flow chart, find the intersection of the DN 200, PN 6 with H/L = 0.6. Read of the flow velocity from the bottom scale and the actual flow rate from the left hand scale. This gives V = 1.43 m/s and Q =54 L/s.

Read off nearest larger pipe DN 100 (Right hand scale). Therefore DN 100, PN 6 pipe is required.

11


Design Example 3: Pumping Main and Form Losses A pumping line is required to deliver 35 L/s from a low level dam to a high level holding tank. The length of the line is 5 km. The maximum level of the holding tank is 100 m and the minimum level of the dam is 60 m. To avoid the need for sophisticated water hammer control gear, the engineer wishes to restrict flow velocity to a maximum 1 m/s. Calculate:

Try PN6 PVC-U pipe.

1. The size and class of Vinidex PVC-U pipe required. 2. The form head losses due to valves and fittings. 3. The head required at the pump.

Calculate friction head in pipelines

Discharge Q = 35L/s (Left hand scale). This intersects the 1m/sec velocity line (Bottom scale) at approximately DN 200 pipe. Try DN200 and DN225:

Size DN

Flow velocity (Bottom scale)

Hydraulic gradient (Top scale)

200

0.99 m/s

0.36m/100m

225

0.81 m/s

0.22m/100m

Size DN

Pipe friction head

200

0.36 x 5000m/100m = 18m

225

0.22 x 5000m/100m = 11m

1. The pipe friction Head


12

Design 2. Form head losses a) DN200 pipe. First calculate velocity head

Valve or fitting

V2 = 0.992 = 0.05m 2g 2 x 9.8

K value

Head loss (m)

(Table 3.4)

Hinge disc foot valve (with strainer)

15.00

15.00 x 0.05 = 0.75

2 Gate valves (fully open)

0.2

2 x 0.2 x 0.05 = 0.02

1 Reflux valve

2.50

2.50 x 0.05 = 0.125

4 x 90o elbows

1.10

4 x 1.10 x 0.05 = 0.220

2 x 45 elbows

0.35

2 x 0.35 x 0.05 = 0.035

1 square outlet

1.00

1.00 x 0.05 = 0.050

Total form head losses

= 1.2m

o

b) DN 225 pipe. Form head losses = 0.72m 3. Total pumping head = pipe friction + form + static head losses head Static head = difference in level storage tank to dam = l00m - 60m = 40m

Size DN

Friction + form head losses

+

static head

+

Total head

200

18m

+

1.2m

+

40m

+

59.2m

225

11m

+

0.7m

+

40m

+

51.7m

Conclusion: It can be seen that PN 6 PVC-U pipe is required. The effect of valves and fittings in a system such as this is far outweighed by the pipe flow friction and static head losses. The most efficient and economic choice would be the DN 200 pipeline, giving a pumping head of 59.2 m and a flow velocity of 0.99 m/s.

13


Design Flow Charts Flow Chart for Vinidex Hydro® PVC-M Pressure pipe Series 2 – PN6, PN9, PN12, PN16 AS/NZS 4765

Discharge - Litres per Second (L/s)

Head Loss - Meters Head of Water per 100 meters of Pipe


14

Design

Flow Chart for Supermain® PVC-O Pressure pipe Series 2 – PN12, PN16 AS4441 Head Loss - Meters Head of Water of per 100 meters of Pipe

6

10 9 8 7 5 4 3

2

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60

2

4

VE

0.25

m/ s

0

20

0 1.0

1.5

2.0

20 0 40

3.0

80

250 225 60

4.0

300

NO MI

Discharge - Litres per Second (L/s)

0.5

0 10

10

8

CIT Y

LO

6

15

0.40

0.50

0.30

0.20

0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03

0.02

0.01 .009 .008 .007 .006

IZE 100

N AL S

.005

1

200

400

600

6

10 9 8 7

4

5

3

2

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60

0.40

0.50

0.30

0.20

0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07

0.05

0.06

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01 .009 .008 .007

.006

.005 800 1000


15

E SIZ AL MIN NO

Design

Flow Chart for Vinyl Iron PVC Pressure pipe Series 1 – PN6, PN9, PN12

Discharge – Litres per Second (L/s)

Head Loss – Metres Head of Water per 100 meters of Pipe


16

Design

Flow Chart for Vinidex Hydro® PVC-M Pressure pipe Series 1 – PN6, PN9, PN12 AS/NZS 4765 Head Loss – Metres Head of Water per 100 meters of Pipe


