Feb 1, 2018 - Sonia Fahmyâ , Raj Jainâ , Sameh Rabieâ¡, Rohit Goyalâ and Bobby Vandaloreâ . â Department of Computer and Information Science. The Ohio ...
"! #$!% &'(*)+, -#/.0&21 3# 546* #78 89:9; =(?#@BADC#AEFHG%IKJ#LMAONQP9A@B?IRJ*G2dA?a#A_\=efSXI Ihg SKiAVef[fFS ?$[Q=jkc=(F0il%[mSKeZA?#aonh?%jp=eqF0AV[f@\=(?@B?#
a#@ SKefS ?$[2=eq
(A?#@\¡ AV[f@\=(?#A_}{q@\[mS {=XzSKe [fE%S£¢R¤¥¦s§Y¤*¦ ¥}AVefSA¨i*=i-l#_BAVe{m=(_Bl%[f@\=(?8©n ?$[mSKeq?%SK[o[meRA"ª6rVJ E%=OSKzSKe J@B{QeqAVi@Ba_\G6
eq=XQ@B?#
wA?#a U*S rs=(Fw@B?%
w@B?rsefS A{f@B?%
(_BG2a#@BzSKeq{mS t E%SKeqSv@B{MAw{m[mef=(?#
6?%SKS a j«=e^>l#A_B@\[G =j#{mSKefz @BrsS^¬'=$?#rRE%ef=(?%=(l{8[meqA?#{fj«SKe3F= a%S'®~ tZ¯ 8UArf>U=(?%S {°{ql%i#i=ef[f@B?%
¬'=$< AVefS0A_\eqS Aa%GTQ@Ba#S _\GTa%SKi_\=OGS a/@B?/rKAVefeq@\SKe}?%SK[=ef {Ky~ tZ¯ =VSKeq{}A?$lFHUSKe^=j{mSKefz @BrsSrKAV[mSK
=eq@\S { ArRET=j[fE%SH~ tZ¯ {mSKeqz>@BrsS {QE#A{Z@\[f{±FSKeR@\[f{ZA?#ao_B@`F0@\[fAV[f@\=(?#{ J {f=0A[meqAa%SK=V,@B{±?%S rsS {q{fAVefGo@B?o{mS _\S rs[f@`?%
[fE%S {mSKefz @BrsS²rKAV[mSK
=efGj«=eQrKAVeqefG>@`?%
Dn ?$[mSKeq?%SK[Z[meRA"ª6r}USK[cSKS ?TS ?$[mSKefi#eq@`{mS²{f@\[mS {K nh?/[fE#@B{^iAViSKe JcS0rs=(FiAVefS[fE#S0~ tZ¯ {mSKefz @BrsSrKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {H@`?/[mSKeqF0{}=jrs=({m[KJU-l *SKe^efS >l#@\eqS FS ?9[f{ JA?#a iSKefjp=eqF0A?#rsSMQ@\[fE6n ?$[mSKeq?%SK[c[meqA"ª6rV³S'´-?#aw[fE#AV[[fE%S^~ tZ¯ A zVA@B_BAVU-_\SQU@B[eqAV[mS®~MbL^{fSKefz>@`rsSMi#eq=Xz @Ba%S { A^
=>=>a0{fG>?%SKeq
GvQ@B[fED[fE%S±S FSKef
(@B?#
'nh?$[mSKeq?%SK[[mS rRE#?%=(_\=
(@\S {j«=e{ql%i#i=ef[f@B?%
'S ?#a [m= S ?a6¬'=${U$Gy~MbLµz @\ef[flA_9iAV[fEwrs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?#{rKA?0
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKSZ$l#A_`@\[Gv=j-{mSKefz @BrsSZA?#aDF0@`?#@BF0@\¡KS >l%S l#@B?%
oa%S _`A G/A?#a,_\=({f{}@`?/[fE%SUArf>U=(?%S0nh?Aa#a#@\[f@B=(?J8@\[}i#ef=Oz>@`a%S {'¶Ss·%@\U@B_B@B[GT@B?{fl#i#i=ef[f@B?%
2z"AVeR@\=(l#{ @BFi-_\S FS ?$[fAV[f@\=(?#{±AV[Z[fE%SHS a%
SHa%SKz @BrsS {K ¸¹$º»D¼½"¾°¿À z @\ef[fl#A_%ieq@\zVAV[mSQ?%SK[c=ef {'pd^'{RRJ>S ?9[mSKeqi#eq@B{mSM?%SK[c=ef {KJ>~ tQ¯ ?%SK[c=ef {KJ [meqA"ª6rQFwA?#AV
S FS ?$[KJ~ tZ¯ {mSKefz @BrsS²rKAV[mSK
=eq@BS {KJ t k±cÁOnh°J-x g J#nh?9[mSKeq?#SK[Qa#@ SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS aT{mSKefz @BrsS { ÂÃ$ÄMÅqÆ"ÆÇmÅfÈ3ÉÊoË Ì*ÄRͱÆ"ÎXÏÇ ÈÌ*ÄRͱÍcÎOÊ"ÉÐmÅqÏÉÄRÊ"Ñ Ò±Ñ ÆÇhÐhÉÓÅqÔ%ÉÓÑ Ñ ÎOÇÄYʲÇhÊKÏÇ ÈÆOÈÉÑ ÇÊ"ÇÏpÕÄqÈÖ Ñh×ÃØOÉÑÆVÅqÆÇ ÈÅRÊVÙ}ÅqÔÔ ÄYÎXÈ3ÆVÅqÆÇ ÈÑ ÅRÊ"ÙMÐhÄRÊKÏ ÈÉÓÚOÎOÏÉÄYÊOÑÅqÈÇÅmÛYÅqÉÔÜÅqÚ"ÔÇÏØOÈÄRÎ"ÝYØMØKÏ ÏÆ$Þ ßYßmÕÕÕ× Ð ÉÓÑh× ÄRØ"ÉÄRà`Ñ®ÏÅqÏÇR× ÇhÙOÎß(áKâ ÅRÉÊVß
ã
ä
å#æ^ç*èé²ê0ëDìçíféMæ
d^@\ef[fl#A_°i#eq@\zVAV[mSv?#SK[c=ef>{0pd^'{RMAVefSDeqAVi@`a#_\G
(A@B?#@B?#
wi=il#_BAVeR@\[G'~îd'ïl#{fS {M[fE#Svil#U_B@Br}nh?$[mSKeq?%SK[ [m=[meqA?#{mi-AVefS ?9[f_BGTrs=(?#?%S rs[^i#eq@\zVAV[mSv?#SK[c=ef>{^=e^SKzS ?l#{fSKeq{KJA{'@Bj[fE%SKGAVefSy=(?[fE%S{fAFSD?%SK[c=ef* ? [mSKefi#eR@B{mS^{f@\[mS {±rs=(?#?%S rs[mS aT[fE%ef=(l%
(E2[fE%S}nh?9[mSKeR?%SK[±AVefS}US rs=(F0@B?%
D@B?#rsefS A{q@B?%
(_\G0rs=(F0F0=(?J%S {miS rK@BA_B_\GM@\[fE#@B? rs=(FiA?@\S {cQ@\[fE2Fvl#_B[f@\i_\SQ_B=>rKAV[f@\=(?{c{fSKiAVeqAV[mS aU>Gw_\=(?%
Da#@B{m[fA?rsS {^«´-
(l%efS ã Rd'M{ci#eq=Xz @Ba%S^A?2AV[m[meRAr [f@\zSw{f=(_Bl%[f@\=(?US rKAl#{fS=jc[fE#S @\e²efS a#lrsS a,rs=({m[f{p=XzSKeD_\S A{mS a_`@B?%S {RRJ8eqS a#l#rsS a,Aa#Fw@B?#@B{m[meRAV[f@\=(?=XzSKeqE%S Aa8J A?#aT{ql%i#i=ef[cj«=eMefS F=[mSHArKrsS {f{MA?#aTrs=(_B_`AVU*=eRAV[f@\=(?Q@\[fEoi-AVef[f?%SKeq{K
C3@\
(l%efS ã d'@\eq[fl#A_i#eq@\zVAV[mS}?%SK[c=ef {Qrs=(?#?#S rs[QS ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fS^{q@\[mS {±=XzSKe'[fE%S²nh?$[mSKeq?%SK[K nh?9[mSKeq?#SK[[meqA"ª6r±rKA?DUS±rK_BA{f{f@ ´-S ayArKrs=eRa#@B?%
^[m=}[fE%SZAVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?y
S ?%SKeqAV[f@`?%
}@\[KJ9A?#aD[fE%S[meqA"ª2r±rqE#AVeqArs[mSKe @B{m[f@`rK{K~Mi#i_`@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{F0AXGDU*S±eqS A_ [f@BFSvpz=(@`rsSQ=ez @Ba%SK=$°=ec?%=(? efS A_ [f@BFSv®a#AV[fA9Rbc=[fE6[fE%SQAVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(? [G>iSQA?#aD[fE%SQ[meqA?#{mi=ef[i#eq=[m=>rs=(_#A"S rs[[fE#S±[meqA"ª6rZrRE#AVeqArs[mSKeq@B{f[f@BrK{Kx'?#_B@\S[fE%SQl{mSKea#AV[fAV
eqAFïi#ef=[m= rs=(_ ®x g RJ[fE%S[meqA?#{qF0@B{f{f@B=(?£rs=(?$[mef=(_±i#eq=[m=>rs=(_² t k±cvE#A{DUl#@`_\[ @B?rs=(?#
S {m[f@\=(?µAXz=(@Ba#A?#rsSF0S rqE#A?#@`{fF0{KJ QE#@`rqEoA"S rs[Q[fE%S²[meRA"ª6r}rqE#AVeRArs[mSKeq@B{m[f@BrK{MA{Q{mSKS ? AV[Q_\=OSKeQ_`A GSKeq{Q=j[fE#S}i#ef=[m= rs=(_8{m[fArf* ?a [m= S ?#a>l#A_B@\[GT=jc{fSKefz>@`rsSD@`{'rseR@\[f@BrKA_[m=o[fE%S0{fl#rKrsS {q{^=jcrKl%eqefS ?9[}A?#aj®l%[fl%efSAVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{ v¬'=$l#@\efSa%S _BAXG,=e0a%S _BAXGzVAVeq@BAV[f@\=(?
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {jp=eArKrsSKi#[fAVU_\SoiSKefjp=e F0A?#rsS³S @\
(E9[mS a j®A@\eq?%S {q{H@B{vA_B{m= @`Fi=ef[fA?9[HU*=[fE£AF=(?%
rKl#{m[m=(FSKeq{y=eyAV
efSK
(AV[mS {®a%SKiS ?#a#@`?%
o=(? [fE%S^[fAVeq@ =e{ql%U{frseq@Bi#[f@\=(?-RJ>A?#aA_B{m=yQ@\[fE#@B?6A?AV
efSK
(AV[mS2pjp=e±Ss· AF0i_\SJ>[m=i#efSKzS ?$[{f[fAVefz"AV[f@B=(?2AF0=(?%
{mS {f{q@\=(?#{=eM{fSKefz>@`rsS²rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {RR ~'{mG>?rqE%ef=(?#=(l#{²[meqA?{mj«SKeDF= a%S ®~ tZ¯ v@B{²ief=i=({mS a,[m= [meqA?#{mi=ef[HA Q@Ba#S0z"AVeR@\SK[G=jZ{mSKeqz>@BrsS { J3{ql#rqE A{ z=(@BrsSJz>@Ba#SK=/A?a aAV[fA J@B?¨A/{mS AF0_\S {q{F0A?#?%SKe £~ tZ¯ rsS _B_`{H¶-=XðA_\=(?%
/i#eqS a%SK[mSKeqF0@B?#S aiAV[fE{rKA_B_\S a ñ
z @\ef[fl#A_(rRE#A?#?%S _`{pdMk{RR ?aH{mG {m[mS F0{°Fvl#{f[{mSK[°l#iHz @\ef[fl#A_(rRE#A?#?%S _$rs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?{pdMkZk{Y=j#AVi#i#eq=i#eq@BAV[mS {mSKefz @BrsS}rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {Qi#eq@\=e[m=[meqA?{fF0@\[m[f@B?#
y@B?#j«=eqFwAV[f@\=(?SKefz @BrsS}rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {Ma#@B{m[f@B?#
(l#@B{fE6Ay{qF0A_B_?$lFHUSKe =j²
S ?%SKeRA_MA G {[m=¨i#ef=Oz>@Ba#S/¬'=$@Ba#SK=%J'z=(@`rsSJ²@BF0AV
S,A?#aaAV[fAµ@B? rs=(?$zSKeq{fAV[f@\=(?#A_JFS {f{fAV
(@B?#
%J3a@B{m[meq@\U-l%[f@\=(?/A?#a£efSK[meq@\SKzVA_F= a%S {K t E%SwefS >l#@\eqS a,{mSKefz @BrsS6rKAV[mSK
=eR@\S {rKA? USoa%SKeq@\zS a jpef=(Fô[fE%Soi#ef=iSKef[f@\S {v=j'[fE%SoAVi#i_B@BrKAV[f@B=(?,~ tZ¯ {mSKefz @BrsSorKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {wa@B{m[f@B?%
(l@B{fEefS A_ [f@BFS jpef=(Fõ?%=(? eqS A_ [f@BFS0{mSKeqz>@BrsS { JA?#ai#eq=Xz @Ba%S{f@BFi-_\SyA?a,rs=(Fi_\Ss·{m=(_Bl#[f@\=(?#{^jp=e²S ArqE£rKA{mS t E#S0Aa#a%S a FS rRE#A?#@B{fFw{²@B?[fE%S6F=efSwrs=(Fi-_\Ss·,rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {yAVefS^Nfl#{m[f@ ´S a,U$Gi#ef=Oz>@Ba@B?%
oATUS ?%Ss´[}=evS rs=(?%=(FvG[m= A {f@\
(?@ ´-rKA?$[{ql%U{mSK[±=j3[fE%S²AVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{²ö÷Oø @BrsS {AVeqSZ[fE%S US {m[cSs· AFi-_\S^=j$lA_B@\[Gw=j°{mSKefz @BrsS^jp=eAV
eqSK
(AV[mS²¶=OQ{K~'?6Ss·%AFi_BS'{frsS ?AVeq@\=@B{ADrKl#{m[m=(FSKe±Ul#G>@B?#
vA ´#· S aM@Ba%[fEoi@Bi*SJQ@\[fEFyl#_\[f@Bi_\Sv¬'=$l#A_B@\[G=jZ{fSKefz>@`rsS0iAVeqAFSK[mSKeR{vAVefS6[fE%S iS AV [m= iS AV rsS _B_a#S _BA G,zVAVeq@BAV[f@B=(?òpiS AV [m= i*S AVµk g d²RJF0A"·%@BFvlF rsS _B_[meqA?#{fj«SKeDa%S _BAXGþ®F0A"·k t g RJ A?#aTrsS _`__\=({f{±eqAV[f@B= (k 'L^R t %E S6k±bcL {mSKefz @BrsS0@B{Hl#{mS a/U>G/rs=(??%S rs[f@\=(?#{}eqS $l%S {f[f@B?%
o[fE#AV[yAors=(?#{m[fA?$[vAF=(l#?$[²=jUA?#a#Q@Ba%[fEÿ®rqEAVe Ars[mSKeq@\¡KS a5U$GÿAiS AVÿrsS _B_±eRAV[mSODUSTA zVA@B_BAVU_BSo[fE%ef=(l%
(E%=(l#[[fE%Srs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?5_B@\jpSK[f@BFS t E%S{m=(l%eRrsSrKA? [meqA?#{qF0@\[AV[c=eUS _\=Xò[fE%S^ckLòjp=ecA?$Gw_\S ?%
[fE6=j8[f@BF0SJ>A?#a6[fE%S^?%SK[c=ef2A{f{fl%efS {[fE%S^?%SK
=[f@BAV[mS ao>l#A_ @\[G6=j{mSKefz @BrsS · AF0i_\S {=jAVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?#{c[fE#AV[MFwA Gol#{mS}[fE%Svk±bcL {mSKefz @BrsS²AVefSHz=(@BrsSJ#z @Ba%SK=0A?#aTrK@BeqrKl#@\[ S Fyl#_BAV[f@\=(?TAVii_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?{eqS $l#@Beq@B?%
y[f@\
(E$[Qa%S _BAXG6zVAVeq@BAV[f@\=(?rs=(?#{m[meqA@B?$[f{K t E%S/ef[ d^bL {mSKeqz>@BrsS,@`{2A_`{m=µ@B?$[mS ?#a%S aòj«=eoeqS A_ [f@BFS,AVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{6efS >l#@\eq@`?%
