Records of small carnivores from Bukit Barisan ...

‡…‘”†•‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ…ƒ”‹˜‘”‡•ˆ”‘—‹–ƒ”‹•ƒ‡Žƒ–ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”ǡ •‘—–Š‡”—ƒ–”ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ Jennifer  L.  MCCARTHY1  and  Todd  K.  FULLER2 „•–”ƒ…– Sumatra   is   home   to   numerous   small   carnivore   species,   yet   there   is   little   information   on   their   status   and   ecology.   A   camera-­‐ trapping  (1,636  camera-­‐trap-­‐nights)  and  live-­‐trapping  (1,265  trap  nights)  study  of  small  cats  (Felidae)  in  Bukit  Barisan  Selatan   National   Park   recorded   six   small   carnivore   species:   Masked   Palm   Civet   Paguma   larvata,   Banded   Civet   Hemigalus   derbyanus,   Sumatran  Hog  Badger  ”…–‘›šŠ‘‡˜‡‹‹,  Yellow-­‐throated  Marten  ƒ”–‡•ϔŽƒ˜‹‰—Žƒ,  Banded  Linsang  Prionodon  linsang  and  Sunda   Stink-­‐badger  Mydaus  javanensisǤ—‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‘––‡”ȋ—–”‹ƒ‡Ȍ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘”†‡†Ǥ˜‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™…ƒ‡”ƒǦ–”ƒ’ effort,  photo  encounters  for  several  of  these  species  were  few,  despite  their  IUCN  Red  List  status  as  Least  Concern.  This  supports   the  need  for  current  and  comprehensive  studies  to  assess  the  status  of  these  species  on  Sumatra.   Keywords:   ”…–‘›šŠ‘‡˜‡‹‹,   camera-­‐trapping,  Hemigalus  derbyanus,   ƒ”–‡•ϔŽƒ˜‹‰—Žƒ,   Mydaus  javanensis,   Paguma  larvata,   Pri-­ onodon  linsang

ƒ–ƒ–ƒƒ”‹˜‘”ƒ‡…‹Ž†ƒ”‹ƒƒƒ•‹‘ƒŽ—‹–ƒ”‹•ƒ‡Žƒ–ƒǡ—ƒ–‡”ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ „•–”ƒ Sumatera  merupakan  rumah  bagi  berbagai  spesies  karnivora  berukuran  kecil,  namun  informasi  mengenai  status  dan  ekologi   spesies-­‐spesies  ini  masih  sedikit.  Suatu  studi  mengenai  kucing  berukuran  kecil  (Felidae)  menggunakan  kamera  penjebak  dan   perangkap  hidup  di  Taman  Nasional  Bukit  Barisan  Selatan  (1626  hari  rekam)  mencatat  enam  spesies  karnivora  kecil,  yaitu:   musang  galing  Paguma  larvata,  musang  tekalong  Hemigalus  derbyanus,  pulusan  ”…–‘›šŠ‘‡˜‡‹‹,  musang  leher  kuning  Martes   ϔŽƒ˜‹‰—Žƒ,  linsang  Prionodon  linsang,  dan  sigung  Mydaus  javanensis.  Tercatat  juga  satu  spesies  berang-­‐berang  yang  tidak  teriden-­‐ –‹ϐ‹ƒ•‹ǤƒŽƒ—’———”ƒ•ƒ’‡Ž”‡Žƒ–‹ˆ‡…‹Žǡ’‡”Œ—’ƒƒ†‡‰ƒ„‡„‡”ƒ’ƒ†ƒ”‹•’‡•‹‡•Ǧ•’‡•‹‡•‹‹Šƒ›ƒ•‡†‹‹–ǡ‡•‹’— status  mereka  sebagai  Least  Concern.  Ini  mendukung  perlunya  studi  saat  ini  dan  studi  menyeluruh  untuk  menilai  status  spesies-­‐ spesies  ini  di  Sumatera.

