Recycling of Waste Materials

Recycling of Waste Materials: A Review

Recycling of materials waste has a lot of benefits that can help people and save the environment as well. Its importance can be observed in many different ways. Recycling different products will help the environment. For example, we know that paper comes from trees and many trees are being cut down just to produce paper. By recycling it, we can help lessen the number of trees that are cut down. Products made from raw materials that came from our natural resources should be recycled so that we can help preserve the environment. It takes less energy to process recycled materials than to process virgin materials.

Ali I. Al-Mosawi Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada

Recycling of Waste Materials

Ali I.Al-Mosawi : M.Sc. in Materials Eng. ,Free Consultation ,IRAQ , [email protected] ... Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada: M.Sc. in Materials Eng., University of Kufa, Engineering Collage, IRAQ.

A Review I. Al-Mosawi, Abbas Abdulsada

978-3-659-69530-8

149

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Processing:

Technical

Solutions"

,LAP

Academic Publishing ,2015 , ISBN: 978-3-659-45126-3

LAMBERT

Cronicon O P EN

A C C ESS

CHEMISTRY

Research Article Recycling of Aluminum Castings Waste Mustafa A Rijab1, Ali I Al-Mosawi2*, Shaymaa A Abdulsada3, Raied K Ajmi4 1

Technical Institute of Baqubah, Iraq

2

Free Consultation, Babylon, Iraq

3

College of Engineering, Department of Materials, Kufa University, Iraq

4

Technical Institute of Babylon, Iraq

*Corresponding Author: Ali I Al-Mosawi, Free Consultation, Babylon, Iraq.

Received: June 23, 2015; Published: August 08, 2015

Abstract

The results showed that it is possible to recycle aluminum alloy solid residues resulting from the industrial waste of the plants, to become an alloy with good mechanical properties. Because of these characteristics are characterized by properties, in terms of high hardness and brittleness, with weakness in machine ability. It was found that the microstructure of industrial waste was a needle

-shaped particles within the mixture of the structure. Therefore, adding titanium element will lead to a partial modification of the microscopic structure while increasing this element be enough to get the modification process effectively. The results also show that the thermal homogenizing change the shape of the silicon needle or fibrous to spherical shape clearly through the process of homogenizing. And that the spherical shape of the silicon particles is obtained through five basic stages.

Keywords: Recycling waste; Aluminum alloy; Modification; Thermal Homogenizing Introduction

In many places, like those in Iraq have broken done, when a shortage of fresh Al happens, the remolding of scrapped castings becomes

unavoidable to obtain new castings. Nevertheless, non-homogenous microstructure and low mechanical properties are characteristic of these castings obtained by remolding, especially when the disputed materials are formed from modified alloys [1,2]. At that place are

seven stages of Waste Recycling: sorting of waste; cut down on waste; screening; insulation and cleaning with compressed air; detachment of the waste using magnets; insulation depending on the weightiness; rinsing and drying. Now, the question is “Where do we get the

aluminum alloy metal scraps”? The answer is appendages of metal castings of aluminum alloy. Fig.1 represents aluminum waste. Where represent the following pictures, appendages metal castings of aluminum alloy Olney used some sections coefficient companies and the Ministry of Industry and Minerals in the manufacture of some of the base of the iron castings and some parts of the ceiling fan [3,4].

Castings of Aluminum-Silicon characterized by their good casting properties and a smashing number of researches have been taken

on their purification and/or adjustment to optimize its mechanical properties [4,5]. Aluminum casting alloys are gaining wide popularity, as they combine several attractive properties such as low density, high hardness, good casting characteristics, as well as improved

properties if the alloy microstructure is refined or altered. The event of alteration has been assigned to both affecting nucleation and Si morphology through prohibiting its growth [6] while modification alters the shape of the Si phase. Close to other external factors like vibration or rapid solidification cause an adjustment in the sound structure of the Si eutectic [7,8]. The eutectic morphology ranges from

plate-like to lamellae like in as cast condition to a circular like after modification or rapid cooling [3]. When Al-Si alloys are solidified the eutectic silicon is found out to consist of coarse plates in the precipitous edges.

Citation: Ali I Al-Mosawi., et al. “Recycling of Aluminum Castings Waste”. EC Chemistry 1.2 (2015): 48-55.

