Reconstructing Architectural Environment from the ... - Science Direct

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1445 – 1451

:RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ$UFKLWHFWXUH8UEDQ3ODQQLQJ6\PSRVLXP :0&$86

5HFRQVWUXFWLQJ$UFKLWHFWXUDO(QYLURQPHQWIURPWKH3HUVSHFWLYH ,PDJH -RODQWD']ZLHU]\QVNDD a

Department of Architectural Design and Engineering Graphics, Rzeszow University of Technology,Poznanska 2,35-084 Rzeszow, Poland

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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI:0&$86 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 Keywords:SHUVSHFWLYHUHVWLWXWLRQUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ&$'

-RODQWD']ZLHU]\QVND7HO E-mail address:MRODG]#SU]HGXSO

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.608

1446

Jolanta Dzwierzynska / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1445 – 1451

,QWURGXFWLRQ

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µYDQLVKLQJSRLQWV¶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

1447


UHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVLVQRWHDV\DVGXULQJSURMHFWLRQRQWRDIODWVXUIDFHPDQ\RIWKHFOXHVDERXWWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO QDWXUHRIWKHSUHVHQWHGIRUPVDUHORVW+RZHYHUWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWUHDOPRGHOVOLHVHQFRGHGLQWKHLUGLVWRUWLRQ RFFXUULQJ LQ WKH ' LPDJH 'XH WR WKLV IDFW UHWULHYLQJ WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPSOHWHO\ UHFRYHULQJ D ' VWUXFWXUH UHTXLUHVVRPHJHRPHWULFDONQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHWKHRU\RISURMHFWLRQ 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ 4.1. Linear perspective algorithms /HWXVFRQVLGHUFODVVLFDOOLQHDUSHUVSHFWLYHRQWRDSURMHFWLRQSODQHWIURPDYLHZSRLQWSDQGZLWKDEDVHSODQHSA W7KHSHUVSHFWLYHLPDJHRIDQ\SRLQWFLVDSDLURIWZRSRLQWVF6F26 VHH)LJD E

D E

)LJ$SHUVSHFWLYHLPDJHF6F26 RIDSRLQW FD FRQVWUXFWLRQE PDSSLQJRQWKHSURMHFWLRQSODQHW

7KH SRLQW F6 LV D FHQWUDO SURMHFWLRQ RIF RQWR W IURP S ZKHUHDV F26 LV D FHQWUDO SURMHFWLRQ RI F2 RUWKRJRQDO SURMHFWLRQRIFRQWRS EDVHSODQH RQWRW.%RWKSRLQWVF6DQGF26DUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHYHUWLFDOOLQH tSEHLQJDSURMHFWLRQ RItIURPSRQWRW7KHSRLQWF6LVDPDLQSURMHFWLRQZKHUHDVF26LVDVXSSOHPHQWDOSURMHFWLRQHQDEOLQJUHVWLWXWLRQ /HWXVFRQVLGHUWKHVWUDLJKWOLQHt6DQGLWVFHQWUDOSURMHFWLRQ6t6IURPSRQWRSVHH)LJ

)LJ&HQWUDOSURMHFWLRQRIWKHOLQHtRQWRWDQGWKHOLQHt6RQWRWZLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFSRLQWVLQFOXGHGLQWKHP

:HFDQVWDWHWKDWFURVVUDWLRRITXDGUXSOHRIFROOLQHDUSRLQWVF26PWH6 LQFOXGHGLQt6LVSUHVHUYHGGXULQJ WKLVSURMHFWLRQZKLFKFDQEHZULWWHQDVIROORZV

F OS P Wf P

F OS H S Wf H S

FOP S

WP

F OS P FOP F O S Hf S F OS H S S W P W SH f

6LPLODUO\FRQVLGHULQJWKHSHUVSHFWLYHSURMHFWLRQRIWKHOLQHt IURPSRLQWSRQWR W ZHFDQVWDWHWKDWFURVVUDWLRRI TXDGUXSOHRIFROOLQHDUSRLQWVF2HFW LVLQYDULDQW