£[f@B
(E9[oa%S _BAXGòA?a+a%S _BA G zVAVeq@BAV[f@\=(?rs=(?#{m[meRA@B?9[f{ ·%AFi_\S {=j°{flrqEAVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?#{c@B?#rK_Bl#a#SZz=(@BrsS^Q@\[fE2{f@B_\S ?rsS'{fl#i#i#efS {f{q@\=(?J9A{cS _B_ A{yS FSKef
(@B?#
rs=(FiefS {f{mS a£z>@`a%SK=[meqA"ª2rV t E%S6a#@\*SKefS ?rsSwUSK[cSKS ?5kbL A?#a ef[ d'bLû@B{v[fE#AV[yef[ d^bcL rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{°AVeqSrqEAVeqArs[mSKeq@\¡KS aD@B?H[mSKeqF0{°=j#AQ{fl#{f[fA@B?#AVU_\SrsS _B_(eqAV[mScA?#ayF0A"· @`Fvl#F Ul%eq{f[8{f@\¡KSJ@B?HAaa#@\[f@\=(? [m=0[fE%S²kL² t E$l#{ J>[fE#SH{m=(l%eqrsS²@`{Ss·>iS rs[mS aT[m=w[meqA?#{fF0@B[AV[MAz"AVeR@BAVU_\S^eqAV[mS?#ef[ d'bLórs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?#{MAVefS A_B{m=^rqEAVeqArs[mSKeq@\¡KS a@B?H[mSKeqF0{=j#ck±L²J(@`a%S Ga F*[fE%Sy{fSKefz>@`rsSy@B{'A6U*S {f[QSs=ef[ {mSKefz @BrsS/Q=j®A@\eq?%S {f{v=eD@B{m=(_BAV[f@\=(?£=jQrs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?#{DrKA? U*S2A{f{fl#F0S aH '°@\S2x'bL²J[fE%S~MbLû{mSKefz @BrsS@B{ @B?$[mS ?#a%S a¨jp=e0a#AV[fA,AVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{yQ@B[fE ?#=,a%S _BA G
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {K5~'bL²JE%=OSKzSKeXJAV[m[mS F0i#[f{0[m=,F0@`?#@BF0@\¡KS [fE%SyrsS _B__\=({q{±eqAV[f@\=%JA?#aT
(@BzSvF0@B?@BFvlF rsS _`_8eqAV[mSv
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {M[fE#ef=(l%
(EA0¶=Xrs=(?$[mef=(_°F0S rqE#A?#@`{fFo t E%S ?%SK[=ef2i#ef=Oz>@`a%S {j«SKS a#UArf2[m=0[fE%S}{m=(l%eRrsS {±QE%S ??%SK[=efo_\=(AaorRE#A?%
S {KJ-A?#a[fE%S}{m=(l%eqrsS {QAa"Nml{m[[fE%S @\e [meqA?#{qF0@B{f{f@B=(?oeqAV[mS {^ArKrs=eqa#@B?#
(_\GQ~'bcLî{f=(l%eqrsS {'{fE#AVefSv[fE%SyAXz"A@`_BAVU_\S²U-A?#a%Q@Ba#[f"E IKJML«O§ NQPVJA?#a[fE%Sy{f=(l%eqrsS @B{±?%SKzSKeMefS >l#@\efS a[m=w{fS ?#aUS _\=X @B[f{Z{miS rK@ ´S a ¯ kL² ~'{MM@\[fE x'bL©A?#a/~'bcLHJ[fE%S]}CLï{mSKefz @BrsS@B{M@`?9[mS ?#a#S a[m=o{fl%ii*=eq[M?%=(? eqS A_ [f@BFSDAVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?#{K t E%S {mSKefz @BrsSZ@B{iAVef[f@BrKl#_`AVeq_\G²[fAVef
SK[mS a2AV[l#{fSKeq{QE%=²AVeqSQ?%=[AVU_BS±[m=H{miS rK@\jpGvA_B_%[fE#S±[meqA"ª6r±iAVeRAFSK[mSKeq{?#SKS a%S a [m=TefS >l%S {m[v{mSKefz @BrsS {H{flrqE,A{Hd'bL²J°A?#a,AVefSw?#=[²S $l@\i#iS a[m= rs=(Fi_BG Q@B[fE/[fE%S0S ?#a,{fG>{m[mS F US E#A z @\=e efS >l#@\efS aTU$GT~'bL²~M_\[fE#=(l%
(E {ql#rqE l#{mSKeq{'rKA? rKl#efefS ?$[f_\GoefS >l%S {m[Mx'bLrs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?#{ J*x'bLi#ef=Xz @Ba%S {M?%= {mSKefz @BrsS'
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {K]}CL
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {ZADF0@B?#@BFyl#FîeRAV[mS²A?#a_\=X+rsS _B__\=({f{eqAV[f@\=Djp=e±rs=(?%j«=eRF0@B?%
yj«eRAFS {KJ QE#@`_\SeqS $l#@Beq@B?%
^_B@\[m[f_\SZ@`?9[mSKeqArs[f@B=(?USK[cSKS ?wl#{mSKeR{A?#a[fE%SZ?#SK[c=ef- t E%S±SKGAV[m[meqArs[f@\zS'j«S AV[fl%eqSZ=j]}CL @B{±@\[f{Zj«eqAF0S²_\SKzS _8z @B{f@\U-@B_B@\[GDA?ao
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {KJeqS {fl#_\[f@B?#
D@`?ol#{mSKj®l#_a#AV[fAUS @B?%
a%S _B@BzSKefS a
R
S
ì. ZæíTU XéQè V5èéWvíqê0íqæ YX ë ±èGZæ'ç
t E#@`{'{fS rs[f@\=(?
(@\zS {²F0=efS0a%SK[fA@B_B{^=(?/[fE#S0FS rqE#A?@B{fF0{^[fE%SS ?a{mG>{f[mS F0{²A?#a?%SK[=eqS _BS FS ?9[f{Hl#{mSD[m= i#ef=Oz>@`a%S^[fE%S²
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {Mj«=eZS ArRE {fSKefz>@`rsS²rKAV[mSK
=efG
Z\[^] 4`_badcc fehg _ba !iî! fehg _ba t %E S^[fE%eqSKS²rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {Kck±bcLHJ%ef[ d^bcLóA?#ao?%ef[ d^bLi#eq=Xz @Ba%S'=i*S ?o_B=$=io[meqA"ª2r'rs=(?$[mef=(_8A?ai#efSKzS ?$[f@\zS rs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(?A z=(@`a#A?#rsS g l%eR@B?%
Trs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?,Aa#F0@B{q{f@\=(?rs=(?$[mef=(_Mk~QkQRJ8efS {mSKefzVAV[f@\=(?#{HAVefSwF0Aa%S6@B?/[fE%S ?%SK[=ef2?%= a%S {[m=FSKSK[[fE%S^[meqA"ª2rMrs=(?$[meqArs[ZA?#aT¬'=$Gwa%eq=i#i@B?%
²x'bL+rsS _B_B{QE%S ?6[fE%S @\ecUl SKeq{U*S rs=(F0SMj®l#_B_ nh?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?9[±{mM@\[frqEa%ef=ii=(_B@BrK@BS {A?#aS ?a2{fG>{m[mS F i=(_B@`rK@\S {rKA?@BFi#ef=OzS^[fE%S^i*SKeqj«=eqFwA?#rsSM=j3x'bcLQ@\[fE _B@BFw@\[mS a2Ul SKeq{Knh?9[mS _`_B@\
S ?$[±iArfSK[^a#@B{frKAVeRaTFS rqEA?#@B{fF0{±AVeqSvA_B{m=0AVii_B@BrKAVU_BS'[m=2A_B_{mSKefz @BrsS {QQE#@BrREol#{mS ~ tZ¯ Aa#AVi#[fAV[f@B=(?,_BA GSKe R ®~Mm~ ' R RJ3{fl#rRE,A{}d^bL ?%ef[vA?#a~MbLH3AVef[f@BA_iArqSK[va#@`{frKAVeqaµ® g ^A?#a S AVeq_\GwiArfSK[Za#@`{frKAVeqa g 'ö ?ã n øE#A zS^USKS ?{fE%=XM?w[m=@BFief=XzS'[fE%ef=(l%
(E#il%[K3°SKe dMkòArKrs=(l#?9[f@`?%
a%ef=i FSK[fE%= a#{KJ8A?a iSKe dMk >l%S l#@`?%
2A?a{frqE%S al#_B@B?%
2E#A zSwU*SKS ?/{fE#=XQ?/[m=T@BF0i#ef=XzSDU=[fE/[fE%ef=(l#
(E%il%[^A?#a IoJ@L«§Y¤*K¦ ppyö ãKù øv~©{mSKefz @BrsSl#{f@B?#
w[fE%S {mSFS rRE#A?#@B{qF0{M@`{'l{fl#A_B_\GefSKjpSKefefS a[m=oA{}x'bcrL qy t E%eq=(l%
(E%=(l%['[fE%S
s
efS F0A@`?#a%SKeD=jM[fE@B{DiAViSKe JcSTFS A?µ{q@BFi_\S2zVA?#@B_B_BAx'bcL @BFi_BS FS ?9[mS a¨@B? ´-eq{m[D
S ?%SKeqAV[f@\=(?5{mQ@\[frRE%S { QE%S ?eqSKj«SKefeR@B?%
D[m=wx'bcLH
Z\[kZ .t_ba ~'bcL A_B_\=OQ{2[fE%S,?%SK[c=efò[m=µa#@\z @Ba%S[fE%SA zVA@B_BAVU_BSU-A?#a%Q@Ba#[fEµj®A@\eq_\G5A?a Ssª6rK@\S ?$[f_\GþAF=(?#
µArs[f@\zS {m=(l%eRrsS {K t E#S²~MbLó[meqA"ª6r²F0A?AV
S FS ?9[^F= a%S _@B{K' ã "uheqAV[mS UA{fS a7v0US rKAl#{mSH[fE%SH{m=(l%eRrsS {±[meqA?#{fFw@\[ZAV[ A{fi*S rK@\´S awuheqAV[mSJ%veqAV[mSKey[fE#A?l#{q@B?%
TAoQ@`?#a%=XF ñ 9umrK_\=({mS a _\=>=i;voUS rKAl#{fSJl#?_B@\S6kbL A?#ad^bcLHJ [fE%SKefSc@B{rs=(?9[f@B?>l%=(l#{°jpSKS a%UArfH=j#rs=(?9[mef=(_ @B?#j«=eqFwAV[f@\=(?²[m='[fE%S{f=(l%eqrsS[fE#ef=(l%
(E%=(l%[°[fE%Srs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?y_B@\jpSK[f@BFMS F A?#a5 ü(9 uhS ?#a [m= S ?#;a voUS rKAl#{mSwrs=(?$[mef=(_rsS _`_B{}[meqAXzS _jpef=(Fõ[fE%S0{f=(l%eqrsS0[m= [fE%S0a%S {m[f@B?AV[f@\=(?,A?#aU-Arf/[m= [fE%SH{f=(l%eqrsSwö ã ýø
C@B
(l%efS ñ C%=eqcAVeqa A?#aoUArq$AVeqa L ¯ rsS _B_B{ZrKAVefeqG6jpSKS a%UArq@`?%j«=eRF0AV[f@\=(?[m=0[fE%Sv{m=(l%eqrsS {K t %E Srs=(Fi=(?%S ?$[f{6=jH[fE%S ~'bL [meqA"ª6r/F0A?#AV
S FS ?$[j«eRAFSK=eqµAVefS{qE%=XQ?ò@B?5´
(l%efS ñ t =£=U[fA@B? ?%SK[=ef6j«SKS a#UArf*J%[fE%S^{m=(l%eqrsS {{mS ?#a6efS {m=(l#eqrsS'FwA?#AV
S FS ?$[H®L ¯ rsS _`_B{AVjp[mSKe±SKzSKefG`xzy@{}| ã ~xzy@{ @B{ A2iAVeqAFSK[mSKe^Q@B[fE a%SKj®Al#_\[Mz"A_`l%SDü ñ Ma#AV[fArsS _B_`{K g S {m[f@`?#AV[f@\=(?#{^{f@BF0i_\GefSK[fl%eq? [fE%S {mSL ¯ rsS _B_B{MUArf [m= [fE%SH{f=(l%eqrsS {K t E%S²L ¯ rsS _B_`{Zrs=(?9[fA@`?T[fE%SH{f=(l%eqrsSHrKl%eqefS ?9[ZrsS _`_eqAV[mS2kQkL'RJ@`?oAa#a#@\[f@\=(?[m=6{mSKzSKeqA_´-S _Ba#{ [fE#AV['rKA?USHl#{fS aoU$Go[fE#Sv?%SK[=efo[m=6i#ef=Oz>@Ba#S²j«SKS a#UArfo[m=6[fE%Sv{m=(l#eqrsS {K t E%S {mSH´S _Ba#{±AVeqSc[fE#SHSs· i_B@BrK@\[ eqAV[mS L^RJ$[fE%S^rs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(?2@`?#a#@BrKAV[f@\=(?kcnf¶-AV
DA?#a6[fE%S'?#=v@B?#rseqS A{mSy®Mnm¶-AV
% t E%S L5´-S _Baw@B?a#@BrKAV[mS { [fE%S²eRAV[mS²[fE#AV[Z[fE%S²?#SK[c=efTrKA?T{fl%ii*=eq[cjp=eZ[fE#@`{±rs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(? AV[Z[fE#AV[ZiAVeq[f@BrKl#_BAVeZ@B?{m[fA?9[K t E%S L´S _Ba @B{Z@`?#@\[f@BA_B@B¡KS a6AV[M[fE%S²{m=(l%eqrsSH[m=6AeqAV[mSv?%=
efS AV[mSKe'[fE#A?T[fE%SvckLHJ#A?#ao[fE%SykncA?#aQn¶-AV
({QAVeqSHl#{fl#A_`_\G efS {mSK[K ArqE{mQ@\[frRE=(?o[fE%S^iAV[fEoefS al#rsS {[fE%S L´S _Ba2[m=[fE%S²F0A"·%@BFyl#F eqAV[mSH@\[±rKA?o{fl%ii*=eq[KJ A?ao{mSK[f{ kcn±=e^QnM@\j?%S rsS {f{fAVefG t E%SyL ¯ rsS _B_`{±¶=OQ@B?%
6j«ef=(F [fE%SD{m=(l%eqrsSv[m=6[fE#Sya%S {f[f@B?#AV[f@\=(? AVefSyrKA_`_\S aTjp=efAVeqa L ¯ rsS _B_B{o®C3L ¯ {RyME#@B_\S6[fE%=({mSoefSK[fl%eR?#@B?%
j«eq=(F [fE%Soa%S {m[f@B?#AV[f@B=(?¨[m=[fE%So{m=(l%eqrsSTAVefSTrKA_`_\S a UArf>cAVeRa L ¯ rsS _B_B{v®bL ¯ {RypefSKjpSKe'[m=w´
(l#efS ñ RM³òE%S ?A2{m=(l%eqrsSyefS rsS @\zS {^A2bcL ¯ rsS _B_ J*@\[Mrs=(F0il%[mS {'@\[f{MA_`_\=XcS a rsS _B_ceqAV[mS,®~QkL^Hl{f@B?%
@\[f{DrKl%efefS ?$[y~Qk±Lûz"A_`l%SJ[fE%STkcnHA?#a¨Mn}¶-AV
({KJA?a£[fE#S L ´S _Ba£=jZ[fE%SoL ¯ rsS _B_ö ñ J*ü>J R J $$J ã ü J ã ý(ø
$
Z\[ a t %E SD]^C3L {fSKefz>@`rsS²efS >l#@\efS {Zl{mSKeMa#AV[fAw[m=wUSHa#@Bz>@Ba#S a2@`?9[m=6j«eqAF0S {Z[fE#AV['rKA?US²a%S _B@`?%S AV[mS aAV[M[fE%SH~ tZ¯ _BAXGSKe n j°[fE#S²l#{mSKeQ{mS ?a#{±jpeqAFS {Z?%=[QSs· rsSKS a#@`?%