–”‘†—…–‹‘ Sumatra   harbours   high   mammal   diversity   (Rhee   et   al.   2004,   Schipper  et  al.  2008),  but  deforestation  and  habitat  degrada-­‐ tion   continue   at   unprecedented   rates,   with   over   3.1   million   hectares   of   forest   (roughly   36%   of   Sumatra’s   forested   area)   lost  from  2000  to  2008  (Broich  et  al.  2011).  A  two-­‐year  mora-­‐ torium   on   new   agriculture   and   logging   concessions   by   the   †‘‡•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ʹͲͳͲ™ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡†‡ˆϐ‹…ƒ…›ƒ† it   appears   that   high   rates   of   deforestation   continue   in   many   areas  (Sloan  et  al.  2012). Sumatra   is   home   to   numerous   small   carnivore   species.   Schreiber  ‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͺͻȌ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡‹•Žƒ†ƒ•ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ for  small  carnivore  conservation.  Yet  there  have  been  few  stud-­‐ ies  of  small  carnivores  on  Sumatra  and  little  is  known  of  each   species’s  status  on  the  island  (Holden  2006).  A  live-­‐trapping   and   camera-­‐trapping   study   of   small   cats   (Felidae)   obtained   photographs  of  other  small  carnivores  and  trapped  some  in-­‐ dividuals.  These  data,  presented  here,  contribute  to  the  sparse   information  on  small  carnivores  on  Sumatra.

some   of   the   island’s   last   protected   lowland   forests,   the   park   has  been  inundated  by  illegal  logging  and  agriculture,  causing   a  loss  of  28%  of  its  forests  between  1985  and  1999  (Kinnaird   et  al.  2003).  Since  then,  encroachment  has  decreased  in  some   areas,   but   remains   a   problem   in   others.  The   present   study   fo-­‐

‡–Š‘†• This   study   was   conducted   in   Bukit   Barisan   Selatan   National   Park  (NP)  in  southern  Sumatra  (Fig.  1).  Bukit  Barisan  Selatan   NP  is  the  third  largest  protected  area  in  Sumatra  and  is  bor-­‐ †‡”‡†„›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽϐ‹‡Ž†•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–…‘–ƒ‹•

Fig.  1.ƵŬŝƚĂƌŝƐĂŶ^ĞůĂƚĂŶEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬŝŶƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ^ƵŵĂƚƌĂ͕/ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ͘

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McCarthy  &  Fuller cused  in  the  east-­‐central   region  of  the  park,  outside  the   small   village  of  Talang  Lima  (5°06′33″S,  104°09′01″E).  Despite  some   encroachment  into  this  area  of  the  park,  a  sharp  ridgeline  west   of  the  village  limited  coffee  plantations  to  lower  elevations.   A   largely  untouched  primary  evergreen  forest  remains  at  the   top  of  the  ridge  (1,089  m).  This  ridge,  down  to  800  m,  was  the   location  of  all  the  study’s  camera-­‐trapping  and  live-­‐trapping.   No  trapping  was  conducted  outside  the  park  or  in  non-­‐forest-­‐ ed  areas.  The  rough  topography  consists  of  sharp,  secondary   ridges  descending  perpendicularly  from  the  primary  ridgeline.   There   is   no   vehicular   access   into   this   forest   and   few   trails,   although   there   is   some   evidence   of   limited   human   activity    inside  the  park  boundaries. This  study  was  initiated  to  assess  the  ecology  and  status   of   small   cats   within   the   park.   It   used   both   camera-­‐trapping   and   live-­‐trapping   (McCarthy   2013,   McCarthy   et   al.   2015).   Most  of  the  camera-­‐trapping  was  conducted  from  January  to   September   2011,   with   a   methodology   following   O’Brien   et  al.   (2003).  A   sampling   block   was   designated  and   divided   into   20   subunits   each   of   1   km2.   Camera-­‐traps   (Reconyx   HC500)   were   placed  within  100   m   of   randomly   chosen   UTM   coordinate   in-­‐ side  each  subunit  along  a  large  animal  trail,  or  in  an  area  with   sign  of  recent  mammal  activity.  Four  camera-­‐traps  had  been   set  opportunistically  within  the  sampling  block  during  2010   to   assess   potential   live-­‐trapping   sites   and   camera   perfor-­‐ mance.  All  camera-­‐traps  were  mounted  on  tree  trunks  so  that  