17


Design

Flow Chart for PVC-U Pressure pipe Series 1 - PN4.5 AS 1477 Head Loss – Metres Head of Water per 100 meters of Pipe


Size DN

Velocity (m/s)


18

Design

Flow Chart for PVC-U Pressure pipe Series 1 – PN6 AS 1477 Head Loss – Metres Head of Water per 100 meters of Pipe


Size DN

Velocity (m/s)

19


Design



Size DN

Velocity (m/s)


20

Design



Size DN

Velocity (m/s)

21


Design



Size DN

Velocity (m/s)


22

Design



23


Design PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Static Stresses The hydrostatic pressure capacity of PVC pipe is related to the following variables:

and alternatively, for pipe design, PDmmin Tmin = 2S + P

where:

1. The ratio between the outer diameter and the wall thickness (dimension ratio). 2. The hydrostatic design stress for the PVC material. 3. The operating temperature. 4. The duration of the stress applied by the internal hydrostatic pressure. The pressure rating of PVC pipe can be ascertained by dividing the long-term pressure capacity of the pipe by the desired factor of safety. Although PVC pipe can withstand short-term hydrostatic pressure applications at levels substantially higher than pressure rating or class, the performance of PVC pipe in response to applied internal hydrostatic pressure should be based on the pipe’s long- term strength. By international convention, the relationship between the internal pressure in the pipe, the diameter and wall thickness and the circumferential hoop stress developed in the wall, is given by the Barlow Formula, which can be expressed in the following forms: P =

2TS Dmean

=

2TminS

T = wall thickness (mm) Dm = mean outside diameter (mm) Dmean = Diameter the mid wall (mm) P = internal pressure (MPa) S = circumferential hoop stress (MPa)

These formulas have been standardised for use in design, routine testing and research work and are thus applicable at all levels of pressure and stress. They form the basis for establishment of ultimate material limitations for plastic pipes by pressure testing. For design purposes, P is taken as the maximum allowable working pressure with s being the maximum allowable hoop stress (at 20 C) given below:

PVC-U pipes up to DN150

11MPa

DN175 PVC-U pipes and larger

12.3MPa

Material Class 400 Oriented PVC pipes (PVC-O)

25MPa

Material Class 450 Orientated PVC pipes (PVC-O)

28MPa

Material Class 500 Orientated PVC pipes (PVC-O)

32MPa

Modified PVC pipes (PVC-M)

17.5MPa

(Dmmin - tmin)


24

Design Dynamic Stresses

Definitions

PVC pressure pipes are designed on the basis of a burst regression line for pipes subjected to constant internal pressure. From this long term testing and analysis, nominal working pressure classes are allocated to pipes as a first indication of the duty for which they are suitable. However, there are many other factors which must be considered, including the effects of dynamic loading. Whilst most gravity pressure lines operate substantially under constant pressure, pumped lines frequently do not. Pressure fluctuations in pumped mains result from events such as pump start-up and shutdown and valves opening and closing. It is essential that the effects of this type of loading be considered in the pipeline design phase to avoid premature failure.

Surge

The approach adopted for pipe design and class selection when considering these events depends on the anticipated frequency of the pressure fluctuation. For frequent, repetitive pressure variations, the designer must consider the potential for fatigue and design accordingly. For random, isolated surge events, for example, those which result from emergency shutdowns, the designer must ensure that the maximum and minimum pressures experienced by the system are within acceptable limits.

25

For the purposes of this document, surge is defined as a rapid, very short-term pressure variation caused by an accidental, unplanned event such as an emergency shutdown resulting from a power failure. Surge events are characterised by high pressure rise rates with no time spent at the peak pressure.

Fatigue

In contrast, fatigue is associated with a large number of repetitive events. Many materials will fail at a lower stress when subjected to cyclic of repetitive loads than when under static loads. This type of failure is known as (cyclic) fatigue. For thermoplastic pipe materials, fatigue is only relevant where a large number of cycles are anticipated. The important factors to consider are the magnitude of the stress fluctuation, the loading frequency and the intended service life. Where large pressure fluctuations are predicted, fatigue design might be required if the total number of cycles over the intended lifetime of the pipeline exceeds 25,000. For smaller pressure cycles, a larger number of cycles can be tolerated.

Pressure Range

Pressure range is defined as the maximum pressure minus the minimum pressure, including all transients, experienced by the system during normal operations

Diurnal pressure changes

Diurnal pressure changes are gradual pressure changes which occur in most distribution pipelines as a result of demand variation. It is generally accepted that diurnal pressure changes will not cause fatigue. The only design consideration required for this type of pressure fluctuation is that the maximum pressure should not exceed the pressure rating of the pipe.