0[fE%S²F0A"·%@BFyl#FûjpeqAFS²{f@B¡KSw ¯ CS { ?%=[ySs· rsSKS a [fE%SF0A"·%@BFyl#F U-l%eq{m[H{q@\¡KS ¯ bZl%S l#@`?%
%J$=(?[fE#S}=[fE%SKeZE#A?#aJ F0A@B?$[fA@B?#{A{mSKi-AVeqAV[mS²$l#S l%S^j«=e±S ArREodMkò@B? [fE%S²U-l *SKeZA?aTrKA?T@B{m=(_`AV[mS²dMk{K
Vþèé2é ê ©èì íhçìçëDèG XéQèòé'ææ ìçíRæ U¨æ'çèDè8í3çòéMèG ¡
³SQief=i=({mS±A?wAVeqrRE#@\[mS rs[fl%efSQ[fE#AV[S Fi_B=XG {@B?$[mS _B_B@\
S ?$[3S a%
SQa%SKz @BrsS {A?#awA?0~ tZ¯ UArf>U=(?%SZ[m=Hrs=(??%S rs[ S ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fS6?%SK[=ef {KJA{D{fE%=OQ? @B?´
(l#efSwý%,u^l%eyAVeqrqE#@B[mS rs[fl%efS@B?9[mSK
eRAV[mS {DefS A_ [f@BFS2A?#a a#AV[fA[meRA"ª6r =j±[fE%S6S ?9[mSKefieq@B{mS6=(?A{f@B?%
(_\SU-Arf>U*=(?#Swz @\ef[fl#A_iAV[fErs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?+pd'kZ^USK[cSKS ? {f@\[mS {K t E%SwAVeqrRE#@ [mS rs[fl%efSy{fl%i#i=ef[f{Zn òa#@ SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS aA?#a @B?$[mSK
eqAV[mS a {fSKefz>@`rsS {Z[meqA"ª6rvA?#aoi=(_B@BrsGrs=(?$[mef=(_ J-@`?Aa#a#@B[f@\=(?[m= ~ tZ¯ A?#a,j«eqAF0S0efS _BAXGÿ®C3L^^[meqA"ª6rV t E%S6Aa%z"A?$[fAV
S {v=jZ{mSKiAVeqAV[f@B?#
oS a%
S6a%SKz @BrsS0j®l#?#rs[f@B=(?#A_B@\[Gjpef=(F UArq$U=(?%S}j®l#?#rs[f@\=(?A_B@\[G2@B?#rK_Bla%S'{q@BFi_B@\´-rKAV[f@\=(?2A?#aT{frKA_BAVU-@B_B@\[Gw=j[fE%SH?%SK[=efoa%S {q@\
(?oA?#aoUA?a%Q@Ba%[fE F0A?#AV
S F0S ?9[KJ8A{'cS _B_°A{^{frKA_`AVU@B_B@\[Go=j[fE%SD?$lFHUSKe'=jrs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?{Dö ñVù ø ?9[mSKefieq@B{mES ¢f@L¤£RK¦ ¥¦¢,L~§9¦ zJV¤ § §&J¨¥ Jw@B?$[mSK
eqAV[f@\=(?Q@B[fE#@B?©A phLp«¤ ªMNB¦}rKAVefeR@\SKe}d'k a%S rsefS A{mS {H[fE%S0rs=({m[f{}[fE#SS ?9[mSKefieq@B{mSDiAXG>{wp=(?#S0d'k @B{ l#{mS a@B?#{m[mS Aa=jc[==evF0=efSwUSK[cSKS ? A?9G/[c=i*=(@`?9[f{RRJA?#aA_`{m=A_B_\=OQ{²a%G ?#AF0@`r0{fE#AVeq@`?%
=j±z=(@BrsSJ z @Ba%SK=0A?#aTaAV[fAUA?#a%M@Ba%[fE t E%Sci#ef=i=({mS av?%SK[c=efy@B{[fE>l#{3AM[c= [f@\SKefS a?%SK[=ef*[fE%S=(l#[mSKeQ®ArKrsS {f{R°[f@\SKe3A?#ay[fE%S@B?#?%SKepUArf>U=(?%SO [f@\SKe t E%SoArKrsS {f{[f@\SKeiSKefjp=eqF0{H¶=Oð@Ba%S ?$[f@ ´-rKAV[f@\=(?¨A?#a5¬'=$l#FvUSKe6=j}¶-=XQ{Kn [2FwA G5l#{fS~ tZ¯ J±C3L²J@B?9[mSK
eRAV[mS a {mSKefz @BrsS {KJ^=ea@ *SKeqS ?9[f@BAV[mS a+{fSKefz>@`rsS {oj«=e $l#A_`@\[Gþ=jy{mSKeqz>@BrsSJ^=erK_`A{f{mS {T=jD{mSKefz @BrsS5kZuHl#FvU*SKe=j¶=XM{Q@\[fE#@`?HS ArREwrs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?J9A?#aD[fE%SZE@\
(ED{miSKS aDU*SK[SKS ?w[fE%S±?%= a%S {K bArf>U=(?%S²[meqA"ª6rHF0A?#AV
S FS ?$[M@B{QAV[Z[fE%S}
eqA?>l#_BAVeq@B[G2=jAV
efSK
(AV[mS { J?#=[±j«=eM[meqA"ª6r}Q@B[fE#@B?2AD¶=XH t E#@`{yAVeRrqE#@\[mS rs[fl#efSrKA?µUSTl#{fS a¨j«=e0d^'{KJ_BAVef
S_B=>rKA_±AVefS A?%SK[c=ef ~ '~'}y=e0Q@Ba#SAVeqS A,?%SK[c=ef p³/~M}QS ?9[mSKefieq@B{mS {KJA?#a/rKAVefeq@BSKe'?%SK[=eq>{K}³SDQ@`_B_jp=>rKl#{'=(?[fE%Syd'©AVi#i_`@BrKAV[f@\=(? t G>i@BrKA_B_BGJ-S ArRE S ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fS{f@\[mSE#A{3AMefS _BAV[f@\zSAVUl#?#aA?#rsS=j#U-A?#a%Q@Ba#[fE6pjp=eSs·%AFi_BSJVl{f@B?%
'C#A{m[3=e]^@\
(AVU@\[ [fE%SKeR?%SK[RR t E%Sy{f@\[mSy@BFi_\S F0S ?9[f{±[fE#SvS ?$[mSKefi#eq@`{mS²i=(_B@BrsGjp=e'F0A?AV
(@B?%
w[fE#SH[meqA"ª6rVMn[MiSKefj«=eRF0{±¶=O @`a%S ?9[f@\´-rKAV[f@\=(? A?#aòrK_BA{f{f@\´-rKAV[f@\=(?J'¬^=$@`rsS}[m=6l#{mS²@`?[fE%S}UArf>U=(?%S
C3@\
(l%efS R t E%S²S a%
Sya%SKz>@`rsSHiSKefjp=eqF0{±[meqA"ª2rHF0A?#AV
S F0S ?9['UA{mS a =(?T[fE%SH¶=XM{KJ-A?#a[fE%S ?@B?9[mS _`_B@\
S ?$[f_\G {frRE%S a#l#_\S {[meRA"ª6r}[m=0[fE%SHUArf>U=(?%S²d^ck{K
ãKù
[^] &`¬þ3«¬;i ~'?y@`?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?9[{frqE#S a#l#_B@B?#
MFS rRE#A?#@B{fF @B{efS >l#@\efS av@B?v[fE%SS a%
S±a%SKz>@`rsS[m=^jpSKS av[meRA"ª6rcj«ef=(FFyl#_\[f@\i-_\S¶=OQ{ @B?$[m=[fE%S²~ tZ¯ d'k}®{RR~'?Ss·%AFi_\S^=j3A{frqE%S al#_\SKeZ@B{±ADcS @\
(E$[mS aojpA@BeZ$l%S l@B?%
op³òC°¬H±{frRE%S a#l#_\SKejp=e [fE%Sy@B?#a#@\z @Ba#lA_-rs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?#{M=eZ¶=OQ{M@`?9[m=6[fE%SHd^ck+i@\iScSKe rs=(??%S rs[f@\=(? =eMiSKe ¶=Oó>l%S l%S {MF0A GTUS F0A@B?$[fA@B?%S a[m=6rs=(?9[mef=(_°a%S _BAXGA?ao_\=({f{KJ#a%SKiS ?#a@B?%
y=(?o[fE%S}¶=O[G>iS t E%S}cS @\
(E$[f{Ql#{fS aU$G2[fE%S²³ C°¬î{qrqE%S a#l_\SKe±j«=e'a#@ SKefS ?$[c[meRA"ª6r²{m[mefS AFw{QAVefSHA{q{f@\
(?%S aUA{fS aTl%i=(?
t E%S}S ?9[mSKeqi#eq@B{mS}i=(_B@`rsG0eql#_\S {jp=eMl{mSKeq{=eQAVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{ t E%SM~ tZ¯ p=eC3L^iAVeRAFSK[mSKeq{?%SK
=[f@BAV[mS aa#l%eR@B?%
²rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?2AaF0@B{f{f@B=(?J9A?#a6[fE%SM~ tQ¯ {mSKefz @BrsS rKAV[mSK
=eqGJ*@B?orKA{fSH=j3~ tZ¯ =eMC3L ?%SK[=eq>{MAV[QA?TS ?$[mSKefi#eq@`{mS}{f@\[mS
t E%S6@B?$[mSK
eqAV[mS a¨{mSKefz @BrsS {vefS >l%S {m[f{y{f@\
(?#A_\S aU$G[fE#S6AVi#i_`@BrKAV[f@\=(?þ®@Bj@`?9[mSK
eqAV[mS a¨{mSKeqz>@BrsS {yA?#a£[fE%S eqS {mSKefzVAV[f@\=(?oi#ef=[m= rs=(_®L^d^ccAVefSHl{mS aTAV[Z[fE%S}S ?$[mSKefi#eR@B{mS²{f@\[mSOR
t E%S{mSKefz @BrsSTeqS $l%S {f[mS aµU>G [fE#SE%=({m[f{6A?#a5{mSK[2@B?¨[fE%S iArfSK[E%S Aa%SKeq{6l#{f@B?#
[fE#Sa#@ SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS a {fSKefz>@`rsS {±j«eRAFSK=eqpeqSKj«SKeZ[m=6{mS rs[f@\=(?Tý%ýwj«=e'F=efS²a%SK[fA@B_`{RR
[kj 4`¬ 83# µ46* #78 8 !ó &¬d_&®\¯± ! t E%SMrqE%=(@BrsSM=j{mSKefz @BrsSQrKAV[mSK
=efG0[m=yl#{mSQ@`?[fE%SQ~ tZ¯ U-Arf>U*=(?#SQ@B{rseR@\[f@BrKA_%[m=v[fE%SQ>l#A_B@\[Gv=j8{mSKeqz>@BrsSQSs·>iS eq@\S ?rsS aU>GTAVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?#{Q{fS ?#a#@B?%
[meRA"ª6rH[m=oA?%=[fE#SKe'{f@B[mSv=j[fE%SyS ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fSQ~M{'i#eqSKz>@\=(l{f_\GFS ?9[f@B=(?%S aJ S ArqEÿ{q@\[mS6@B{y_B@\S _BG[m=E#AXzS2AVU-l#?#a#A?$[HUA?a%Q@Ba%[fE8 kc=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?¨F=({f[y_B@BS _\G/=>rKrKl%eR{H=(? [fE%S2efS _BAV[f@\zS _BG _\=O rKAViArK@\[Gw³/~MóArKrsS {f{±_B@B?%Tpjp=eSs· AFi-_\SJ%AvC#A{f[±=eZ]}@\
(AVU@\[ [fE%SKeq?#SK[jpSKS a#@B?%
D@B?$[m=yAy_\=O rKAVi-ArK@\[G t²ã Á ã =e t ü(Á ü/_B@B?%#R g SKiS ?#a#@`?%
/=(?¨[fE%SrKAVefeq@BSKe0~ tZ¯ {fSKefz>@`rsSTrKAV[mSK
=efGJZrs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?þF0A G = rKrKl%e @B?[fE%SrKAVefeq@BSKe^?#SK[c=ef_BS Aa#@B?%
2[m=i*SKeqj«=eqFwA?#rsSa%SK
eqAa#AV[f@\=(?8HC%=e²Ss·%AFi_\SJ8@Bjd'bL©@`{'l{mS a/A?#a/[fE%S [meqA"ª6rH@B{±AV
efS {f{f@BzS _\Go{fE#AViS a[m=0[fE%SHkL A?ao?%=[Z[fE%SvU*=(?#S²rKA?T= rKrKl%e ³S}Q@B_`_{fE%=O+[fE#AV[±~MbL i*SKeqj«=eqFw{cS _B_@B?6[fE%S^UArf>U=(?%S {±rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B?#
yS ?$[mSKefi#eR@B{mS^?%SK[c=ef {K t E%S}~'bL {mSKefz @BrsS±il{fE%S {rs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(?0[m=H[fE#S±S a%
SQa%SKz @BrsS {KJ$QE%SKefSZAa%S >l#AV[mSZU-l *SKeR@B?%
}rKA?0USi#ef=Oz>@Ba#S aJ9A?#aJ$F=efS @BFi=ef[fA?$[f_\GJV[fE%S¶=OQ{AVefSz @B{f@\U_BSA?#aD[fE%SS ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fSi=(_B@BrsGvrKA?DU*SAVi#i_`@\S a t E%Sc~'bLµd^ck{iSKefjp=eqF ¶=Ors=(?$[mef=(_3jp=e^[fE%Svi-@\iS {QUSK[cSKS ?/S ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fSv?%SK[=ef {K}³ @\[fE/~MbLHJ*[fE#SKefSy@`{MzSKeqG_B@\[m[f_\Sy_\=({f{^@B? [fE%S UArq$U=(?%SJ9A?aE%S ?#rsSZE#@\
(E#SKeieq@\=eq@\[G²[meqA"ª6r±rKA?0U*S[meqA?{mi=ef[mS aDQ@\[fE%=(l#[_\=({q{Ku}?D[fE%S±=[fE%SKeE#A?aJ[fE%S ãã
VA i#i_`@BrKAV[f@\=(? [fAVS {}Aa%z"A?$[fAV
S=jA_`_[fE%SyUA?#a#Q@Ba%[fE
(@\zS ?U$GT[fE#SD?#SK[c=ef A?#a Ssª6rK@\S ?$[f_\Gl#[f@B_B@\¡KS {M[fE%S Ul SKeMAV['[fE%SvS a%
Sya#SKz>@BrsS t E#@B{Q@`{Q?%=[M[fE%SvrKA{mSDQ@B[fEo=[fE%SKe}{mSKefz @BrsS {KJ*{fl#rqEA{Md'bL²J*QE%SKeqS²S @\[fE%SKe ã [fE%S²[meRA"ª6rH@B{Q{fE#AViS aTArKrs=eqa#@`?%
0[m=0[fE%SS a=(?A?~'bL d^ck'V~MbLHJVE#=XcSKzSKe J(i#ef=Oz>@`a%S {°?#='a%S _`A G²
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {3U>G²[fE%S{mSKefz @BrsSci#ef=Xz @Ba%SKeX°bl%[3[fE%Sl#{mSc=jF0@B?#@`Fvl#F rsS _B_*eqAV[mSw ¯ kL'
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {KJ-Av
=>= aSs·>i_`@BrK@\[ceqAV[mS0 L'c{fQ@\[frqEA_\
=eR@\[fE#FoJ {fF0A_B_{mM@\[frqE2Ul SKeq{}p[fE>l#{ rs=(?$[mef=(_B_B@B?#
y>l%S l#@B?#
va%S _BAXG>{YRJ#A?#aA?2@`?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?9[cS a%
S}{frRE%S a#l#_\SKe²®A{Ss· i_BA@B?#S a6@B?2[fE%S^i#eqSKz>@\=(l{{fl#U{mS r [f@\=(?-ZrKA?