–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†„‡ƒ™ƒ•”‘—‰ŠŽ›ʹͷ…ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–ϐŽ‘‘”Ǥ They   were   baited   with   commercial   lure   (Hawbakers   Wild   Cat   Lures  Number  One  and  Two)  and  chicken  meat.  Camera-­‐traps   were  programmed  to  operate  continuously  and  to  take  a    series   ‘ˆϐ‹˜‡’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•’‡”–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰‡˜‡–ǡ™‹–Šƒ͸Ͳ•‡…†‡Žƒ› between   sequential   triggers.   Each   photograph   of   an   animal   ™ƒ• ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –‘ •’‡…‹‡•Ǥ Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• –Šƒ– †‹† ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™ ƒ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡‡š…Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–ǤŽ‡•• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡƒ›•—„•‡“—‡–’Š‘–‘-­‐ ‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡•’‡…‹‡•–ƒ‡™‹–Š‹͵Ͳ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–™ƒ• not  considered  a  new  event. Live-­‐trapping   from   November   2008   to   February   2009   deployed   23   size   1   and   1½   soft-­‐catch   foot   hold   traps   (Oneida   Victor)   opportunistically   within   the   camera-­‐trapping   block.   ƒ…Š–”ƒ’™ƒ•ϐ‹––‡†™‹–Šƒ’ƒ–‡•‹‘†‡˜‹…‡•‡––‘Š‹‰Š’ƒ tension  in  an  effort  to  decrease  the  likelihood  of  catching  small   animals  such  as  murids  or  birds.  Traps  used  the  same  attract-­‐ ants   as   the   camera-­‐traps   and   were   placed   directly   on   well-­‐ travelled   game   trails   and   at   spots   with   cat   signs.   The   traps   were   staked   into   the   ground   using   cable   stakes   (Finned   Super   Stakes)  and  were  concealed  with  torn  leaves.  Traps  were  man-­‐ ually   checked   twice   daily.   Captured   animals   were   anaesthe-­‐ tised  by  a  veterinarian,  then  removed  from  the  trap  and  given   a   full   physical   examination.   Morphological   information   was   recorded   for   all   individuals,   which   were   then   monitored   until   fully  recovered.

(a)

;ďͿ

(c)

(d)

Fig.  2.&ŽƵƌƐŵĂůůĐĂƌŶŝǀŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĐĂŵĞƌĂͲƚƌĂƉƉĞĚŝŶdĂůĂŶŐ>ŝŵĂ͕ƵŬŝƚĂƌŝƐĂŶ^ĞůĂƚĂŶEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬ͕ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ^ƵŵĂƚƌĂ͕ϮϬϭϬʹϮϬϭϭ͗;ĂͿĂŶĚĞĚ Civet  Hemigalus  derbyanus͕ϴ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϭ͖;ďͿ^ƵŵĂƚƌĂŶ,ŽŐĂĚŐĞƌArctonyx  hoevenii͕ϭϲƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϭ͖;ĐͿ^ƵŶĚĂ^ƟŶŬͲďĂĚŐĞƌMydaus  javanensis,   ϲ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬ͖;ĚͿDĂƐŬĞĚWĂůŵŝǀĞƚPaguma  larvata͕ϵ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJϮϬϭϭ͘

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ƒŽŽ…ƒ”‹˜‘”‡•‘ˆ—ƒ–”ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ Table  1.ĂŵĞƌĂͲƚƌĂƉƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƌĂƚĞƐŽĨƐŵĂůůĐĂƌŶŝǀŽƌĞƐŝŶdĂůĂŶŐ>ŝŵĂ͕ƵŬŝƚĂƌŝƐĂŶ^ĞůĂƚĂŶEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬ͕ Sumatra,  Indonesia. EƵŵďĞƌŽĨŶŽƟŽŶĂůůLJ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƉŚŽƚŽƐ;EͿ 17 12 3 2 2 *

Species Masked  Palm  Civet  Paguma  larvata Banded  Civet  Hemigalus  derbyanus Sumatran  Hog  Badger  Arctonyx  hoevenii Yellow-­‐throated  MartenDĂƌƚĞƐŇĂǀŝŐƵůĂ Banded  Linsang  Prionodon  linsang ^ƵŶĚĂ^ƟŶŬͲďĂĚŐĞƌ  Mydaus  javanensis *camera-­‐trapped  only  during  the  2010  pilot  phase.

