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A. Kouhpeima , S. Feiznia , H. Ahmadi , S. A. Hashemi , and A. R. Zareiee 1
Correspondence to: A. R. Zareiee (ar
[email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
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Received: 27 June 2010 – Accepted: 8 July 2010 – Published: 2 September 2010
HESSD 7, 6677–6698, 2010
Quantitative composite fingerprinting technique A. Kouhpeima et al.
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Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Iran 2 Researchers of Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center, Semnan, Iran 3 Department of Desert Zones Management, Agricultural College, Shiraz University, Iran
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Discussion Paper
Application of quantitative composite fingerprinting technique to identify the main sediment sources in two small catchments of Iran
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This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in HESS if available.
Discussion Paper
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 7, 6677–6698, 2010 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/7/6677/2010/ doi:10.5194/hessd-7-6677-2010 © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
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6678
HESSD 7, 6677–6698, 2010
Quantitative composite fingerprinting technique A. Kouhpeima et al.
Title Page Abstract
Introduction
Conclusions
References
Tables
Figures
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The sediment transported by a river commonly represents a mixture of sediment derived from different locations and different sediment source types within the contributing catchments (Carter et al., 2003). An understanding of the nature and relative
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1 Introduction
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The targeting of sediment management strategies is a key requirement in developing countries including Iran because of the limited resources available. These targeting is, however hampered by the lack of reliable information on catchment sediment sources. This paper reports the results of using a quantitative composite fingerprinting technique to estimate the relative importance of the primary potential sources within the Amrovan and Royan catchments in Semnan Province, Iran. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing and samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters. Statistical methods were applied to the data including nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Differentiation Function Analysis (DFA). For Amrovan catchment three parameters (N, Cr and Co) were found to be not significant in making the discrimination. The optimum fingerprint, comprising Oc, PH, Kaolinite and K was able to distinguish correctly 100% of the source material samples. For the Royan catchment, all of the 15 properties were able to distinguish between the six source types and the optimum fingerprint provided by stepwise DFA (Cholorite, XFD, N and C) correctly classifies 92.9% of the source material samples. The mean contributions from each sediment source obtained by multivariate mixing model varied at two catchments. For Amrovan catchment Upper Red formation is the main sediment sources as this sediment source approximately supplies 36% of the reservoir sediment whereas the dominant sediment source for the Royan catchment is from Karaj formation that supplies 33% of the reservoir sediments. Results indicate that the source fingerprinting approach appears to work well in the study catchments and to generate reliable results.
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6679
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Discussion Paper
HESSD 7, 6677–6698, 2010
Quantitative composite fingerprinting technique A. Kouhpeima et al.
Title Page Abstract
Introduction
Conclusions
References
Tables
Figures
J
I
J
I
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importance of the principle sediment sources within a catchment is needed to support the design and implementation of sediment control strategies in catchments (Collins et al., 2001). Resources could be effectively wasted if, for example, control strategies focused on reducing surface erosion, when most of the sediment transported through a river system was contributed by channel and gully erosion. Any attempt to identify the primary sediment sources within a catchment or river basin and to assess their relative contributions to the sediment load at the catchment outlet will face a number of important problems (Peart and Walling, 1988; Collins and Walling, 2004). Traditionally, for example, techniques employed have included field observations and mapping (Lao and Coote, 1993), the use of erosion pins (Lawler et al., 1997) and profilometers (Toy, 1983), terrestrial photogrammetry (Barker et al., 1997), soil erosion plots (Loughran, 1989) and remote sensing (Bryant and Gilvear, 1999; Vrieling, 2006) that are, however, frequently hampered by problems of spatial and temporal sampling, operational difficulties and the costs involved (Peart and Walling, 1988; Loughran, 1989; Loughran and Campbell, 1995; Collins and Walling, 2004). In response to the problems associated with conventional procedure for establishing the primary sediment sources within a