(@BzSva%S _BAXGTA?#a_B=({f{Z
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {ö ññ ø±³SyS FiE#A{q@\¡KS²[fE%Sy?%SKS ajp=eMAw
=$= a L A_\
=eq@\[fE#F [m= efS a#lrsS²_\=({f{K ã ñ
~'?Ss·%AFi_\Sy=jA6
=$= a LA_\
=eq@B[fE#F @`{Q[fE%S LQnmk±~rqr´vA_\
=eq@\[fEF ö ã?R ø LQnmk±~rq©
(@\zS { ¯ k±L
(l#AVe A?$[mSKS {KJ#QE#@`rqE2rKA?i#ef=Xz @Ba%S'ADF0@B?#@BFyl#F ArKrsSKi#[fAVU_\S²>l#A_B@\[G0=j{mSKeqz>@BrsSJ SKzS ?ojp=ez=(@BrsS²A?#a2z @Ba%SK=DAVi#i_B@ rKAV[f@\=(?#{ t E#SHl#{mS²=j3cS @\
(E$[f{M@B{QA_B_\=XcS aT[m=6
(@\zSvA0
S ?%SKeqA_B@\¡KS aj«=eRFð=j3[fE%SHj®A@\eQA_`_\=>rKAV[f@B=(?#{K t E$l#{ J#[fE%S UA?#a#Q@Ba%[fE@B?Ss· rsS {q{H=jZ[fE#S ¯ kLQ{v@B{Ha#@Bz>@Ba#S a/i#ef=i=ef[f@\=(?#A_[m=Ai#efS a%SK[mSKeqFw@B?%S acS @\
(E$[KJ3A{q{m=>rK@`AV[mS a Q@\[fES ArRE ~'bL rs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(? Q@B[frqE>l%S l%Sy{f@\¡KSJA?#aT[fE>l#{'$l#S l#@B?%
wa#S _BA GJrKA?U*Svrs=(?9[mef=(_`_\S a l{f@B?%
wA?AVi#i#eq=i#eq@BAV[mz S um>l%S l%Syrs=(?9[meq=(_ j®l#?#rs[f@\=(7? vD[m=6{frKA_\S²[fE%S²AXz"A@`_BAVU_\S}UA?a%Q@Ba%[fE2S {m[f@`F0AV[mS LQnmk±r~ ql{mS {ZA0>l%S l%S²rs=(?$[mef=(_8j®l#?#rs[f@B=(9? µ¨ ¶H A{Zjp=(_B_\=OQ{K A zVA@B_BAVU_BS}UA?#a%Q@`a%[f·E Dwµ¨ ¶H¦ ¸T~'bLUA?a%Q@Ba%[fE t E%S6z"A_`l%Sw=j µ¨ ¶v²a#SKi*S ?a#{}=(? [fE%SrKl%efefS ?$[v{mM@\[frqE $l#S l#@B?%
a#S _BA G/C3@\
(l%ef¹S ${qE%=XQ{yA?£Ss· AFi-_\S6=j Ao>l%S l%Srs=(?9[meq=(_jpl?#rs[f@\=(?y~©[fAVef
SK[H>l%S l#@`?%
2a#S _BA GCJ ¶¡º"J@B{}{miS rK@ ´S a8JA?a [fE#Sjpl#?rs[f@\=(?/@B{}A?@B?$zSKeq{mS E$G$iSKefU=(_B@Br0jpl#?rs[f@\=(?jp=e$l#S l#@B?%
a%S _BA G {D_BAVef
SKeD[fE#A? [fE%So{miS rK@ ´S a£zVA_Bl%S¨ ¶¼»½¶¾º R t E%S2jpl?#rs[f@\=(?J E%=OSKzSKe J%a%=>S {?%=[ca%S rsefS A{mSMUSKG=(?#a0AHFw@B?#@BFyl#F z"A_`l%SJ$rKA_B_BS a0[fE%SQ>l%S l#@`?%
²a%S _BAXGD_`@BF0@\[3j®Ars[m=e^~ ¿ÀÁÃÂ@B? [fE%S}´-
(l%efSORC%=e'F=efSHa%SK[fA@`_B{=(?o[fE%S²iSKefjp=eqF0A?rsS}=ja#@\*SKefS ?$[Z>l%S l%S²rs=(?$[mef=(_8j®l#?#rs[f@\=(?{KJ efSKj«SKeQ[m= ö ñ ü"ø
C@B
(l%efS$$ t E#S^@`?9zSKeq{fSHE9G>iSKefU=(_B@BrQjpl#?rs[f@\=(?orKA?TUS²l#{mS ajp=eM>l%S l%S²rs=(?$[mef=(_ 3C @\
(l%efS÷ÿ
(@\zS {TAµ{f@`Fi_B@ ´-S aµ¶=O rqEAVef[T=jD[fE%S LQnmk±~rqôA_\
=eR@\[fE#F pjp=eT[fE%Srs=(F0i_\SK[mSA_\
=eR@\[fE#FoJ efSKjpSKe²[m=£ö ã?R øpR t @BFS@B{²a@\z>@`a%S a @`?9[m={ql#rKrsS {f{f@\zS0@`?9[mSKefzVA_B{KJ°A?#a[fE%S0A_\
=eR@\[fE#F iSKefjp=eqF0{}AT?>l#FvU*SKe}=j rs=(Fil#[fAV[f@\=(?#{AV[[fE#SS ?#av=j#SKzSKefGv@B?9[mSKeqz"A_ t E%S {mSrs=(Fil#[fAV[f@\=(?#{@B?#rK_Bl#a#SS {m[f@BF0AV[f@B=(?H=j#[fE#Sc_\=(Aav=(?y[fE%S ?%SK[=ef*J*S {m[f@BF0AV[f@\=(? =j[fE%Sy~MbLîrKAViArK@\[GJA?#aAXzSKeqAV
(@B?%
=(l%[M[fE%SHzVA_Bl%S {MArsef=({f{^{fl#rKrsS {f{q@\zSv@B?$[mSKefzVA_B{ [m=w{fF0=$=[fEo=(l#[QFS A{fl%eqS FS ?9[Qz"AVeq@`AV[f@\=(?#{K ³ E%S ?vAMbL ¯ rsS _B_$@B{8eqS rsS @\zS aJV[fE%SA_\
=eq@\[fE#Fó?%SKS a#{[m='rs=(Fi-l%[mS[fE#SeqAV[mSc[m=MA_B_B=>rKAV[mSc[m=M[fE@B{rs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(? ÄÆÅ3ÇXÆ"ÔÉÐhÉÏ8ÈÅqÏÇÉÊVÙXÉÓÐhÅqÏÉÄYrÊ È ÄRÈÐhÄYÊOÝYÇhÑ®ÏÉÄRʲÅfÛYÄYÉÓÙ"ÅqÊ"ÐhÇ ãü
n [^´eq{m[}rs=(Fil#[mS {²A?=XzSKeR_\=(Aa,j®Ars[m=evA{²{qE%=XQ?@B?[fE%SD´eq{m[²{f[mSKi@B? ´
(l%efSw÷> t E%SD=XzSKeq_\=(AajpArs[m=ey@B{ [fE%S6eqAV[f@\==jH®~^²[fE%S6AXzSKeqAV
So[m=[fA _ uhSs· rsS {q{ v/_\=(Aaþ®@ S\JAVjp[mSKe{fl%U#[meRArs[f@B?%
T[fE%S ¯ k±L zVA_Bl%S {YRJ[m=ÿ®bZ [fE%S}A zSKeRAV
SHSs·%rsS {f{Z~'bcL rKAViArK@\[G®A_B{m=AVjp[mSKeQ{fl%U[meqArs[f@B?%
¯ k±L+z"A_`l%S {RRJ%{frKA_\S aU>Gw[fE%S}>l%S l%S^rs=(?9[meq=(_ j®l#?#rs[f@\=(?oA{QSs·>i_`A@B?%S aAVU=XzS nh?0[fE%SQ?#Ss·>[{f[mSKi8J$[fE#SZ=XzSKeq_B=(Aa2@`{rs=(FiAVefS aw[m= ã q¾É®l{fl#A_B_\"G É^@B{{fSK[[m= ù ã Rnj[fE%SZ=OzSKeq_\=(Aa2@B{
eqS AV[mSKe [fE#A? ã ã J3QE#@BrREFS A?#{v[fE%SKefS2@B{²E#@B
(E,=XzSKeR_\=(AaJ3[fE%S6A_B
=eq@\[fE#F {frKA_\S {ya%=XQ?£[fE%S2rKl%efefS ?$[HrsS _B_eqAV[mS6=j [fE%S0rs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?5®@B?/Ss·%rsS {f{²=j ¯ kL'MU>G [fE#S=XzSKeq_\=(AajpArs[m=eXJA?#a/[fE#S ?,Aa#a#{^[fE%S ¯ kL pefSKj«SKeH[m=T[fE%S efS rs[fA?%
(_BS6=(?£[fE%SweR@\
(E9[y@B?´-
(l%efS6÷(R t E#@B{}Ueq@B?%
({²a#=XQ?£[fE%S6_B=(Aau'[fE%SKeqQ@B{mSJ@\j[fE%SKefS@B{Hl#?a%SKeq_\=(Aa p=XzSKeR_\=(AaT@B{ Ê ã q É"RJ%[fE%S^A_\
=eq@B[fE#F A_B{m=Dl#{mS {A?Aa#a#@\[f@\=(?A_>l#A?9[f@B[G t E@B{>l#A?$[f@\[G2@B{[fE#S'cS @\
(E$[mS a ®ArKrs=eqa#@`?%
0[m=wl#{fSKeQ{miS rK@ ´S acS @\
(E$[f{RcSs·%rsS {f{vp=OzSKe ¯ kL'±F0A"· @`Fvl#FûA_`_\=>rKAV[f@B=(?TA_B_\= rKAV[mS aa#l#eq@B?%
y[fE%S i#efSKz @\=(l#{^@B?$[mSKefzVA_Z®A_B{m=TAXzSKeqAV
S a-R t E#@`{'>l#A?$[f@\[G/@B{^[fE%S{mS rs=(?aiAVeqAFSK[mSKeH[m=o[fE% S umF0A"3· v=i*SKeRAV[f@\=(? @B?´
(l%efS÷>²bceq@B?%
(@`?%
6l%i/A_B_A_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(?#{'[m=[fE#@B{'$lA?9[f@\[GTS ?#{fl#efS {'[fE#AV[}A_B_°rs=(??%S rs[f@\=(?#{'
SK[}j®A@\eMeRAV[mS { ArKrs=eqa#@`?%
Q[m=M[fE%S{miS rK@ ´-S a}S @B
(E9[f{K t E>l#{[fE#SA_\
=eq@B[fE#F
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS { ¯ kLQ{ J"rs=(?$[mef=(_B_\S av$l#S l#@B?%
Qa#S _BA G {KJ A?#aocS @\
(E$[mS aA_B_B=>rKAV[f@\=(?{K t E%S²A_\
=eq@B[fE#Fð@B{±a%S {qrseq@\US aA?#aTA?#A_\G>¡KS aT@B?,ö ñ ã ø
C3@\
(l%efS'÷> t E%SQeqAV[mS'A_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(?wA_B
=eq@\[fE#Fïi#ef=Xz @Ba%S {S @\
(E$[mS a6jpA@\eR?%S {f{M@\[fE ¯ kL {fl%i#i=ef[A?#a6rs=(?9[meq=(_B{ ?%SK[=efo>l%S l%S {K >< =(FS²{fQ@\[frqE#S {±A_B{m=0@BFi-_\S FS ?$[[fE%S²l{mS @\[ =e _\=({fS @\[j«S AV[fl%eqS t E%S²l#{fS @\[ =e _\=({mS @B[rs=(?rsSKi#[ZS {f{mS ?$[f@BA_B_BG efS a#lrsS {Z[fE%SveqAV[mS {^A_B_\= rKAV[mS a[m=2A?9GTrs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?[fEAV['@B{Q{mS ?#a#@B?#
wa#AV[fAwAV[^AwFyl#rRE _\=OSKe'eqAV[mSZC3@\
(l%eqS n a%S F=(?{m[meqAV[mS {T[fE#Si#ef=U_\S F [fEAV[rKA? AVeq@`{mSQE%S ?+{m=(l#eqrsS {AVefS£A_B_\= rKAV[mS aE#@\
(E eqAV[mS {Q@\[fE%=(l#[l{f@B?%
[fE%S Fo^nh?[fE#SH´
(l#efSJ-USKjp=efSy[f@BFÌS Ë º [fE%Sy{f=(l%eqrsSyeqAV[mS@B{MFyl#rRE{qF0A_B_\SKeM[fE#A?/@\[f{M~Qk±L©A_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(? t E%S ~QkLõA_`_\=>rKAV[f@B=(?þeqS F0A@B?#{rs=(?#{m[fA?$[K ~[o[f@`FÍ S Ëƺ"J'[fE%S{m=(l%eqrsS/eqAV[mS/eq@B{fS {6[m=µ~Qk±LõA?#aò[fE%S?%SK[c=ef >l%S l%S {crs=efefS {mi=(?#a#@`?%
(_\Gy
ef=X²LQS a#l#rK@B?#
²[fE%S'eqAV[mS {c=j8{fl#rqE2rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{}®l#{fl#A_B_BGvefSKjpSKefefS a6[m=DA*{ um~QkL ãý
efSK[fA@B?@B?%
&vD=eÎum~QkLói#ef=(F0=[f@B?%
&vrs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{RcefS al#rsS {±[fE%S²i=[mS ?$[f@BA_8rsS _B__B=({f{Z@\j{fl#rqE rs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?{ZA_B_ {fl#aa%S ?#_\G/{m[fAVef[y[meqA?#{fFw@\[m[f@B?%
AV[y[fE%S @\eyj®l#_B_eqAV[mS ¯ =efS2a#SK[fA@B_B{v=(?£l#{fS @\[ =e _\=({mS @B[vi=(_B@BrK@BS {²AVefS2
(@\zS ? @B?,ö ã $Oø
C3@\
(l%efS n 3~Qk±LþeqSK[mS ?9[f@\=(?2A?#awi#ef=(F=[f@\=(?6rKA?6rKAl{mSM{fla#a%S ??%SK[=efw=XzSKeq_\=(Aa6QE%S ?6{m=(l%eqrsS {cl#{mSQ[fE%S @\e j®l#_B_~QkLQ{
ÏÐ Ð 1: Ñ p¹ - : BC 132 -p¼ ¹$¿ÒBC 2 ¿ nh?²[fE#@B{°{mS rs[f@\=(?JVcS
(@BzScAM{fAFi_\S{f@BFyl#_BAV[f@\=(?}eqS {fl#_\[l{f@B?%
Z[fE#S~'bcL¨eRAV[mSA_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(?yA_\
=eq@\[fEF a#@B{qrKl#{f{mS a AVU=XzSD³S0l#{mSDiSKeq{f@`{m[mS ?9[}{m=(l#eqrsS {0®A_\A G {²{mS ?#a#@`?%
2AV[²~Qk±L''@B?[fE%S0{f@`Fvl#_`AV[f@\=(? t E%Sa#AV[fA[meRA"ª6r@B{ =(?#_\G}=(?#SA GJ(jpef=(F {m=(l%eqrsSc[m=^a%S {m[f@B?#AV[f@B=(?°x'{f@B?%
M[c= cAXGv[meRA"ª6rief=>al#rsS {{f@`F0@B_BAVe°efS {fl#_\[f{ JOSs·%rsSKi#[[fE#AV[ [fE%Srs=(?$zSKef
S ?#rsSw[f@`FSy@`{'_`AVef
SKe²{f@B?#rsSy[fE%S0bL ¯ rsS _B_B{'[meqAXzS _Q@\[fE[meqA"ª6ryjpef=(F [fE%Sa%S {m[f@`?#AV[f@\=(?[m=o[fE%S {m=(l%eRrsS t E%Sy?%SK[c=efrs=(? ´-
(l%eqAV[f@\=(?{f@BFyl#_BAV[mS a E#A{Q[fE#efSKSv{m=(l#eqrsS {M{fS ?#a#@B?%
6a#AV[fAw[m=2[fE%efSKSya%S {m[f@B?AV[f@\=(?#{ =XzSKe±[=D{mQ@B[frqE%S {cA?#a2AHU=[m[f_\S ?%S rqw_B@B?#-J9A{{fE#=XQ?6@B?0´-
(l%efS ãKù 0 ÓÍDóü(R~'_B_#[fE%S^_B@B?#vUA?a%Q@Ba%[fE{AVefS ã ý n Q $ s6¯ U#i-{²®ArKrs=(l#?9[f@`?%
wjp=e'?#AFw@Br²>l%S l%S rs=(?$[mef=(_jpl#?rs[f@\=(?ArRE#@\SKzS {^A6rs=(?{m[fA?9[^>l%S l#@B?%
6a%S _BA GT@`?{m[mS Aa%G {m[fAV[mS t E%Szuh[fAVef
SK[²a%S _`A Gv0iAVeqAF0SK[mSKe ®F0AVi#iS a [mH = ¶¾ºvl#{mS a/@B?´
(l%ef·S $M{miS rK@ ´S {'[fE%SDa%S {f@\efS a>l%S l#@B?%