1448


FOH FH

F OWf FWf

F O H F OS H S F OS H S F O SWf S S FH F H FS HS F SWf

)RUWKHUHVWLWXWLRQSXUSRVHZHSODFHDVSDWLDO&DUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRID[LVxyzDQGD&DUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWH V\VWHPRID[LVvdDVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHHTXDWLRQV DQG SHUPLWDFUHDWLRQRIDQDO\WLFDODOJRULWKPVIRUGUDZLQJ D SHUVSHFWLYH LPDJH RI D VHJPHQW RI OLQH SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WZR GLIIHUHQW SRLQWV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKHLU FRRUGLQDWHV LQ FRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRID[LVxyz7KHOLQHLVGUDZQDVDSORWRIIXQFWLRQdv LQ&DUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRID[LVd vSODFHGDVLQ)LJEDQG)LJ/HWXVQRWGHVFULEHWKHDOJRULWKPVLQGHWDLOEXWVKRZWKHLUH[DPSOHXVHIRUGUDZLQJ WKHSHUVSHFWLYHHGJHLPDJHRIDVLPSOHREMHFW)LJDDQG)LJE 'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHEDVHHOHPHQWVRISHUVSHFWLYH DUH FKDQJHDEOH LQ WKH DOJRULWKPV ZH FDQ REWDLQ SHUVSHFWLYH LPDJHV RI REMHFWV IURP GLIIHUHQW YLHZSRLQWV 7KH FRUUHFWQHVVRIWKHDOJRULWKPVKDVEHHQFKHFNHGLQWKH0DWKFDGVRIWZDUHKRZHYHUWKH\FDQEHLPSOHPHQWHGLQDQ\ GUDZLQJSDFNDJH

D

E

)LJ'UDZLQJSHUVSHFWLYHE\0DWKFDGD ORFDWLRQRIDQREMHFWWRZDUGVWE UHVXOWSORWdv

4.2. Reconstruction formulas 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI SHUVSHFWLYH LV D UHYHUVH SURFHVV RI SHUVSHFWLYH SURMHFWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH ZH GHULYH IRUPXODV IRU FDOFXODWLQJ WKH ' ORFDWLRQ RI WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF SRLQWV RI ILJXUHV RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKHLU SHUVSHFWLYH ' LPDJH E\ WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHDOJRULWKPVIRUSHUVSHFWLYHFUHDWLRQ 7KHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHVSDWLDOORFDWLRQRIDQ\SRLQWFGHWHUPLQHGRQWKHSURMHFWLRQSODQH WE\LWVPDLQSURMHFWLRQ F6v d DQG VXSSOHPHQWDO SURMHFWLRQ F26v dR VKRZQ LQ )LJE DQG )LJ FDQ EH HVWDEOLVKHG E\ PHDQV RI WKH IROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV)LJ wvdRd

kvdRd

h d d h d

h rk v d d h d

ZKHUHkvdRd LWLVDGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQSRLQWVFRDQGSRDQGrNLVDGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQSRLQWVTDQG SR

1449


)LJ3DUDPHWHUVGHILQLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRISRLQWFRWRZDUGVWRQDEDVHSODQHxy.

7KHDERYHSDUDPHWHUVDUHFDOFXODWHGE\WKHSURJUDPIRUDJLYHQYDOXHVRIvdRdDQGIRUWKHHVWDEOLVKHGEDVH HOHPHQWVRISHUVSHFWLYH7KHSDUDPHWHUwvdRd GHWHUPLQHVWKHFRRUGLQDWHzZKHUHDVRQWKHEDVLVRIkvdRd DQG vSRODUFRRUGLQDWHVIRUJLYHQSRLQWFRDUHFDOFXODWHG 4.3. Application of restitution formulas for reconstruction of a simple building given in a photo 7KHILUVWVWHSLQRXUUHVWLWXWLRQLVGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHPHWKRGRISURMHFWLRQSUHVHQWHGLQWKHSLFWXUH,WLVHYLGHQW WKDW ZH GHDO ZLWK WZRSRLQW SHUVSHFWLYH VHH )LJD 7KHUHIRUH ZH HVWDEOLVK EDVH HOHPHQWV RI SHUVSHFWLYH LQ D GHVFULSWLYHZD\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHPHWKRGSUHVHQWHGLQ>@