catchment, the fingerprinting approach has been increasingly adopted as an alternative and more direct and reliable means of assembling such information. In particular, source fingerprinting techniques provide a relatively simple and cost-effective basis for assembling spatially and temporally integrated data for catchments of different scales (Collins and Walling, 2004; Walling, 2005; Collins et al., 2008). Fingerprinting technique is founded upon the link between the physical and geochemical properties of the sediment and those of its sources. If potential source materials can be distinguished on the basis of their fingerprints, the likely provenance of the sediment can be established using a comparison of the properties of the sediment with those of the individual potential sources (Walling et al., 2008). The application of this approach comprises two basic steps. These involve, first, the selection of diagnostic properties, which distinguish potential sediment sources, and secondly, a comparison of sediments and catchment source samples using these properties, in order to establish
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2.1 Study area
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2 Materials and methods
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sediment provenance (Walling et al., 2008). Existing research has provided valuable information on the range of properties that can be successfully employed to discriminate potential sediment sources in drainage basin. These have included mineralogy, and colour (Grimshaw and Lewin, 1980), mineral magnetism (Caitcheon, 1993), environmental radionuclides (Wallbrink and Murray, 1996), geogimical composition (Foster and Walling, 1994), Organic constiuence (Collins and Walling, 2002), acid extractable metals (Collins and Walling, 2002) and particle size (Stone and Saunderson, 1992). Such procedures have proved successful in distinguishing individual source types, such as surface soils beneath different land uses and subsoil/channel banks (Walden et al., 1997); the spatial location of sediment provenance, such as discrete geologies or sub-catchments (Collins et al., 1996, 1998); a combination of both (Collins et al., 1997a; Walling and Woodward, 1995); and in reconstructing recent changes in sediment provenance using sediment cores (Collins et al., 1997b; Owens et al., 2000). Due to the success of the fingerprinting approach in providing such data, in this paper investigated the application of a quantitative composite fingerprinting technique to establish the relative contribution of sediment sources to the reservoir sediment from the two catchments in Semnan Province, Iran.
HESSD 7, 6677–6698, 2010
Quantitative composite fingerprinting technique A. Kouhpeima et al.
Title Page Introduction
Conclusions
References
Tables
Figures
J
I
J
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Abstract
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This area is located in Semnan Province of Iran.This catchment is including the two catchments: 1. Amrovan catchment: total area of the Amrovan catchment is 102.35 ha. The Altitudes range from 1795 m at the catchment outlet to 1925 m in the upstream areas and the catchment slope average is commonly 11.4%. The mean annual precipitation is 174 mm and occurs in winter and spring months generally. The geology is dominated by quaternary, Hezar-Dareh and Upper Red formations. All of the catchment area is covered by bush ranges. 2. Royan catchment: The catchment has a total
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area of 538.83 ha. The climate annual rainfall is 184 mm. Most of the rainfall occurs in winter and spring. The topography of the region mainly consists of highland parts up to 2000 m and the catchment slope average is commonly 23.95%. The geology is dominated by quaternary, Hezar-Dareh, Shemshak, Lar and Upper Red formations. All of the catchment area is covered by bush ranges. The selected reservoirs had been created by constructing earth embankments to harvest seasonal runoff.
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Selection of fingerprint properties for use in the investigation was based on previous experience of source discrimination, as well as being constrained by available analytical facilities and the time available for analytical work. Because there is the potential
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7, 6677–6698, 2010
Quantitative composite fingerprinting technique A. Kouhpeima et al.
Title Page Abstract
Introduction
Conclusions
References
Tables
Figures
J
I
J
I
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2.3 Selecting fingerprint properties and laboratory analyses
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Field sampling involved the collection of representative samples of both main potential sediment sources identified within each study catchment and the sediments deposited in reservoir dam constructed in the outlet of catchments. Potential sediment sources were categorized surface soils from different geological formations and eroding gullies. 10 representative samples were collected from each primary sediment sources per catchments. These samples were collected using a stainless steel spade and care was taken to ensure that only material susceptible to erosion (the surface 0–2 cm) was collected. All source material samples were air-dried and subsequently dry-sieved to
