Jul 21, 2011 - However, Taylor & Francis, our agents ... and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. .... knowing which I acquired (Wane 2005).
This article was downloaded by: [University of Pretoria] On: 10 June 2014, At: 07:03 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rars20
Re-membering my ways of knowing and learning while ‘learning otherwise’ PhD candidate Ramadimetja Shirley Mogale
a
a
Faculty of Nursing , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada Published online: 21 Jul 2011.
To cite this article: PhD candidate Ramadimetja Shirley Mogale (2011) Re-membering my ways of knowing and learning while ‘learning otherwise’, International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, 6:1, 141-148, DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2011.592399 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18186874.2011.592399
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
5HPHPEHULQJP\ZD\VRINQRZLQJDQG OHDUQLQJZKLOH¶OHDUQLQJRWKHUZLVH· 5DPDGLPHWMD6KLUOH\0RJDOH 3K'FDQGLGDWH 8QLYHUVLW\RI$OEHUWD)DFXOW\RI1XUVLQJ(GPRQWRQ&DQDGD PRJDOH#XDOEHUWDFD
$EVWUDFW 7KLVDUWLFOHDGGUHVVHVWKHZULWHU·VLQWHUQDOFRQÁLFWDVDQ$IULFDQZRPDQZKROHIWWKH JUHDWFRQWLQHQWLQWKHKRSHRIJDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHDWDODUJH1RUWK$PHULFDQXQLYHUVLW\ 7KHZULWHULVIDFHGZLWKWKHGLOHPPDRIDFTXLULQJNQRZOHGJHRI:HVWHUQRULJLQVDV SDUW RI D GRFWRUDO SURJUDPPH LQ QXUVLQJ ZKLFK UDUHO\ DQG VFDQWO\ DFNQRZOHGJHV WKDWWKHZULWHUWRRSRVVHVVHVXQLTXHNQRZOHGJH7KLVGLOHPPDKDVPDGHWKHZULWHU ZRQGHUDERXWWKHRQWRORJLFDODQGHSLVWHPRORJLFDOVWDQFHVUHJDUGLQJQXUVLQJSUDFWLFH LQ$IULFDZKLFKIRUPVWKHZULWHU·VSURIHVVLRQDOLGHQWLW\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIDQ$IULFDQ KHULWDJH7KLVLVDGHOLEHUDWLRQRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQXUVLQJNQRZOHGJHZKLFKKDV JXLGHGWKHZULWHU·VUH PHPEHULQJ RI$IULFDQZD\VRINQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJGHVSLWH LWEHLQJGHHPHG¶XQVFLHQWLÀF·7KHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQVZHUVIRXUTXHVWLRQV &DQ WKH ZULWHU UHÁHFW RXW ORXG &UX] DERXW $IULFDQ NQRZOHGJH LQ WKH FRQWH[WRI:HVWHUQDFDGHPLD" :K\GR$IULFDQVNHHSDXGLEO\VLOHQWDERXWWKHNQRZOHGJHWKH\KDYH" ,VWKHZULWHU·V$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHFRQVLGHUHGNQRZOHGJHE\WKH:HVW" ,V:HVWHUQNQRZOHGJHUHOHYDQWWRWKHZULWHUDVDQ$IULFDQRULVLWUHOHYDQWIRU KHUQXUVLQJSUDFWLFH" $VDQ$IULFDQVFKRODUDQGUHVHDUFKHUWKHZULWHUVWURQJO\EHOLHYHVZHPXVWQRWWXUQ RXUVHOYHVLQWRWKHPRGHOUHVHDUFKHUVDQGVFKRODUVGHVFULEHGDQGSUHVFULEHGE\WKH :HVW7KLVZLOOWDNHXVEDFNZDUGWRWKHHUDZKHUHZHZHUHPDGHSDULDKVLQWKHODQG
