Recently discovered Pterosaurs (flying reptiles

Researchgate.net. Research, December 2018; 1-121 pages; DOI;10.13140/RG.2.2.25081.11369

Recently discovered Pterosaurs (flying reptiles), Plesiosaur and Ichthyosaur (marine reptiles), Fishes and Mammal Vertebrates and some Invertebrates fossils of Pakistan; Slender and stocky bodied titanosaur groups based on bone fossils and tracks M. Sadiq Malkani Formerly with Geological Survey of Pakistan, C/O Post Office Retra, Tehsil Taunsa, District Dera Ghazi Khan (D. G. Khan), South Punjab, Pakistan. Email; [email protected] December 29, 2018

Recent paleontological exploration during the start of new/third millennium (from 2000 to 2018) yielded 45 taxa of vertebrates from Pakistan like first dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs-the light bodied flying reptiles, plesiosaurs-the broad bodied marine reptiles, ichthyosaurs-the streamlined bodied marine reptiles, fishes and mammals, and invertebrates from Pakistan like rudists bivalves/pelecypods, gastropods, ammonites, belemnites, nautiloids mollusks, starfish echinoids and arthropods. Further many bivalves/pelecypods, gastropods, ammonites, belemnites and nautiloids mollusks, starfish echinoids, sponges, coral reef, foraminifers like Alveolina, Assilina, numulites, etc, were also found from Pakistan and reported in many reports of geological maps. Here recently discovered fossils of pterosaurs (flying reptiles), plesiosaur and ichthyosaur (marine reptiles), fishes and mammal vertebrates and some invertebrates found from Pakistan and at the end two titanosaur groups (the slender and stocky bodied titanosaur groups) based on evidences from bone fossils and tracks are being reported.

INTRODUCTION Pakistan includes Gondwanan and Laurasian heritages along with Tethyan arc block. The Laurasian heritage is represented by Hindukush-Karakoram basin in the northernmost part of Pakistan. This Laurasian block is contacted by the Tethyan magmatic arcs namely KohistanLadakh magmatic arc and Chagai (Balochistan basin) magmatic arc. The Gondwanan block is represented by supper Indus basin which is subdivided into Uppermost Indus (Khyber-HazaraKashmir), Upper Indus (Kohat-Potwar), Middle Indus (Sulaiman) and Lower Indus (Kirthar) 1

basins. At the start of new third millennium (2000-2018) the geological explorations in Pakistan like revised Stratigraphy and Mineral deposits of different basins and also different provinces of Pakistan (Malkani and Mahmood 2016a,b,c,d; 2017a,b; Malkani et al. 2016a,b,c; 2017a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j; Malkani 2012e; Alyani et al. 2015; Zafar and Malkani 2018a,b; Malkani et al. 2018a,b,c; Malkani 2004b,c,d,e; 2010b; 2011a; etc) and paleontological exploration and studies (Malkani 2003a,b,c; 2004a; 2006a,b,c,d; 2007a,b,c,d; 2008a,b,c,d,e,f; 2009a,b,c,d,e,f; 2010a,b,c,d,e,f,g; 2011a,b,c; 2012a,b,c,d; 2013a,b,c,d,e,f,g; 2013a,b,c,d,e; 2015a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j; 2016a,b,c; 2017a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i; 2018a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m; Malkani et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2001,2005; Malkani and Sun Ge 2016; Fig.1-77) were carried by the author and my colleagues. Previously the flora like algae, pollen, spores and wood fossils from Paleozoic to Cenozoic era of Pakistan have been reported (Fatmi 1977; Cheema et al. 1977; HSC 1961; Shah 1977, 2009; Kazmi and Abbasi 2008, others). Recent research yielded the marine and nonmarine 45 taxa of biotas including 1 plant and 44 animals. Recent research yielded one plant stem wood fossil (MSM-158-6) of gymnosperm conifer Baradarakht goeswangai Malkani 2014 2014c vide Malkani 2015a (Fig.66) from the Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Pab Formation of Goeswanga section, Barkhan District, Sulaiman Range (middle Indus Basin), Balochistan and numerous wood fossils from Cenozoic era are reported in about 30 geological reports or explanatory notes of many geological maps of different quadrangles (on scale 1;50,000) mostly carried by authors along with some coauthors under annual Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) projects. Pakistan yielded a unique blend of Tertiary vertebrates of Asian affinity like rhinocerotoids and antharacotherids with few proboscideans, carnivores, chalicotheres, deinotheres, bovids, suids, Creodonta, ruminantia, amynodontiae, and crocodilians (Eames 1970; Raza and Meyer 1984; Shah 2009; others). Recent research yielded the marine and non-marine 44 taxa of animals (found at the start of new millennium) from Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic of Pakistan. Among these 37 taxa belong to vertebrates (with breakup as 3 taxa belong to fishes, 25 taxa belong to reptiles and 9 taxa belong to mammals) and 7 taxa belong to invertebrates (Fig.1-77). 3 fishes taxa include Muzaffarabadmachli abbottabadi (Malkani 2018 present research) from Cambrian, Kahamachli harrandlundi (Malkani 2018 present research)

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from Latest Cretaceous and Karkhimachli sangiali Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a from Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. 25 taxa of reptiles belong to 13 sauropod, 4 theropod, 5 crocodiles, 2 flying reptiles pterosaurs and 1 marine reptile plesiosaur/ichthyosaur. 13 sauropod taxa include 1 basal titanosaur Brohisaurus kirthari Malkani 2003a from Kimmeridgian or Late Jurassic and 9 most derived titanosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation like large and slender bodied Pakisaurids (Pakisaurus balochistani Malkani 2004a vide Malkani 2006a,2017a,b,e; Sulaimanisaurus gingerichi Malkani 2004a vide Malkani 2006a and Khetranisaurus barkhani Malkani 2004a vide Malkani 2006a), medium and stocky bodied Marisaurs (Marisaurus jeffi Malkani 2004a vide Malkani 2006a,2017a,c,e; Gspsaurus pakistani Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a and Maojandino alami Malkani 2015b vide Malkani 2015a) and Balochisaurs (Balochisaurus malkani Malkani 2004a vide Malkani 2006a,2017a,c,e; Saraikimasoom vitakri Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a and Nicksaurus razashahi Malkani 2015b vide Malkani 2015a); 1 track taxa of basal stocky titanosaurs Malakhelisaurus mianwali Malkani 2007a vide Malkani 2008a from the Middle Jurassic (166Ma), 1 track taxa of most derived stocky titanosaurs Pashtosaurus zhobi Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation and 1 track taxa of most derived slender titanosaur Dgkhansaurus maarri (Malkani present research) from the Latest Cretaceous Pab Formation. 4 theropod taxa represented by 2 large bodied theropods taxa from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation like Vitakridrinda sulaimani Malkani 2004a vide Malkani 2006a,2017a,d,e (Fig.61); and Vitakrisaurus saraiki Malkani 2010a,2017a,d,e; 1 track taxa of large bodied theropod Samanadrinda surghari Malkani 2007a from Middle Jurassic and 1 track taxa of small theropods Himalayadrinda potwari Malkani 2015e vide Malkani 2015a from Middle Jurassic. 2 flying reptiles pterosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation are represented by 1 light weight large bodied pterosaur Saraikisaurus minhui Malkani 2013a vide Malkani 2015a and 1 track taxa of large pterosaurs Anmolpakhi alleni Malkani 2018b. 1 taxa of marine reptile plesiosaur or ichthyosaur represented by Zahrisaurus kilmoolai (Malkani present research). 5 crocodiles are represented by 4 mesoeucrocodiles Pabwehshi pakistanensis Wilson et al. 2001, Induszalim

bala

Malkani

2014a

vide

Malkani

2015a,2017a,d,e

(Fig.62,63,64,65);

Sulaimanisuchus kinwai Malkani 2010a,2017a,d,e; and Khuzdarcroco zahri Malkani 2015d vide 3

Malkani 2015a from the Late Cretaceous and 1 eucrocodile Asifcroco retrai Malkani 2015d vide Malkani 2015a from Oligocene. Mammals include 2 horses Mirvitakri haji (Malkani present research) from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation and Bolanicyon shahani Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a from Early Eocene Toi Formation, 2 baluchithere-large rhinoceros Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013 from Early Eocene Shagala Formation and Buzdartherium gulkirao Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a from Oligocene, 2 protocetids archaeocetes whales Artiocetus clavis Gingerich et al. 2001 and Rodhocetus balochistanensis Gingerich et al. 2001 from Early Eocene transition period of Habib Rahi Limestone and Domanda shale, 1 sea cow (Sirenia) Kilgai moolakharzni (Malkani present research) from Eocene Shaheed Ghat shale, 1 basal whale basilosauridae Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013 from middle Eocene Drazinda shale and 1 proboscidean Gomphotherium buzdari Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a from Miocene Litra Formation. So far no diagnostic fossils of aves/birds are reported only fine and small bone fossils are found from Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation which may belong to birds. 7 invertebrates which include 3 arthropods like trilobite Moolatrilo chotoki (Malkani present research) from Late Permian (Lower part of Chiltan or Sulaiman group), centipedes Nisaukankoil beakeri (Malkani present research) and Phailawaghkankoil derabugti (Malkani present research) from Early Paleocene Sangiali Formation, 1 starfish Mulastar zahri Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a from Early Eocene Shaheed Ghat shale, 1 bivalve Pakiring kharzani Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a from Latest Cretaceous (K-T boundary) Vitakri Formation and 2 nautiloids Pakiwheel karkhi Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a and Pakiwheel vitakri Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a Early Paleocene Sangiali Formation. Most of these fossils are hosted in the Geological Survey of Pakistan Quetta museum.

PTEROSAURS-THE LIGHT WEIGHT FLYING REPTILES FROM PAKISTAN This first pterosaur fossil bone (Fig.1) of Saraikisaurus minhui Malkani 2013a from Pakistan was discovered and reported by Malkani (2013a) and later formally reported by Malkani (2015a). Later on this pterosaur dentary was described and figured by Malkani (2017a, 2018e, etc). A few parallel tracks (Fig.2,3) of flying reptiles pterosaurs Anmolpakhi alleni Malkani 2018b were first figured and reported by Malkani (2018b) and later on by Malkani (2018c,d,e). 4

During 2012 Prof. Dr. Min Huh of Korea sponsored my visit of 11th symposium and fieldtrip of Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 11), August 15-18, 2012, Korea. In Korea during symposium and museums visits I learned many fossil bones or skeletons and models of sauropod and theropod dinosaurs and flying reptiles pterosaurs (Fig.4,5,6,7,8), etc. In Korea during fieldtrip I also observed and learned many footprints and trackways of sauropod and theropod dinosaurs, flying reptiles pterosaurs (Fig.8), webbed and non-webbed birds (Fig.46,47). So during 2013 I reported a first pterosaur from Pakistan on the name of Prof. Dr. Min Huh, Korea.

Fossil bone of pterosaur (Saraikisaurus minhui Malkani 2013a vide Malkani 2015a) from the Latest Cretaceous terrestrial Vitakri Formation of Pakistan The pterosaurs are divided into two major groups, the Jurassic form Rhamphorhynchoidea (small and tooth bearing pterosaurs) and the Cretaceous Pterodactyloidea (large in size with toothless beak) (Romer 1958). But some rare forms with teeth survived until Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Most of the opinions are in the favor of quadruped locomotion while some are in the favor of bipedal. They became extinct during end Cretaceous extinction. Saraikisaurus minhui Malkani 2013a vide Malkani 2015a, a pterosaur (flying reptile) based on dentary ramus with teeth (MSM-157-16) found from the Latest Cretaceous terrestrial Vitakri Formation of eastern Top Kinwa PDL 16, Vitakri dome, Barkhan District, Balochistan Province, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan (Malkani 2013a,2014b,2015a,c). It is first described by Malkani (2013a,2014b,2015c) and formally published

by Malkani (2015a). The preserved dentary ramus (Fig.1) shows

pneumatic elongated skull with preserved eight teeth. This ramus shows internal pneumatic texture and structure revealing the light weight nature of Saraikisaurus minhui pterosaur. The teeth are oval to suboval, some overlapped and obliquely oriented. The total length of preserved dentary ramus is 5.8cm (Fig. 1). The dentary is slender. This discovery shows the toothed pterosaurs continued upto end Cretaceous extinction.

Footprints and tracks of pterosaur-flying reptiles (Anmolpakhi alleni Malkani 2018) from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation of Pakistan The second level (third bed just below Pashtosaurus zhobi ichnotype bed) of Sor Muzghai ichnite or commonly called Zhob ichnite (Sor Muzghai locality, Musafar Pur Thana area, Qila 5

Saifullah District, Zhob division, Balochistan Province, Westernmost Sulaiman basin, Pakistan) host the exposed 4 parallel footprints and tracks of flying reptile pterosaurs (Fig. 2) and associated one asymmetric D shape manus footprint (Fig. 55) of Pashtosaurus zhobi most derived titanosaur. Manus and pes footprints of Anmolpakhi alleni are recorded. This pterosaur Anmolpakhi alleni is named by Malkani (2018b). The Anmol name is derived from Urdu and Saraiki language mean “can not be purchased”. Pakhi in Saraiki language mean flying animal/ birds. The species name Alleni is after the Mr. Nicholas Allen (commonly known Mr. Nick) a British Journalist of England, United Kingdom which helped a lot for the preparation of 3-D models and preservation of Level 5 ichnotype of Pashtosaurus zhobi Malkani 2014a (a stocky and heavy most derived titanosaur) found from Sor Muzghai ichnite of Qila Saifullah District, Zhob Division, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. The ichnotype bed of Anmolpakhi alleni is located at 30o 57’.36” North and 69o 08’ 24”East in situ in the Sor Muzghai site. These tracks of Anmolpakhi alleni are found in the level 2 of Sor Muzghai ichnite. The pterosaur footprints are about 20-30cm long and 8-10cm wide representing hind and fore limb footprints. The pterosaur footprints are parallel with each other. These tracks of pterosaur matches closely the pterosaur footprints found in the Cretaceous of South Korea. These are found only about one meter width of small exposure of sandstone bed, further excavation reveal better results. The depth of footprints/tracks is very small showing light weight pterosaurs (Fig.2). Some models of flying reptiles pterosaurs are shown in Fig.4,5,6,7,8.

PLESIOSAURS (BROAD BODIED MARINE REPTILES) AND ICHTHYOSAURS (STREAMLINED BODIED MARINE REPTILES) FROM PAKISTAN The author reported plesiosaur and ichthyosaurs fossils here first time from Pakistan.