‡•—Ž–•ƒ††‹•…—••‹‘

WŚŽƚŽƌĂƚĞ;EͬϭϬϬ ĐĂŵĞƌĂͲƚƌĂƉͲŶŝŐŚƚƐͿ 1.04 0.73 0.18 0.12 0.12 *

A  total  of  1,636  camera-­‐trap-­‐nights  during  2011  photographed   ϐ‹˜‡ •ƒŽŽ …ƒ”‹˜‘”‡ •’‡…‹‡• ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ʹȌǤ …‘—–‡” ”ƒ–‡• ™‡”‡ highest   for   Masked   Palm   Civet   Paguma   larvata   and   Banded   Civet  Hemigalus  derbyanus,  but  substantially  lower  for  Suma-­‐ tran   Hog   Badger   ”…–‘›š Š‘‡˜‡‹‹,   Yellow-­‐throated   Marten   ƒ”–‡•ϔŽƒ˜‹‰—Žƒ  and  Banded  Linsang  (Table  1).  One  additional   species,   Sunda   Stink-­‐badger   Mydaus   javanensis,   was   camera-­‐

trapped   only   during   the   2010   pilot   phase.   All   six   species   are   categorised  on  Š‡ ‡†‹•–‘ˆŠ”‡ƒ–‡‡†’‡…‹‡•(IUCN   2014)   as   Least   Concern   except   Banded   Civet   (Vulnerable)   and   Sumatran  Hog  Badger  (Not  Recognised).  Live-­‐trapping  for  a  to-­‐ tal  of  1,265  trap  nights  captured  four  small  carnivore  species   (Table  2,  Fig.  3):  three  Masked  Palm  Civets,  one  Yellow-­‐throat-­‐ ‡†ƒ”–‡ǡ‘‡—ƒ–”ƒ‘‰ƒ†‰‡”ƒ†‘‡—‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‘–-­‐ –‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‡•…ƒ’‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†Ž‹‰ǤŽŽϐ‹˜‡Šƒ†Ž‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• had  several  ticks,  but  were  in  excellent  condition  otherwise.

(a)

;ďͿ

(c) Fig.  3.^ŵĂůůĐĂƌŶŝǀŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐůŝǀĞͲƚƌĂƉƉĞĚŝŶdĂůĂŶŐ>ŝŵĂ͕ƵŬŝƚĂƌŝƐĂŶ^ĞůĂƚĂŶEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬ͕ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ^ƵŵĂƚƌĂ͕/ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ͕EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϴʹ&ĞďƌƵĂƌLJ 2009:  (a)  Sumatran  Hog  Badger  Arctonyx  hoevenii͖;ďͿzĞůůŽǁͲƚŚƌŽĂƚĞĚDĂƌƚĞŶDĂƌƚĞƐŇĂǀŝŐƵůĂ;  (c)  Masked  Palm  Civet  Paguma  larvata.

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McCarthy  &  Fuller Table   2. ^ŵĂůů ĐĂƌŶŝǀŽƌĞƐ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞĚ ŝŶ ůŝǀĞͲƚƌĂƉƐ ŝŶ dĂůĂŶŐ >ŝŵĂ͕ ƵŬŝƚ ĂƌŝƐĂŶ ^ĞůĂƚĂŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů WĂƌŬ͕ ^ƵŵĂƚƌĂ͕ Indonesia. Species Masked  Palm  Civet Masked  Palm  Civet Masked  Palm  Civet Yellow-­‐throated  Marten Sumatran  Hog  Badger KƩĞƌ