,661 3ULQW ,661 2QOLQH 8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWK$IULFD3UHVV '2,
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI$IULFDQ5HQDLVVDQFH6WXGLHV 9RO SS±
5DPDGLPHWMD6KLUOH\0RJDOH
RIRXUELUWK:HFDQVXFFHHGLIZHFRQIURQWRXUIHDUVDQGGRXEWVWKDWWKHSROLWH PHWKRGVZKLFK$IULFDQVFKRODUVDQGUHVHDUFKHUVXVHKDYHOLWWOHHIIHFW:HFDQVXFFHHG LIZHGRQRWDGRSWDSROLF\RI\LHOGLQJWRRSSUHVVLRQLQRXUUHVHDUFKDQGVFKRODUVKLS 7KHUHIRUHQRFRQJUHJDWLRQRWKHUWKDQWKLVRQHZLOOIUHHRXUFKLOGUHQWKHLUFKLOGUHQ DQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQ·VFKLOGUHQIURPRSSUHVVHGVFKRODUVKLSDQGHGXFDWLRQDOSUDFWLFHV .H\ZRUGV $IULFDQ HGXFDWLRQ HSLVWHPRORJ\ NQRZOHGJH QXUVLQJSUDFWLFH RQWRORJ\ SHUVRQDODFFRXQW VFKRODUVKLS :HVWHUQ
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
,QWURGXFWLRQWRSHUVRQDOUHÁHFWLYHDFFRXQWV 7KHGLDORJXHVZKLFK,HQJDJHGLQGXULQJP\GRFWRURISKLORVRSK\ 3K' FRXUVHZRUN LQ&DQDGDPDGHPHUHDOLVHWKDW,KDYHDQGHPERG\XQLTXHNQRZOHGJH7KHGLDORJXHV EURXJKW IRUWK PHPRULHV LW ZDV DV LI P\ XQFRQVFLRXV GDWDEDVH ZDV EURXJKW LQWR FRQYHUVDWLRQV %DQNV:DOODFH 7KH FRQYHUVDWLRQV HQDEOHG PH WR UHPHPEHU WKLQJV,KDGEHHQIRUFHGWRIRUJHW\HWQHYHUFKRVHWRIRUJHW LWZDVKHUHWKDW,UHPHPEHUHG P\JUHDWJUDQGPRWKHU¶VNQRZOHGJH ,QWKLVDUWLFOH,LQWHUURJDWHWKHRQWRORJLFDODQGHSLVWHPRORJLFDOVWDQFHVUHJDUGLQJ QXUVLQJNQRZOHGJHLQWKH:HVWDQGLQ$IULFDDVP\SURIHVVLRQDOLGHQWLW\YLVjYLVP\ $IULFDQKHULWDJH)XUWKHUPRUH,GHOLEHUDWHRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQXUVLQJNQRZOHGJH DVWKHQH[XVE\ZKLFK,UHPHPEHUHGP\$IULFDQZD\VRINQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ7KH HQGHDYRXULVWRDGGUHVVVRPHRIWKHVHTXHVWLRQV &DQRQHUHÀHFWRXWORXG &UX] DERXW$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHLQWKHFRQWH[WRI:HVWHUQDFDGHPLD" :K\GR$IULFDQVNHHS DXGLEO\VLOHQWDERXWWKHNQRZOHGJHWKH\KDYH" ,VP\$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHFRQVLGHUHG NQRZOHGJHE\WKH:HVW" ,V:HVWHUQNQRZOHGJHUHOHYDQWIRUPHDVDQ$IULFDQRULVLW UHOHYDQWIRUP\QXUVLQJSUDFWLFH"
7KHSDWWHUQVRINQRZLQJLQQXUVLQJ 7KH ZRUN RI QXUVLQJ VFKRODUV VXFK DV &DUSHU :KLWH 0HOHLV DQG&KLQQDQG.UDPHU LGHQWL¿HVPXOWLSOHZD\VRINQRZLQJEHFDXVHQRVLQJOH VHW RI LGHDV KROGV DOO WKH DQVZHUV 1]LPDQGH ±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ÀHFWLRQDQGUHÀHFWLYHSUDFWLFHV DQG GLDORJXLQJDQGFRQYHUVDWLRQ$V$IULFDQVZHRIWHQXVHWKHKXPDQLVWLFDSSURDFK LQRXUZD\VRINQRZLQJDVRSSRVHGWRWKHHPSLULFDOZD\RINQRZLQJZKLOH:HVWHUQ FXOWXUHVSULPDULO\IDYRXUHPSLULFDOZD\VRINQRZLQJ0DJJD VXJJHVWVWKDWWKH