Plesiosaur or ichthyosaur from middle Jurassic Chiltan Limestone of Chotok locality of Moola-Kharzan area, Moola-Zahri Range, Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan Zahrisaurus kilmoolai, is a new genus and new species of plesiosaur or marine reptile or sea reptile. Zahrisaurus kilmoolai is based on holotypic trunk body with ribs (MSM-99-K; Fig.9). This body cross section of Zahrisaurus kilmoolai is found in the Jurassic Chiltan Limestone of

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Chotok locality of Kharzan-Moola area, eastern part of Moola-Zahri Range or Western part of Kirthar Range (Fig. 1). The vertebral column and ribs are preserved (Fig.9). The ribs are separated from each other vary from 0.5-1cm i.e. the distance between two ribs is about 0.5-1cm. The ribs orientation show broad bodied animal like plesiosaur instead of streamlined bodied of ichthyosaurs. The marine habitat is diagnosed on the basis of deposition of host limestone and its geological formation (upper part of Chiltan Limestone) in marine or sea environments. Moola also spelled as Mula is a river, generally flow from west to east with local folded nature. It drops its load into Indus river. The genus Zahrisaurus honored the host Zahri tribe of Balochistan and saurus mean lizard. The species name kilmoolai honored the host Kil Locality of Kharzan area and Moola River which generally flows from west to east and drops its load into Indus River. Moola river comes out of Kirthar Range at Kuan / Kwaan area, just north of Jhal Magsi and south of Gandawah. The holotypic specimen is housed in the museum of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Quetta. Some models of marine reptiles are shown in Fig.10,11.

FISHES FROM PAKISTAN Previously fish is reported from Permo-Triassic boundary by Kummel and Teichert (1970) mentioned by Fatmi (1977). Recently a fish from Cambrian of Muzaffarabad (Azad Kashmir) and fishes from Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary or its adjoining horizons of Karkh (Khuzdar, Balochistan) and Kaha Harrand (Rajanpur, South Punjab) are reported from Pakistan. Finding of Cambrian fish shows its presence among oldest fishes and chordates and also oldest vertebrates in global world. Fish from Cambrian Abbottabad Dolomitic Limestone of Muzaffarabad area, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan The evolution of fish began from Cambrian explosion (530 million years ago). The first fish belong to Agnatha or jawless fish. During Late Cambrian the early fish divided into eel like jawless fish called Conodonts and small mostly armored fish know ostracoderms. Ostracoderms are the armored jawless fish of the Paleozoic. Earlier chordates use the gill for both respiration and feeding. The skull includes teeth (conodonts) used for biting creatures.

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Muzaffarabadmachli abbottabadi, a new genus and new species, a partial limb of symmetric body of a fish (MSM-1-Muzaffarabad; Fig. 12) found in the fragmentary dolomitic limestone of Cambrian Abbottabad Formation which is now located in the concrete chip of lawn floor (just south of the steps of door of eastern room) of Tariq Abbassi house (then temporarily hired Geological Survey of Pakistan Azad Jammu and Kashmir office, Muzaffarabad), 130 D, street 16, upper Chattar, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir (Malkani 2015a, 2017a; Malkani and Sun Ge 2016). The limb cross section shows parallel, coarse and straight ribs/ spine of marine fish. The straight ribs/ spines are about 2.8cm. The marine environment is deduced from the deposition of host dolomitic limestone of Cambrian Abbottabad formation which is widely exposed in Abbottabad, Muzaffarabad and Tattapani Kotli areas. The genus Muzaffarabadmachli honored the host Muzaffarabad town of Azad Kashmir Pakistan and machli is Urdu/Saraiki word with meaning fish. The species name abbottabadi honored the host Cambrian Abbottabad Formation or Abbottabad dolomite or dolomitic limestones. This Muzaffarabadmachli Cambrian fish fossils from Pakistan results on Cambrian explosion and seems to be close to Haikouichthys Luo et al 1999 a Cambrian fish from China (Shu et al. 1999). There are a number of segments directed laterally backward (Fig.15). The total preserved one limb length is 10cm. Each segment is about 0.3cm wide and 3cm long and all are parallel and directed laterobackward.

Fish fossils from Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and surroundings of Karkh area, Khuzdar district, Balochistan, Pakistan Karkhimachli sangiali Malkani 2015a, a small sized bony fishes-the Teleostei or holostei fish based on holotypic (MSM-1062-K) portion belongs to body cross section having herring bone type symmetric structure, found as fragmentary in Karkh area of Khuzdar District. Its age assumed as Latest Cretaceous, may be hosted by deltaic Pab Formation of Fort Munro Group (Malkani 2014c,2015a) or Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation of Sangiali Group. It is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). The other two cross sections (MSM-1063-K; MSM-1064-K) are also referred to it (Fig. 13). Their streamlined and symmetric body shows a successful predator and also point toward the assignment of ichthyosaurs. Holotype MSM-1073-K and referred specimen MSM-1074-K and MSM-1075-K of Karkhimachli sangiali (Fig.1). 8

Catfish fossil from Latest Cretaceous or Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary Kaha-Maarri area, west of Qila Harrand and Lundi Saidan towns, Rajanpur district, South Punjab, Pakistan Kahamachli harrandlundi (Malkani present research) a new genus and species of freshwater catfish found from the uppermost of the Latest Cetaceous Pab Formation (sandstone) of Kaha Harrand area of Rajanpur District, South Punjab, Pakistan. Its holotype is represented by a jaw (MSM-1-Kaha-Maarri-Qila Harand-Lundi Saidan; Fig.14). The jaw has teeth on the upper part and parallel lineation or striations are commonly found (Fig.14). The genus Kahamachli honored the host Kaha Rud/ Nala/ stream flows from west to east from part of Kohlu, Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur districts. Kaha rud comes out at Harrand and Lundi Saidan areas of Rajanpur district. Kaha drops its load into Indus River. Machli in Urdu or Saraiki language mean fish. The species name harrandlundi honored the host historic Qila (Fort) of Harrand and Lundi after Lundi Saidan town near Harrand town. The holotypic specimen is located in the in situ geological formation just southern bank of Kaha Rud (Fig.14). Some models of fishes are shown in Fig.15.

MAMMALS FROM LATEST CRETACEOUS AND CENOZOIC OF PAKISTAN; RECENTLY DISCOVERED Previously many workers reported mammals from the Eocene and Oligocene of Paleogene, Miocene and Pliocene of Neogene, and Pleistocene and Holocene of Quaternary periods of Pakistan. Previously Pakistan yielded a unique blend of Tertiary vertebrates of Asian affinity like rhinocerotoids and antharacotherids with few proboscideans, carnivores, chalicotheres, deinotheres, bovids, suids, Creodonta, ruminantia, amynodontiae, and crocodilians (Pascoe 1963, Eames 1970; Raza and Meyer 1984; Shah 2009). Pascoe (1963) listed numerous species including crocodiles, chelonians, proboscideans, rhinocerotoids and artiodactyls from Kirthar (Lower Indus) Basin and Bugti hills of Sulaiman Basin.

The recent discoveries (at the start of new and third millennium) of marine and nonmarine mammals include the Latest Cretaceous Mirvitakri haji, Early Eocene Bolanicyon 9

shahani, and baluchithere Pakitherium shagalai, Oligocene baluchithere Buzdartherium gulkirao, Miocene proboscidean Gomphotherium buzdari.

Gingerich et al. (1997) reported Basilosaurids Basilosaurus drazindai and Basiloterus hussaini based on one and two lumbar vertebra respectively, while recently Malkani et al. (2013) reported Basilosaurids Sulaimanitherium dhanotri based on almost complete vertebral skeletal column. These Cenozoic vertebrates show Eurasian affinity and presumably migrated from IndoPak subcontinent to Eurasia, or vice versa, via the Western Indus Suture (Lasbela-KhuzdarZhob-Waziristan-Mohmand) and Northern Indus Suture (Mohmand-Swat-Besham-Spat-ChilasAstor-Kargil-Ladakh) following the collision of Indo-Pak plate and Asia landmasses at the end of the Cretaceous.

Early horses (Perissodactyl, Mammal) fossils found from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation, Pakistan The perissodactyls include horses (Hippomorpha), and rhinoceroses and tapir (Tapiromorpha) (Romer 1958). The horses belong to subordinal group Hippomorpha. The horses fossils are reported from Eocene to recent (Tertiary and Quaternary). The horses are odd-toed ungulates. From Pakistan the Latest Cretaceous and Early Eocene horses fossils were collected. Its modern end form constitute the genus Equus includes horses, asses and zebras. The specimen (MSM-1Laki Bara) show a silicified tooth of mammal or may belong to fish found from the Latest Cretaceous terrestrial Vitakri Formation (=upper part of Pab formation) of Bara section, Laki Range, Jamshoro District, Sindh Province, Eastern Sulaiman Kirthar Range (Fig.18). A general model of hose evolution is shown in Fig.19. Mirvitakri haji, a new genus and new species, an old horse (Hippomorpha, Perissodactyl, Mammalia) based on holotypic partial lower jaw including posterior dentary with angular process (MSM-141-4s). The specimen MSM-141-4s is a holotype of Mirvitakri haji (Fig.16). The lower back of dentary the rounded process emerged as angular for the attachment to upper jaw. It is found from the Latest Cretaceous terrestrial Vitakri Formation of Vitakri area, Barkhan District, Balochistan province, Pakistan. The angular is rounded. As a tectonic setting the holotypic area is included in the eastern Sulaiman fold and thrust belt. The genus name 10

Mirvitakri is honouring the Mr. Mir Muhammad Khetran of Vitakri village, Barkhan district, Balochistan. The species name M. haji honouring the Mr. Haji Ahmad Khetran (field worker), residence of southern part of Rakhni Village, Barkhan district, Mr. Haji Hafeez (Naib Qasid/peon) of Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Balochistan, and Haji Abdullah Jan, Hameed Brohi, Behram Khan and Irfan drivers of Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Balochistan for excellent cooperation and services during most of the fieldworks in the Sulaiman and Balochistan. The holotypic specimen is housed in the museum of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Quetta. This extinct horse seems to be small just close to a meter in length (Fig.19). Its holotypic dentary show rounded angular profile of lower and posterior views.

Early horses (Perissodactyl, Mammal) fossils found from the Early Eocene Toi Formation, Mach area of Bolan District, Sulaiman/Middle Indus, Balochistan Province, Pakistan Bolanicyon shahani Malkani 2015a, reported a large quettacyonid but now expected to be a horse. Bolanicyon shahani a horse is based on holotypic dentary with teeth (holotype dentary with teeth MSM-1068-Western Mach; Fig.17). Its molar dentitions (6 molars) with angular bone are well preserved while the anteriormost portion including long diastema including one canine tooth and further ahead incisors were destroyed (Fig.17). It is a small may be about 1 meter in length and also extinct horse. It is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). It is found at the coal mining at depth of about 500m in the Early Eocene Toi Formation of southwestern Mach (Gishtari) area (Malkani 2014c, 2015a). This mammal (old horse or Quettacyonidae) is among the oldest in Pakistan. Pakistan has a unique blend of Tertiary mammals of Asian affinity like rhinocerotoids and antharacotherids with few proboscideans, carnivores, chalicotheres, deinotheres, bovids, suids, Creodonta, ruminantia, amynodontiae, and Crocodilians (Eames 1970; Raza and Meyer 1984; Shah 2009; Malkani et Al. 2013) and Tertiary Whales (Gingerich et al. 2001, Malkani et al. 2013).

Seacow or Sirenia from Chotok-Kil locality of Kharzan-Moola River area (Moola-Zahri Range or western Kirthar Range), Khuzdar district, Balochistan Province, Pakistan Kilgai moolakharzani, a new genus and new species, Serenian-sea cow (Mammalia), based on holotypic typical tooth MSM-1065-K (Fig.20). It is found from the Early Eocene Shaheed Ghat 11

shale of Chamalang Group (=Ghazij Group), Kil locality, Moola-Kharzan area, Khuzdar District, Balochistan province, Pakistan. As a tectonic setting the holotypic area is included in the western Kirthar Range. The teeth is typical and have relatively thin outer bone periphery and thick central cavity. The cavity have some network. The outer peripheral exposure of tooth have fine dot type ornamentations arranged in linear orientation trending up-down or dorsal to ventral. The diameter of tooth is 1.5cm and also preserved length of tooth is 1.5cm. The genus name Kilgai is honouring the host Kil locality of Kharzan area, and gai in Urdu or Saraiki language mean cow. The species name moolakharzani honouring the host Moola River and Kharzan area. Kharzan is the headquarter of Tehsil Moola of district Khuzdar. The holotypic specimen is housed in the museum of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Quetta. Some sea cow models are shown in Fig.21,22.

Baluchithere-the largest land mammals from Pakistan Previously it is also reported from Dera Bugti District of Balochistan Province, southern Sulaiman foldbelt (Vicary 1846, Pilgrim 1910, Forster-Cooper 1913). Now in Pakistan there are three localities hosted by large baluchitheres like one old locality Dera Bugti, and new two localities Taunsa (D.G.Khan District) Eastern Sulaiman Range, South Punjab, and ShagalaKamardin Kareez (Zhob District) of northern Balochistan Basin, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. The hornless rhinos Baluchithere were widespread during the Eocene to Oligocene in Asia (Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan) and southeastern Europe (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey Georgia).

Baluchithere-the largest land mammals from Shagalai area of northern Balochistan basin, Balochistan Province, Pakistan Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013, is a first large baluchithere and large land mammals found from Balochistan Basin (northern Balochistan Basin or Kakar-Khorasan basin or Pishin Basin). It is found from Early Eocene Shagala Formation (=red beds of Shagalu Formation) of Shagala-Kamardin Kareez area, Zhob District, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013 based on cranial skeleton like tusk/canine like thick and long tooth and postcranial skeleton like centrum, a pair of proximal metapodial, a pair of distal ribs, cross 12

section of leg bone and many cross section of alnae processes, ribs and neural spines (Fig.23,24,26) found from Eocene Shagala Formation of Shagala area, Zhob District, Balochistan Province (Malkani et al. 2013). Further this genus is significant because it hosts and associated with its child baby (Fig.25) may be mature pregnancy or death at delivery or may show parental care. Twenty seven holotypic specimens MSID-201 to MSID-227 are collected from Shagala area. These bones/pieces of bones belongs to cranial element such as canine like tusk/upper 1st incisor tooth (MSID-201) and postcranial skeleton such as one partial centrum (MSID-227), a pair of distal ribs (MSID-205, MSID-206), cross section of leg bone (MSID-202), a pair of proximal metapodial (MSID-203, MSID-204) and many cross sections/fragments of alnae processes, ribs, neural spines, etc, (MSID-207 to MSID-226). The size of the bones, their close occurrences and no duplication (for second or other individual) tells their association with one individual animal. A pair of proximal small femora (MSID-228, MSID-229) is also found in association with holotype. These specimens provide comparison for other large mammals. The enormous thick and long canine/tusk like blunted 1st incisor, the huge and gigantic size and shape of other bones tells Pakitherium is fit in the sub-family Baluchitherinae and family Baluchitheridae baluchithere (Malkani et al. 2013). A pair of small femora (MSID-228, MSID-229; proximal part) of baby baluchithere is collected with type specimen of Pakitherium shagalai in the same site and same formation. The size of the bone is very small. The femur expands less toward the proximal end but is greater in the extension of shaft. The femur head is ball like. There are two tuberosities/trochanters on the anterior and posterior side of proximal femur just close to femur head. Dorsally the head and other part of proximal femur show slight convexing arc shape. The characters, very small size of femora and its associated findings reveals about the pregnancy in his mother Pakitherium shagalai. It may belong to embryo babe/child of Pakitherium shagalai. What is the reason for the death of both mother and her babe/child?, the death may be due to delivery. However their association shows the daughter/son in mother belly due to pregnancy in Pakitherium shagalai. Further the size and development of femora show the middle to late stage embryo developments (Malkani et al. 2013).

