RAJA - A Resource-Adaptive Java Agent Infrastructure Yun Ding, Rainer Malaka
Christian Kray
European Media Laboratory Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 33 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
DFKI GmbH Stuhlsatzenhausweg 3 66123 Saarbrucken ¨ Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
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1.
INTRODUCTION
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Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. AGENTS’01, May 28-June 1, 2001, Montr´eal, Quebec,Canada. Copyright 2001 ACM 1-58113-326-X/01/0005 ... ;5.00.
Michael Schillo Multi-Agent Systems Group Saarland University/DFKI GmbH Im Stadtwald, Building 36 66123 Saarbrucken, ¨ Germany
[email protected]
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2.
RELATED WORK
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3. THE RAJA AGENT INFRASTRUCTURE
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4. IMPLEMENTATION
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5.3 A spatial reasoning engine
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Navigation
Segmentation
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object abstraction amount of information computational method level of granularity quality threshold ...
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Relations
References
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Basis Agent Identification
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6.
DISCUSSION
7.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
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Acknowledgments
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8.
REFERENCES
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