Sex

Age

tĞŝŐŚƚ ;ŬŐͿ

,ΎůĞŶŐƚŚ   ;ĐŵͿ

dĂŝůůĞŶŐƚŚ ;ĐŵͿ

WĂǁǁŝĚƚŚ   ;ĐŵͿ

Female Male Male Male Male -­‐

Adult Adult ^ƵďĂĚƵůƚ Adult Adult -­‐

4.25 5.40 2.47 2.78 5.42 -­‐

68 80 52 61 71 -­‐

56 58 43 41 17 -­‐

3 4 -­‐ 3.5 5 -­‐

*HB  =ŚĞĂĚͲĂŶĚͲďŽĚLJ͘

Masked   Palm   Civet,   the   species   encountered   most   fre-­‐ quently   by   both   camera-­‐trap   and   live-­‐trap,   is   thought   to   be   fairly  common  in  central  Sumatra  (Holden  2006).  These  high   trapping  rates  suggest  that  it  is  fairly  common  in  the  Talang   Lima   study   area.   However,   threats   to   the   species   on   Suma-­‐ –”ƒƒ”‡‘–™‡ŽŽ†‡ϐ‹‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘Šƒ”˜‡•–“—‘–ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ species   in   Indonesia,   making   trade   technically   illegal,   but   it   is   traded  in  northern  Sumatra,  with  the  exact  amount  of  harvest   and  trade  unknown  (Shepherd  2008).  The  species  uses  a  wide   variety  of  habitats  in  China  (Wang  &  Fuller  2003),  but  with  no   •–—†‹‡•‘ˆ‹–•Šƒ„‹–ƒ–—•‡‘—ƒ–”ƒǡ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ– habitat  alteration  there  are  unknown. Banded  Civet  was  camera-­‐trapped  relatively  frequently.  Al-­‐ though  none  was  live-­‐trapped,  it  was  photographed  through-­‐ out  the  Talang  Lima  study  area  and  seemed  common.  In  Ker-­‐ inci   Seblat   NP,   central   Sumatra,   Holden   (2006)   found   it   only   in   primary   lowland   forests;   but   in   this   part   of   Bukit   Barisan   Selatan   NP   it   was   photographed   up   to   over   1,000   m   asl.   Re-­‐ duction  of  primary  forest  is  thought  to  be  the  main  threat  to   this  species,  although  its  present  status  on  Sumatra  is  barely   documented. Sumatran   Hog   Badger   was   photographed   thrice   and   cap-­‐ tured   once.   Holden   (2006)   recorded   it   frequently   in   Kerinci   Seblat  NP,  concluding  that  it  was  common  at  elevations  higher   than   those   covered   in   the   present   survey.   However,   it   is   con-­‐ sidered  rare  in  other  areas  of  Sumatra,  so  might  be  distributed   patchily  (Holden  2006).  Yellow-­‐throated  Marten  was  recorded   frequently   by   Holden   (2006)   in   Kerinci   Seblat   NP.   In   Talang   Lima  it  was  photographed  twice  and  captured  once.  The  survey   area,  at  800–1,089  m,  lies  right  at  the  lower  edge  of  the  altitu-­‐ dinal  range  proposed  for  the  species  by  Helgen  et  al.  (2008). Banded  Linsang  and  Sunda  Stink-­‐badger  were  recorded   only  by  camera-­‐trap.  The  linsang  was  recorded  twice.  It  was   also   recorded   infrequently   by   Holden   (2006)   and   although   camera-­‐trapped  widely  across  its  range,  it  is  rarely  among  the   commonly  encountered  species  (e.g.  Hedges  ‡–ƒŽǤ  2013).  Sun-­‐ da  Stink-­‐badger,  recorded  only  once,  was  not  camera-­‐trapped   by  Holden  (2006),  although  one  was  directly  observed.  In  Bor-­‐ neo  Payne  et  al.  (1985)  recorded  the  species  mostly  in  second-­‐ ary  forest,  which  may  contribute  to  the  low  photograph  rate   for  this  species  in  the  Talang  Lima  study  area,  located  in  pri-­‐ mary  forest. A   Malay   Weasel   Mustela   nudipes   was   sighted   along   the   side   of   a   large   mammal   trail   in   lowland   secondary   forest   near  the  Way  Canguk  Research  Station,  but  neither  it  nor  In-­‐ donesian   Mountain   Weasel   Ǥ Ž—–”‡‘Ž‹ƒ   were   recorded   in   Small  Carnivore  Conservation,  Vol.  51,  December  2014