13

Baluchithere-the largest land mammals from Gulki-Taunsa area (Dera Ghazi Khan), Eastern Sulaiman Range. South Punjab, Pakistan Buzdartherium gulkirao Malkani 2015a, a first large baluchithere from Punjab Province based on thirty seven holotypic specimens like tusk tooth, premolar tooth, tooth cross section, vertebrae, ribs, spines, proximal humerus, ulna, proximal pubis, pubis cross section, proximal ischium, ischium cross section, femur, carpal/astragalous/tarsal, metacarpal/metatarsal, phalanges, ungual/toe and some bone pieces (Fig.27) collected from ferruginous conglomeratic beds (just below the 5-10m thick silica sand beds) of Oligocene Chitarwata Formation in TaunsaGulki section of Dera Ghazi Khan District (Punjab). It is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). The small egg like material found with this assemblage may be the croco and snake eggs or the osteoderms or coprolite of baluchithere (Malkani 2014c,2015a). Vicary (1846) first time reported the vertebrate fauna and land flora in Bugti areas and following this many baluchitheres were reported from Pakistan like Paraceratherium bugtiense (Pilgrim 1910) and Baluchitherium osborni Forster-Cooper 1913 from Dera Bugti areas (South Sulaiman). Malkani et al. (2013) reported Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013-a baluchithere first time in Balochistan Basin. The present discovery from Taunsa area of Dera Ghazi Khan District (east and northern Sulaiman) is the first time discovery of baluchithere in Punjab Province and third locality of baluchitheres in Pakistan after Dera Bugti and Shagala. The hornless rhinos Baluchithere were widespread during the Eocene to Oligocene in Asia (Pakistan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan) and southeastern Europe (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey Georgia). Thirty seven holotypic specimens MSM-1-Taunsa to MSM-37-Taunsa (Fig.6) of Buzdartherium gulkirao Malkani 2014c (Baluchitherinae, Baluchitheridae, Rhinocerotoidea; Perissodactyla; Mammalia) are collected from ferruginous conglomeratic beds (just below the 510m thick silica sand beds) of Oligocene Chitarwata Formation in Taunsa-Gulki section of Dera Ghazi Khan District (Punjab). The etymology of Buzdartherium honor the Buzdar tribe and species name gulkirao honor the Gulki locality and Rao M. Ayub-with his kind cooperation this discovery was made. These bones/pieces of bones belong to cranial, vertebral and limb elements. 14

The tusk like incisor, large size of the bones, large size of ungual/toe, their close occurrences and no duplication tells their association with one individual of Baluchitherinae and Baluchitheridae baluchithere. The canine like 1st incisor root is much thick and massive while crown show light brown enamel. Incisor or may be 1st mandibular tooth which is stout and long. Its cone is broken but its large diameter and massive root morphology show its position among Baluchitheres as 1 st incisor. The root is much thicker. This incisor presents high specialization. The one partial centrum may belong to thoracic region with 14cm preserved length. The preserved posterior/anterior articular surface is mostly eroded and seems to be set obliquely. The one surface is slightly convex and other surface seems to be amphicoelous. The other fragment of centrum interpreted on having no central hollow. The huge size of ribs and thickness like the titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs found from Pakistan show their assignment to baluchithere. The rib has two facets for articulating with vertebrae. The rib is nearly plain on one side while convexing out in other side and convexing line set obliquely from middle to outer side. One curved plate having a head like tuberosity (3cm high, 7cm wide and 10cm long) may belong to proximal humerus. The other plate (11cm width and preserved length is also 11 cm) may belong to part of ilium and acetabulum because plate has groove like acetabulum. The proximal pubis/ischium has a concave groove for acetabulum or for the adjustment of femur. An oval cross section of pubis/ischium is also collected which shows 4cm thick and 9cm wideness, the length preserved is about 10cm (Malkani 2015a). A proximal ulna having half lunate type preserved groove (11cm*8cm) for adjustment of humerus condyle and some olecranon part is preserved. Dorsally it is triradial. Ulnar cross section have central hollow of 4cm in dia. The peripheral bone is 1cm to 2.5cm thick. A proximal femur with its head (8cm at the preserved end) is shown in Fig.27. The femur expands less toward the proximal end. The femur head is a ball like. There is a prominent ridge on the posterior side just close to femur dorsal surface. Dorsally the head and other part of proximal femur are weathered. The dorsal surface of proximal femur has 14cm length and width may be 10-12cm. The preserved length of femur is about 15cm. The lateral surface of femur is convex like. It has circular hollow in the centre of bone cross section and this hollow has thick peripheral bone. The hollow has 6cm in dia and peripheral bone has 1cm to 2.5cm thick layer. The proximal pubis and ischium has a groove for acetabulum. The large size of bones, spines,

15

manus/pes bones and associated ungual/toe show their assignment to baluchithere. The small egg like material found with this assemblage may be the croco and snake eggs or the osteoderms or coprolite of baluchithere (Malkani 2015a). Some models of baluchithere are shown in Fig.28,29.

Mixed and rich mammal graveyard from Gandhera quarry, Musakhel District, Balochistan, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan

Gingerich et al. (2001) reported primates, perissodactyles, condylarthra, artiodactyls, rodentia, mesonychia, creodonta, insectivore and tillodontia from Gandhera quarry, Sulaiman foldbelt, Pakistan.

Walking Whale (protocetids archaeocete) and basal whale (Basilosauridae) from Pakistan

Walking Whale (protocetids archaeocete) from Rakhni area of Barkhan district, Balochistan Province, Pakistan Artiocetus clavis Gingerich et al. (2001) based on virtually complete skull with vertebral and limb bones (include the ankle bones) and Rodhocetus balochistanensis Gingerich et al. (2001) based on braincase with vertebral and limb bones (include the ankle bones). The partial skeletons of these fossil whale are among the oldest known early Lutetian age (47 million years ago) protocetid archaeocetes, reported from the transitional beds (shale and marl) of Eocene Habib Rahi limestone and Domanda shale of eastern Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Both have an astragalus and cuboid in the ankle with characteristics diagnostic of artiodactyls; R. balochistanensis has virtually complete fore- and hind limbs. The new skeletons are important in augmenting the diversity of early Protocetidae, clarifying that Cetacea evolved from early Artiodactyla rather than Mesonychia and showing how early protocetids swam (Gingerich et al. 2001). Fig.30 show model and field party with Prof. Dr. Gingerich.

16

King of the Basal Whale Basilosauridae from Pakistan The Basilosauridae is the giant among basal whales (Archaeoceti) are reported from Early Eocene Drazinda Formation. In Pakistan at many horizons in Early Eocene the extra ordinary fossil records of Archaeoceti are reported showing significance for early whale evolution from hoofed/artiodactyls. Gingerich et al. (1997) mentioned the Sulaiman Range (Pakistan) archaeocetes are now a large fraction of archaeocetes known worldwide. Basilosaurus drazindai Gingerich et al. 1997 is based on one lumbar vertebra reported from Pakistan and belong to Basilosauridae (Gingerich et al. 1997). Basiloterus hussaini Gingerich et al. 1997 is based on two lumbar vertebrae reported from Pakistan (Gingerich et al. 1997). One vertebra from UK is referred

to

Basilosaurus

drazindai

(Gingerich

et

al.

1997).

Recently

discovered

Sulaimanitherium dhanotri (Malkani et al. 2013) is represented by almost complete vertebral column and help for many aspects of basilosaurids study. Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013, a third genus and species of Basilosauridae in Asia based on almost complete vertebral column (Fig.31,32,33,34,35) found in Early-Middle Eocene Drazinda Formation of Zamri area Subtehsil (Survey of Pakistan Toposheet No. 39 I/3), Drug Tehsil, Musa Khel District, Balochistan Province. These bones are found in the northeastern part of Sulaiman fold and thrust belt (Central part of Pakistan). The Zamri area is 20km south of MughalKot and can be accessible from Dera Ismail Khan or Zhob. It also shows sigmoid centrum, which is also significant for swimming behavior. It is important due to present discovery of almost complete vertebral column discovered from Pakistan. The Sulaimanitherium is significant finding of Basilosauridae in Pakistan and eastern Tethys (Malkani et al. 2013). The B. drazindai contributes little to clarification of swimming modes in Basilosaurus but it might with recovery of a more complete axial/vertebral skeleton (Gingerich et al. 1997). Recently most complete vertebral skeleton of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is found from Pakistan which provides many missing links (Malkani et. al. 2013). Total 100 specimens of one holotypic individual are collected and these belong to cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and fragments of caudal, some neural canals and neural spines and more than fifty eight cross sections and fragments of ribs, open transverse /alnae process, neural spines, etc (Malkani et al. 2013).

17

Proboscidean Mammalia from Pakistan

A Proboscidean Mammalia from Mahoi area of Zinda Pir Anticline (Dera Ghazi Khan), South Punjab, Pakistan Gomphotherium buzdari Malkani 2015a, a big Proboscidean (Mammalia) based on holotypic materials like proximal femur, distal femur with its partial two condyles and proximal tibia (Fig.37) collected from Miocene Litra Formation of Vihowa group in Mahoi area, eastern limb of Zinda Pir anticline (Malkani 2014c,2015a). It is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). The femur head is circular and directed mostly upward. Its tip is slightly more wide then its neck. The head is raised more than its greater trochanter. There is a depression/notch between trochanter and head. The trochanter raises more than notch and also more thick than adjoining notch. There is a large fossa or shallow depression in the anterior part of proximal femur. There is a small rise in the posterior of proximal femur (close to laterally transverse mid). The distal part of femur is massive, thick and forms its two condyles. The tibia is slender and proximal part is elongated. The fibular fossa on one side and ridge on another side can be observed. There is a thin oval hole in centre of bone’s cross section observed at its preserved end (Fig.37). The proboscideans origin is considered from Africa and is grouped in Subangulates. The order proboscidea includes suborder Moeritherioidea (less tusks), Dinotherioidea (downward long lower tusk), Barytherioidea, and Elephantoidea (upward long upper tusk). The Elephantoidea includes Gomphotheriidae, Mastodontidae, Elephantidae (Mammuthus, Elephas, etc) (Romer 1958). The proboscideans like Gomphotherium, Trilophodon, Bunolophodon and Dinotherium along with other mammals were common in the Miocene-Pliocene of Sulaiman basin. The Gomphotherium buzdari Malkani 2014c-a big proboscidean (Mammalia) remains collected from Miocene Litra Formation of Vihowa group in the Zinda Pir anticline (trending generally north to south) area located in the easternmost extremity of Sulaiman fold and thrust belt. The holotypic specimens (Fig.37) MSM-MSID-1 proximal femur, MSM-MSID-2 lateral portion of proximal femur or part of ilium, MSM-MSID-3 distal femur, MSM-MSID-4 proximal 18

tibia and MSM-MSID-5 fragments of femur/limb may belonging to one individual of Gomphotherium buzdari (species name honouring the host Buzdar tribe) are found from the Miocene Litra Formation of northern Mahoi area just east of Zin in the eastern limb of Zinda Pir anticline, Taunsa area, Dera Ghazi Khan district. The femur head is circular and directed mostly upward. Its tip is slightly more wide then its neck. The head is raised more than its greater trochanter. There is a depression/notch between trochanter and head. The trochanter raises more than notch and also more thick than adjoining notch. There is a large fossa or shallow depression in the anterior part of proximal femur. There is a small rise in the posterior of proximal femur (close to laterally transverse mid). The distal part of femur is massive, thick and forms its two condyles, one for tibia and other for fibula. The tibia is slender and proximal part is elongated. There is a depression on one corner of proximal view, to be set for tibial condyle of femur. The fibular fossa on one side and ridge on another side can be observed. There is a thin oval hole in centre of bone’s cross section observed at its preserved end (Malkani 2015a). The models of Gomphotheridae (downward tusk) and Elephantidae (upward tusk) are shown in Fig. 38.

INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS RECENTLY DISCOVERED FROM PAKISTAN

The invertebrates like Protozoa, Foraminifera started from Early Cretaceous Goru Formation like Globigerina, Rotaliapora, Globotruncana, and onward Cainozoic-Nummulites, Alveolina, Assilina, etc), Coelenterata (Anthozoa-corals, sea anemones, stony and horny corals; HydrozoaJellyfish); Stromatoporoidea, Scaphopoda, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda (Productus, fusilinids, etc), Echinodermata (Crinoids, etc), Conodonts, Mollusca, Cephalopoda (Ammonites and belemnites became extinct at Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary while nautiloids survived during extinction), Gastropoda, Pelecypoda/Bivalves and Arthropoda (many insect, etc, Trilobites-Proetus chitralensis-Early Devonian of Chitral-Extinct) have been reported from Pakistan so far (Shah 2009: Cheema et al. 1977: Fatmi 1977: Kazmi and Abbasi 2008: HSC 1961: Malkani and Mahmood 2016a,2017a). A few recently discovered invertebrates (Fig.39,40,41,42,43,44) are briefly summarized as below.

19

Bivalve/ pelecypod Mollusca Many tertiary bivalves were observed in the fields. Two pectin type bivalves mollusks (Fig.40) found from Early Eocene Shaheed Ghat Formation of Kharzan area, Mula Zahri Range, Khuzdar, Balochistan, and one Early Paleocene bivalve is figured from Rakhi Gaj ironstone beds (Fig.41) of Fort Munro area, South Punjab, Pakistan are figured here. Blanford (1879) correlated the unit with Hippuritic limestone of Iran on the base of fragments of Hippurite found from the scree of this unit (Malkani et al. 2017). Prof. Dr. Sacit Ozer of Izmir, Turkey emailed me about the picture of hippurite fragment reported from Pakistan. So we discussed some about the invertebrates and also rudists hippurites. Here a valve of rudists bivalves Pakiring kharzani are being figured, reported and sketched for easy understandings.

Pakiring kharzani Malkani 2015a is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). It belongs to the rudists hippurite (cousin of hippurite) bivalve/ pelecypod Mollusca. It is almost circular or ring forming rudists (Fig.39,40). It is found from the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary laterite/thin rust (3km north of Kharzan town) on the last bed of Latest Cretaceous Pab sandstone in the Kharzan area of Moola-Zahri Range, (part of Western Kirthar Range) Khuzdar district, Balochistan Province, Pakistan (Malkani 2014c,2015a). It is sub ring type and rough surface ornamented bivalve with many rope like rises alternated by falls. Its one valve is shown as holotype and also referred. Both valves are shown in line drawing (Fig.39) Pakiring kharzani holotype (MSM-1073-K) and referred specimen (MSM-1074-K and MSM1075-K) are shown in Fig.39,40.