Recycling of Aluminum Castings Waste 49

Figure 1: Aluminum Waste. These are damaging to the mechanical properties [4]. Nevertheless, shortly afterwards the event of modification was found. Al-Si

casting alloys are particularly great importance as they offer good casting properties, good corrosion resistance, in increase to improved wear resistance [5]. All the same, the morphology of Si eutectic in these alloys is of large significance in controlling their properties, as it is commonly grown in lamellar or fibrous or spheroidized form [6]. Homogenization treatments, originally designed for Al-Si cast alloys,

also causes an effect on the Si particle morphology, as it changes their shape from lamellar to spheroid [7-10]. The increase of elements

like Na, Sr, Sb, and it was found to cause an impression on the microstructure of the eutectic alloy depending on their addition procedure and measure. Both modes of refinement of (Ti) and modification of Na, Sr, Sb have an effect on microstructure, but in a quite different way, as the first control the nucleation rate rather than the sound structure of the second phase [8,9]. Experimental Procedure

The experimental program of this work consisted of producing a number of castings [6] by remolding scrapped castings made of

Al-12% Si alloy in a gas furnace. The melt was refined by adding Ti in the range 0.09-0.18% Ti. The melt composition was controlled by adding fresh Al. Titanium was added in an elemental form, weighted and wrapped with Al foil. The Ti-wrapped in foil was placed in

the bed of an alumina crucible and the molten metal was poured over it. The whole run was applied afterwards for 15 minute in the gas furnace for melt homogenization. The molten metal was poured at 610°C in a preheated steel mold. The cast pieces were homogenized at

400°C for different durations 1, 30, 60, 90, 100, hrs. Figure 2 represent the microstructure of Aluminum-Silicon alloys, and Table 1 shows the chemical composition of Aluminum-Silicon castings waste.

Result and Discussion

Figure 3 represents the microstructure of Aluminum-Silicon Cast and Modified Alloys without heating. The depicted changes in

microstructure reveals that the Si-eutectic changes its morphology by heating at 400°C through five stages; nucleation, fragmentation, spherodization, growth, and finally stabilization. The first stage after 15 hrs is a stage where growth of the Si starts by diffusion of Si from

the matrix to the particles. After 30 hrs, Silicon starts to diffuse out of the Si-eutectic particles and fragmentation of these particles happens changing their morphology. After that the Si particles becomes spheroidized for both alloys without Ti and with 0.18% Ti, where, only partial spheroidization happens in the alloy containing 0.09% Ti.



Figure 2: Microstructure of Aluminum-Silicon alloys (left: Aluminum-Silicon Cast and Modified Alloys, Right: Standard Aluminum-Silicon Alloy).

Elements Content %

Al-12% Si

Al-12% Si-0.09% Ti

Al-12% Si-0.18% Ti

Si

12.00

12.00

12.00

Mn

0.173

0.189

0.184

Fe

Cu

Mg Zn Ti

Cr Ni

Pb Sn

AL

Aluminum-Silicon Alloys

0.246 0.019 0.005 0.025 0.035 0.012 0.005 0.002 0.002 Rem.

0.28

0.023 0.006 0.029 0.09

0.012 0.007 0.003 0.003 Rem.

0.31

0.025 0.007 0.028 0.07

0.015 0.006 0.003 0.003 Rem.

Table 1: Chemical Composition of Aluminum-Silicon Castings Waste.

The spheroidized particles start to grow, growth of the Si particles proceeds with holding time till these grown particles reach a static

state of their size and changes only happen to their physical body. The microstructure as of the Al-12% Si cast alloys without Ti and with

0.09% Ti & 0.18% Ti, respectively, is seen to consist of two phases mainly, which are primary (- Al and eutectic Si. Adding the 0.09% Ti is seeing to modify the Si-eutectic morphology slightly, but has no effect on refining the main (. Spell, 0.18% Ti modifies the Si-eutectic morphology greatly and changes the primary (to hold a fine dendritic structure. This event is thought to be preferable to the role of Ti in reducing the melting peak of the alloy, hence yielding a higher chance for nucleation of the primary (Al relative to the Si-eutectic, this is

in turn refines the primary phase) and inhibits the Si growth. The microstructure of the studied alloys after homogenization at 400°C for 15, 30, 60, 90 and 100 hrs shown in Figures 4,5,6,7 and 8 respectively.