D E )LJ5HFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVD HVWDEOLVKLQJEDVHHOHPHQWVRISHUVSHFWLYHE ORFDWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJPRGHO WRZDUGVDYLUWXDOSURMHFWLRQSODQHWDQGWKH&DUWHVLDQFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRID[LV[\]

7KHEDVHIRURXUUHVWLWXWLRQLVWKHSHUVSHFWLYHLPDJHRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOUHFWDQJOHIRUPLQJDERWWRPRIWKHEXLOGLQJ 7KHLQWHUVHFWLRQSRLQWVRIWKHVWUDLJKWOLQHVFRQWDLQLQJLWVSDUDOOHOVLGHVGHWHUPLQHYDQLVKLQJSRLQWVVDQGVZKLFK LQWXUQHVWDEOLVKDKRUL]RQOLQHh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

1450


WKHJURXQGOLQHDVZHOODVWKHUDGLXVRIWKHFLUFOHRIGHSWKZKLFKDUHQHFHVVDU\WRXVHLQRXUIRUPXODV1H[WZHSODFH WKHRUWKRJRQDOFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPvd DVLQ)LJDDQGHVWDEOLVKvdRDQGdIRUHYHU\FKDUDFWHULVWLFSRLQWRIWKHEXLOGLQJ )LQDOO\ZHFDOFXODWHWKHSRVLWLRQRISRLQWVLQVSDFHLQ'FRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRID[LVxyzZKLFKGHILQHVWKHVKDSHRI WKHEXLOGLQJ)LJE ,IDQ\DGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHRIEXLOGLQJLVNQRZQLWFDQEHVFDOHGWKHPRGHODQGDFKLHYHLWVUHDO VL]H ,QRUGHUWRYHULI\WKHFRUUHFWQHVVRIWKHPHWKRGZHKDYHUHDOL]HWKHUHVWLWXWLRQRIVRPHHOHPHQWVRIWKHVDPHEXLOGLQJ RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHVHFRQGGLIIHUHQWSKRWRJUDSK)LQDOO\ZHVFDOHGERWKWKHPRGHODFKLHYHGLQWKHILUVWUHVWLWXWLRQDQG VRPHHOHPHQWVRIWKHEXLOGLQJDFKLHYHGLQWKHVHFRQGUHVWLWXWLRQDVVXPLQJWKHUHDOVL]HRIWKHVTXDUHHOHPHQWRIWKH ZLQGRZ DERYHSDUDPHWHUVDUHFDOFXODWHGE\WKHSURJUDPIRUDJLYHQYDOXHVRIvdRdDQGIRUWKHHVWDEOLVKHGEDVHHOHPHQWV RISHUVSHFWLYH7KHSDUDPHWHUwvdRd GHWHUPLQHVWKHFRRUGLQDWHzZKHUHDVRQWKHEDVLVRIkvdRd DQGv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


1451

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± >@'/RUGLFN3DUDPHWULF5HFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH6SDFHLQ9HUPHHU¶V3DLQWLQJ³*LUOUHDGLQJD3DSHUDWDQ2SHQ:LQGRZ´-RXUQDOIRU *HRPHWU\DQG*UDSKLFV >@-%5DSS$JHRPHWULFDODQDO\VLVRIPXOWLSOHYLHZSRLQWSHUVSHFWLYHLQWKHZRUNRI*LRYDQL%DWWLVWD3LUDQHVLDQDSSOLFDWLRQRIJHRPHWULF UHVWLWXWLRQRISHUVSHFWLYH7KH-RXUQDORIDUFKLWHFWXUH