Gastropods Mollusca and coral Three small gastropods (Fig.40) found from Early Eocene Shaheed Ghat Formation of Kharzan area, Mula Zahri Range, Khuzdar. Six small to large gastropods (Fig.40) found from middle Eocene Drazinda shale of Zamri area, Musakhel District, Balochistan. One Early Paleocene bivalve is figured from Rakhi Gaj ironstone beds (Fig.40) of Fort Munro area, South Punjab, Pakistan. 20

Nautiloids Mollusca Pakiwheel vitakri Malkani 2015a is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). It is stocky type nautiloids (MSM-1072-V; Fig.40). It is found just after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in Sangiali Formation (of Earliest Paleocene age) close to east of Vitakri town (Bor locality), Barkhan District, Balochistan (Malkani 2014c,2015a).

Pakiwheel karkhi Malkani 2015a is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). It is slender type nautiloids (MSM-171-K; Fig.40). It is found in green mudstone of volcanic origin of Early Paleocene Sangiali Formation of Sangiali Group (=Khadro formation of Ranikot Group) 5 km east of Karkh town, Khuzdar District (Malkani 2014c,2015a).

Echinoid or Echinodermata Mulastar zahri Malkani 2015a (Fig.40) is first described by Malkani (2014c) and formally published by Malkani (2015a). The holotype MSM-1070-K of Mulastar zahri is shown in Fig. 40. It is a star fish found from Late Paleocene-Early Eocene strata, Kharzan area, Balochistan. As it is clear from name star, it includes radial pattern beautiful radiating rays.

Arthropoda Arthropods comprise the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. They are dominant animals on the earth at the present time. This phylum includes lobsters, crabs, water fleas, barnacles, millipedes, centipedes, scorpions, spider, mites and insects. The most important character is the possession of linear series of segmented body and jointed appendages. They represents bilateral symmetry, consists of a linear series of segments, all or some consist of a pair of appendages. Some arthropods are shown in Fig. 42,43.

21

Discovery of Trilobite arthropod fossil found from Chotok area of Moola-Zahri Range

Previously the trilobite from Early Devonian of Chitral reported by Pascoe (1959). It was correlated with Ural and Altai faunas (Pascoe 1959). Here the discovery of new trilobite fossil is being reported. The new Arthropod trilobite Moolatrilo chotoki (new taxa; new genus and new species) based on a typical holotypic body (MSM-1076-K) (Fig.42b) found from the lower part of Chiltan Limestone of Sulaiman Group of Kil Chotok area (Fig.42a) of Tehsil Kharzan (Moola river), Khuzdar district, Balochistan, Pakistan (Malkani 2018i). The finding of Moolatrilo a trilobite from lower part of Chiltan Limestone or Sulaiman Group show its age extension upto Late Permian. So here the lower part of Sulaiman Group (along with Khanozai group) is considered as Late Permian. In this way the Chiltan formation in Moola-Zahri Range may have age from Late Permian to middle Jurassic. Moolatrilo has preserved 12 chambers. The chamber size is increasing toward head. The maximum length is 20cm and width is 13 cm. The width is increasing gradually toward head. Transversely it is divided into three parts like the central, left lateral and right lateral parts (Fig.42b). The genus Moolatrilo honored the host Moola river of Balochistan and trilo for trilobite. The species name Chotoki honored the host Chotok Locality of Kharzan area, Khuzdar district, Balochistan. The Chotok is the best and beautiful tourism locality show perennial water fall where water flows from top to down while wishes enjoys to swim upward. The holotypic specimen is situ located in the Host Chiltan Limestone of possible age late Permian. The middle and upper part of Chiltan limestone is aged as Triassic to Middle Jurassic.

Discovery of two new Centipedes (Chilopoda) taxa of arthropods found just after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P) boundary extinctions

The centipedes (Chilopoda) have dorso-ventrally flattened body (in millipedes it is subcylindrical) and consists of 15-173 segments, each of which bears one pair of legs, except the last two and one just back of head. The later bears a pair of poison claws called maxillipedes, 22

with which insects, worms, mollusks, and other small animals are killed for food. The antenna is long consisting of at least twelve segments (Hegner and Engemann 1968). Here two new taxa of centipedes Nisaukankoil beakeri and Phailawaghkankoil derabugti are being reported.

Nisaukankoil beakeri, a centipede (Chilopoda) arthropods

A holotypic (Fig.43b,c,d) skeletal impression (MSM-1079-Siahkoh) of Nisaukankoil beaker, a new taxa of centipede Chilopoda arthropods found from the muddy beds of Early Paleocene (just after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary time) Rakhi Gaj Formation of northern plunge of Siah Koh anticline (Fig.43a) boarder peak area of western Nisau syncline belongs to Kohlu district, and Beakar area of Phailawagh Tehsil (also Phailawagh syncline), Dera Bugti District, Balochistan. Impression show symmetrical structures. The segments seems to be relatively more and it may increase from 30. The legs of Nisaukankoil beaker are relatively short than associated Phailawaghkankoil derabugti another centipede. The legs of Nisaukankoil beaker have relatively small legs. The legs of Nisaukankoil beaker have large and robust terminal digit/ungual. Nisaukankoil beaker is differentiated on small legs and robust distal digit / ungual of legs from Phailawaghkankoil derabugti another associated centipede. Many associated referred skeletal impressions are also found (MSM-1080-Siahkoh, MSM-1081-Siahkoh, MSM-1082-Siahkoh and MSM-1083-Siahkoh).

The

Nisaukankoil

beakeri

(Fig.43b,c,d)

also

associated

with

Phailawaghkankoil derabugti found on the boarder of Beaker area of Dera Bugti District and Nisau area of Kohlu Districts, just on the south of Nisau-Beaker track. The genus name Nisaukankoil honored the host Nisau area of Mari tribe, Kohlu district, Balochistan and Kankoil is Saraiki word mean centipedes/millipedes. The species name beakeri honored the host Beaker area of Bugti Masoori, Phailawagh Tehsil, Dera Bugti district, Balochistan. As ahole the large collective sample have marked number MSM-Vit-13. This specimen is housed in the museum of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Quetta.

Phailawaghkankoil derabugti, a centipede (Chilopoda) arthropods The new Arthropod Chilopoda centipedes Phailawaghkankoil derabugti (new taxa; new genus and new species) based on a typical holotypic body MSM-1077-Siahkoh (Fig.43a,b,c,d) found from the Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation of Sangiali Group of northern plunge (and on 23

peak of Anticlinal axis) of Siah Koh anticline just on the south of track of Nisau to Beaker, on the border zone of Kohlu district and Tehsil Phailawagh of Dera Bugti district (Fig.43a), Balochistan, Pakistan (Malkani 2018i). Impression show symmetrical structures. It has also referred body impression (MSM-1078-Siahkoh). The segments seems to be less than 30. The legs of Phailawaghkankoil derabugti are relatively long than associated another centipede Nisaukankoil beaker. The legs of Phailawaghkankoil derabugti have relatively long legs and slender last digit/ungual in some legs and also have stocky distal digit/ ungual in a few long legs. It has mixed structures like slender and stocky distal digit of legs. The Phailawaghkankoil derabugti (Fig.43a,b,c,d) also associated with Nisaukankoil beakeri found on the border of Beaker area of Dera Bugti District and Nisau area of Kohlu Districts, just on the south of NisauBeaker track. The genus name Phailawaghkankoil honored the host Phailawagh area of Bugti Masoori tribe, Phailawagh Tehsil, Dera Bugti district, Balochistan and Kankoil is Saraiki word mean centipedes/millipedes go to ear (kan in Urdu and Saraiki). The species name derabugti honored the host district Dera Bugti and also Bugti tribe of Balochistan. As ahole the large collective sample have marked number MSM-Vit-13. This holotypic specimen is housed in the museum of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Quetta.

Other invertebrates Many invertebrates like bivalves, gastropods, ammonites, belemnites, echinoids, corals, foraminifers like Alveolina, Assilina, numulites, etc. were reported in many geological reports of many quadrangles mapped and reported by author with other colleagues. One ammonite impression MSM-1069-Malakhel (Fig.40,44) was collected from Middle Jurassic Samanasuk Limestone, Malakhel Broach area, Mianwali district, Punjab. This ammonite print was shown to Dr. A.N. Fatmi-an expert paleontologist of Ammonite from Pakistan and he diagnosed as middle Jurassic age. One middle Eocene coral fossil is also shown in Fig.44. Some algae, fungi and traces or tracks are also figured as Fig. 45. Some birds footprints from Korea are shown in Fig. 46,47.

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SLENDER AND STOCKY BODIED TITANOSAUR GROUPS BASED ON BONE FOSSILS AND TRACKS

Nicholas Allen (2018) a British Journalist, Suhail Yusuf (2010,2011) Pakistani Journalist, Suhail Yusuf and Muhammad Umar (2014) Pakistani Journalists, Joe Kainz (2012a,b) a Journalist of Hong Kong, Alex Macbeth (2013) a British, AP Archive (2015) and others helped a lot to preserve the geo-assets and dinosaur footprints from Pakistan. Fossil bones records of slender and stocky bodied titanosaurs Late Jurassic yielded Brohisaurus kirthari Malkani 2003a basal titanosaur and Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation yielded Pakisaurids, Marisaurs and Balochisaurs titanosaurian sauropods, theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur (Malkani 2017a,2018e;etc). Large and slenderbodied Pakisaurids (mid-caudal ratio 1) which include Pakisaurus balochistani based on type series presacral and tall caudal vertebrae, sternal, scapulae, humerai, radius, ulnae, ilia, femora, slender tibia (Fig.48), fibula, manus, foot and osteoderms (Malkani 2017a,b,e, 2018e, etc), Sulaimanisaurus gingerichi based on squarish mid-caudals (Malkani 2017a, 2018e, etc), and Khetranisaurus based on caudal vertebrae (Malkani 2017a, 2018e, etc). Medium and stockybodied Marisaurs (mid-caudal ratio 1.5) include Marisaurus jeffi based on caudal vertebrae (including first biconvex), scapula, pubis, distal ischium/pubis and femur (Malkani 2017a,c 2018e, etc), Maojandino alami based on axial and limb elements from Alam (Malkani 2017a, 2018e, etc), and Gspsaurus pakistani based on skulls (Fig.49,50,51,52) from Alam (Malkani 2017a, 2018e, etc). Small and stocky-bodied balochisaurs (mid-caudal ratio 2) include Balochisaurus malkani based on type series presacral and broad caudal vertebrae (including first biconvex caudal), sternal, humerus, manus, ilia, femur (Fig.48), stocky tibia, fibula, ribs and neural spines found from Mari Bohri and exemplars from Kinwa, SouthZubra, and Grut (Malkani 2017a,c 2018e, etc), Nicksaurus razashahi based on cranial, vertebral (very broad centra) and stocky limb bones from northKinwa (Malkani 2017a, 2018e, etc), and Saraikimasoom vitakri based on small almost complete skull (Fig.53,54,55,56,57) from southKinwa (Malkani 2017a, 2018e, etc).

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A few differentiated characters of Pakistani titanosaurs are being mentioned here. The Gspsaurus have long, slender, and slightly recurved at the upper part while the Saraikimasoom have relatively stocky, relatively less long and almost straight teeth. The Gspsaurus have anterior V-shaped dentary with loose articulation while the Saraikimasoom have anterior broad U-shaped dentary with relatively strong articulation. The Gspsaurus and Saraikimasoom both have broad anterior U-shaped upper jaw. The Gspsaurus and Saraikimasoom both have pneumatic rostrum. The Gspsaurus and Saraikimasoom both have slightly space between teeth while Nicksaurus have tight (no space or relatively negligible space) teeth. Nicksaurus have very broad caudal centra like Saltasauridae while Maojandino have almost anterior and posterior caudal as square while the ratio of central upper width to central lower width is more than 1 showing closeness to Marisaurus. The caudal ratio of Sulaimanisaurus, Pakisaurus and Khetranisaurus is close to 1. The last caudal centrum has anterior concavity and posteriorly have two prezygapophyses type slender process /spines and one postzygapophysis coarse process / spine and no neural spine and feeble posterior convexity, interpreted by Malkani (2012c) as distalmost caudal centrum (Fig.58), this provides uniqueness to Pakistani titanosaurs. Pakistani slender titanosaurs have more wide gauge locomotions while stocky titanosaurs have less wide gauge locomotions (Fig.59). The diverse osteoderms (Fig.60) of Pakistani titanosaurs were reported. The vesicular coprolites (Fig.60) of Pakistani dinosaurs were also reported. Pakistani slender titanosaurs have relatively slender pes with slender unguals while the Pakistani stocky titanosaurs have stocky pes with stock oval unguals. The large oval unguals provide the best support and balance to stocky bodied titanosaurs. Most of Mesozoic fauna show Gondwanan affinity. Very small skull of titanosaur Saraikimasoom vitakri (Fig.53,54,55,56,57), rostrum of mesoeucrocodile Induszalim bala (Fig.62,63,64,65), dentary of pterosaur Saraikisaurus minhui, and posterior dentary with rounded angular process of mammal Mirvitakri haji, etc lead to endemism during Latest Cretaceous created on Gondwanan fragmentation (Malkani 2018f, etc).