2a%S _BAXGH~îzVA_Bl%Sy=j ã R F0{'A{'l{mS a a ÖmD ã t E%*S ¿ÀÁÃÂozVA_Bl%SHA{'{mSK[ t E%SyE9G>iSKefU=(_B@Br'j®l#?#rs[f@\=(? rKl%efzSyiAVeqAFSK[mSKeq{'l#{mS a cSKef*S ÔbD @ã ÕB?ã R A?#© ã?R
3 Sources: ACR for ABR sources
3 Sources : Bottleneck Queues
160
9000 ACR of abr[1] ACR of abr[2] ACR of abr[3]
140
7000 Queue length (cells)
ACR (Mb/s)
120
×
ABR Queue
8000
Ü
100 80 60 40
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000
20
1000
0
0 0
100
200 300 400 Time in milliseconds
500
600
Ø ÅOÙÚÅfÏÇhÑ8ÄhÈ%ÏØ"Ç\ÛcÑ ÄYÎXÈÐhÇhÑ
0
100
200
300 400 500 Time in milliseconds
600
Ø ÚMÙGÝÎ"Ç Î"Ç3ÔÇhÊOÝRÏØ}ÅfÏÏØOÇ3ÚÄRÏ ÏÔÇhÊOÇhÐÖ
C3@\
(l%efS ãã MLQS {fl#_\[f{Mj«=e'[fE%Sy[fE%efSKSD{m=(l%eqrsSDrs=(? ´
(l#eqAV[f@\=(?Q@\[fE ~MbLî{fE%=O[fE#AV[^S @\
(E$[mS ajpA@Beq?%S {f{QQ@\[fE ¯ kL @B{QArqE#@\SKzS a A?#aT>l%S l%S {ZAVeqS}U*=(l?#a%S a [m= ùÕÞR ~ßÉ'zVA_Bl%S±=j ù ã A{l#{fS aTpefSKj«SKe[m=²´
(l#efSQ÷(R · i=(?%S ?9[f@`A_%A zSKeqAV
(@B?#
HA{l#{mS a0[m=Ha%S rsefS A{mSM[fE%S Vz AVeq@BAV[f@\=(?6@B?0FS A{fl#efS aw>l#A?$[f@\[f@\S {{flrqE2A{[fE%S'@B?%il%[3eqAV[mS^A?#a[fE#SMA zVA@B_BAVU-_\SQrKAViArK@\[G t E%SQSs·>i=(?%S ?$[f@BA_ A zSKeRAV
(@B?%
wi-AVeqAFSK[mSKeMl{mS acA{ ù Ó÷> ³S @\
(E$[6zVA_Bl%S {6=j}=(?%SSKeqS l#{mS aþjp=e2A_B_Mrs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?{6@B?5[fE#@B{6{f@BFyl#_BAV[f@\=(? t E@B{0rs=efefS {fi*=(?a#{0[m=¨A? A_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(?=j ¯ kLi_Bl{MA?S >l#A_3{fE#AVefSy=jSs·%rsS {f{^UA?#a%M@Ba%[fETjp=e^S ArqErs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?}n jS @B
(E9[f{'S >l#A_ [m= ¯ k±LQ{AVefS^l#{mS aJ [fE%S'efS F0A@B?@B?%
²UA?a%Q@Ba%[fEwQ@B_B_#U*S^{fE#AVeqS a6@B?6i#ef=i=ef[f@B=(?w[m=D[fE%S ¯ k±L z"A_Bl#S {K t E%S ¯ kLÿzVA_Bl%S {3l#{mS aD@B?v[fE%S±{f@BFyl#_BAV[f@\=(?vcSKefS ãKù J$ü ù A?#a RVù}¯ Ui{j«=e{m=(l%eRrsS { ã J ñ A?#aüQeqS {miS rs[f@\zS _\G t E%S Ss·%rsS {f{UA?#a%Q@`a%[fE0 ã ý n5Õ $ s | nVù D² RMn Q $ sM¯ U#i{°@B{a@\z>@`a%S a}S >l#A_B_\G^AF=(?%
'[fE%S[fE#efSKS{m=(l#eqrsS {K t E%SKefSKjp=efSJ [fE%S^Ss· i*S rs[mS aA_B_B=>rKAV[f@\=(?2zS rs[m=eQ@`{Q ãKù q RMn5Õ $ s&à 5ü áqü ù q RMn5Õ $ s&à 5ü á RVù q RMn5Õ $ s&à ü$· Dî Mñ n5ÕÞnñ ámý n5ÕÞnñ á sMn5ÕÞn9ñ 9 C3@\
(l%efS ãã {fE%=XM{v[fE#SA_`_\=XcS a£rsS _`_eRAV[mS2zVA_Bl%S {vjp=ey[fE#S6[fE%eqSKS2{m=(l#eqrsS {KC%ef=(Fô´
(l#efS ãã ®A9RJ@\[vrKA?¨US {mSKS ?[fE#AV['[fE%SySs·>iS rs[mS a/A_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(?@B{MArRE#@\SKzS ajp=e'[fE#Sv[fE%eqSKSy{m=(l#eqrsS {K ArqE{m=(l#eqrsSy@`{Z
(@\zS ?/@\[f{ ¯ k±L i_Bl{A?2S $lA_-{fEAVefSM=j[fE%SMeqS F0A@B?#@B?#
²UA?#a%M@Ba%[fE t E%SQeRAV[mS {crs=(?$zSKef
S²AVjp[mSKeZAv{qE%=ef[[meRA?#{f@\S ?$[iSKeq@B=>a C3@\
(l%efS ãã pU{fE%=OQ{±[fE#AV[Z[fE#SHa%G ?#AF0@Br^>l%S l%S²rs=(?$[mef=(_8j®l#?#rs[f@\=(?eRAVi@Ba#_\G6rs=(?9[mef=(_`{±[fE%SH>l%S l#@B?#
Da#S _BA G2[m= [fE%SQ{fi*S rK@\´S a[fAVef
SK[K t E#SQ@B?#@\[f@`A_B_\G²_BAVef
SM$l%S l#S {AVefSZ[fE#SQefS {fl_\[=j[fE%SQ_BAVef
SM@B?#@\[f@BA_ rsS _B_eqAV[mSZzVA_Bl%S {l#{mS a jp=eQ[fE%S²[fE#efSKSH{m=(l%eRrsS {K³SDl#{mS a{fl#rqE _BAVef
S²zVA_Bl%S {Z[m=6{fE%=O [fE#AV[M[fE%SHA_\
=eR@\[fE#FûeqAVi-@Ba#_\G2Aa#AVi#[f{Z[m=6[fE%S [meqA?#{q@\S ?9[±=OzSKeq_\=(Aa ã?s
700
[ O!° #9!% Hâ,¨ãZ#(!° (* ;i©#( :ää± nh?9[mSKeq?#SK[²a#@ SKefS ?9[f@`AV[mS a{fSKefz>@`rsS {^S ?#AVU_\SD[fE%Sa%SKi_B=XG FS ?9[}=jcFvl_\[f@\i_\Sy{mSKefz @BrsS {}@B?/_BAVef
S?%SK[=eq>{KJi#ef= z @Ba#@B?%
TA? A_\[mSKeq?AV[f@\zSw[m=iSKe ¶=X i#ef= rsS {f{f@B?#
A?#a£i*SKe ¶=X {m[fAV[mS/ö ã ø t E%Swl{mSw=j±[fE%S2a#@ SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS a {mSKefz @BrsS {0F0=>a%S _±@`{DS ?9z @B{f@\=(?#S a @`?ÿ_BAVef
STrs=efS?#SK[c=ef>{ JcA?#aµ[fE%STl#{mS=j}@B?$[mSK
eqAV[mS aµ{mSKefz @BrsS {M@\[fE¨[fE%S efS {m=(l#eqrsSZefS {mSKeqz"AV[f@\=(?0i#ef=[m= rs=(_®L'd^cö ý(ø-@B{3jp=efS {mSKS ?0[m=HU*SZ@`?Di*SKeR@\iE%SKeqA_>{m[fl%U0?#SK[c=ef>{^pjp=eSs· AF0i_\SJ rKAFil{±S ?9[mSKeqi#eq@B{mS}?%SK[=eq>{RRJ*A{Q{fE#=XQ?T@`?2´
(l%efS ã ñ
C3@\
(l%efS ã ñ g @ SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS aw{mSKeqz>@BrsS {AVefSQl#{fS a0@B?Dnh?9[mSKeq?#SK[UArf>U=(?%S {KJ$QE#@B_\S±@B?$[mSK
eqAV[mS a6{mSKefz @BrsS {AVefSMl#{mS a @B?iSKeq@\i-E%SKeqA_*?%SK[c=ef {K nh?y_`AVef
ScrKAVeqeq@\SKe?%SK[c=ef {KJ9a#@\*SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS aD{mSKefz @BrsS {nh/[meqA"ª6rF0A GvUS[meqA?#{fi*=eq[mS av=OzSKe~ tZ¯ UArf>U=(?%S {K t E%SDF0AVi#i-@B?%
w=jca#@ SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS a/{mSKefz @BrsS {'[m=~ tQ¯ @B{'?%=[}{m[meqA@B
(E9[mjp=efAVeqa²C%=e}Ss·%AFi_\SJ[fE#Synh?$[mSKeq?%SK[ A{f{fl#efS ajp=efcAVeRa#@B?%
US E#A z @\=e²ief=Xz @Ba%S {}Fyl#_\[f@\i-_\Sya#ef=i,i#efSKjpSKefS ?#rsS {HA?#a,Fyl#_\[f@\i_BSDrK_`A{f{mS {KJ°QE#@B_\SD~ tZ¯ E#A{=(?#_\G}[=²a#ef=iviefSKj«SKeqS ?#rsS {[fE%ef=(l%
(Ev[fE%SrsS _B_ _\=({f{°i#eq@\=eq@B[G}U@\[KJVA?#aDA?Dl#?#{miS rK@ ´-S a²?$lFHUSKe=j$l#S l%S { jp=eZS ArqE{mSKefz @BrsS²rKAV[mSK
=efG kc=(?#{q@Ba%SKe°FwAVi#i@B?%
M[fE%SA{f{fl%efS ayjp=efAVeqa#@B?%
MUS E#A z @\=e=(?9[m=}A?D~ tZ¯ U-Arf>U*=(?#Scl#{q@B?%
M~'bLµrs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{K nh?,[fE#@B{HrKA{mSJ3S a%
Swef=(l#[mSKeq{HrKA? l#{mSwa@ *SKeqS ?9[Ha#ef=i,[fE%efS {qE%=(_Ba#{}jp=eva@ *SKeqS ?9[²A{f{ql%efS a,jp=efAVeqa#@B?#
Ta%ef=i i#efSKjpSKefS ?#rsS { J>{f@`?#rsS'F0=({m[c>l%S l%S {AVefS^AV[c[fE%S^S a%
SMeq=(l%[mSKe±@\[f{mS _\j C_B=XQ{AVefS'z>@`{f@\U_\SZAV[[fE%S {fSMS a%
S^ef=(l#[mSKeq{KJ Ul%[Z?#=[M@B?#{q@Ba%S^[fE%SH~ tZ¯ ?#SK[c=efpefSKjpSKeQ[m=0´-
(l%efS R RQkbLóFwA GTA_B{m=wU*Svl#{mS aT@B?T[fE%S²UArq$U=(?%S {KJ-Ul%[ kbL @B{Hl?#{fl#@\[fAVU-_\Sj«=eyUl%eR{m[G/[meqA"ª6rV t E%S0eqS F0A@B?#@B?#
{mSKefz @BrsS6rKAV[mSK
=eR@\S {opef[ d'bLHJ3?#ef[ d'bLHJx'bL A?#a ]}CL^rKA?#?%=[QS A{f@B_\GE#A?#a#_BS^F0=efS²[fE#A?o[=2a%ef=ioi#eqSKj«SKefS ?rsS {Q{f@B?rsS}[fE%S²$l#S l%S {ZF0AXGo
ef=Xå L«3¤ pOL~§$¦ [fE%SH?#SK[c=ef-J-A?#aT@\[Z@B{±a@ ª6rKl#_\[c[m=6rs=(?$[mef=(_8a@B{frKAVeqai#eR@\=eq@\[f@\S {AV[Z[fEAV[Zi=(@B?9[H«¶-=XQ{ZAVeqSH?%=[Zz @B{f@\U-_\SOR |'A z @B?%
µFyl#_\[f@\i_BS>l%S l%S {Q@B[fE+a#@ SKefS ?9[i#eR@\=eq@\[f@\S {2A?#a cS @\
(E$[f{£p
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {RTF0A G A_B{m=µrs=(Fi-_B@BrKAV[mS ã$
0F AVi#i-@B?%
Ha#@\*SKefS ?$[f@BAV[mS a{mSKefz @BrsS {=(?9[m=~ tZ¯ %~MbL+A?#aTkbL+rKA?@BFi-_\S FS ?$[Fvl_\[f@\i_\SQi#eq@\=eq@B[G$l#S l%S { U>GF0A@`?9[fA@B?@B?%
2[fE%S0$l#S l%S {²AV[}[fE%SS a%
Swef=(l%[mSKeq{²A?aFvl#_B[f@\i_\Ss·%@B?%
2A_B_3[fE%S0>l%S l%S {}=(?$[m=rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{K ~M
(A@B?J#{f@B?rsSM¶-=XQ{±AVefS}z @B{f@BU_\SMAV[Q[fE%S^S a%
S²ef=(l%[mSKeR{KJ%@B?9[mS _`_B@\
S ?$[{qrqE%S a#l_B@B?%
DrKA?US'iSKefjp=eqFS a2[fE%SKeqSJA{ a#@B{qrKl#{f{mS a @B?{mS rs[f@B=(? ý% ã t E#@`{Q@B{'Aa%S >l#AV[mSvjp=e^
(@\z @B?%
wa#@\*SKefS ?$[Q
(lAVeqA?9[mSKS { JU*S rKAl{mSy~'bLðp=eHkbL' >l%S l%S {@B?{f@Ba%Sc[fE%SQ~ tZ¯ ?%SK[=eqDAVeqSZzSKefG{fF0A_B_J(A?#a0E%S ?#rsS±[fE#S'¬'=$A?#ax'bmL q F0AXG6i#eq=Xz @Ba%SM@`?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?9[a%ef=i2i=(_B@BrK@\S {^p[fE>l#{ ?%SKS a#@`?%
v[m=eqS rs=
(?#@\¡KS}jpeqAFS}U=(l#?#a#AVeR@\S {RRu^?%S}{f@BFi-_\SZ´eR{m[ @B?6´eq{m[ =(l#[}®CnhC°u²c>l%S l%S²@B{Aa%S >l#AV[mS}jp=e zVA?#@B_B_BAyx'bcLHx'bcLHJ-E%=OSKzSKeXJ#
(@\zS {Q?#=
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {MA?#aTefS $l@\efS {±E#@\
(Eo{fQ@\[frqETUl SKeq@B?%
% kbL+A?#a2ef[ d^bL+
(@\zS'[fE%S}F=({m[{m[meq@Brs[c
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {KJ#Ul#[[fE%SKG6efS $l@\efSZ[fE%S}l#{fSKe[m={miS rK@\jpG0AD?$l#FvUSKe=j iAVeqAF0SK[mSKeq{Z[m=0Ss·%Ars[f_\Goa%Ss´-?#S'[fE#S²[meqA"ª6r²rs=(?$[meqArs['A?#aoefS >l#@\efS F0S ?9[f{KkbLóefS >l#@\efS {[fE%S²{fi*S rK@\´-rKAV[f@\=(? =j[fE%S'ckL A?#ak g d t J>@`?0Aa#a#@\[f@B=(?0[m=H[fE#SMefS >l#@\eqS a6¬'=$l#@\[mS'{f@BFi-_\SJ${f@`?#rsSQ[fE%SKG =(?#_\G?%SKS a£[m=i*SKeqj«=eqF [fE%Swj®l#?#rs[f@B=(?#{²efS >l#@\eqS a,AV[yrs=(??%S rs[f@\=(?¨Aa#F0@B{q{f@\=(?,rs=(?$[mef=(_^pi#ef=Xz @B{f@B=(?#@B?%
$RJ3A?#a iSKefjp=eqFîi=(_B@BrK@B?#
'j®l#?#rs[f@B=(?#{KdSKefG0_B@\[m[f_\S±U-l *SKeR@B?%
²@B{?#SKS a%S awAV[[fE%SM{mM@\[frqE%S { t E%SZi#ef=U-_\S FîQ@\[fE2kbL²J E%=OSKzSKe J@B{±[fEAV[M@\[Z@B{QcA{f[mS {QUA?a%Q@Ba%[fE@\j[meqA"ª6rv@B{±Ul#eq{m[GJ-A?#aTF=({m['a#AV[fA0[meRA"ª6r²@B{±U-l%eq{m[G±kbL @B{ ã÷
UA?#a#Q@Ba%[fE @`?%Ssª6rK@\S ?$[US rKAl#{mS²al%eq@B?%