5HPHPEHULQJP\ZD\VRINQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJZKLOH¶OHDUQLQJRWKHUZLVH·
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
WZRDSSURDFKHVDUHµQRWHQWLUHO\PXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYH¶DQGVHSDUDWLQJWKHPZLOOEHDQDFW RIJURVVQHJOLJHQFH LELG 0\UHÀHFWLRQVOHGPHWREHOLHYHWKDWP\$IULFDQJHQHVLVSURYLGHGPHZLWKNQRZOHGJH WKDWPDNHVPHSURXGDVDQ$IULFDQDPRQJIRUHLJQQDWLRQDOV,WDNHWKLVNQRZOHGJHWREH SDUWRIP\SUHFLRXVVWRQHQHFNODFHµ3KHWD\DWKDJD¶$IULFDQVVKRXOGQRWDOORZDQ\RQH WRWDNHWKLVDZD\IURPWKHPDVLWLVSDUWRIZKRWKH\DUHDQGKDYHDOZD\VEHHQ$QG DV1DQD0DQVD,,UHPLQGHGXV$IULFDQVFRXOGKDYHFROOHFWLYHO\FKRVHQWREHVHGXFHG LQWRIRUJHWWLQJZKRWKH\DUHDV$IULFDQVJLYHQWKHZHLJKWDQGSRZHURIPHPRU\DQGWKH WUXO\UDGLFDODFWWKDWUHPHPEHULQJPD\UHSUHVHQWLQSHRSOH¶VGDLO\OLYHV7KURXJKWKH UDYDJHVRIVODYHU\FRORQLVDWLRQDQGDSDUWKHLGDQGWKHLULQHTXLWDEOHRXWFRPHV$IULFDQV KDYHOHDUQWWREHERWKFRPSOLFLWDQGYLJLODQWLQWKHSURFHVVRI¿JXULQJRXWZKDWDQGKRZ WKH\ZDQWWRNQRZDQGOHDUQDV$IULFDQV
7KHZULWHU·VSHUVRQDOPHPRULHV 7KH¿UVWTXHVWLRQ,WULHGWRDGGUHVVZDV µ&DQ,UHÀHFWDORXG &UX] DERXW$IULFDQ NQRZOHGJH"¶ 3RVLQJ WKLV TXHVWLRQ ZDV YHU\ GLI¿FXOW DV LW ZDV DQ DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW RI ZKDW , KDYH QHYHU H[SUHVVHG RU GRXEWHG ZKLOH OLYLQJ RQ P\ EHORYHG FRQWLQHQW , NQRZ WKDW , DP WKH JUHDWJUDQGGDXJKWHU RI 6HNKXNKXQH DQG P\ XPELOLFDO FRUG ZDV EXULHGDW*D0SKDKOHOH,WZDVDSDLQIXOTXHVWLRQWRDVNP\VHOIDV,ZDVWRVXFFXPE WRWKHSDLQRIHPEUDFLQJ:HVWHUQNQRZOHGJHZKLFKVWLOOWRVRPHH[WHQWSHUSHWXDWHV FRORQLVDWLRQDQGVHJUHJDWLRQLQP\FRXQWU\HYHQDIWHUGHFDGHVRIGHPRFUDF\,EHFDPH UHVWOHVVDV,UHDOLVHGWKDW,ZDVRQDµFRQYH\RUEHOWDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQH¶RI:HVWHUQ QXUVLQJNQRZOHGJHLQ$IULFD $VPHQWLRQHGEHIRUHP\WKRXJKWVDERXW$IULFDQ NQRZOHGJH VXUIDFHG GXULQJ P\ 3K'FRXUVHZRUN,QRQHSDUWLFXODUFRXUVHZHGHOLEHUDWHGRQDQGGLVFXVVHGWKHRULJLQV DQGQDWXUHRIQXUVLQJNQRZOHGJHIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVRIYDULRXVQXUVLQJVFKRODUV, ZDVVRRYHUZKHOPHGWKDWZKHQ,ZDVDORQH,XVHGWRKDYHSHUVRQDOFRQYHUVDWLRQVZLWK P\VHOI,EHJDQORRNLQJLQZDUGWRVHHLI,NQHZDQ\WKLQJUHJDUGLQJWKLVµNQRZOHGJH¶ SHRSOHZHUHWDONLQJDERXW $VWKHFRXUVHDGYDQFHG,EHJDQWRUHDOLVHWKDW,WRRKDYHXQLTXHNQRZOHGJHZKLFK ZDV SDVVHG RQ WR PH E\ P\ JUHDWJUDQGPRWKHU ,Q P\ DZDNHQLQJ , UHÀHFWHG RQ WKLV NQRZOHGJHDQGEHJDQWRVHHLWDVXQLTXHDVHFKRLQJSHUVRQDODXWKHQWLFLW\7KLVKHOSHG PHWRDSSUHFLDWHWKHIUDPHVRIUHIHUHQFHDQGFROOHFWLYHUHFLSURFLW\ 3ULQVORR RI µRWKHUV¶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¶VFKLOGUHQDVRXU$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHLV
5DPDGLPHWMD6KLUOH\0RJDOH
RUJDQLFDQGFLUFXODU 9HQWHU 7KHVHPHPRULHVOHGPHWRUHDOLVHWKDW,FDQUHÀHFW DORXGDERXWWKH$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHZKLFK,SRVVHVVDQGWRGRVRLQDFDGHPLDGHVSLWH WKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHLVDQDEVHQFHRIZULWWHQUHFRUGVUHODWLQJWRWKHVHDQFHVWUDOZD\VRI NQRZLQJZKLFK,DFTXLUHG :DQH
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
7KH:HVWDVIRUWUHVVRIJOREDONQRZOHGJH 7KH VHFRQG GLVWXUELQJ TXHVWLRQ LV µ:K\ GR $IULFDQV NHHS DXGLEO\ VLOHQW DERXW WKH NQRZOHGJH WKH\ KDYH"¶ , VWUXJJOHG ZLWK WKH SRLQW PHQWLRQHG E\ &UX] QDPHO\WKDWDFDGHPLDLVDSODFHZKHUHNQRZOHGJHLVSURGXFHG,FRQFXUZLWK6RIROD LQ 1QDHPDND WKDW DFDGHPLD LV DQ LUUHOHYDQW SODFH WR VHHN NQRZOHGJH RQ WKLQJV SHUWDLQLQJ WR$IULFD EHFDXVH LW GLFWDWHV WR$IULFDQ VWXGHQWV ZKDW FRQVWLWXWHV NQRZOHGJH:HVWHUQWHUULWRU\VLOHQFHVDQ\RQHZKRDWWHPSWVWRZDONDQGWDONRXWVLGH WKLV DVVLJQHG SODFH &UX] $V , UHYLVLWHG ERWK WKH EUHDGWK DQG GHSWK RI P\ NQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ,UH PHPEHUHG WKDWDV$IULFDQVZKDWZHKDYHOHDUQWVWHPV QRWRQO\IURPWKHIRXUFRUQHUVRIWKHURRPRUIURPEHKLQGGHVNVEXWIURPFRPPXQDO ¿UHSODFHVIURPXQGHUWULEDOWUHHVDQGIURPRXURZQJUDQGSDUHQWV$VP\UHÀ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µOLYHGH[SHULHQFHGNQRZOHGJH¶ LWLVRUJDQLFDQGFLUFXODUDQGWKDW LVKRZLWLVYDOLGDWHG7KHLPSHULDOH\HVRIWKH:HVWOHJLWLPLVHDQ\ZRUNWKDW¿WVWKHLU IUDPHZRUN 7XKLZDL6PLWK 7KH:HVWHUQIUDPHZRUNFRQWUDVWVZLWKWKH$IULFDQ IUDPHZRUNDQGRWKHUIUDPHZRUNVIURPDURXQGWKHZRUOG,UHIHUUHGWRWKHZULWLQJV LQµ7UXWK $QH[SORUDWLRQDQGLQWXLWLRQ¶E\3ROLIURQLDQG:HOFK ,QWKHZRUN WKHDXWKRUVOLVWWKHVRXUFHVRIWUXWKDVDXWKRULW\WUDGLWLRQFRPPRQVHQVHDQGVFLHQFH ZKLOH.LNXFKLDQG6LPPRQV HODERUDWHRQFRPPRQVHQVHDVDSUDFWLFDOQXUVLQJ MXGJHPHQW7KHVH QXUVLQJ VFKRODUV LQGLFDWH WKDW NQRZOHGJH FDQ EH YDOLGDWHG DV WKH WUXWKWKURXJKWKHVHVRXUFHV7KLVYHUL¿HVP\FHUWDLQW\WKDWWKHFKDUDFWHURI$IULFDQ NQRZOHGJHYDOLGDWHVLWVHOIDVWUXWK,QP\FDVHWKHIXQGDPHQWDOWUXWKWKDW,DVVHUWLV WKDW$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHLVLQGHHGWUXH,FRQFXUZLWK.LNXFKLDQG6LPPRQV ZKHQWKH\VWDWHWKDWWKHWUXWKRIDMXGJHPHQWLVVROHO\GHFLGHGE\DVSHFL¿FLQGLYLGXDO 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLQRUGHUWREHKHDUG,PXVWORFDWHP\VHOIZLWKLQWKHSUHVFULEHGDQG GHVFULEHGZD\VRIWKH:HVW7KURXJKWKLV,DPIRUFHGWRVXUUHQGHUWRWKHPLQGRIWKH FRORQLVHUZKLFKLVVLOHQFLQJDQGFRQWDPLQDWLQJP\ZD\VRINQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ