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Footprints / track records of slender and stocky bodied titanosaurs

Middle Jurassic Tracks from Pakistan have been recorded for the herd of basal titanosaurs Malakhelisaurus mianwali (Malkani 2018a,b,d,f; 2008a; 2007a) (Fig.69,76) confronted by a large theropod Samanadrinda surghari (Malkani 2007a,2017a), and a couple of small theropods Himalayadrinda potwari (Malkani 2015a,d). Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) tracks have been recorded for the most advanced stocky titanosaur Pashtosaurus zhobi (Malkani 2018a,b,c,d,f; 2014a) (Fig.70,77) and its sole skin (Fig.75) impression (Malkani, Rashid and Sajid 2018) and individual metacarpals distal marks on manus (Fig.74); the most advanced slender titanosaur from Pakistan (Malkani et al. 2018; Malkani 2018a). Stocky titanosaur footprints (Fig.69,70,71,72,73,) revealed asymmetric D-shaped manus without ungual, and giant pes with large oval anteriorly directing toes on digit II,III,IV while outer digits I,V are distinguished, reduced and without toe. Distinctive large oval ungual is surrounded by sole cushion which is anteriorly encased by hoof (Malkani 2018a,b,c,d,f). Ungual (Fig.71,72) is rugose like Stegosaurs, but oval in titanosaurs (fig.14,15,22 in Malkani 2018a) instead of half oval and blunted in Stegosaurs and Hadrosaurs (fig.21,22 in Malkani 2018a). Manus print shows 5 metacarpals marks (Fig.74 here; fig.17 in Malkani 2018a) compositely forming asymmetric D-shape (Malkani 2018a,b,c,d,f; Malkani et al. 2018). Recently Malkani et al. (2018) discovered a left hindlimb or pes footprint natural cast of most derived slender titanosaurian sauropod. Malkani (2018a) reported two groups of titanosaurs based on pes footprints and bone records. The natural cast of pes footprint is established as Dgkhansaurus maarri (track taxa; new species and new genus based on footprint; Fig. 67) most derived slender titanosaur from the latest Cretaceous upper part of Pab Formation (=Vitakri Formation) of Maarri peak locality, Rajanpur district, Dera Ghazi Khan Division, South Punjab. Dgkhansaurus maarri is a member of derived slender titanosaur group. Dgkhansaurus maarri is based on a natural cast of relatively slender pes print (while in opposite the Pashtosaurus derived titanosaur and Malakhelisaurus basal titanosaur have relatively stocky pes). The pes of Dgkhansaurus maarri is relatively long and thin, slender and it consists of sickle shaped unguals (on digit I,II,III,IV) (Fig.68). While digit V is reduced and has reduced or no ungual. This genus is named on the name host Dera Ghazi Khan (D. G. Khan) Division and species name established honour the host locality namely

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Maarri. The Dgkhansaurus is pronunciated as D. G. Khan. Saurus. The Dgkhansaurus have slender and laterally directed toes or unguals while in some other cases but outside Pakistan have slender and anteriorly directed toes or unguals. Farlow (1992) mentioned some Breviparopus show claw marks directed outward as in Brontopodus but in other pes prints from the same trackway the claw marks seem to be anteriorly directed (Farlow 1992). For detail explanation of Dgkhansaurus maarri, please see the Malkani et al. (2018) and Malkani (2018a). Malkani (2018a) proposed new hypothesis representing two groups of Titanosaurian sauropods based on pes structures and morphology, revealed from tracks and bone records. The first group of titanosaurs (Slender titanosaurs) have elongated pes with outwardly/anteriorly directed relatively small-sized sickle shaped claws/toes/unguals (resemble to sauropod saurischians), and the second group of titanosaurs (Stocky titanosaurs) have circular pes morph especially anteriorly directed relatively large-sized oval shaped rugose unguals/toes/claws with hoof on digits II,III and IV (resemble to hadrosaurs, stegosaurs and large ornithischians), where as outer digits I and V are distinguished, reduced and without claws. There are two types of pes unguals (Fig.68,71) and pes outlines and morphologies (Fig.67,69,70,72,73) of titanosaurian sauropods. The first type of ungual is relatively small-sized sickle-shaped and the second type of ungual is relatively large-sized oval-shaped, both these types of unguals are found from both footprints/tracks and also from bone fossil records. The outline or morphology of pes prints are observed as the first elongated pes (relatively slender pes), and the second rounded or circular pes (relatively stocky pes). The first group of titanosaurian sauropods (Slender titanosaurs) is represented as elongated pes with relatively small-sized sickle-shaped unguals (resemble to sauropod saurischians), and the second group titanosaurian sauropods (Stocky titanosaurs) is represented as rounded or circular pes with relatively

large-sized

oval-shaped

unguals

(rugose

bone

nature

resemble

to

hadrosaurs/stegosaurs/large ornithischians). This hypothesis of titanosaurs is also assisted and verified by bone fossil records especially large-sized oval-shaped rugose ungual bone fossils (Fig.71) reported from Pakistan (Malkani 2018a,b,c,d,e,f, etc). Like these large oval and rugose unguals (previously as oval

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osteoderms) were also reported from Malawi (Gomani 2005), from Argentina (Powell 2003) and from India (Huene and Matley 1933; Demic et al. 2009) (Fig.71).

PERMO-TRIASSIC, CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE, PALEOGENE-NEOGENE AND PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE BOUNDARIES IN PAKISTAN

The four major bioevents and extinction of terrestrial vertebrates are found in Pakistan. The first major bioevent occurs at the Permo-Triassic boundary from where the arthropods trilobites Moolatrilo chotoki and Agnatha or jawless fishes Muzaffarabadmachli abbottabadi reported from Pakistan became extinct. After the Permo-Triassic boundary the dinosaurs-largest land animals along with mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur-the flying reptiles, and small mammals were occurred during the Mesozoic of Pakistan. The second bioevent is found at the CretaceousTertiary boundary where these dinosaurs, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur became extinct and the large mammals like horse and rhinoceros (also birds) evolved and became dominant. After the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary disaster the Baluchitheria-largest land mammals were found on the Sulaiman/middle Indus basin (the eastern flank of Western Indus Suture), and KakarKhorasan/Katawaz/northern Balochistan basin (western flank of Western Indus Suture) and large horses were found on the Sulaiman/middle Indus basin. These Baluchitheria migrated from IndoPakistan subcontinent to Eurasia. The third bioevent occurs at the Paleogene-Neogene boundary from where the Baluchitheria became extinct. After this third bioevents the rhinocerotoids, anthracotherids, proboscideans, carnivores, chalicotheres, deinotheres, bovids, suids, Creodonta, ruminantia, amynodontiae, and crocodilians were found in the Indus basin of Pakistan. The fourth bioevent is found on the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary from where the man civilization seems to be evolved.

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Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9) Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the Fourth International Symposium of International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project 608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Br, Russian Acad. Sci. (IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 59-61. Malkani M.S. 2015a. Dinosaurs, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, new fauna and flora from Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 823: i-iii,1-32 (Total 35 pages). Malkani M.S. 2015b. Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Pakistan. In: Zhang Y.,Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3 rd Symp. Internat. Geoscience Program 608 “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleont. Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 93-98. Malkani M.S. 2015c. Theropod dinosaurs from Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12 th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3 rd Symp. of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleont. Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal Univ. Shenyang, China, 237-241. Malkani M.S. 2015d. Terrestrial mesoeucrocodiles from the Cretaceous of Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3 rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 242-246. Malkani M.S. 2015e. Footprints and trackways of dinosaurs from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent-Recent Advances in discoveries from Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12 th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 186-191. Malkani M.S. 2015f. First Trackways of Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Asia found from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan; Recent Advances in discoveries of dinosaur trackways from South Asia. In abstract volume of 2nd Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” September 12-13, 2015, Shenyang, China, 82-85. Malkani M.S. 2015g. Osteoderms and dermal plates of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs found from Pakistan; Reported first time in Asia. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 250-254. Malkani M.S. 2015h. Titanosaurian (Sauropoda, dinosaurian) osteoderms: First reports from Asia. In abstract volume of 2nd Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” September 12-13, 2015, Shenyang, China, 86-88. Malkani M.S. 2015i. Geodiverse and biodiverse heritage of Pakistan demands for protection as national and global Geoparks: an innovation for the sustainable development of Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12) and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 247-249. Malkani M.S. 2015j. Mesozoic greenhouse world of Pakistan and Sea Level changes. In: Xiumian Hu, Xi Chen, Juan Li. Eds. Abstract volume, International Workshop on Climate and Environmental Evolution in the Mesozoic Greenhouse World and 3rd IGCP 609 Workshop on Cretaceous Sea Level Change, Nanjing, 5-11September, 2015, 35.

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Malkani M.S. 2014a. Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 2nd symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Sept 04-06, Tokyo, Japan, 108-111. Malkani M.S. 2014b. Theropod dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles from the Terminal Cretaceous of Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 2nd symp. International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” Sept 04-06, Tokyo, Japan, 169-172. Malkani M.S. 2014c. Records of fauna and flora from Pakistan; Evolution of Indo-Pakistan Peninsula. In Abstract Volume of 2nd symp. of Intern. Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Sept 04-06, Tokyo, Japan, 165-168. Malkani M.S. 2014d. Dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Systems of Pakistan: their Paleobiogeographic link. In Abstract Volume of 1st Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” and 4th International Palaeontological Congress, September 28 to October 03, 2014, Mendoza, Argentina, 872. Malkani M.S. 2014e. Terrestrial Ecosystem from the Mesozoic Geopark of Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 6th Symposium of UNESCO Conference on Global Geoparks, September 19-22, Stonehammer Geopark, Saint John, Canada, 56. Malkani M.S. 2013a. New Pterosaur from the Latest Cretaceous Terrestrial Strata of Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 62. Malkani M.S. 2013b. Geodynamics of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent (South Asia). In; Abstract Book of 9 th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 36. Malkani M.S. 2013c. Paleobiogeographic implications of Cretaceous dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles from Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 35. Malkani M.S. 2013d. Dinosaurs and Crocodiles from the Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystem of Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 114. Malkani M.S. 2013e. Depositional environments of Cretaceous strata of Indus basin (Pakistan). In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 66. Malkani M.S. 2013f. Major Bioevents and extinction of land vertebrates in Pakistan; Cretaceous-Tertiary and other boundaries. In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 44. Malkani M.S. 2013g. Latest Cretaceous land vertebrates in Pakistan; a paradise and a graveyard. In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 41. Malkani M.S. 2012a. New Styles of locomotion: Less wide gauge movement in Balochisauridae and More Wide gauge movement in Pakisauridae (Titanosauria) of Pakistan. In abstract volume, Min Huh, Hyun Joo Kim and Jinyoung Park (eds.), 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correlation” August 15-18, Korea Dinosaur Research Centre, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea, 121-126. Malkani M.S. 2012b. Paleobiogeography and Wandering of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. In abstract volume, Min Huh, Hyun Joo Kim and Jin-young Park (eds.), 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correlation” August 15-18, Korea Dinosaur Research Centre, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea, 375-384.

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Malkani M.S. 2012c. New Look of titanosaurs: Tail Special of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae, Titanosauria from Pakistan. In abstract volume, Min Huh, Hyun Joo Kim and Jin-young Park (eds.), 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correlation” August 15-18, Korea Dinosaur Research Centre, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea, 113-119. Malkani M.S. 2012d. Pabwehshi and Sulaimanisuchus of Sulaimanisuchidae (Carnivorous Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Continental Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. In abstract volume, Min Huh, Hyun Joo Kim and Jin-young Park (eds.), 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correlation” August 15-18, Korea Dinosaur Research Centre, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea, 7180. Malkani M.S., 2012e. A review of Coal and Water resources of Pakistan. Journal of “Science, Technology and Development” 31(3), 202-218. Malkani M.S. 2011a. Stratigraphy, Mineral Potential, Geological History and Paleobiogeography of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 43 (2):269-290. Malkani M.S. 2011b. Vitakridrinda and Vitakrisaurus of Vitakrisauridae theropoda from Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, August 15-16, 2011, Beijing, China, 59-66. Malkani M.S. 2011c. Trackways: Confrontation Scenario among A Theropoda and A Herd of Wide Gauge Titanosaurian Sauropods from Middle Jurassic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of 6th Symp. of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, August 15-16, 2011, Beijing, China, 67-75. Malkani M.S. 2010a. New Pakisaurus (Pakisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) remains and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary from Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 42 (1):39-64. Malkani M.S. 2010b. Updated Stratigraphy and Mineral potential of Sulaiman (Mid. Indus) basin, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 42 (2):39-66. Malkani M.S. 2010c. Osteoderms of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae (Titanosauria, Sauropoda, Dinosauria) in Pakistan. Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 21, Special Issue 3, 198-203. doi: 1007/s12583-010-0212-z. Malkani M.S. 2010d. Vitakridrinda (Vitakrisauridae, Theropoda) from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 21 (Suplement 1), 204-212; Digital object identifier (DOI) 10.1007/s12583-010-0213-y. Malkani M.S. 2010e. Dinosaurs and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary of Pakistan-a big disaster alerts for present disaster advances. Proceeding volume of 1st International Conference of Disaster Prevention Technology and Management (DPTM 2010), Chongqing, China, October 23-25, Journal Disaster Advances 3 (4), 567-572. Malkani M.S. 2010f. Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from the non-marine Mesozoic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, October 7-8, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 13p. Malkani M.S. 2010g. Lithostratigraphy and vertebrates from Indus basin of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, October 7-8, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 5p. Malkani M.S. 2009a. New Balochisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) and Vitakridrinda (Theropoda) remains from Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 41 (2):65-92. Malkani M.S. 2009b. Terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of Pakistan. In: Hart, M.B. ed. abstract volume, 8 th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 6-12, University of Plymouth, UK, 49-50. Malkani M.S. 2009c. Basal (J/K) and upper (K/T) boundaries of Cretaceous System in Pakistan. In: Hart, M.B. ed. abstract volume, 8th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 6-12, University of Plymouth, UK, 58-59.

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Malkani M.S. 2009d. Cretaceous marine and non-marine environments and red beds from Pakistan. In: Hart, M.B. ed. abstract volume, 8th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 6-12, University of Plymouth, UK, 59. Malkani M.S. 2009e. Dinosaur biota of the continental Mesozoic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of the IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, December, 16, Kumamoto Univ. and Mifune Dinosaur Museum, Japan, 66-67. Malkani M.S. 2009f. Basal (J/K) and Upper (K/T) boundaries of the Cretaceous System in Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, December, 1-6, Kumamoto University and Mifune Dinosaur Museum, Japan, 109-110. Malkani M.S. 2008a. Marisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria) remains from the latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Sindh Univ. Res. Journ. (Sci. Series) 40 (2):55-78. Malkani M.S. 2008b. First articulated Atlas-axis complex of Titanosauria (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) uncovered from the latest Cretaceous Vitakri member (Dinosaur beds) of upper Pab Formation, Kinwa locality of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. Sindh Univ. Research Journal (Science Series) 40 (1):55-70. Malkani M.S. 2008c. Mesozoic Continental Vertebrate Community from Pakistan-An overview. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Volume 28, Supplement to Number 3, 111A. Malkani M.S. 2008d. Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystem from Pakistan. In, Sundquist, B. (Science Programme coordinator), Abstracts of the 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo, August 6-14, 2008, 1p. (Abstract: CDROM). Malkani M.S. 2008e. Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystem from Pakistan. In: Lee, Y.I., Khand, Yo, & Ichinnorov, N. eds., Paleoclimates in Asia during the Cretaceous: their variations, causes, and biotic and environmental responses. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of the IGCP Project No. 507, August, 16-17, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pp 51-55. Malkani M.S. 2008f. Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) osteoderms from Pakistan. In: Lee, Y.I., Khand, Yo, & Ichinnorov, N. eds., Paleoclimates in Asia during the Cretaceous: their variations, causes, and biotic and environmental responses. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of the IGCP Project No. 507, August, 1617, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pp. 56-60. Malkani M.S. 2007a. Trackways evidence of sauropod dinosaurs confronted by a theropod found from Mid Jur. Samana Suk Limestone of Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 39 (1):1-14. Malkani M.S. 2007b. First diagnostic fossils of Late Cretaceous Crocodyliform (Mesoeucrocodylia, Reptilia) from Vitakri area, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In; Ashraf, M., Hussain, S. S., and Akbar, H. D. eds. Contribution to Geology of Pakistan (2007), Proceedings of 5th Pakistan Geological Congress (2004), A Publication of the National Geological Society of Pakistan, PMNH, Islamabad, Pakistan, 241-259 Malkani M.S., 2007c. Lateral and vertical rapid variable Cretaceous depositional environments and Terrestrial dinosaurs from Pakistan. In; Huang, Y., Wang, P., Gu, J., & Jing, S. eds. Abstracts volume, Joint Workshop on Rapid Environmental/Climate Change in Cretaceous Greenhouse World: Ocean-Land Interaction and Deep Terrestrial Scientific Drilling Project of the Cretaceous Songliao Basin, August 28-30, 2007, Daqing, China, 44-47 Malkani M.S. 2007d. Cretaceous Geology and dinosaurs from terrestrial strata of Pakistan. In: Lee, Y.I., Paik, I.S., Cheong. D.K., Huh, M., Lee, Y.U. (eds.), Paleoclimates in Asia during the Cretaceous: their variations, causes, and biotic and environmental responses. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of the IGCP 507, August, 2021, 2007, Seoul, Korea, pp. 57-63. Malkani M.S. 2006a. Biodiversity of saurischian dinosaurs from the latest Cretaceous Park of Pakistan. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences, 1(3):108-140.