Surge design

It has long been recognised that PVC pipes are capable of handling short-term stresses far greater than the long-term loads upon which they are designed. That is, PVC pipes can cope with higher pressures than they are designed for provided the higher pressures are of only a short duration. However, this characteristic feature is not utilised in design in Australia and design recommendations advise that the peak pressure should not exceed the nominal working pressure of the pipe. This recommendation is based on the fact the pipes should not be considered in isolation but as part of a system. Whilst the pipes themselves might be capable of withstanding occasional, short duration exposure to pressures in excess of the design pressure, the same assumption may not apply to the pipeline system. Where the generation of negative pressures is anticipated, the possibility of transverse buckling should be considered. This topic is addressed elsewhere.


Design Fatigue design

The fatigue response of thermoplastics pipe materials, particularly PVC, has been extensively investigated 302:313. The results of laboratory studies can be used to establish a relationship between stress range, defined here as the difference between the maximum and minimum stress (see Fig 2), and the number of cycles to failure. From these relationships it is possible to derive load factors that can be applied to the operating pressures, to enable selection of an appropriate class of pipe.

This type of experimental data inevitably has a degree of scatter and it has been Australian practice, after Joseph (3), to adopt the lower bound for design purposes. This approach is retained here because it ensures the design has a positive safety factor and recognises that pipelines may sustain minor surface damage during installation, which could promote fatigue crack initiation. Note that for fatigue loading situations, the maximum pressure reached in the repetitive cycle should not exceed the static pressure rating of the pipe.

Recommended fatigue cycle factors for PVC-U, PVC-M and PVC-O are given in Table 1 below:

Recommended fatigue cycle factors for PVC-U, PVC-M and PVC-O are given in Table 1 below:

Total Cycles

Approx No. Cycles/day for 100y life

Fatigue Cycle Factors, f PVC-U

PVC-M

PVC-O

26,400

1

1

1

1

100,000

3

1

0.67

0.75

200,000

5.5

0.81

0.54

0.66

500,000

14

0.62

0.41

0.56

1,000,000

27

0.5

0.33

0.49

2,500,000

82

0.38

0.25

0.41

5,000,000

137

0.38

0.25

0.41

10,000,000

274

0.38

0.25`

0.41

Using Table 1, the Maximum Cyclic Pressure Range for a given class of pipe can be calculated from the following formula: PN x f MCPR = 10

Charts plotting the MCPR versus the number of cycles for a range of pressure classes of PVC-U, PVC-M and PVC-O pipes are plotted here 302:PVC-U , 302:PVC-M or 302:PVC-O or as PDF versions. 302:PVCUpdf, 302:PVCMpdf, 302:PVCOpdf

Procedure

To select the appropriate pipe class for fatigue loading, the following procedure should be adopted: Estimate the likely pressure range, i.e., the maximum pressure minus the minimum pressure. Estimate the frequency or the number of cycles per day

which are expected to occur. Determine the required service life and calculate the total number of cycles which will occur in the pipe lifetime Using the appropriate chart for 302:PVC-U , 302:PVC-M or 302:PVC-O ; draw a vertical line from the x-axis at ΔP and a horizontal line from the y-axis at the total number of cycles in

the pipe lifetime Find the intersection point between the horizontal and vertical lines. Select the pipe class that bounds the region of this intersection point as the minimum required for these fatigue conditions.


26

Design Example A sewer rising main has a pump pressure, including static lift and friction losses, of 400 kPa. When the pump starts up, the pressure rises rapidly to 800 kPa before decaying exponentially to the static pumping pressure. On pump shut down, the minimum pressure experienced by the system is 100 kPa. On average, the pump will start up 8 times per day. A minimum life of 100 years is required.

The maximum pressure experienced indicates that a minimum class of PN 9 will be required. A fatigue analysis is now needed in order to determine suitability or otherwise of PN 9. In this system, the pressure range is 700 kPa. The pump will start up approximately 292,000 times in a 100 year lifetime. However, the exponential cycle pattern means that this should be doubled for design purposes. Therefore, the system should be designed to withstand approximately 584,000 cycles in a 100 year lifetime.

Using Table 1 to determine the fatigue load factors for PVC pipes at 5.8 x 105 cycles gives the following class selection:

Material

Fatigue Cycle Factor, f (Table 1)

Maximum Cyclic Pressure Range (MPa)

PVC-U

0.6

PN9 = 0.9 x 0.6 = 0.54