5HPHPEHULQJP\ZD\VRINQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJZKLOH¶OHDUQLQJRWKHUZLVH·
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
$V D SURGXFW RI %DQWX (GXFDWLRQ XQGHU DSDUWKHLG P\ HGXFDWLRQDO NQRZLQJ ZDV GHWHUPLQHG IRU PH EXW QRW E\ PH +HQFH WRGD\ , H[SHULHQFH LQWHUQDO GLVWUHVV DERXW P\RQWRORJ\DQGHSLVWHPRORJ\UHJDUGOHVVRIWKHIDFWWKDW,DPDZDUHRIP\$IULFDQ H[LVWHQFH 0\ LQWHUQDO GLVWUHVV VWHPV IURP WKH IDFW WKDW $IULFDQV DUH PDGH WR KDYH QR FOHDU NQRZOHGJH DQ\PRUH 7KH IRXU PDLQ LPSXULWLHV RI NQRZOHGJH ± VODYHU\ FRORQLVDWLRQSRVWFRORQLVDWLRQDQGHYHQJOREDOLVDWLRQ *D\H+DQVRQDQG6PLOH\ ±DUHFRQWDPLQDWLQJ$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHLQFOXGLQJNQRZOHGJHXVHGLQQXUVLQJSUDFWLFH +HDOWKFDUH V\VWHPV LQ$IULFD DUH DOO WKH SRRUHU IRU HPEUDFLQJ IRUHLJQ SDUDGLJPV IRU KHDOLQJDQGFDULQJIRU$IULFDQSDWLHQWV :DQH ,FRQFXUZLWK:DQH ZKR XUJHVWKDW$IULFDQKHDOLQJSUDFWLFHVDQGFDULQJGLPHQVLRQVKDYHEHHQXQGHUGHOLEHUDWH DWWDFNDQGSURQHWRGLVWRUWLRQRQWKHSDUWRIPLVVLRQDULHV
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¿QGLQJV LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH$IULFDQ LQIRUPDQWV DV HTXDO SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKH LQWHOOHFWXDO HQWHUSULVH LELG ,QVWHDG WKH :HVWHUQ VFKRODUV UHVHDUFKHUV XVH WKH UDZ GDWD WR GHYHORS WKHRULHV DQG WR IXUWKHU H[HUFLVH SURSULHWDU\ ULJKWVRYHUWKHGHYHORSHGNQRZOHGJH±FOHDUO\DIRUPRIFRJQLWLYHLPSHULDOLVP :DQH &RJQLWLYHLPSHULDOLVPLPSOLHVWKHXVHRIUDZGDWDIURP$IULFDDQGPDQLSXODWLQJ LWWR¿WWKHODQJXDJHFXOWXUHDQGIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFHRILPSHULDOLVP LELG 7KLVUHVXOWV LQWKHGHOLEHUDWHRPLVVLRQRI$IULFDQNQRZOHGJHIURPWKHDFDGHPLFDUHQD
7KHZULWHU·VFRFRQXWVWDWXV 7KH¿QDOUHÀHFWLRQLQWKLVSUHVHQWDWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHTXHVWLRQ µ,V:HVWHUQNQRZOHGJH UHOHYDQWIRUPHDVDQ$IULFDQ RULVLWUHOHYDQWIRUP\QXUVLQJSUDFWLFH"¶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
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
5DPDGLPHWMD6KLUOH\0RJDOH
