RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ...

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS

Riaz A. Khan*+, Mamuna Naz, and Nahid Abbas

ABSTRACTS: The present article deals with the recent developments in synthetic methodology, process development, and techniques modifications employed in peptides, and proteins preparation through solution phase synthesis (SPS), and primarily with solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method in a variety of sequential, divergent as well as convergent, and ligation-based strategies. It also dwells upon the physicochemical, stereo-electronic, structural/chemical, and reaction-medium's related factors affecting the synthesis, geometric outcomes, purification, and yield of the intended product. The article provides recent insights into coupling reagents, linker's role, and associated feasibilities in handling, solubility issues, and in-process product's aggregation during synthesis as well as techniques to resolve them. Some pertinent examples on different sets of 'difficult' and long-chain peptides as well as diversely-sourced proteins' syntheses through various approaches of different prototypical developments in the field of chemical synthesis are also discussed.

KEYWORDS: Chemical synthesis; Semi-synthesis; Convergent and divergent peptide synthesis; Protein structural modifications; Solution and solid phase peptide synthesis (SPS & SPPS); Chemical ligation; Native chemical ligation; Staudinger ligation; Cysteine knot synthesis; Thiol capture; Inverse synthesis; Fragment condensation; Coupling reagents; Coupling medium; Solid support; Polymer-assisted synthesis; Linear and Cyclic peptides; Thiol peptides; Selenoproteins; Trans-membrane proteins; Polypeptide; Functional protein bioconjugate; Protein conjugation; Epimerization; Peptide and protein-based drugs; Racemization.

_________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding Author: Professor Riaz A. Khan, Email: Kahnriaz@gmail.com