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Malkani M.S. 2006b. Cervicodorsal, Dorsal and Sacral vertebrae of Titanosauria (Sauropod Dinosaurs) discovered from the Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur beds/Vitakri Member of Pab Formation, Sulaiman Foldbelt, Pakistan. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences 1(3):188-196. Malkani M.S. 2006c. Lithofacies and Lateral extension of Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur beds from Sulaiman foldbelt, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 38 (1):1-32. Malkani M.S. 2006d. First Rostrum of Carnivorous Vitakridrinda (Abelisaurids Theropod dinosaur) found from the Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur beds (Vitakri) Member of Pab Formation, Alam Kali Kakor Locality of Vitakri area, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 38 (2), 5-24. Malkani M.S. 2004a. Saurischian dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous of Pakistan. In Hussain SS, and Akbar HD, eds. Fifth Pakistan Geological Congress, National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan Museum of Natural History (Pakistan Science Foundation), April 14-15, Islamabad, 71-73. Malkani M.S. 2004b. Stratigraphy and Economic potential of Sulaiman, Kirthar and Makran-Siahan Ranges, Pakistan. In abstract volume of Fifth Pakistan Geological Congress, Islamabad, Pakistan, 63-66. Malkani M.S. 2004c. Discovery of Fluorite deposits from Mula-Zahri Range, Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In abstract volume of Fifth Pakistan Geological Congress, Islamabad, Pakistan, 20-22. Malkani M.S. 2004d. Coal resources of Chamalang, Bahney Wali and Nosham-Bahlol areas of Kohlu, Barkhan, Loralai and Musa Khel districts, Balochistan, Pakistan. In abstract volume of National Conference on “Economic and Environmental sustainability of Mineral resources of Pakistan”, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, 44-45. Malkani M.S. 2004e. Mineral potential of Siahan and north Makran ranges, Balochistan, Pakistan. In abstract volume of National Conference on “Economic and Environmental sustainability of Mineral resources of Pakistan”, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, 46-47. Malkani M.S. 2003a. First Jurassic dinosaur fossils found from Kirthar range, Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar 36:73-83. Malkani M.S. 2003b. Discovery of Partial Skull and Dentary of Titanosauria (Sauropod dinosaur) from the Late Cretaceous Pab Formation of Vitakri area, Barkhan district, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin Univ.Peshawar 36:65-71. Malkani M.S. 2003c. Pakistani Titanosauria; are armoured dinosaurs?. Geological Bulletin Univ. Peshawar 36:8591. Malkani M.S., Alyani M.I. Khosa M.H. 2016a. New Fluorite and Celestite deposits from Pakistan: Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan)-an overview. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume 5, 27-33. Malkani M.S., Alyani M.I. Khosa M.H., Tariq S., Buzdar F.S., Khan G., Faiz J. 2016b. Mineral Resources of Pakistan-an update. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume 5, 90-114. Malkani M.S., Alyani M.I. Khosa M.H., Buzdar F.S., Zahid M.A. 2016c. Coal resources of Pakistan; new coalfields. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume 5, 7-22. Malkani M.S., Anwar C.M. 2000. Discovery of first dinosaur fossil in Pakistan, Barkhan District, Balochistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release, 732, 1-16. Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M.S.I. 2018. Kingri and Toi Nala (Ghoze Ghar-Savi Ragha) coalfields of Musakhel District, Balochistan, Pakistan: foresight strategy. Abstract Volume, 5th International Conference on “Earth Sciences Pakistan 2018” 11-13 August, 2018, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences.

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Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M.S.I. 2014. New remains of giant Basilosauridae (Archaeoceti, Cetacea, Mammilia) and Giant baluchithere (Rhinocerotoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) found from Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 1st Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” and 4th International Palaeontological Congress, September 28 to October 03, 2014, Mendoza, Argentina, 884. Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M.S.I., Latif A., Saeed, H.M., 2013. New remains of Basilosauridae-the giant basal whale, and baluchithere-the giant rhinoceros discovered from Balochistan Province (Pakistan). Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 45 (A-1), 177-188. Malkani M.S., Khosa M.H., Alyani M.I., Khan K., Somro N., Zafar T., Arif J., Zahid M.A. 2017a. Mineral deposits of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume 6, 2346. Malkani M.S., Khosa M.H., Alyani M.I., Somro N., Zafar T., Arif J., Aleem M.Z. 2017e. Revised Stratigraphic setup and Mineral deposits of Kirthar Basin (Lower Indus Basin), Pakistan. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume 6, 54-84. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2017a. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Volume 24, 1134. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2017b. Mineral Resources of Pakistan: provinces and basins wise. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Volume 25, 1-179. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016a. Revised Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record Volume 127: i-iii, 1-87. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016b. Mineral Resources of Pakistan: A Review. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record Volume 128: i-iii, 1-90. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016c. Coal Resources of Pakistan: entry of new coalfields. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 981: 1-28. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016d. Fluorite from Loralai-Mekhtar and Celestite from Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Loralai and Musakhel districts (Sulaiman Foldbelt) and Karkh area of Khuzdar district (Kirthar Range): a glimpse on Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan). Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 980: 1-16. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. 2017a. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1003: 1-63. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. 2017b. Mineral Resources of Sindh, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 994: 1-38. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Siraj M. 2017c. Mineral Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 996: 1-61. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Arif S.J., Alyani M.I. 2017d. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1002: 1-38. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Alyani M.I. 2017e. Mineral Resources of North and South Punjab. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 995: 1-52. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Arif S.J. 2017f. Mineral Resources of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1001: 1-43.

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Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Somro N., Alyani M.I. 2017g. Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Marble, Construction, Dimension and Decor Stone Resources of Pakistan, GSP, IR No. 1005: 1-23. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Somro N., Arif S.J. 2017h. Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1004: 1-28. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Somro N., Shaikh S.I. 2017i. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Kirthar Basin, Pakistan. GSP, IR No. 1010: 1-59. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Usmani N.A., Siraj M. 2017j. Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 997: 1-40. Malkani M.S., Qazi S., Khosa M.H., Shah M.R., Zafar T., Arif J. 2018a. Iron, Laterite, bauxite and ochre deposits of Pakistan: emphasis on feasible Dilband and low grade Fort Munro ironstones. Abstract Volume, 5th International Conference on “Earth Sciences Pakistan 2018” 11-13 August, 2018, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences. Malkani M.S., Qazi S., Khosa M.H., Shah M.R., Zafar T., Arif J. 2018b. Industrial mineral deposits of Pakistan: significant for sustainable development of Pakistan. Abstract Volume, 5th International Conference on “Earth Sciences Pakistan 2018” 11-13 August, 2018, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences. Malkani M.S., Qazi S., Shah M.R., Zafar T. 2018c. Sandstone type uranium resources of Pakistan: encouraging huge strata. Abstract Volume, 5th International Conference on “Earth Sciences Pakistan 2018” 11-13 August, 2018, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences. Malkani M.S., Rashid M., Sajid M. 2018. Skin epidermal ridges impression on a natural cast of footprint of the Latest Cretaceous Pashtosaurus zhobi titanosaur found from Pakistan: A case study of forensic science. 1-35p. Researchgate.net, Research, DOI; 10.13140/RG.2.2.10173.15846 Malkani M.S., Sahni A. 2015. A unified perspective of terrestrial Jurassic and Cretaceous vertebrates from the Indian subcontinent: Challenges and Prospects. In; Abstract volume of International conference on “Current perspectives and emerging issues in Gondwana evolution” February 19-20, Lucknow, India, 11. Malkani M.S., Sahni A, Shah M.R., Arif J., Dhanotr M.S.I., Latif A., Somro M.N. &Shaikh S.I. 2015. Dinosaurian distribution, Paleobiogeographic link, Plate Tectonic’s Evolution and Geodynamics of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinental plate (South Asian Peninsula). In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12) and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 267-272. Malkani M.S., Somro N, Arif S.J. 2018. A new pes footprint of sauropod dinosaur discovered from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. 1 p. Researchgate.net, Research, DOI. 10.13140/RG.2.2.29596.13443. Malkani M.S., Sun Ge. 2016. Fossil biotas from Pakistan with focus on dinosaur distributions and discussion on paleobiogeographic evolution of Indo-Pak Peninsula. Proceeding volume of 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE-12) and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, Global Geology 19 (4), 230-240. Digital Obj Identifier/DOI: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 16739736. 2016. 04. 04. Malkani M.S., Wilson, J.A., Gingerich, P.D. 2001. First Dinosaurs from Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (USA), Volume 21(3): 77A. Mir Rashid. 2017. Dinosaurs include in Pakistan (World biggest dinosaurs include Balochistan). YouTube app. Video, May 09, 2017.

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Mohabey D. M., Samant B. 2014. Eggs, nests and poops of Indian Late Cretaceous sauropods: behavior, habitat and diet. In Abstract Volume of 2nd symp. of Intern. Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Sept 04-06, Tokyo, Japan, 103-107. Nicholas Allen (a British Journalist, Factum Foundation London, UK; Palaeostreet Warsaw, Poland). 2018. Zhob Dinosaur trackway. Factum Foundation, London (UK). Pilgrim G. E. 1910. Notices of new mammalian gen. and species from Tertiary of India. Records of GSI 40, 63-71. Raza S.M., Meyer G.E. 1984. Early Miocene geology and paleontology of the Bugti hills, Pakistan. In: Shah SMI, and Pilbeam D, Eds. Cont. Geology of Pakistan. Geol. Surv. Pakistan, Mem., 11:43-63. Sahni A. 2001. Dinosaurs of India. National book Trust, Delhi, 110pp. Shah S.M.I. 2009. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. GSP, Memoirs 22, 381p. Shah S.M.I. 2002. Lithostratigraphic units of the Sulaiman and Kirthar provinces, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. GSP, Record 107, 63p. Shah S.M.I. 1977. Precambrian and Paleozoic. In Shah SMI. (ed.) Stratigraphy of Pakistan, GSP Memoirs 12 Shu D.G., Luo H-L., Morris S.C., Zhang X-L, Hu S.X., Chen L. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from South China. Nature 402 (6757), 42, 1999. Suhail Yusuf. 2010. Rare dinosaur footprints from Mianwali, Pakistan (Dawn_Footprints_Mianwali_flv.). In, www.Dawn.com, 2010 (videos, news and also paper). Suhail Yusuf. 2011. Discovery of Dinosaur Footprints in Pakistan. (Discovery_of_Dinosaur_Footprints_In_ Pakistan). In, www.Dawn.com, April 02, 2011 (videos, news and also paper). Suhail Yusuf, Muhammad Umar. 2014. Pakistan’s highway of marvels (Dera Ghazi Khan, Eastern Balochistan). In, www.Dawn.com, December 03, 2014 (Multimedia, videos, news and also paper). Vicary N. 1846. Geological report on Baluchistan hills. Geol. Soc. London Quaternary Journal 2, 260-267. Wilson J.A., Malkani M.S., Gingerich P.D. 2005. A sauropod braincase from the Pab Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Balochistan, Pakistan. Gondwana Geological Magazine, Special Volume 8:101-109. Wilson J.A. Malkani M.S., Gingerich P.D. 2001. New Crocodyliform (Reptilia, Mesoeucrocodylia) form the Upper Cretaceous Pab Formation of Vitakri, Balochistan (Pakistan), Contributions form Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 30 (12):321-336. Zafar T., Malkani M.S. 2018. Physical and chemical characterization of Paleocene coal of Patala Formation, eastern Salt Range, Pakistan. Abstract Volume of 5th International Conference on “Earth Sciences Pakistan 2018” 11-13 August, 2018, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences. Zafar T., Malkani M.S., Zhendong T., Riaz M. 2018. Aggregate prospects of Lockhart Limestone of Watli and Sirali areas, Eastern Salt Range, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, 5th International Conference on “Earth Sciences Pakistan 2018” 11-13 August, 2018, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences.

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Fig. 1. Saraikisaurus minhui-a toothed pterosaur holotypic dentary with teeth MSM-157-16 found from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation of Top Kinwa, Pakistan dinosaur locality 16 (PDL 16) of Vitakri Dome, Barkhan District, Balochistan Province, Pakistan (upper, image; lower, line drawing). Scale, each black or white digit is 1 cm.

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Pterosaur footprints and trackway

Asymmetric D shape right Manus footprint of titanosaur (length 55cm, width +60cm exposed while about 15cm is covered under the overlying bed) showing continuity just under the overlying bed. It represents it is not man-made structure.

Pterosaur footprint and track

Fig. 2. Tracks/footprints of pterosaur Anmolpapkhi alleni Malkani 2018b found at level 2 (along with a manus track of titanosaur) of Sor Muzghai locality of Qila Saifullah district, Zhob division, Balochistan, Pakistan. 42

Pterosaur footprints and trackway

Asymmetric D shape right Manus footprint of titanosaur (length 55cm, width +60cm exposed while about 15cm is covered under the overlying bed) showing continuity just under the overlying bed. It represents it is not man-made structure.

Pterosaur footprints and trackway

Fig. 3. Line drawings of Tracks/footprints of pterosaur Anmolpapkhi alleni Malkani 2018 found from level 2 (along with a manus track of titanosaur) Sor Muzghai locality of Qila Saifullah district, Zhob division, Balochistan, Pakistan.

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Fig. 4. Pterosaur (flying) and dinosaur (on ground) models in museum of Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Mir Muhammad Khetran (right), M. Sadiq Malkani (centre) and M. shahid Ishaq Dhanotr (left).

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Fig. 5. Different models of pterosaurs from internet..

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Fig. 6. Pterosaur models pictured with M. Sadiq Malkani during 2nd symposium of IGCP 608 “Cretaceous ecosystems of Asia and western Pacific” Japan fieldtrip and museum (2014) (photos by Dr. Romain Amiot).

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Fig. 7. Pterosaur models pictured during 11th symposium of Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 11) 2012 Korea fieldtrip and museum (upper) and 2nd symposium of IGCP 608 “Cretaceous ecosystems of Asia and western Pacific” 2012 Japan fieldtrip and museum (lower) (photos by Dr. Romain Amiot).

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Fig. 8. Pterosaur models with M. Sadiq Malkani (upper) and tracks/trackway of pterosaurs from Korea (lower) pictured during 11th symposium of Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 11) 2012 Korea fieldtrip (photos by Dr. Romain Amiot).