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the   Talang   Lima   study   area:   Malay   Weasel   is   rarely   camera-­‐ trapped  even  when  present  (Ross  et  al.  2013)  and  Talang  Lima   lies  at  lower  altitude  than  all  records  of  Indonesian  Mountain   Weasel  traced  by  Meiri  et  al.  (2007).  No  otter  species  or  Otter   Civets   Cynogale  bennettii   were   camera-­‐trapped,   although   sta-­‐ tions  were  not  selected  to  represent  riverine  habitats.  Holden   (2006)  did  not  record  mongooses  Herpestes,  Small  Indian  Civ-­‐ et‹˜‡””‹…—Žƒ‹†‹…ƒ,  Malay  Civet  ‹˜‡””ƒ–ƒ‰ƒŽ—‰ƒ  or  Com-­‐ mon  Palm  Civet  Paradoxurus  hermaphroditus  in  Kerinci  Seblat   NP’s  forest,  nor  were  any  of  those  species  recorded  in  Talang   Lima.   With   all   survey   located   in   primary   forest   within   the   park,  their  presence  locally  but  in  other  habitats  is  possible.   Neither  Binturong  ”…–‹…–‹•„‹–—”‘‰  nor  Small-­‐toothed  Palm   Civet  ”–‘‰ƒŽ‹†‹ƒ–”‹˜‹”‰ƒ–ƒ  were  recorded,  although  this  might   ™‡ŽŽ•‹’Ž›”‡ϐŽ‡…––Š‡‹”ƒ”„‘”‡ƒŽƒ–—”‡Ǥ The   ecology   and   status   of   most   Sumatran   small   carni-­‐ vores  remain  largely  undocumented.  The  rapid  deforestation   on  the  island  is  presumably  detrimental  to  forest-­‐dependent   species.   Small   carnivores   are   harvested,   although   the   extent   and   effects   on   each   species   are   unknown.   This   study   encoun-­‐ tered  some  species  categorised  as  Least  Concern  only  rarely,   raising   the   question   of   their   status   on   Sumatra.   Although   this   study  was  limited  to  a  single  small  area,  it  highlights  the  neces-­‐ sity  of  attaining  current  information  on  small  carnivore  status   in  Sumatra.

…‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–• This   study   was   supported   by   the   Wildlife   Conservation   Society-­‐In-­‐ donesia   Program,   the   Mohammed   bin   Zayed   Species   Conservation   Fund,  Panthera,  The  Clouded  Leopard  Project,  the  University  of  Dela-­‐ ware,  the  Small  Cat  Conservation  Fund,  the  Cat  Action  Treasury   and   Idea  Wild.  It  was  undertaken  with  the  cooperation  of  the  University   of   Lampung,   the   staff   of   Bukit   Barisan   Selatan   NP,   the   Indonesian   Ministry  of  Research  and  Technology  and  the  Indonesian  Ministry  of   ‘”‡•–”›Ǥ‡–Šƒ‘—”ϐ‹‡Ž†ƒ••‹•–ƒ–•‰—•ǡ‡†›ƒ†‡‡—ǡƒ† the  many  others  who  helped  set  camera-­‐traps  in  the  midst  of  often   challenging   conditions.   Hariyo   Wibisono   reviewed   the   translation   into  Indonesian.

‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• Broich,  M.,  Hansen,  M.,  Stolle,  F.,  Potapov,  P.,  Margono,  B.  A.  &  Adusei,  B.   2011.  Remotely  sensed  forest  cover  loss  shows  high  spatial  and   temporal  variation  across  Sumatera  and  Kalimantan,  Indonesia   2000–2008.  Environmental  Research  Letters  6(1):  (014010)  1–9. Hedges,   L.,   Clements,   G.   R.,   Aziz,   S.   A.,   Yap,   W.,   Laurance,   S.,   Goosem,   M.   &  Laurance,  W.  F.  2013.  Small  carnivore  records  from  a  threatened  