It is a worth mentioning that recent references [9,10] have pointed out that the addition of Titanium in various forms to aluminum

Alloys have a substantial effect on nucleating the primary aluminum phase. These surveys have shown that Ti in solution in the liquid



metal even below the 0.09%, determined by equilibrium data from the phase diagram, and as low as 0.09% would be expected to precipitate (TiAl3), which is an active nucleus for aluminum. The different surging times of heat treatment aim of observing the changes

that occur with the microstructure refinancing. It is worth noting that the time necessary for stabilization changes from alloy to alloy, as stabilization happens after 100 hours for the alloy without Ti & with 0.18% Ti, while it happens after 100 hours for the alloy containing 0.09% Ti. This stable size of the Si-particles ranges from 5-10 µm. The measured hardness of all the studied alloys in as cast and homogenized conditions.

The data shows that adding Ti to Al-Si eutectic cast alloys increase their hardness in as cast condition. This result might be excused

by an increment in the eutectic content or the constitution of (TiSi) particles [10], which is not investigated in this work. Homogenization, of these alloys causes a substantial drop in hardness of all alloys and this fall continues with homogenization theme. The potential

reasons behind this drop in hardness are stress-relief and change in Si-eutectic morphology. Nevertheless, these surveys have recorded that (TiAl3) was present in (TiB2) crystals at lower levels of Ti than that looked from the phase diagram (0.18% Ti) [9]. Some of these

studies reported a poisoning effect of Si on the grain refinement action of Ti when Si% is high due to the possibility of formation of TiSi [10].

Figure 3: Microstructure of Aluminum-Silicon Cast and Modified Alloys.



Figure 4: Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with (15) hrs, at 400°C.

Figure 5: Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with (30) hrs at 400°C.








Conclusions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Adding Ti with amount (0.09%) to Al-12% Si alloy will have a partial modification for Si eutectic, and a maximum modification

will be realized as the addition of Ti reaches to 0.18%.

Homogenization treatment will causes a modification effects in the Si eutectic located in Al-12% Si cast alloys with existence or

non-existence Ti, and this process is done in six stages.

The modification behavior of Si eutectic during homogenization Similar to alloys that do not contain Ti. This situation obtains at

0.18% Ti.

Addition Ti to Al-12% Si cast alloys leads to increased its hardness.

In the case of alloys that contain 0.09% Ti is reached the stabilization state after 100 hours, while in alloys containing 0.18% Ti

they accessible after 60-hour.

Bibliography 1.

RA Higgins. “Engineering Metallurgy, part 5, applied physical Metallurgy”. Holder and Stoughton, London (2010).

4.

Y Shimizu., et al. “Influence of Phosphate and Sodium Halides on the Structure of Hyper Eutectic AL-Si Casting Alloys”. Aluminum

2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Ali I Al-Mosawi., et al. “Waste Processing: Technical Solutions”. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (2015).

Ali I Al-Mosawi., et al. “Recycling of Waste Materials: A Review”. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (2015).

62 (1986): 276.

AA Das. “Some Observations on the Effect of the Pressure on the Solidification of AL-Si Eutectic Alloys”. Part 2, British Foundry

man 34 (2011): 201.

Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada. “Preparation of Aluminum Alloy From Recycling Cans Wastes”. International Journal of Current Engi-

neering and Technology 3.4 (2013): 1348-1350.

A Sharma. “Heat Treatment: Principles and Techniques”. Part 3 Prentice Hall of India, Private Ltd (2008).

RN Grugel. “Evaluation of Primary Dendrite Trunk Diameters in Directionally Solidified AL-Si alloys”. Material Characteristics 18

(1999): 313.

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10. SF Mustafa. “Wear and Wear Mechanisms of AL - 20% Si/AL2O3 Composite”. Part 2 wear 155 (1995): 77.



Volume 1 Issue 2 August 2015 © All rights are reserved by Ali I Al-Mosawi., et al.


Available online www.ejaet.com European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2015, 2(4): 20-22

Research Article

ISSN: 2394 - 658X

Mechanical Properties of Recycled Bamboo Fibers Reinforced Composite Ali I Al-Mosawi 1, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada2 and Abbass Hashim3 1

Free Consultation, Babylon, IRAQ University of Kufa, Collage of Engineering, Materials Department, IRAQ 3 Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2

ABSTRACT Mechanical properties of epoxy composite reinforced with recycled plants fibers were studied. Impact strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and hardness were studied for composite material. These fibers were mixed with polypropylene resin in different reinforcement percentage (0%-60%) and the effect on the above mechanical properties was studied. It has shown an enhancement in these mechanical properties after reinforcement by fibers the value of mechanical properties will increase with increasing percentage of reinforcement. Key words: Recycled plants fibers, Composite, Mechanical Properties