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¿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¿HVWKHNH\LVVXHVZKLFK QHHGWREHFULWLFDOO\DQDO\VHGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIJOREDOQXUVLQJNQRZOHGJH6KH HPSKDVLVHV WKH LVVXH RI GLVWLQFW YDOXHV LQ QXUVLQJ IURP FRXQWU\ WR FRXQWU\ WRJHWKHU ZLWKWKHLPSRUWLQJDQGH[SRUWLQJRIQXUVLQJWKHRULHVDPRQJFRXQWULHV,DPKRZHYHU FRPSOHWHO\DJDLQVWWKHJOREDOGHYHORSPHQWRIQXUVLQJNQRZOHGJHZKLFKLVERWKPRQR FXOWXUDO 0XOKROODQG DQG RIWHQ D XQLGLUHFWLRQDO HQWHUSULVH 1QDHPHND %RWKSHUSHWXDWHWKHXQLYHUVDOLW\UDWKHUWKDQWKHGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQRIQXUVLQJSUDFWLFH %\UHÀHFWLQJRQWKHVHIRXULVVXHV,UHDOLVHGWKDW,ZDVLQWKHVHFRQGSKDVHRIFRORQLDO UHSUHVVLRQDQGFXOWXUDOWUDXPDDVLGHQWL¿HGE\0ERUQ ,WLVVWDWHGWKDWLQWKLV SKDVH WKH FRORQLVHG DIWHU EHLQJ DVVLPLODWHG LQWR WKH FRORQLVHU¶V FXOWXUH ZLOO VWDUW H[SHULHQFLQJGLVWXUELQJIHHOLQJVDQGZLOOVWDUWUHPHPEHULQJZKRWKH\DUH)XUWKHUPRUH 'RZQLQJDQG5RXVK ZRXOGDVVHUWWKDW,KDYHGHYHORSHGDSVHXGRLGHQWLW\DV , DP ZRUNLQJ DJDLQVW ERWK WKH WUDGLWLRQDO$IULFDQ ZD\V DQG WKH GRPLQDQW FXOWXUH RI :HVWHUQZD\V,\HDUQIRUWKHGD\ZKHQ$IULFDQQXUVHVLQWHUURJDWHµWKHLUWREH¶QXUVLQJ NQRZOHGJHSLHFHE\SLHFHEHFDXVHGRLQJVRZLOOEHUHOHYDQWWRWKHLU$IULFDQQXUVLQJ SUDFWLFH , UDLVH WKLV LVVXH EHFDXVH NQRZOHGJH DQG SRZHU JR KDQG LQ KDQG DV VWDWHG E\0XOKROODQG :KLWH VXSSRUWVWKLVVWDWHPHQWVXJJHVWLQJWKDWNQRZLQJ LVDVRFLRSROLWLFDOSDWWHUQ±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
5HPHPEHULQJP\ZD\VRINQRZLQJDQGOHDUQLQJZKLOH¶OHDUQLQJRWKHUZLVH·
&RQFOXVLRQ
Downloaded by [University of Pretoria] at 07:03 10 June 2014
,Q P\ DZDNHQLQJ , KDYH UHDOLVHG WKDW , ZLOO QHYHU DJDLQ EH VLOHQW DERXW P\ SRVLWLRQ DVDQ$IULFDQZLWKXQLTXHNQRZOHGJH+RZHYHUZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHLVVXHRIEHLQJ KRQHVWDVUHJDUGVP\UHÀ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¿F$IULFDQFXOWXUHVDFURVVWKHFRQWLQHQWLQRUGHUWRDGGUHVV$IULFDQGLYHUVLW\ ,QRWKHUZRUGVDQXUVLQJSUDFWLFHWKDWZLOOFRQQHFWZLWKUHDOOLIHLVVXHVIDFLQJWKH $IULFDQSRSXODWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUHLWZLOOEHDQXUVLQJSUDFWLFHZLWKWKHLGHQWL¿FDWRU\ SRVVLELOLWLHV 2¶/RXJKOLQ RIERWKWKHSUDFWLWLRQHUDQGWKHSDWLHQW$FFRUGLQJ WR :DQH WKLV LV SRVVLEOH LI QXUVLQJ VFKRODUV LQ $IULFD GHFRQVWUXFW WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK WKH FXUUHQW QXUVLQJ NQRZOHGJH ZDV GHYHORSHG DQG XVHG UHQHZ WKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFRQFHSWVRIKHDOWKQXUVLQJDQGKHDOLQJ DQG RSWIRUD ERWWRPXSVWUDWHJ\LQH[SHGLWLQJOHDUQLQJDQGNQRZLQJDVWKHJUDVVURRWVSHRSOHDUH WKHNQRZHUVRIZKDWQHHGVWREHNQRZQ
5HIHUHQFHV $GOHU0- 7KHFRQGLWLRQVRISKLORVRSK\1HZ