Drs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?TAa#F0@B{q{f@\=(?J>[fE%SH?%SK[=eq2S _BS FS ?9[f{QA{f{fl#FS}[fEAV[Z[fE%S rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(? M@B_B_8A_\A G {^USv{mS ?a#@B?%
wAV[^[fE%SyiS AVTeqAV[mSJA?#aefS {m=(l#eqrsS {^Fvl#{f[QUSveqS {mSKefzS a[m=2{qAV[f@B{mjpGT[fE%S ¬'=$l#@\eqS av[m=v{miS rK@\j«Gv[fE%S @\e[meqA"ª2ri#efS rK@B{mS _BG @B?D[mSKeqFw{3=jA^iS AVDrsS _B_ eqAV[mSJ#AD{fl#{f[fA@B?%S a2rsS _B_*eqAV[mSJ#F0A"·%@BFvlF U-l%eq{m[c{f@\¡KS}A?#a2[m=(_\SKeqA?#rsS^zVA_Bl%S {Kbl%[±AVi#i_`@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{eqAVefS _\Gw>?%=O [fE%S @\ev[meqA"ª6r6rqE#AVeqArs[mSKeR@B{m[f@BrK{vi#efS rK@B{fS _\Gok=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?£Aa#F0@B{f{q@\=(?a%S rK@B{f@B=(?#{KJU-@B_B_B@B?#
%J8A?#a,AV
efSK
(AV[f@\=(?¨=j d^bcLÿrs=(??%S rs[f@\=(?#{3AVefSA_B{m=^a#@ ª6rKl_\[K t E#@`{@B{°US rKAl#{mSc[fE%ScArKrKlFvl#_`AV[f@\=(?H=jz"A_Bl#S {KJ{fl#rqEDA{[fE%SrsS _B_>a%S _BA G zVAVeq@BAV[f@\=(?J°@B{}?%=[²{m[meqA@B
(E9[mjp=efAVeqa5®?%=[HAaa#@\[f@\zSJjp=e²Ss·%AFi_\SOR ?#a{mG {m[mS F0{²A?#a?%SK[c=ef/S _\S FS ?$[f{ Fyl#{m[US'{f_`@\
(E9[f_BGwF=efS}rs=(Fi_BSs·6[fE#A?Q@B[fEkbL+US rKAl#{fS'i=(_B@`rK@B?%
v@`{U-A{mS a=(?[fE%S}{fl#{m[fA@`?%S arsS _B_*eqAV[mS A{²cS _B_ 2?%ef[ d^bL A_`{m=T
(@\zS {v_\=({f{²A?#aeqAV[mSw
(lAVeqA?9[mSKS {p[fE%=(l%
(E ?%=Ta%S _`A G
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {R²A?#a,i#eq=Xz @Ba%S { @B{m=(_`AV[f@\=(?J>Ul%[±@\[±A_B{m=DefS >l#@\efS {c[fE%S}l#{fSKe±[m=0a%Ss´-?%S^A{miS rK@ ´-rM[meqA"ª6r^rs=(?$[meqArs[K t E%=(l%
(ET¬'=$S {3i#ef=Oz>@`a%S±{fl%iSKeq@\=e [meqA"ª6rvF0A?#AV
S FS ?$[^[fE%=(l%
(EJ*{f@B?#rsSv@\[MF0A"·%@BF0@B¡KS {ZUl SKeMA?aTUA?#a#Q@Ba%[fEol%[f@`_B@\¡ AV[f@\=(?pUS rKAl#{fSH[fE%SyS ?#a {mG {m[mS F0{i#efS rK@B{mS _BGQ ?%=X,[fE#S?%SK[c=ef²{m[fAV[mSORM@\[frqE}U-l *SKeeqS $l#@BefS FS ?$[f{8AVefS{fFwA_B_ JXA?#a²Ss·>[meqAQUl SKeq@B?%
AV[0[fE%SS ?#aµ{mG {m[mS F0{=e6ef=(l%[mSKeq{wrKA?ÿUSTl%[f@B_B@\¡KS a8¨M=,=[fE%SKe2{mSKefz @BrsSTrKAV[mSK
=efGµief=Xz @Ba%S {DS ?#a5{mG>{f[mS F0{ Q@\[fEò?%SK[=efþ{m[fAV[mS,@B?%jp=eqF0AV[f@\=(?8 '@\[m[f_BSUl SKeq@B?#
£@B{6efS >l#@\efS aþAV[6ef=(l#[mSKeq{2=e2S ?aþ{mG {m[mS F0{@\j t k Arf ?%=OQ_\S a%
(FS ?$[efSK
(l#_BAV[f@B=(?w{frRE%S FS {AVefS^l#{mS a0[m=Drs=(?$zSKGw[fE%S^~MbLòeqAV[mS^@B?%jp=eqF0AV[f@\=(?w[m=v[fE#S t k±,¶=O rs=(?$[mef=(_FS rRE#A?#@B{qFo ]^C3L
(@\zS {y{f@BF0@B_`AVe}
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {H[m=/~MbLHJUl%[}eqS a#l#rsS {v[fE%Sw{f@\
(?A_B@B?%
TA?#a,S ?#a{mG {m[mS Fôrs=(Fi_\Ss·%@\[G~ F0@B?@BFvlF©rsS _B_#eRAV[mSMzVA_Bl%S'@B{?%SK
=[f@`AV[mS aoA?#a0[fE%S^l#{mSKecF0A GwefS $l#S {m[[fAV
(@`?%
% ?#a6{mG {m[mS F0{c=(?#_\G?%SKS a6[m= i#ef=Oz>@`a%SZ[fAV
(@B?%
yA?#a0i=(_B@`rK@B?%
^jpl?#rs[f@\=(?#{KQSK[=eq0S _\S FS ?$[f{KJ E%=XcSKzSKe J i#ef=Oz>@Ba#SZ[fE%SZefS >l#@\eqS a0F0@B?#@`Fvl#F eqAV[mS±
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {A?#aDjpA@Beq?%S {f{3AF=(?%
²rs=(??%S rs[f@\=(?#{K3nh?Aa#a#@\[f@B=(?v[m=}[fAV
(@`?%
%J$@B?$[mS _B_B@B
S ?9[Ul SKeA_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(? ã?n
* 132 ¹«4-¼½Oº kbL ef[ d^bL ?%ef[ d^bL x'bcL ~'bcL ]^C3L
t AVU_\S ñ kc=({m[RÁkc=(Fi-_\Ss· @B[G2=j3~ tQ¯ {fSKefz>@`rsS²rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S { ¼ : Ñ pí¹ ì.- 2 º¨¼î kc=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(? kc=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(? QSK[=ef _BS ?#aG {m[mS F ~MaF0@B{f{f@B=(? ~Q
efSK
(AV[f@B=(? FS ?9[ '8=Om q '8=X '8=Xr q '8=X |M@B
(E |M@\
(E ¯ S a#@`l#F ¯ S a#@`l#F |M@B
(E |M@\
(E ¯ S a#@`l#F ¯ S a#@`l#F '8=O '8=Xr q '8=X '8=X |M@\
(E |M@\
(E ¯ S a@Bl#F ¯ S a#@`l#F S a B @ # l F S # a ` @ # l F S # a ` @ # l F E q ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ S a#@`l#EF q pj«eqAF0SH{f@\¡KSO
= +-¹>½ 1 ~ ¼ :Ñ « ¹«ì.- 2 º
'8=O
¯ S a@Bl#F ¯ S a@Bl#F '8=O |M@B
(E ¯ S a@Bl#FEq
A?#aT{qrqE%S a#l_B@B?%
DF0A Go?%SKS aT[m=0US}i*SKeqj«=eqF0S abcl%*SKeMefS $l@\efS FS ?$[f{±AV[Z[fE%SH{fQ@\[frqE#S {ZF0A GUS}E#@\
(E
ï
VðèG éMèTZæDì é
V émè!
nh?/[fE#@B{}{mS rs[f@\=(?8JcSwrs=(FiAVefS[fE#S0iSKefj«=eRF0A?#rsSD=j t k+=XzSKeDa#@ SKefS ?$[}~ tZ¯ {mSKefz @BrsS0rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S {K t E%S Ul%eR{m[G?#AV[fl%efS}=j t kµ[meqA"ª6r²F0AVS {Q[meqA?#{mi=ef[f@`?%
@\[±=XzSKe²kbL Ai=>=eZa%S {f@\
(?orRE%=(@BrsSJA{ t kÿ[meRA"ª6r eqAVefS _BG£efS >l#@\eqS {a%S _BA G¨
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {KJZA?aµ[fE%S{f[fAV[f@B{m[f@BrKA_ZFyl#_\[f@Bi_\Ss·%@B?%
U*S ?#Ss´[f{=j}~ tZ¯ AVefS?%=[wjpl#_`_\G l%[f@B_`@\¡KS abcSKjp=efScSSs· i_\=eqS[fE%S[meRA?#{mi=ef[8=j t k±=OzSKe3~ tQ¯ J"SQ@B_B_"´-eq{m[a#@`{frKl#{f{[fE#S t krs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(? A z=(@`a#A?#rsSvF0S rqE#A?#@`{fFûA?#aTE%=Oó@\[±A"S rs[f{ t kµ[meqA"ª2r}iAV[m[mSKeq?#{QA{Q{mSKS ?TAV[Q[fE%SH~ tZ¯ _BAXGSKe
ñ\[^] &T4E± 46 !7:O !. òi! t kþ@B{±[fE%SvF=({m[Zi=il#_`AVec[meRA?#{mi=ef[±i#ef=[m= rs=(_ n[Zief=Xz @Ba%S {±eqS _B@BAVU_\S^[meqA?{mj«SKeQ=j3aAV[fAwl#{f@`?%
AQ@B?#a#=X UA{mS a¶-=XïA?#a/SKeqef=e²rs=(?9[meq=(_A_\
=eq@\[fEFo t E%SDSKG t k±rs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?rs=(?9[mef=(_FS rqE#A?@B{fF @B{^[fE%S t k {f_\=Oð{m[fAVef[Tö ã ñ ø t kîrs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{l#{mSoAQ@B?#a#=X [m=_B@BF0@\[v[fE%So?$lFHUSKeD=jQiArqSK[f{0[fE#AV[[fE#S{f=(l%eqrsS rKA?{fS ?#a t E%S²{mS ?#a%SKeMQ@B?#a#=X@B{Zrs=(F0il%[mS aA{Q[fE%SHF0@`?#@BFyl#F =j[fE#S²efS rsS @\zSKe'Q@B?#a#=Xïp³eqrsz>eY±A?aA rs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(?TQ@B?a%=X+zVAVeq@BAVU_BSk³ò g R ³ E%S ?%SKzSKe^A t kþrs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(?_\=({mS {ZAwiArfSK[KJ*[fE%SH{f=(l%eqrsSva#=$S {Z?#=[QefS rsS @\zSyA?TArf ?%=OQ_\S a%
(FS ?$[®Arf# A?#a£@\[}[f@BFS {H=(l%[K t E%Sw{m=(l%eRrsS0efS FS FvUSKeq{}[fE%Swrs=(?#
S {m[f@\=(?£Q@B?#a%=O kc³ g }z"A_Bl#SwAV[HQE@BrqE@\[v_\=({m[ [fE%S}iArqSK[MU>G{mSK[m[f@B?%
0A[fE#efS {fE%=(_Ba2zVAVeq@BAVU_BSJ-?#=XQ_\S a#
S a t E#@`{±rs=(?9[f@B?>l%S {'l#?$[f@B_[fE%SvQ@B?#a%=O efS ArRE%S {}G6´
(l%efS ã ü>
C3@\
(l%efS ã ü> t E#S t k£{f_\=Xþ{m[fAVef[A?#awrs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?2A z=(@BaA?#rsSMFS rRE#A?#@B{qF©F0A?#AV
S {[meqA"ª6r±U>Grs=(?9[mef=(_`_B@B?%
[fE%S²
eq=XZ[fEo=j3[fE%S t kµQ@`?#a%=XH
ñ\[kj &T4E± l _ba t E%ScxMbLÿ{mSKeqz>@BrsSca%SKiS ?#a#{8l#i*=(?H[fE%Sc[meqA?#{mi=ef[_`A GSKe3[m=^i#ef=Xz @Ba%Srs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?DA?#aH¶=X¨rs=(?$[mef=(_>jpl#?rs[f@\=(?#{K ~ {f@B?%
(_\SrsS _B_a#ef=i,AV[²[fE%Sw~ tQ¯ _BAXGSKeHefS {ql#_\[f{}@B?A?S ?$[f@\efSi-ArfSK[va#ef=i,AV[²[fE%S0a%S {f[f@B?#AV[f@\=(? t k±AV[ [fE%SD{m=(l%eqrsSv[f@BFS {M=(l%[^A?#aeqSK[meqA?#{fF0@B[f{Q[fE%Sy_\=({m['iArfSK[K¾ '=X[fE%ef=(l%
(E#il%[QA?#al#?%j®A@\eq?#S {f{±efS {fl_\[Zjpef=(F [fE%S0[f@`FSw_\=({m[v@B?[fE%S0[f@`FSK=(l%[f{HA?aefSK[meqA?#{qF0@B{f{f@B=(?#{^=jiArfSK[f{Ko~ t k± {m=(l%eRrsSw{m[m=i{v@B?#rsefS A{f@`?%
T@\[f{ ñ ã
[meqA?#{qF0@B{f{f@B=(?eqAV[mS2=(?#_\GQE%S ? @\[f{vrs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(? Q@B?a%=X efS ArqE%S {AF0A"·%@BFyl#FõzVA_Bl%Sw÷(øùú5phLp¤«ªûJfpOL~£ ¢fJ7¤ LkN0NüJýþ(ÿ §f¦ ?ú5Lp§fO¦ pT¤*¦ ~¥
V§ ðûoú'¦sh§ pzJ-§ ?J&£íL«5¤ ªµ¥ ¦9phú IT¥ ¦ ·J ML ú
L«¤§&@
åphLX¦Opz IzJMNkN ÷(øù£V¤¤*¦ £X~¥ L~V7¤ pH¨¥ E£h N\¦ ¥K¦ N PbJM¢f@L¤§b£RK¦ N0NGNüfpp t E$l#{czVA?#@B_B_`Avx'bL a%=>S {±?%=[Z{frKA_\S}cS _B_@B?2[fE#@B{±{fS ?#{mS ³ @\[fET_B@BFw@\[mS a2Ul SKeq@B?%
%J%E%=OSKzSKe J t k5[fE%ef=(l%
(E%i-l%[±A?#aoj®A@\eq?%S {f{±rKA?US²@BFi#ef=OzS aTl#{f@`?%
xMbmL q ö ?ã s ø U>G-Î o7 ½"¼ Ñ}Ñ ¼ ~-0/í-p¹>¿ a%S rK@Ba#SQE%S ?/[m=a%eq=i,rsS _B_B{K g A?#a g ö ?ã n øa%ef=ij®l#_B_iArqSK[f{v@`?#{m[mS Aa =jeqA?a%=(F rsS _B_`{Qjpef=(F Fyl#_\[f@Bi_\S²iArqSK[f{K" B¹>½ 1 ~pG¼ / 132 -p¼ Ñ ¼ ~-0/í-p¹>¿ a#S rK@Ba%SvE#=X [m=a@\z>@`a%S}[fE%S A zVA@B_BAVU-_\SvU-l *SKe}{mi-ArsSDAF0=(?%
[fE%SrsS _B_B{Mj«ef=(F rs=(?$[mS ?#a#@B?#
rs=(??%S rs[f@\=(?#{K²CA@\e}Ul SKe'A_`_\=>rKAV[f@B=(?¨®C3b~} {frRE%S FS {Tö ãKù øZ@BFief=XzSj®A@\eq?%S {f{vU>G£{mS _\S rs[f@BzS _\G£a#@`{frKAVeqa#@B?#
Tj«eRAFS {yj«ef=(Fô¶-=XQ{y[fE#AV[0AVefSo{mS ?a#@B?%
F=efS [fE#A?[fE%S @Be±jpA@\eZ{qE#AVefS G / > ¹>C¾ BC~-~.4 Ñ ¼ ~-0/í-p¹>¿ a#@\z @Ba%S'[fE%S}A zVA@B_BAVU_BS'U-A?#a%Q@Ba#[fE6AF=(?#