_____________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Increased environmental awareness and consciousness throughout the world has developed an increasing interest in natural fibers and its applications to various fields. Natural fibers are now considered as a serious alternative to synthetic fibers for use in various fields [1]. The use of natural fibers as reinforcing materials in both thermoplastic and thermo set matrix composites provide positive environmental benefits with respect to ultimate disposability and best utilization of raw materials [2]. Currently, studies on use of lignocelluloses bio fibers in place of synthetic fibers as reinforcing materials are being pursued vigorously [3]. These bio fibers are being extensively used for the production of cost effective ecofriendly biocomposites [4]. The advantages of natural fibers over traditional reinforcing materials such as glass fiber, carbon fiber etc are their specific strength properties, easy availability, light weight, ease of separation, enhanced energy recovery, high toughness, non-corrosive nature, low density, low cost, good thermal properties, reduced tool wear, reduced dermal and respiratory irritation, less abrasion to processing equipment, renewability and biodegradability [5]. Plant fibers themselves can be thought of as composite materials with the stiff and strong cellulose micro fibrils embedded in a hemicelluloses/lignin matrix. However, the composite structure in plant fibers is rather complex (e.g. two-phase matrix and cell wall layers). Moreover, plant fibers are part of a larger biological system, i.e. the plants, with a long evolutionary history, and their properties have, therefore been highly optimized with respect to the functional requirements of plants. Thus, the study of plant fibre mechanical properties is not just an assessment of the reinforcement potential of plant fibers in man-made composites, but might as well provide insight into the form and function of a sophisticated composite material [6]. METHODOLOGY Materials There are three types of materials employed in this study: polypropylene resin Bamboo fibers (as randomly matt) . Composite Samples Fabrication Hybrid composite of polypropylene - Bamboo fibers can be fabricated by the hand layup technique using laboratory compression moulding machine. Ultrasonic waves were used to clean bamboo fibers from husks and dirt. Four types of samples were manufactured as follows:

20

Al-Mosawi et al Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 2015, 2(4):20-22 ______________________________________________________________________________ • Impact samples: The impact strength was determined using Izod Impact tester for un-notched samples conforming to (ASTM D 256) specification. • Tensile strength samples: The standard dumb bell samples are cast according to (ASTM D 638). • Compression strength samples: these Samples fabricated according to (ASTM-D618) standard. Seven samples were manufactured for each tests which different by the resin and reinforcement percentage as shown in Table-1. Table - 1 Structure of Samples Samples number Resin (weight %) Fibres (weight %)

1 100 0

2 90 10

3 80 20

4 70 30

5 60 40

6 50 50

7 40 60

Determination of Mechanical Properties Izod Impact tester for un-notched samples was used to evaluated impact strength .The universal test instrument manufactured by (ZheJinang TuGong Instrument Co., Ltd) was used to measure the tensile strength with a (20KN) load. Compression strength can be measured by three-point test by using universal hydraulic press (Leybold Harris No.36110) to calculate the maximum load exposed in the middle of the sample. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Fig.1 represents impact strength values of composite material vs. fibers reinforcing percentage .Generally, the impact resistance considered low to the resins due to brittleness of these materials, but after reinforcing it by fibers the impact resistance will be increased because the fibers will carry the maximum part to the impact energy which exposition on the composite material .All this will rise and improved this resistance. The impact resistance will continue to increase with increased of the fibers reinforcing percentage [7].

Fig. 1 Impact strength values of composite material vs. fibers reinforcing percentage

Fig. 2 Tensile strength values of composite material vs. fibers reinforcing percentage

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Al-Mosawi et al Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 2015, 2(4):20-22 ______________________________________________________________________________ Fig.2 represents tensile strength of composite material vs. fibers reinforcing percentage .The resin considered as brittle materials where its tensile strength is very low as shown in this Figure, but when reinforcing by fibers this property will be improved greatly, where the fibers will withstand the maximum part of loads, and by consequence will raise the strength of composite material [8]. The tensile strength will be increased with the fibers' percentage addition increased, where these fibers will be distributed on large area in the resin [9]. Even reinforcing by fibers will enhance tensile strength. Fig.3 shows the compression strength results before and after reinforcing with fibers .As we have seen from this figure, the compression strength of resin will be low before reinforcement because the brittleness of resin. However, after added the fibers to this resin the flexural strength would be raised to the producing material because the high modulus of elasticity of these fibers will help to carry a large amount of loads and raise this strength [10].