ƒŽŽ…ƒ”‹˜‘”‡•‘ˆ—ƒ–”ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ habitat  linkage  in  Terengganu,  Peninsular  Malaysia.  Small  Carni-­ vore  Conservation  49:  9–14. Helgen,   K.   M.,   Lim,   N.   T.   L.   &   Helgen,   L.   E.   2008.   The   hog-­‐badger   is   not  an  edentate:  systematics  and  evolution  of  the  genus  ”…–‘›š   (Mammalia:   Mustelidae).   ‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡ƒ‘…‹-­ ety  154:  353–385. Holden,  J.  2006.  Small  carnivores  in  Sumatra.  Small  Carnivore  Conser-­ vation  34&35:  34–38. IUCN  2014.  Š‡ ‡†‹•–‘ˆŠ”‡ƒ–‡‡†’‡…‹‡•.  Version  2014.2.   .  Downloaded  on  15  October  2014. Kinnaird,  M.  F.,  Sanderson,  E.  W.,  O’Brien,  T.  G.,  Wibisono,  H.  T.  &  Wool-­‐ mer,   G.   2003.   Deforestation   trends   in   a   tropical   landscape   and   implications  for  endangered   large  mammals.  Conservation  Biol-­ ogy  17:  245–257.   McCarthy,   J.   L.   2013.   ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆˆ‘—”•›’ƒ–”‹…ˆ‡Ž‹† •’‡…‹‡•‹—‹–ƒ”‹•ƒ‡Žƒ–ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”ǡ—ƒ–”ƒǡ †‘‡•‹ƒ.   University   of   Massachusetts   Amherst,   Amherst,   Massahusetts,   U.S.A.  (Ph.D.  dissertation). McCarthy,  J.  L.,  Wibisono,  H.  T.,  McCarthy,  K.  P.,  Fuller,  T.  K.  &  Andayani,   N.   2015.   Assessing   the   distribution   and   habitat   use   of   four   felid   species  in  Bukit  Barisan  Selatan  National  Park,  Sumatra,  Indo-­‐ nesia.  Global  Ecology  and  Conservation  3:  210–221. Meiri,  S.,  Duckworth,  J.  W.  &  Meijaard,  E.  2007.  Biogeography  of  Indo-­‐ nesian   Mountain   Weasel   Mustela  lutreolina   and   a   newly   discov-­‐ ered  specimen.  Small  Carnivore  Conservation  37:  1–5. O’Brien,  T.  G.,  Kinnaird,  M.  F.  &  Wibisono,  H.  T.  2003.  Crouching  Tigers,   hidden   prey:   Sumatran   Tiger   and   prey   populations   in   a   tropical   forest  landscape.  ‹ƒŽ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘  6:  131–139. Payne,  J.,  Francis,  C.  M.  &  Phillipps,  K.  1985.  ϔ‹‡Ž†‰—‹†‡–‘–Š‡ƒ-­ ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ‘”‡‘Ǥ   The   Sabah   Society   with   WWF   Malaysia,   Kota   Kinabalu  and  Kuala  Lumpur,  Malaysia.

Rhee,  S.,  Kitchener,  D.,  Brown,  T.,  Merrill,  R.,  Dilts,  R.  &  Tighe,  S.  2004.   ‡’‘”–‘„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†–”‘’‹…ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–•‹ †‘‡•‹ƒ.  Prepared   for  USAID/Indonesia,  Jakarta,  Indonesia. Ross,  J.,  Hearn,  A.  J.  &  Macdonald,  D.  W.  2013.  Recent  camera-­‐trap  re-­‐ cords  of  Malay  Weasel  Mustela  nudipes  in  Sabah,  Malaysian  Bor-­‐ neo.  Small  Carnivore  Conservation  49:  20–24. Schipper,  J.  et  al.  [132  authors]  2008.  The  status  of  the  world’s  land   and   marine   mammals:   diversity,   threat,   and   knowledge.   Science   322:  225–230. Schreiber,  A.,  Wirth,  R.,  Riffel,  M.  &  Van  Rompaey,  H.  1989.  ‡ƒ•‡Ž•ǡ …‹˜‡–•ǡ‘‰‘‘•‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥƒ…–‹‘’Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡…‘-­ •‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•–‡Ž‹†•ƒ†˜‹˜‡””‹†•.  IUCN,  Gland,  Switzerland. Shepherd,  C.  R.  2008.  Civets  in  trade  in  Medan,  North  Sumatra,  Indo-­‐ nesia  (1997–2001)  with  notes  on  legal  protection.  Small  Carni-­ vore  Conservation  38:  34–36. Sloan,   S.,   Edwards,   D.   P.   &   Laurance,   W.   F.   2012.   Does   Indonesia’s   REDD+   moratorium   on   new   concessions   spare   imminently   threatened  forests?  Conservation  Letters  5:  222–231. Wang,  H.  &  Fuller,  T.  K.  2003.  Food  habits  of  four  sympatric  carnivores   in  southeastern  China.  Mammalia  67:  513–520.

‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡Žƒ™ƒ”‡ǡ••‘…‹ƒ–‡‹”–•”‘‰”ƒȂ ‹Ž‹‰–‘ǡ‹Ž‹‰–‘ǡ‡Žƒ™ƒ”‡ͳͻͺͲͳǡǤǤǤ ƒ‹ŽǣŒ‡‹ˆ‡”……ƒ”–̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘ ʹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•Š‡”•–ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡͳ͸Ͳ‘Ž†•™‘”–Šƒ›ǡ Š‡”•–ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•ͲͳͲͲ͵ǡǤǤǤ 1

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