0rs=(?9[mS ?#a@B?%
>l%S l%S {KaJ9[fE%SKefS @B{^?%=efS _B@`AVU_\SHjpSKS a%UArq jpef=(F [fE%S?%SK[=eq-yC%=e²=(?%SDef=(l#?a [meR@\i/[f@BFSop[f@BFSD[fAVS ?,U>G ArsS _B_[m=o[meqAXzS _ jpef=(Fï[fE#SM{m=(l%eRrsSM[m=y[fE%SMa#S {m[f@B?#AV[f@\=(?6A?#a6UArf#RJ [fE%S'{f=(l%eqrsSQeRAV[mS {cAVeqSMi#eR@BF0AVeq@B_BGvrs=(?$[mef=(_B_\S a6U$G[fE#S'~'bL {m=(l%eRrsS²S ?#aT{mG {m[mS F eql#_\S {²p=iS ? _\=>=irs=(?$[mef=(_«Rc³òE#S ?T[fE%S²[meRA"ª6r²@B{±U-l%eq{m[GJ%=i*S ? _\=$=i rs=(?9[mef=(_°F0A GoUS Ss· SKeqrK@B{mS aTAV[Q[fE%S²USK
(@B?#?#@`?%
H=j3SKzSKefGoArs[f@\zSvi*SKeR@\=>a8 ~'bcL+{fQ@\[frqE2A_\
=eq@B[fE#F0{cA_B_\= rKAV[mS'E#@B
(EweqAV[mS {c[m=~'bcL+{f=(l%eqrsS {@\j@B?#{fl%ª6rK@\S ?$[_\=(Aa@B{Ss·>iSKeq@\S ?rsS awAV[[fE%S {mQ@B[frqE%S {K t E@B{Z@B{M_B@\S _\G2[m=6US²[fE#SvrKA{mSyQE%S ?TA6?%SK t kòrs=(?#?%S rs[f@\=(? {m[fAVef[f{^a#AV[fA0[meRA?#{fF0@B{q{f@\=(? t E%S rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?@B{^U=[m[f_\S ?%S rfS a,U$G [fE%S t krs=(?%
S {f[f@\=(?Q@B?a%=X{f@\¡KSA?#a?%=[^U>G[fE%S0~'bLï{m=(l#eqrsSDeqAV[mS t E%S t k¨Ars[f@\zS^iSKeq@\= a#{a%=(l#U_\SZSKzSKefG6ef=(l#?#aw[meq@\i6[f@BFSMA?awSKzS ?$[fl#A_B_\G6_\=(Aaw[fE#S'{mM@\[frqE%S {A?#a2AVi#iS AVe A{vi*SKeR{f@B{m[mS ?$[}[meqA"ª6r6AV[H[fE%S2~ tZ¯ _BA GSKeX t E%Sw{mQ@B[frqE%S {yA{m{m=(l%eqrsS {v[m=eqS a#l#rsS0[fE%S @BeHeqAV[mS {KJ3A?#a£a#AV[fA @B{QU*=[m[f_BS ?%S rfS a/U>Go[fE%Sv~'bLî{m=(l%eqrsSveqAV[mSJ?%=['U$Go[fE%S t k rs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(? M@B?#a%=O {f@\¡KS}u^?#rsSH[fE#Sy~'bL eqAV[mS {Mrs=(?9zSKef
Sv[m=w=i#[f@`F0A_z"A_`l%S {KJ%[fE%S²_\S ?#
[fE#{±=j3[fE%S²~'bcL >l%S l%S {ZAV[Z[fE#SH{mQ@\[frRE%S {Za%S rseqS A{mS t E%SKeqSKj«=efSJ~'bcL ¶=O rs=(?$[mef=(_Zi-l#{fE%S {D[fE%S $l%S l#S {0jpef=(F [fE%S?#SK[c=efÿ[m=[fE%SS ?#aµ{mG {m[mS F0{Kþn ?óö ?ã s øJ ññ
cS0{fE%=Xî[fEAV[²~MbLï@`{}{frKA_BAVU_\SDjp=e}iSKeq{f@B{m[mS ?$[}AVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?#{Meql#?#?#@`?%
w=OzSKe t kÁOn ®{fl#rqEA{H_\=(?%
2´-_\S [meqA?#{fj«SKeq{Yy@B?¨[fE%S{mS ?{mSo[fE#AV[KJ
(@\zS ?ÿ[fE%Seq@\
(E$[0@BFi_\S F0S ?9[fAV[f@\=(?ÿA?a¨iAVeqAFSK[mSKeq{ J@B[f{0?%SK[c=ef¨Ul SKe efS >l#@\efS F0S ?9[f{vj«=e O¦s§ iArfSK[0_B=({f{va#=£¤ (¥
eq=Xð_B@B?#S AVeq_\G/Q@\[fE£[fE%S?$l#FvUSKev=j t krs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{K/nj Ul SKeq{=OzSKem¶=XHJV{qF0A_B_\SKe t k±T[f@BFSKe
eRA?$l#_`AVeq@\[GpQE#@`rqE}rs=(?$[mef=(_B{8[f@`FSK=(l%[8a#l%eRAV[f@\=(?#{R-rKA?HE#S _\i²@BFi#eq=XzS [fE%ef=(l#
(E%il%[K
GÐ Ð 1: Ñ p¹ - : BC 132 -p¼ ¹$¿ÒBC 2 ¿
~'{A{qAFi_\SefS {fl_\[KJSo{fE#=Xû[fE%S[fE%ef=(l#
(E%il%[DA?#a¨F0A"·%@BFvlFô>l%S l%So_\S ?#
[fE£=U[fA@B?%S a¨jp=e0A{q@BFi_\S ?ã R {m=(l%eqrsSrs=(? ´-
(l%eqAV[f@\=(?JMA{o{fE%=XM?ò@`?µ´
(l#efS ãKù pQ@B[fE Ó D ?ã R R t E%Srs=(? ´
(l%eRAV[f@\=(? E#A{A {q@B?%
(_\S U=[m[f_\S ?%S rqµ_B@B?%{qE#AVefS aµU>G ?ã R ~'bcL {m=(l#eqrsS {Kþ~'_B_Z_`@B?% {Deql#?ÿAV[ ?ã RMR Rñ£¯ U#i{0A?#aþAVefST=j^[fE%S{fAFS _\S ?%
[fE8³SHSs· i*SKeR@BFS ?$[cM@\[fEz"AVeR@\=(l#{Z_B@`?%w_\S ?%
[fE{K ~'_B_#[meqA"ª2r'@`{l#?@Ba#@\efS rs[f@B=(?#A_ ~_`AVef
SD®@`? ´-?#@\[mSO´-_\SQ[meRA?#{mjpSKeAVii_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?weql#?#{=(?2[m=i2=j t k t E%SM_B@`?% _\S ?%
[fE{'AVeqS ãKùùù F ¸ü6_B@B?#>{KJ RVùù ¸ü>J ñVùù ¸ü>J RVù ¸ü/pj«=e^ef=(l#?a[meq@Bi [f@BF0S {D®L tZt {RQ=jü ù J ?ã R J s A?#a ã R F0{^eqS {miS rs[f@\zS _\G#Rv³SwEA zS0zSKeq@\´S a[fE#AV[²F0A"·%@BFvlF $l%S l#SyU=(l#?a#{^A_B{m=oAVi#i_\G[m=rs=(? ´
(l%eRAV[f@\=(?#{ Q@\[fEòE%SK[mSKef=
S ?#SK=(l#{o_B@B?%ÿ_\S ?#
[fE#{KJQFyl#_\[f@\i-_\SoU=[m[f_\S ?%S rf {oA?#aþQ@\[fEþd'bL [meRA"ª6r @`?5[fE%SUArq$
ef=(l?#a rKAl#{f@`?%
wzVAVeq@BA?#rsSD@B? ~MbLîrKAViArK@\[G A?#a SKefef=eR{M@B? FS A{fl%eqS FS ?9[K'³Sl#{mSyA t kþFwA"· @BFyl#F {mSK
(FS ?$[ {f@\¡KS ¯ G6iAV[fE_\S ?%
[fE t E#S t kÿQ@B?a%=X+@B{±{mSK[Q[m= ?ã s ¸ s ý0 b D ãKù(ñ ýw bM³SHa%Ss´-?%S t k±ÿ[fE%ef=(l%
(E#il%[±A{ [fE%SD?$lFHUSKe'=jU>G$[mS {^a%S _B@BzSKefS a[m=[fE%Sa%S {f[f@B?#AV[f@\=(?AVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?@B? [fE%Sy[m=[fA_3[f@BFS t E#@`{M@B{'{m=(FSK[f@`FS { efSKjpSKefefS ao[m=6A{±
=$= a%il#[±U$G2=[fE%SKeMAl#[fE%=eq{K t AVU_\Sý}{fE%=XM{3[fE#AV[[fE%S=eR{m[rKA{mSZF0A"·%@BFyl#F$l%S l#S@`{_BS {f{3[fE#A?0Wü ¸'L tZt ¸^_B@B?%wUA?#a%Q@`a%[fEJSKzS ?0Q@\[fE [meqA?#{q@\S ?9[MUl%eq{f[f{K t E%SKefSKjp=efSJ~MbL@B{'{frKA_BAVU_BSHUS rKAl#{mSv[fE%SvF0A"·%@BFyl#F >l%S l%Sy{f@\¡KSD@B{QA6{fF0A_B_°Fvl_\[f@\i_\S =j[fE#S^L tZt J A?a2a#=$S {±?%=[
ef=O_B@B?%S AVeR_\GQ@\[fE2[fE%S}?>l#FHUSKec=j°rs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(?#{K~'bL+Ul SKeefS >l#@\efS FS ?$[f{ AVefSHA_`{m=0FvlrqE{qF0A_B_\SKe²p[fE#A?[fE%S}z"A_`l%S {Z{fE%=OQ?-cAVjp[mSKeQ[fE%Sv{mG>{f[mS FûefS ArqE#S {M{m[mS Aa#G{f[fAV[mS
ñ\[ &T4E± a a#
Sva%SKz @BrsS {'rKA?l{mSy]^C3L[m=2[meqA?#{mi=ef[QFyl#_\[f@Bi_\S t kòrs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{Q=OzSKe²Aw{f@`?%
(_\Sy]^C3Lîrs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(? t E%S'Ul%eR{m[G0?#AV[fl#efSM=j t k [meqA"ª6r^F0AVS {±@\[ca#@ ª6rKl_\[[m=Di#ef=Oz>@Ba#SQiSKe rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?o]}CLeqAV[mS^
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS { l#{f@`?%
vCnhC°uó$l%S l@B?%
% ùQ¦K§ ø oúK¦ úLp«¤ ª'A?#a{frqE#S a#l#_B@B?#
HAVefS^efS rs=(F0FS ?a%S aw[m=Di#eq=Xz @Ba%S'eqAV[mS^
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS { ñü
t AVU_\S}ý% ¯ A"·%@BFyl#Fð>l%S l%S²{f@\¡KS²A?ao[fE%ef=(l%
(E#il%[j«=e t 'l#FvUSKe±=j L tZt ®Fw{R C#SKS a%UArf iSKeq@`FS ?9[f{'AVefSvi*SKeqj«=eqF0S aT[m=2SKz"A_BlAV[mSv[fE%SviSKefj«=eRF0A?#rsSH=j t k5=XzSKe'd'bLH t k5=XzSKe'd'bLói*SKeqj«=eqF0S aS _B_Ss·%rsSKi#[MQ@\[fE ãKùù9ú l%[f@B_B@\¡ AV[f@B=(?2A?aoQE%S ? ¯ bZl#FvUSKe=j8[fE#SMjpeqAFS {cAVefS'iAVef[f@BA_B_BGy[fAV
S a8 t E#@B{rKAl#{mS {[fE%S'rs=efeql%i[f@\=(?w=j jpeqAFS {KJ%A_\[fE%=(l#
(E6[fE#SKG6rs=(?#{flFS a2[m=S ?#{±jpef=(F [fE%SH]²kLQ~ ®_\S AV$G6Ul#rqSK[RRn j8[fE%S}{fl#F =jefS {fSKefz"AV[f@B=(?#{ @B{w=(?#_\G RVù9ú =j}[fE%S_`@B?% eqAV[mSJZd^bcL {fE#=XcS a5
=>=>aþj®A@\eq?%S {f{w[fE#A?ò@B?µ[fE%S jpl_B_Zl%[f@B_`@\¡ AV[f@\=(?µrKA{mSJQSKzS ? Q@\[fE {fF0A_B_ ¯ bZU$G>[mS {±i_`l#{=XzSKeqE#S Aa-R ¯ =({m[QrKAVefeR@\SKeq{Z{mSK[ ¯ bZU$G>[mS {Z[m= s ýw$U>G$[mS {QeqA?%
S ñý
ñ\[kñ 46 .³ä*$:" ! 8v&T4E± ±D#(h 8í³ò! -# l _badcc.t_badc a !Wig _ba t AVU_\S R {fl#FwF0AVeq@\¡KS {2[fE%Si#eqSKz>@\=(l{2a@B{frKl#{f{q@\=(?5=(?[fE%SiSKefj«=eRF0A?#rsS/=j t k û=XzSKe [fE%Sjp=(l%eT{mSKefz @BrsS
rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S { 'd^bL²J8x'bL²J~MbL©A?a]^C3L²dA?#@B_B_`A6x'bLîiSKefj«=eRF0{Qi=>=eq_\GTl#?_\S {f{MUl SKeq{^AVefS_BAVef
SD=e @B?$[mS _B_B@\
S ?$[a%ef=iwi*=(_`@BrK@\S {±®xMbrL q²AVefSQS Fi_\=OGS a~MbLþil#{fE#S {3[fE%SQ>l%S l%S {[m=H[fE%SQ~ tZ¯ ?%SK[=eqyS a#
S { A?#aJ$@B?y[fE#AV[{mS ?#{fSJ9@\[@B{{frKA_BAVU-_\S±US rKAl#{mS±[fE%SZ?%SK[=eqy>l%S l%SZ{f@B¡KS {AVefSZ?%=[A^j®l#?#rs[f@\=(?D=j*[fE%SZ?>l#FvU*SKe=j rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?#{KJ#Ul#[±=j[fE#S²ef=(l#?#a[meR@\iT[f@BFS { J%j«SKS a%U-ArfTa%S _BAXG>{MA?#aT{mM@\[frqETrs=(?#
S {m[f@\=(?AXz=(@Ba#A?#rsSy{frqE#S FS S Fi_B=XGS aH]^C3LSs·%E#@\U@\[f{Q
=$= aSsª6rK@\S ?#rsG A?#ajpA@\eR?%S {f{MQ@\[fE@`?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?9['a%ef=i=e^[fAV
(@B?%
%J8A?#a-ÁO=e^iSKe rs=(?#?%S rs[f@B=(?2>l%S l#@`?%
%3d'bL+iSKefjp=eqF0{$l#@B[mSMcS _B_-Ss· rsSKi#[±@B?2rKA{mS {QE#SKefS'l#[f@B_B@\¡ AV[f@\=(?6@B{cE#@\
(E2A?#a ¯ bZ=w{fF0A_B_J>US rKAl#{fSH@B?#rs=(Fi-_\SK[mS^j«eqAF0S {ZAVefS²[fAV
S a A?#a2E%S ?#rsS [fE%SH_B=X _\=({q{ZA?#aTE#@B
(EUA?#a%Q@`a%[fEl%[f@B_B@\¡ AV[f@B=(?3n ?oS ?a [m= S ?#a~ tQ¯ J~'bLóA?a kbLóFw@B?#@BF0@B¡KS'_\=({q{mS {K ]^C3L©A?#ax'bL©rKA?l#{mSDj®A@\e'Ul SKe^A_`_\=>rKAV[f@B=(? =e}iSKe dMk >l%S l#@`?%
w[m=j®A@\eq_\Ga@B{m[meq@\U-l%[mSH_\=({f{fS {'AF0=(?%
[fE%SvdMkZk{KJ*{f@B?#rsS²S ArRE t k5¶=XóQ@B_B_8F0=({m[M_B@BS _\G6USHrKAVeqeq@\S aT=(? Aw{mSKi-AVeqAV[mSvdMk^ t E#@`{Z@B{Q?#=[Q[fE%SyrKA{mS jp=eZA?T~ tZ¯ UArf>U=(?%S}{f@\[fl#AV[f@\=(?8J>ME%SKefS^S ArqEdMkòQ@B_B_*rKAVefefG2Fvl_\[f@\i_\S t k ¶-=XQ{ZA?adMkZk{±AVefS}=(?#_BG l#{mS a£USK[cSKS ?¨S a%