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Fig. 9. Holotypic body cross section (MSM-99-K) of Zahrisaurus kilmoolai, a marine reptile or sea reptile Plesiosaurs / Ichthyosaur found from middle Jurassic Chiltan Limestone (=Zidi limestone; uppermost part) of Kharzan area Zahri-Moola Range, western Kirthar foldbelt, Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Scale each black or white digit is 1cm.

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Fig. 10. Row 1, plate 1, ichthyosaur and plesiosaur/ mosasaur models from internet and Wikipedia; plate 2, Plesiosaur/ Mosasaur model from internet and Wikimedia; Row 2, plate 1,2 represents ichthyosaurs models from internet (mentioned on figures). Row3 represents generalized Plesiosaur model.

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Fig. 11. Plesiosaur (sea reptiles) models from Museum, China.

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Cambrian Muzaffarabadmachli abbottabadi primitive fish

Fig. 12. Row 1, 2, a holotypic limb (MSM-1-Muzaffarabad) of basal Agnatha Cambrian fish Muzaffarabadmachli abbottabadi hosted by dolomitic limestone of Abbottabad Formation of Muzaffarabad area, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Row 3 show line drawing model of Muzaffarabadmachli abbottabadi a primitive fish Ostracoderms Agnatha. Row 4 show different types of ostracoderms and a Haikouichthys Lou et al. 1999.

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Fig. 13. Row 1, holotype specimen (MSM-1062-K) of Karkhimachli sangiali, body cross sections of marine fishes (or small ichthyosaurs interpreted due to streamlined body) vertebrate hosted by Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and adjoining strata of Karkh area, Khuzdar district, Balochistan. Row 2, plate 1,2, holotype (MSM-1062-K) and referred specimen (MSM-1063-K, MSM-1064-K) of Karkhimachli sangiali, body cross sections of marine fishes or ichthyosaurs vertebrate hosted by Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and adjoining strata of Karkh area, Khuzdar, Balochistan; plate 3, a possible silicified tooth (MSM-1-Laki Bara) of fish or small mammal found from Bara section, Jamshoro district, Sindh province, Eastern Laki Range (Eastern Kirthar Range), Pakistan.

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Latest Cretaceous Dgkhansaurus maarri, pes footprint natural cast of a derived slender titanosaur

Latest Cretaceous Kahamachli harrandlundi catfish location

Fig. 14a. Location of Kahamachli harrandlundi, a catfish and a natural cast of Dgkhansaurus maarri, a derived slender titanosaur from Latest Cretaceous Pab sandstone of Kaha-Maarri area, Rajanpur district, South Punjab, Pakistan.

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Latest Cretaceous Kahamachli harrandlundi catfish jaw Latest Cretaceous Kahamachli harrandlundi catfish jaw with teeth

Fig. 14b. a lower jaw with some teeth impression of catfish Kahamachli harrandlundi new genus and new species found from K-T boundary sandstone (Pab sandstone)) of Kaha-Maarri area, Rajanpur district, South Punjab, Pakistan and its line drawing model. 55

Fig. 15. Fish models from internet and Shutterstock.com. 56

Fig. 16. Upper, Mirvitakri haji (new genus and new species) holotypic angular part of dentary found from the Kinwa South locality of Vitakri dome, Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation, Barkhan District, Balochistan Province, Pakistan (holotype specimen MSM-141-4s); lower, its line drawing. a-angular, d-dentary, sa-surangular.

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Fig. 17. Bolanicyon shahani Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a holotypic dentary with teeth and angular of an Early Eocene horse (holotype specimen MSM-141-4s).

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Fig. 18. Upper, the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene Bara section, Laki Range, Jamshoro District, Eastern Kirthar Basin and also Eastern Kirthar Range, Sindh Province, Pakistan. Plate 1 southern plunge and fault line; plate 2 northern plunge and fault line. Lower, the possible silicified tooth of fish or mammal observed from stream sediments of Bara Nai /nala.

Fig. 19. In general evolution of horse models.

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Fig. 20. A typical tooth (image and line drawing) of Sirenian or sea cow Kilkgai moolakharzani (new genus and new species) from Early Eocene Shaheed Ghat shale (lower Ghazij) of ChotokKil locality, Moola-Kharzan-Kuan valley, Khuzdar District, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Scale each white or black unit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 21. Sirenian or sea cow skeletons after royal Ontario Museum Japan. 61

Fig. 22. Sirenia or sea cow models by Romer 1958, Wikimedia, Wikipedia, Berkeley, Look and learn.com.

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Fig. 23. Holotypic fossils of Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013, a baluchithere largest land mammal group. Row 1 plate 1,2, MSID-201 blunted incisor tooth in two views. Row 2, MSID-204, MSID-203 a pair of proximal part of metapodials in two views; Row 3, MSID-202 cross section of diapohysis in two views. 63

Fig. 24. Holotypic fossils (continued from previous figure) of Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013, a baluchithere largest land mammal group. Row 1, MSID-206 distal rib, MSID205 distal rib. Row 2, MSID-227 centrum/ungual in two views.

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Fig. 25. A pair of femora of baby of Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013, a baluchithere largest land mammal group show parental care or delivery death. Upper plate, MSID-228 proximal femur below the scale, MSID-229 proximal femur above the scale. Lower plate, MSID-228 proximal femur right side of the scale, MSID-229 proximal femur left side of the scale.

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Fig. 26. Holotypic fossils of Pakitherium shagalai Malkani et al. 2013, a baluchithere largest land mammal group displayed by M. Sadiq Malkani (right) and M. Shahid Ishaq Dhanotr (left), Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta.

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Fig. 27. Holotypic fossils (MSM-1-Taunsa to MSM-37-Taunsa) of Buzdartherium gulkirao Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a, a baluchithere-the largest land mammal group,. Row 1, plate 1,2, tusk tooth MSM-1-Taunsa in two views, plate 3, premolar MSM-3-Taunsa and tooth cross section MSM-4-Taunsa, Row 2, plate 1, two vertebrae MSM-5-Taunsa and MSM-6Taunsa, plate 2, mid humerus/rib MSM-7-Taunsa, ulna MSM-10-Taunsa and proximal femur MSM-13-Taunsa; plate 3, ulna MSM-10-Taunsa and proximal femur MSM-13-Taunsa; plate 4, proximal humerus MSM-9-Taunsa, pubis cross section MSM-12-Taunsa, pubis proximal MSM11-Taunsa; Row 3, plate 1, upper row, rib proximal MSM-8-Taunsa, spines (MSM-14-Taunsa to MSM-18-Taunsa, tooth cross section MSM-4-Taunsa and premolar MSM-3-Taunsa; Lower row, proximal ischium MSM-19-Taunsa, ischium cross section MSM-20-Taunsa, femur cross section MSM-21-Taunsa, bone pieces/ fragments MSM-22-Taunsa to MSM-28-Taunsa, plate 2, upper row, phalanges MSM-29-Taunsa to MSM-34-Taunsa, lower row, carpal/astragalous/tarsal MSM-35-Taunsa, metacarpal/metatarsal MSM-36-Taunsa and Ungual/Toe MSM-37-Taunsa; plate 3,4, ungual/toe (MSM-37-Taunsa) in two views; Full scale in row 1,2,3 is about 30cm. (Figure after Malkani 2014a,2015a, 2017a).

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Fig. 28. Upper, model of Baluchithere the largest land mammal prepared by Artist Mr. Asim Mirza, Karachi, Pakistan). Lower, plate 1, model of Baluchithere the largest land mammal prepared by Artist Asim Mirza, Pakistan and hosted by Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH), Islamabad, Pakistan after Dawn.com; plate 2, Artist Mr. Asim Mirza, Karachi, Pakistan (left) and French Paleontologist Prof. Dr. Jean-Loup Welcomme (right). Photoes provided by artist Asim Mirza .

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Fig. 29. upper, model of baluchithere compared with elephant and man (after pinterest.com). Lower, plate 1, model of baluchithere eating plant leaves (after Suhail Yusuf and Muhammad Umar 2014 www.dawn.com) and plate 2 show Triassic mammal like fossil.

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Fig. 30. Models of Artiocetus clavis Gingerich et al. 2001, a walking and swimming whale reported from Early Eocene of Rakhni area, Barkhan district, Balochistan Province, Pakistan (Gingerich et al. 2001), field and rest house pictures with Philip D. Gingerich.

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Fig. 31. Holotypic fossils of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013, a Basilosauridae -the king of basal whale. Row 1 plate 1 holotypic locality, Zamri area; plate 2, MSID-1 lumbar centra in ventral view, plate 3, MSID-4 lumbar centra in ventral view. Row 2 MSID-3, MSID-2, MSD-1 lumbar vertebrae in lateral views. Row 3 MSID-5, MSID-4, MSID-3, MSID-2, MSID-1 lumbar vertebrae in dorsal views. Row 4 MSID-5, MSID-4, MSID-3, MSID2, MSID-1 lumbar vertebrae in ventral views. Scale each black or white digit is 1cm.

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Fig. 32. Holotypic fossils (continued from previous figure) of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013, a basilosauridae-the king of basal whale. Row 1, MSID-5, MSID-4, MSID-3, MSID-2, MSID-1 lumbar vertebrae in anterior (for some may be posterior) views. Row 2, MSID-12, MSID-11, MSID-10, MSID-9, MSID-8, MSID-7, MSID-6 partial vertebrae in lateral views. Row 3 MSID-12, MSID-11, MSID-10, MSID-9, MSID-8, MSID-7, MSID-6 partial vertebrae in anterior/posterior views. Row 4 MSID-20, MSID-19, MSID-18, MSID-17, MSID-16, MSID-15, MSID-14, MSID-13 in lateral views. Row 5 MSID-30, MSID-29, MSID-27, MSID-26, MSID-25, MSID-24, MSID-23, MSID-22, MSID-21 partial centra in lateral views. Scale each black or white digit is 1cm.

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Fig. 33. Holotypic fossils (continued from previous figure) of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013, a Basilosauridae-the king of basal whale. Row 1 MSID-45, MSID-44, MSID-43, MSID-42, MSID-41 partial neural canals with some partial neural spines in lateral views; Row 2 MSID-52, MSID51, MSID-50, MSID-49, MSID-48, MSID-47, MSID-46 thoracic/cervical partial vertebrae in lateral (left but for some right lateral) views. Row 3 MSID-52, MSID-51, MSID-50, MSID-49, MSID-48, MSID-47, MSID-46 thoracic/cervical partial vertebrae in anterior (for some posterior) views. Row 4 MSID-52, MSID-51, MSID-50, MSID-49, MSID-48, MSID-47, MSID-46 thoracic/cervical partial vertebrae in ventral views. Scale each black or white digit is 1cm.

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Fig. 34. Holotypic fossils (continued from previous figure) of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013, a basilosauridae-the king of basal whale. Row 1 MSID-10, MSID-9 partial thoracic/cervical vertebrae with neural spine and neural canals in laterodorsal view. Row 1,2 MSID-42 and MSID-41 a pair of preserved neural canal with partial neural spine in lateral, ventral, posterior and anterior views. Scale each black or white digit is 1cm.

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Fig. 35. Holotypic fossils of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Malkani et al. 2013, a basilosauridae-the king of basal whale displayed by M. Sadiq Malkani (right) and M. Shahid Ishaq Dhanotr (left) of Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta.

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Fig. 36. Models of Basilosauridae (in general). Upper plates, Basilosauridae after Deviant art; lower plate, Basilosauridae after Wikivisually. 76

Fig. 37. Holotypic fossils of Gomphotherium buzdari Malkani 2014c vide Malkani 2015a, a proboscidean. Row 1, the mosaic of MSM-MSID-1 and MSM-MSID-2 proximal femur in three views; Row 2, MSM-MSID-3 and MSM-MSID-5 distal femur with its partial two condyles; Row 3, MSM-MSID-4 proximal tibia with central small hole in three views. Scale is 26cm.

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Fig. 38. Models of Gomphotheridae (downward tusk) (upper row), and Elephantidae (upward tusk) (lower row).

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Kharzan Town

Latest Cretaceous Pakiring location

Pakiring kharzani Right valve of a rudists bivalve

Pakiring kharzani

Pakiring kharzani

Referred valves of rudists bivalves

Holotypic fossil, A valve of rudists Pakiring kharzani Left valve of a rudists bivalve

Fig. 39. Row 1, Kharzan area showing location of Pakiring kharzani Malkani 2014c, a latest Cretaceous rudists; Row 2, plate 1 holotyic and referred fossils of a valve of Pakiring kharzani rudists bivalves; plate 2 line drawing of model of holotypic Pakiring kharzani, an extinct rudists bivalve. Scale, each black or white digit is 1cm.

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Pakiwheel karkhi

Middle Jurassic ammonite impression

Pakiwheel vitakri

Pakiring kharzani

Gastropods

Mulastar zahri

Early Eocene starfish Mulastar zahri

Gastropod Mollusca in different sizes

Two bivalves

Fig. 40. Row 1, Row 1, plate 1, middle Jurassic ammonite impression MSM-1069-Malakhel; plate 2, Pakiwheel karkhi holotype MSM-1071-K (upper), an Early Paleocene nautiloids; and Pakiwheel vitakri MSM-1072-V, an Early Paleocene nautiloid (lower). Row 2, Mulastar zahri holotype MSM-1070-K, an Early Eocene echinoid; Pakiring kharzani holotype MSM-1073-K, latest Cretaceous an extinct rudists bivalves; and three small gastropods from Early Eocene of Kharzan. Row 3, plate 1, model of Mulastar zahri an Early Eocene starfish; plate 2, six large to small gastropods from middle Eocene Drazinda shale of Zamri Musakhel and plate 3 two pectin bivalves from Early Eocene of Kharzan, Khuzdar, Balochistan. Scale each black or white digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 41. A bivalve preserved in ironstone of Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation, Fort Munro area, South Punjab, Pakistan.

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Chotok rud/nala hosting Moolatrilo on stream bed

Fig. 42a. Chotok rud/ nala hosting arthropods trilobite Moolatrilo chotoki bodies exposed on stream bed of lower part of Chiltan Limestone (Permian to Middle Jurassic), Kharzan area, Moola-Zahri Range, Khuzdar district, Balochistan.

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Moolatrilo chotoki

Line drawing of Moolatrilo chotoki

Moolatrilo chotoki

Moolatrilo chotoki

Fig. 42b. Image and line drawings of arthropods Trilobite Moolatrilo chotoki bodies preserved in lower part of Chiltan Limestones of Kharzan area, Moola river, Zahri Range, Khuzdar district, Balochistan. Scale: geological hammer is about 30cm.

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Beaker-Phailawagh area of Dera Bugti district

Siahkoh anticline

Nisau-Vitakri area of Kohlu district

Northern plunge of Siah koh hosting K-T boundary centepedes arthropods

Vitakri

Fig. 43a. Location of arthropods Nisaukankoil beakeri and Phailawaghkankoil derabugti from northernplunge of Siahkoh, Dera Bugti and Kohlu districts, Balochistan.