S2ef=(l%[mSKeq{Knh?[fE#@`{vrKA{mSJF=({m[D~MbLûA?#aµkbL _\=({f{mS {DAVefS@B?£[fE%S2ef=(l%[mSKeq{yA?#a¨?%=[ [fE%S}~ tZ¯ {mQ@\[frRE%S {KJ%{m={frqE#S FS {±{fl#rREoA{±LQA?#a%=(F AVeq_\G g SK[mS rs[f@\=(?®L g
(AV[mSKcAXG>{yö s øp=e¶=XL g
(AV[mSKA G {R[fE#AV[ci*SKeqj«=eqF {mS _\S rs[f@\zS^a%ef=i2AV[[fE%SQef=(l#[mSKeq{rKA?2i#eq=Xz @Ba%SZj®A@\eq?%S {q{jp=e t k±£=OzSKe±~MbL²>³ @\[fE d^bcLHJx'bcL A?#a]^C3LHJF=({m[H_B=({f{mS {}= rKrKl%eH@B?/[fE#S0~ tZ¯ {mQ@\[frRE%S {²A?#a,?#=[²AV[²[fE%S0S a%
Swef=(l%[mSKeq{K0CA@\e Ul SKevA_`_\=>rKAV[f@B=(?@B?[fE%S6~ tZ¯ {mQ@\[frRE%S {HrKA? S ?#{fl#efS0j®A@\eq?%S {f{HAF=(?%
[fE%SwdMkZk±{KJ3Ul%[H?%=[yAF=(?%
[fE%S ¶=OQ{±Fvl_\[f@\i_\Ss· S a0=(?2[fE%S}{fAF0S'dMkQk'%|QS ?#rsSJ%=(l#eceqS {fl#_\[f{{fE%=O [fE#AV[±~MbL@B{F=({f[{ql#@\[fAVU_\SMj«=e±U-l%eq{m[G t kµ[meqA"ª6rVJjp=(_B_\=OS aTU$GT]^C3L²J#[fE#S ?od'bLHJ#[fE%S ?Tx'bLóA?#ao´-?#A_B_\GkbL²
VðèG éMèTZæDì é åV émè! !#"
t %E Sx'{mSKe g AV[fAV
eqAF eq=[m=>rs=(_²®x g cyE#A{D?%=/Ul#@`_\[ @B?/¶=Oðrs=(?9[meq=(_±FS rqE#A?@B{fF _B@\S2[fE%S t k{f_\=O {m[fAVef[^A?#a/rs=(?%
S {m[f@B=(?AXz=(@Ba#A?#rsSFS rRE#A?#@B{qF0{K t E%SKefSKjp=efSJ*_B=({f{mS {^F0A G rs=(?9[f@B?>l%SDA?#aE#A zSF=efSySsS rs[ [fE#A? @B?£[fE%S2rKA{fS6=j t kSKzSKeRA_rK_B@BS ?9[ {mSKeqzSKey[meRA?#{fArs[f@\=(?¨AVi#i_`@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{vl#{mS6x g 3~'?£Ss· AFi-_\S6=j {fl#rRE£{fSKefzSKeq{D@B{yAl%[fE%S ?$[f@BrKAV[f@\=(?¨{mSKefzSKeq{Dl#{fS ajp=e{mS rKl%eq@\[G@B{q@\U@B_B@B[G#R ^d bL ]'=$= a£pSs·%rsSKi#[ZM@\[fEoE#@\
(Eol%[f@`_B@\¡ AV[f@\=(?oA?#aTzSKefG2{qF0A_B_ ¯ b±ef[ d^bcL+A?a6?%eq[ d'bL i#ef=Oz>@`a%SME#@B
(Ew>l#A_B@\[G=j{mSKefz @BrsSJ>i#ef=Xz @Ba%S aw[fE#AV[[fE%S l#{mSKeDrKA?¨{miS rK@\jpG[fE#Sw[meqA"ª6r2rqEAVeqArs[mSKeq@B{m[f@`rK{yA?a£>l#A_B@\[G=jZ{mSKefz @BrsS2efS $l@\efS FS ?$[f{²=jZ[fE#S2rs=(?#?#S rs[f@\=(? dA?#@B_`_BAxMbL @B{w{f@BFi_BSJUl#[0
(@\zS {2?%=
(l#AVeRA?9[mSKS {Kó~MbL i#ef=Oz>@Ba#S {0j®A@\e6A?#a5Ssª6rK@\S ?$[6l%[f@`_B@\¡ AV[f@\=(?ÿ=j UA?#a#Q@Ba%[fE A?#aÿSs·%E#@\U@B[f{v
=>= a¨i*SKeqj«=eqFwA?#rsSJ[fE%=(l#
(Eµ@\[efS >l#@\efS {y[fE%STl{mSKe0[m=,rs=(Fi_BG£Q@B[fE£[fE#STS ?#a {mG {m[mS F =iSKeqAV[f@\=(?{KJA?#a[fE#S0?%SK[c=ef/S _\S FS ?$[f{}[m=@B?a#@BrKAV[mSrs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?£{m[fAV[mS6@`? [fE#SwrsS _B_B{K t E#S0]}CL {mSKefz @BrsS0
(@BzS {HF0@B?@BFvlF eRAV[mSwA?#a_B=Xï_\=({q{}Q@\[fE%=(l#[}efS $l@\eq@B?%
S ?#a{mG>{f[mS F rs=>=i*SKeRAV[f@\=(?JU-l%[²?%SK[c=ef ñMs
t AVU_\S s kc=(FiAVeq@`{m=(?=j~ tQ¯ {fSKefz>@`rsS²rKAV[mSK
=eq@\S { *172 ¹«4-¼½Oº ' 132 B°½"¹ kbL ]^@\zS {{m[meq@Brs[w
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {KJQUl#[0efS >l#@\efS {w[fE%S l#{fSKew[m=¨a%Ss´-?%S@B[f{ [meqA"ª6rrqE#AVeRArs[mSKeq@B{m[f@BrK{A?a¨¬'=$l#@\eqS FS ?9[f{ J3A?a£@B{yl#?#{ql#@\[ AVU_\S}jp=eQUl%eR{m[G6[meqA"ª6rw®_B@B[m[f_\S²{m[fAV[f@B{m[f@`rKA_8Fvl_\[f@\i_\Ss·%@B?%
v
(A@B?#{RR ef[ d^bL ]^@\zS {{m[meq@Brs[
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {KJ Ul%[eqS $l#@BefS {[fE%S'l#{mSKec[m=ya#Ss´-?%SZ[meqA"ª2r rqE#AVeqArs[mSKeR@B{m[f@BrK{MA?#a ¬'=$rKAV[f@B=(?ojpl?#rs[f@\=(?#{K '~ bL ]^@\zS {²_\=({q{}A?#a/eqAV[mS
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {KJ°Ul%[^{m=(l%eqrsS {²A?a?#SK[c=ef/S _ S FS ?9[f{yFyl#{m[²iSKefjp=eqFõA ?$l#FvUSKe}=jZrs=(Fi_\Ss·j®l#?#rs[f@\=(?{Kweq= z>@Ba#S {Aa#AVi#[f@BzSrK_\=({mS a _\=$=ivj«SKS a#UArf*J(A?#aHE#S ?#rsS
(@\zS {°Ss·%rsS _B_\S ?$[ rs=(?9[mef=(_3A?#a l%[f@B_B@B¡ AV[f@\=(?±l#{qE%S {Q>l%S l%S {M[m=6S a#
SHef=(l%[mSKeR{KJ-M@\[fE {fF0A_B_>l%S l%S {Z@`?#{f@Ba%S'[fE%SH~ tQ¯ ?#SK[c=ef- S _\S FS ?$[f{w?#SKS aµ[m=iSKefjp=eqF jpeqAFS _BSKzS _Z[fAV
(@B?%
%J±j®A@\e0U-l *SKe6A_B_\= rKAV[f@\=(?µ=e2{frqE%S al#_B@B?%
/=iSKeqAV[f@\=(?{[m= i#ef=Oz>@`a%S^[fE%S²
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {K ~'bcL @B{}l#?#@`$l%SyUS rKAl#{mS=j@\[f{}jpSKS a%UArqrs=(?$[mef=(_ n [²A_B_\=OQ{}S A{f@\SKe²EA?#a#_B@B?#
6=ja%ef=ii#eqSKj«SKefS ?rsS {²A?#a i#eq@B=eq@\[f@\S {KJ%A?#arKA?TUS {m[Zl%[f@B_`@\¡KS}Aa#a%S aoUl%*SKeq@`?%
% t E%S}S a%
Sya%SKz @BrsS {ZrKA?@`?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?9[f_BG6F0AVef*Ja%eq=iA?#a {frRE%S a#l#_\S6¶=OQ{DUA{mS a =(?¨[fE%SS ?$[mSKefi#eq@B{fS6i=(_B@BrsG t E$l#{ J=(l%e0A?#A_\G {f@B{y@B?#a#@`rKAV[mS {v[fEAV[0A cS _B_ a#S {f@\
(?%S a A?#awS ?%
(@B?%SKSKefS a6~MbL @BFi-_\S FS ?$[fAV[f@\=(?0@B{rKAViAVU_\SM=j*ief=Xz @Ba#@B?#
}[fE%SMF=({f[¶Ss·%@\U_\SM¬^=$< UA{mS aw[meqA?#{mi=ef[ =jS ?9[mSKeqi#eq@B{mS[meRA"ª6r=XzSKe~ tZ¯ UArq$U=(?%S { t ={fl%i#i=ef[}Fyl#_\[f@BF0S a#@BAAVi#i_B@`rKAV[f@\=(?#{KJ8[fE#Sw~MbL {mSKefz @BrsS {fE%=(l_Ba2SKz=(_\zSH[m=0ief=Xz @Ba%S}S ?#a [m= S ?#aTa%S _BAXG
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {Z[fE%ef=(l#
(Eo[fE%SHrKAVefeR@\SKeZ?%SK[c=ef* t E%SDUA{q@BrDrs=(?#rsSKi#[²A?#aAVeqrRE#@\[mS rs[fl%eqS0a%SKzS _\=iS a@B?/[fE#@B{'iAViSKe}AVefS0?%=[}=(?_\G AVi#i-_B@BrKAVU_\Sv[m=T~ tZ¯ ?%SK[ c=ef>{ JUl%[²A_`{m=o[m= A?$G?%SK[c=ef@BFi_BS FS ?9[f@`?%
2@`?9[mS _B_`@\
S ?#rsS0@B?/[fE%SwS a%
Swa%SKz @BrsSJ°A?a/¶=X rs=(?9[mef=(_@B? [fE%S²U-Arf>U*=(?#S t E#@B{±@B?rK_Bl#a%S {cjpeqAFS}efS _BAXGo?%SK[c=ef {Ql#{f@`?%
y¶=X rs=(?$[mef=(_
?èGæDì %
ö ã ø@BS {KJ)(³,A?%
%J^A?#a5³ c³S @B{f{K~M? AVeqrRE#@\[mS rs[fl%eqS jp=e a@ *SKeqS ?9[f@BAV[mS a{mSKefz @BrsS {KLQCk ñ ý«$ R J g S rsS FvUSKe ã?nMn ÷> ñ$
ö ñ øyC3_BAXz>@B=vbc=(?%=(F0@-A?#a*}SKeqefGD³ó>C%S ?#a#@Brq-8LMAV[mS UA{mS aw¶=X rs=(?$[mef=(_jpeqAFSKc=efjp=e[fE%S'A zVA@B_BAVU_BSZU@\[ eRAV[mSH~ tZ¯ {mSKefz @BrsS,¢ +-+.+0/v¦ ~¥
V§ 21 J?ªíJ3KLp¤*¦sJ n ñ R Mñ R54 ü n J ¯ AVeqrRE-Á"~Qieq@B_ ã?nMnMR öüOø t %E =(F0A{ ¯ #kE%S ?J%[mSKzS²1 J?ªíJ3KLp¤*¦sJ-ü"ý ãã RÓü R54 ü n J°Q=OzS FHUSKe ã?nMnMs ö s øa A?#adA?¨P(Ars=U-{m=(?LQA?#a%=(F S AVeq_\Ga%SK[mS rs[f@\=(?£
(AV[mSKA G {Dj«=eyrs=(?%
S {m[f@\=(?£A z=(@Ba#A?rsS ¢,+.+-+@? A"øB1 ÷%§ JV¤3poJ&£ ¥~L¤V¤3p"V¤C/v¦ ¥~
V§fL«¤5ªJ ã pý$RÓü n $ 4 ý ã ü>J~'l%
(l#{f[ ã?nMn ü>
ö%$Xø t E%S ~ tZ¯ C%=eql#Fo t E%S ~ tQ¯ j«=eRl#F [meRA"ª6r wF A?#AV
S FS ?$[ {fi*S rK@\´-rKAV[f@\=(? zSKeq{f@\=(? ý% ù jp[mi8ÜÁÁOjp[mi8AV[fFjp=eql#Fors=(F2ÁOil%U*Á"AVi#ief=XzS a {fi*S rK{YÁ"AVj [fF ù&ù RMs ùùù i-{KJ~Mi#eq@B_ ã?nMnMs ö÷Oø ¯ VA efò³óM]}AVefefSK[m[KðSKefz @BrsSAVeqrqE#@B[mS rs[fl%efSjp=eT~ tZ¯ ±jpef=(F AVi#i-_B@BrKAV[f@\=(?#{6[m=5{frRE%S a#l#_`@B?%
% ¢,+-+.+ /y¦K¥~
§"J ãKù ü(R s54-ã ý%J ¯ AXG%ÁVP9l#?%S ã?nMnMs ö n øyLQ=(E#@\[]'=OG(A_ J$LMAONP(A@`?J$=(?#@BA^C#AEFHGJ>A?#aDb=UU$GydA?#a#A_\=eqSef=Oz>@`a#@B?%
'eqAV[mS±
(l#AVeqA?$[mSKS {[m= t k =OzSKeH[fE%S~ tZ¯ ]^C3Lï{fSKefz>@`rsSHnh ? ù§ ?£R¦R¦ §@Lp«¤ ª@pE IEDêøB/ F GH(Ju^rs[m=USKe ?ã nMn ÷>0E9[m[miÜÁÁOZZ²rK@B{ =(E#@\= {f[fAV[mSS a#l-BÁ IXNfA@B?-ÁOi-AVi*SKeR{RÁ"_BrK? n ÷>E$[fFo ö ãKù øyLQ=(E#@\[²]'=XG(A_JLQAON²P(A@B?J*²A_\G(A?#AVeRAF0A?J°=(?#@`AwC#AE#FvGJA?#a/bc=U#U>GdA?#aA_\=efS²nhF ief=Xz @B?%
/[fE%SoiSKefjp=eqF0A?#rsS=j t k©=XzSKew[fE#ST~ tZ¯ x'bL {fSKefz>@`rsS ø Jú ¥¦K § ø 6 ú 7¤ L~£hJ~¥ L¤V3¤ pRJ ñ ã ãKù RÓ÷ n ÷ 45n ãã JP(l#_\G ?ã nMn ÷>cE$[m[mi8ÜÁÁOZQ²rK@B{K=(E#@B= {m[fAV[mSS a#l-BÁ IONmA@B?*ÁOiAViSKeq{RÁ"rKrVE$[fFo ö ãã øyC3@ ªð|MS _B_B{m[meRA?#a6A?a2~'?#a%eRA{dSKeqS {K ñ÷
ö ã üOøyLMAON0P9A@B?5kc=(?%
S {f[f@\=(?5rs=(?$[mef=(_ZA?#aµ[meqA"ª6rTF0A?AV
S FS ?9[2@B?ÿ~ tZ¯ ?%SK[c=ef {K LQS rsS ?9[6Aa%z"A?rsS { A?aþA£{fl%efzSKG½ ø Jú ¥¦KQ§ /y¦K~¥
§ ,pÍJV¤ §,R¢ KS/TK;PfpY¥¦ ÌpYJ ñ ÷% ã ü(R ã $ ñ ü 4-ã $Vü(÷>JHM=XzS FvUSKe ã?nMnMs E$[m[mi8ÜÁÁOZQ²rK@B{K=(E#@B= {m[fAV[mSS a#l-BÁ IONmA@B?*ÁOiAViSKeq{RÁ"rK?#@B{ E9[fFo ö ã ýVøyLMAON^P(A@`?Jl#FwAVeX*²A_\G(A?#AVeqAFwA?JHLZ=(E@\[]'=OG(A_ JD=(?@BAµC#AE#FvGJvA?a LQAF d'@`{mcA?AV[fE#A? LZnfk~ {mQ@\[frRE©A_\
=eq@\[fEFo©~ rs=(Fi_\SK[mS5a#S {frseq@\i#[f@B=(? ~ tZ¯ C%=eql#F6Á nMs ãã $ ñ JT~'l%
(l#{f[ ã?nMnMs E$[m[mi8ÜÁÁOZQ²rK@B{K=(E#@B= {m[fAV[mSS a#l-BÁ IONmA@B?*ÁOiAViSKeq{RÁ"AV[fFjÁ"A nMs ãã $ ñ E9[fFT ö ã?s ø>l#FwAVeY*²A_\G(A?#AVeqAFwA?J-LMAONQP9A@B?J*J g S rsS FvU*SKe ?ã nMn ÷>yE9[m[miÜÁÁOZZ²rK@B{ =(E#@\= {f[fAV[mSS a#l-BÁ IXNfA@B?-ÁOi-AVi*SKeR{RÁ"l#@B_B@E9[fFo ö ã ÷OøDP(=(E#?¨b'`*}S ?#?%SKG t eqA"ª2r2FwA?#AV
S FS ?$[wa%eqAVjp[{miS rK@ ´-rKAV[f@\=(?#{ ,~ tZ¯ C#=eql#F6Á tZ¯ ý% ã JcC#SKU#eql#AVefG ?ã nMnMn
ö ã?n øy~vLZ=(F0A?%=O©A?#aa g G>?AF0@BrK{'=j t kò[meqA"ª2rH=OzSKe²~ tZ¯ ?%SK[=eq>{KH¢,+.+-+a]3@ú §R¤JMN ¤ p K¦ NB¦ £X¥¦ §bJV§f¦ JfpÌL«t¤ £ 6 ú 7¤ L¤£J¥~L¤V¤3pYJ ã ü%pý$R s üü 45s ý ã J ¯ AXG ã?nMnMR ö ñVù ø ö ñ ã øybc=U#U>GdA?a#A_\=efSJc