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Phailawaghkankoil derabugti holotype

Nisaukankoil beakeri holotype

Phailawaghkankoil derabugti referred holotype

Nisaukankoil beakeri holotype

Nisaukankoil beakeri exampler Fig. 43b. Image and line drawing of arthropods Nisaukankoil beakeri (holotypic MSM-1079-Siahkoh; referred MSM-1080-Siahkoh, MSM-1081Siahoh, MSM-1082-Siahkoh, and MSM-1083-Siahkoh) and Phailawaghkankoil derabugti (holotypic MSM-1077-Siahkoh; and referred MSM1078-Siahkoh)bodies impressions preserved in mudstone of Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation of northern plunge of Siah Koh anticline, Dera Bugti district, Balochistan. As ahole the large collective sample have number MSM-Vit-13. Scale: each black unit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 43c. Arthropods Nisaukankoil beakeri (holotypic MSM-1079-Siahkoh; referred MSM-1080-Siahkoh, MSM-1081-Siahkoh, MSM-1082-Siahkoh, and MSM-1083-Siahkoh) and Phailawaghkankoil derabugti (holotypic MSM-1077-Siahkoh; and referred MSM-1078-Siahkoh)bodies impressions preserved in mudstone of Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation of northern plunge of Siah Koh anticline, Dera Bugti district, Balochistan. As ahole the large collective sample have number MSM-Vit-13. Scale: each black unit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 43d. Line drawing of arthropods Nisaukankoil beakeri (holotypic MSM-1079-Siahkoh; referred MSM-1080-Siahkoh, MSM-1081-Siahkoh, MSM-1082-Siahkoh, and MSM-1083-Siahkoh) and Phailawaghkankoil derabugti (holotypic MSM-1077-Siahkoh; and referred MSM-1078-Siahkoh)bodies impressions preserved in mudstone of Early Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation of northern plunge of Siah Koh anticline, Dera Bugti district, Balochistan. As a whole the large collective sample have number MSM-Vit-13. Scale: each black unit is 1 cm. (line drawing of Fig.43c).

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Corals

Gastropods

Ammonite

Belemnites

Gastropods

Fig. 44. Some invertebrate and vertebrates fossils from Pakistan.

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Fig. 45. Algae, fungai, small trails/tracks/traces of worms, arthropods, lizards, birds, etc are found in mudstone of the latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation (= upper part of Pab Formation) of Sor Muzghai locality of Musafarpur area , Qila Saifullah district, Balochistan province, Pakistan.

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Fig. 46. Footprints/tracks of bird from Korea.

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Fig. 47. Footprints/tracks of bird from Korea.

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Fig. 48. M. Sadiq Malkani displayed femora and slender tibia during discovery official press conference.

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Fig. 49. Holotypic rostrum, skull, palatal and teeth materials of Gspsaurus pakistani Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (ventral view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm (centimeter).

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Fig. 50. Holotypic rostrum, skull, palatal and teeth materials of Gspsaurus pakistani Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (ventral view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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. Fig. 51. Holotypic rostrum (posterior view), skull, palatal and teeth materials of Gspsaurus pakistani Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a. This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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.

Fig. 52. Holotypic rostrum, skull, palatal and teeth materials of Gspsaurus pakistani Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (posterior view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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.

Fig. 53. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (anterior view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Kinwa South Locality (PDL-4s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 54. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (left lateral view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Kinwa South Locality (PDL-4s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 55. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (ventral view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Kinwa South Locality (PDL-4s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 56. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (right lateral view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Kinwa South Locality (PDL-4s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 57. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (posterior view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Kinwa South Locality (PDL-4s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 58. Distalmost caudal centra with trispinous structure found from Sulaiman Basin of Pakistan. MSM-521-3 (Shallghara Locality, Sulaimanisaurus); MSM-302-2 (Bor Kali Kakor Locality, Marisaurus); MSM-325-15 (Mari Bohri Locality, Balochisaurus); MSM-507-15 (Mari Bohri Locality, Marisaurus); and MSM-519-4 (Kinwa Kali Kakor Locality, Pakisaurus); anterior view (row 1) and posterior view (row 2). MSM-325-15, MSM-507-15, right lateral view, MSM-507-15, posterior view images (row 3) and line drawings (row 4). All these specimens are found from the Upper Maastrichtian

(Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation, Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan (Malkani 2012c). Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 59. Row 1,2, MSM-203-4 left mid scapula shows more wide gauge movements of Pakisauridae, MSM-198-4 right mid scapula and MSM-746-7 right mid scapula show less wide gauge movements of Balochisauridae; Row 3, MSM-203-4 left mid scapula showing clearly outward deflection shows more wide gauge movements of Pakisauridae (Malkani 2012a).

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Fig. 60. Row 1, plate 1,2, mosaic osteoderms MSM-83-16 and MSM-1035-16 of Marisaurus jeffi, plate 3,4, false dentary symphyses type osteoderm MSM-139-3 of Pakisaurus balochistani in 2 views; Row 2, false arc ramus with false diastema type osteoderm MSM-140-3 of Pakisaurus balochistani in 3 views; Row 3, false jaw ramus type osteoderm MSM-143-2 of Pakisaurus balochistani in 3 views; Row 4, five vesicular coprolite fossils (MSM-1050, MSM-1051, MSM-1052, MSM-1053 and MSM-154) of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs found from Vitakri dome, Barkhan district, Balochistan, Pakistan. Scale, Each black or white digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 61. Holotypic teeth of Vitakridrinda sulaimani Malkani 2004 vide Malkani 2006a, a large theropod. These teeth may belong to Induszalim bala Malkani 2014 vide Malkani 2015a, a large mesoeucrocodile. This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 62. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Induszalim bala Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (left lateral view). This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 63. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Induszalim bala Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (anterior view)), a large mesoeucrocodile. This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 64. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Induszalim bala Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (posterior view), a large mesoeucrocodile. This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 65. Holotypic rostrum and articulated jaws with full teeth row of Induszalim bala Malkani 2014a vide Malkani 2015a (right lateral view), a large mesoeucrocodile. This specimen is found from the Upper Maastrichtian (Latest Cretaceous) Vitakri Formation of Alam Locality (PDL-19s), Barkhan District, Balochistan Province (Sulaiman Range), Pakistan. Scale each black digit is 1 cm.

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Fig. 66. Holotype of Baradarakht goeswangai Malkani 2014c, a gymnosperm plant or tree stem found from the Maastrichtian Dhaola Member of Pab formation of Goeswanga Pass area of Dhaola Range (part of Main Sulaiman Range), Barkhan district, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Scale each black or white digit is 1 cm.

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Slender pes of slender titanosaur from western part of Maarri peak

Fig. 67. The left and right pes of titanosaurian sauropods. Upper row, plates 1,2, represent left (reverse due to cast) pes natural cast of Dgkhansaurus maarri (ichnotaxon; new genus and new species) found from Latest Cretaceous upper part of Pab Formation (=Vitakri Formation), Maarri peak, Pakistan and line drawings (Malkani 2018a). Lower row, plates 1, show the location of Dgkhansaurus maarri (ichnite), plate 2, represent right pes and drawing from Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia (Stettner et al. 2018).

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Fig. 68. Ungual or claw of slender titanosaurian sauropods found from the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation of Pakistan in different views. This claw is best fit for elongated pes with anteriorly/outward rotated sickle shaped claws/unguals of titanosaurian sauropods (Malkani 2018a).

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Pes toe parts; Anterior Ushaped hoof

Left pes with toes

Left manus Anterior U-shaped hoof

Peripheral belt of sole cushion Central oval ungual

Right manus Right pes toes

Central oval ungual

Peripheral sole cushion Central ungual

Anterior U-shaped hoof

left pes with toes

Left manus

Ungual anteriorly encased by hoof

right manus right pes toes

Central oval ungual Peripheral belt of sole cushion

Fig. 69. Middle Jurassic Malakhel Mianwali tracks. Row 1, plate 1 pes and associated manus tracks of stocky Early Titanosaurian herd confronted by a trackway of large theropod. Row 2, plate 1 tracks of Early Titanosaurian sauropods; plates 2,3 show clear reversed U-shaped hoof print. Row 3 plates 1,2 show large oval toe with three distinct division into central oval shaped ungual enveloped by sole cushion which is anteriorly capped by a broad U-shaped hoof; plate 3 tracks of Early Titanosaurian sauropods with some explanatory drawing. Arrows show direction of movements (after Malkani 2018a).

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Circular pes Right manus, Right pes toes W-shape heel

left manus, complete right pes

manus

Parallel glide mark of right manus and left manus

Asymmetric D shape manus without claw manus

Fig. 70. Pashtosaurus zhobi Malkani 2014a based on the Late Maastrichtian stocky titanosaurian tracks from Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan (after Malkani 2018a).

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Fig. 71. Large oval rugose unguals/claws of circular pes of stocky titanosaurian sauropods (Malkani 2018a). Upper and middle row show image of large oval ellipsoid ungual MSM-84-7 of Balochisaurus and MSM-85-4 (3 view) of Pakisaurus from Pakistan and line drawings of basal sole view of both unguals. These large-sized ovalshaped unguals found from the latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation of middle Indus (Sulaiman) basin of Pakistan. Lower row, plate 1, the Latest Cretaceous large oval ungual MSM-776-16 of Marisaurus found from Pakistan. plate 2, Latest Cretaceous ungual from India in 5 views (bone as ornithischian reported by Huene and Matley 1933; osteodermal plate AMNH 1959 by Demic et al. 2009 page 166); plate 3, Early Maastrichtian ungual of titanosaur from Argentina in lateral view (dermal plate on page 153 in Powell 2003) and Plate 4, Early Cretaceous ungual of early titanosaurian sauropod (Malawisaurus) from Malawi in lateral and dorsal views (dermal plate at page 29, specimen Mal 204 by Gomani 2005). These unguals are best fit for anteriorly directed large oval unguals/toes/claws of circular/rounded pes of titanosaurian sauropods. The large sole area of this type of unguals are used for balancing the stocky bodies of titanosaurs. Rugose nature of unguals used for anteriorly attachment with hoof and posteriorly attachment with relevant phalange/metatarsal.

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Clearly distinguished digit I (along with other digits II,III,IV,V) in pes is found in titanosaurian sauropods while the hadrosaurs, stegosaurs and other large ornithischian have only three digits I,II,III in pes.

Digit V (along with other digits I,II,III,IV) in pes is found in titanosaurian sauropods while the hadrosaurs, stegosaurs and other large ornithischian have only three digits I,II,III in pes.

Large full oval unguals titanosaurian sauropods.

of

Half oval unguals of hadrosaurs, stegosaurs, and large ornithischians.

Fig. 72. Line drawings for differentiations of pedal structures of stocky titanosaurian sauropods, and hadrosaurs, stegosaurs and other larger ornithischians (Malkani 2018a). Upper row, plate 1, stocky titanosaurian pes structures with reduced and without toe digit I, and large oval unguals and toes on II,III & IV digits, and without toe and reduced digit V. Three clear portions of toe are well preserved in Malakhel mianwali site, includes as central large oval ungual surrounded by sole cushion and anteriorly encased by a reverse broad U-shaped hoof. Titanosaurian sauropods have 5 digits (I,II,III,IV,V) in pes while hadrosaurs or larger ornithischian have only 3 digits (I,II,III) in pes; Plate 2 shows complete toe well preserved in Malakhel mianwali ichnite; Plate 3,4, ungual bone fossils are found from Vitakri Region, Pakistan. Like this also found from India, Malawi, Argentina. Lower row, plate 1, Tritoed (digit I,II,III) symmetric two pes print of hadrosaurs reported from Mongolia (Stettner et al. 2018). Only three digits in pes of hadrosaurs / larger ornothischian are found, while Titanosaurian have five digits; Plate 2 shows five clear half oval ungual or incomplete oval ungual portions of toe. The hadrosaurs, stegosaurs and other large ornithischian have only three digits I,II,III in pes. While in titanosaurian sauropods pes 5 digits (I,II,III,IV,V) are found.

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Large oval unguals Digit IV, digit III,

Distinguished digit 1 digit II

Fig. 73. Stocky type (Second type) of titanosaurian

pes

(modified

after

Malkani 2018a). Image of a large circular track of middle Jurassic titanosaurian sauropod reported from Skye, Scottland, UK (modified after W-shaped heel Depolo et al. 2018). Here large oval unguals, distinguishing digit I and Wshaped heel and large circular pes print are combined characters of second group of titanosaurian sauropods. Distinguished digit V

Image and line drawing of a large track of middle Jurassic stocky titanosaurian sauropod reported from Skye, Scottland, UK (modified after Depolo et al. 2018). Here large oval unguals, distinguishing digit I,V, and W-shaped heel is clear. Distinguished digit V

W-shaped heel

Distinguished digit I

Image of a stocky titanosaurian sauropod circular pes track reported from the Lower Maastrichtian strata of Spain (after Fondevilla et al. 2016) contain distinct/distinguished, reduced and without toes of digits I and V. This is the typical characteristic found in circular pes print of titanosaurian sauropods. Here large oval unguals on digit II,III and IV are eroded or not preserved. Here large oval unguals (not preserved or eroded), distinguishing digit I and W-shaped heel and large circular pes print are combined characters of second group of titanosaurian sauropods.

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Fig. 74. Image with line drawing show marks of individual five metacarpals I,II,III,IV,V of preserved manus print of Pashtosaurus zhobi Malkani 2014a stocky titanosaurian sauropod at level 2 at Latest Cretaceous Zhob ichnite (Malkani, Rashid and Sajid. 2018).

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Fig. 75. Natural cast of a footprint of stock titanosaurian Pashtosaurus zhobi Malkani 2014a found from the Latest Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian; 68-66Ma) Zhob ichnite. This cast shows sole skin impression. This skin impression reveals tubercles, mosaic of tubercles, pits, principal line, wrinkles, whorl, loop, fold and plunge, and arced and plain epidermal ridges and contoured textures pattern (Malkani, Rashid & Sajid, 2018).

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Fig. 76. Malakhelisaurus mianwali Malkani 2007a vide 2008a (track taxa) a basal titanosaur 3D Model managed by Mr. Nicholas Allen - a British Journalist of Factum Arte, Factum Foundation London, UK, and prepared by Dr. Dmitry Bogdanov – a Cardiologist in Chelyabinsk Russia and also a paleoartist https://dibgd.deviant art.com

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Fig. 77. Pashtosaurus zhobi Malkani 2014a (track taxa) most derived titanosaur (= Balochisaurus malkani Malkani 2006a skeleton taxa of most derived titanosaur) 3-D Model of Zhob ichnite managed by Mr. Nicholas Allen - a British Journalist and the Leader of Team; and prepared by Dr. Dmitry Bogdanov – a Cardiologist in Chelyabinsk Russia and also a paleoartist https://dibgd.deviant art.com. 3 D modal of Zhob tracks is compositely prepared by Factum Arte, Factum Foundation, London, UK after getting more than 11000 images (Nicholas Allen 2018).

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