Fig. 3 Compression strength values of composite material vs. fibers reinforcing percentage

CONCLUSION • The addition of Bamboo fibers improves the impact strength, tensile strength, and compression strength polypropylene resin. • Low cost for fabricated composite compared with those reinforced by synthesis fibers. • Reduce environmental damage through recycling agricultural waste for Bamboo. REFERENCES [1] AS Singha and Vijay Kumar Thakur, Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2008, 31(5), 791–799. [2] AS Singha, BS Kaith, and Sanjeev Kumar, Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of FAS-KPS Induced Graft Co-polymerisation of Binary Vinyl Monomer Mixtures onto Mercerized Flax, International J. Chem. Sci., 2004,2 (3), 472-482. [3] AS Singha and Vijay Kumar Thakur, Synthesis and Characterization of S.Cilliare Fiber Reinforced Green Composites, International Journal of Plastic Technology, 2007, 11, 835-851. [4] Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada, Ali I. Al-Mosawi , Tensile strength of a new recyclable and environment friendly composite material, Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola , 2015, 30(1), 32-40. [5] Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada, Mustafa A. Rijab, Waste Processing: Technical Solutions, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing ,2015 , ISBN: 978-3-659-45126-3. [6] Bo Madsen, Properties of Plant Fibre Yarn Polymer Composites an Experimental Study, Report, Technical University of Denmark, 2004. [7] Ali I Al-Mosawi and Abbas A Al-Jeebory, Effect of Percentage of Fibers Reinforcement on Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Polymeric Composite Material, The Iraqi Journal for Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Special Issue ,1st Conference of Engineering College, 2009, 70-82 . [8] RC Tandel, Gohil Jayvirsinh and Nilesh K.Patel, Synthesis and Study of Main Chain Chalcone Polymers Exhibiting Nematic Phases, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(ISC-2011), 2012, 122-127. [9] Ali I Al-Mosawi, Mechanical Properties of Plants - Synthetic Hybrid Fibers Composites, Res. J. Engineering Sci., 2012, 1(3), 22-25. [10] LB Harriette, M Jorg and JA Martie, Mechanical Properties of Short-Flax-Fiber Reinforced Compounds, Compos, 2006, A 37, 1591-1604.

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‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺨﺎﺹ‪ /‬ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ 5-3‬ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ‪2013‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬ ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‪/‬ﺒﺎﺒل – ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﹰ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻭ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻴﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ‪ .‬ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Environmental impact study for the establishment of an investment‬‬ ‫‪project to process the palms agricultural waste‬‬ ‫‪Ali I. Al-Mosawi‬‬ ‫‪Technical Institute – Babylon, IRAQ‬‬

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2013 ‫ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل‬5-3 ‫ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬/‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬/‫ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬/‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺨﺎﺹ‬

Abstract: The importance of studying the environmental benefit of the fact that each investment project is linked to the environment, which is held on them. According to the Systems Approach, the project is an open system affects and is affected by the surrounding environment, where the project is to import a set of inputs to the operations of its environment and converts them into outputs issued to the same environment again. Therefore, this research aims to study the environmental benefit of the process of manufacturing a hybrid material composed of polyethylene resin reinforced natural palm fibers and compare it with another material reinforced with glass fibers, through the analysis of the impact of the manufacturing process in the environment in addition to the impact of the environment in a project manufacturing. Thermal behavior of hybrid composite material was studied and also calculated the range of its thermal conductivity. Fourier equation used to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) to obtained composite material as illustrated in diagrams which represent the relation between thermal conductivity coefficients with temperature. The results obtained from thermal conducting test show that the thermal conducting value of natural palms fibers higher than reinforcing with glass and hybrid fibers.

. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ Environmental Cost) ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ‬.‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬،(Benefit Analysis Economic Cost-Benefit) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺩﻭﻥ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁـﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‬،(Analysis ‫ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬،‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬ .[1] ‫ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴـﺭ ﻀـﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺯﺍﻴـﺩ‬،‫ ﻭﺭﻜﺯﻭﺍ ﺇﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﺼـﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬

‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﺩﻋـﺎ‬،‫ ﻭﺃﻴﻘﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻏﻔﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩ‬،‫ﻨﻅﺭﻫﻡ‬

،‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﻬـﺔ‬،‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ .[2]‫ﻭﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻹﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺤـﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺒﺼـﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ "ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ" ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒـل ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻀﺒﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺏﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻤـﻊ ﺇﻴـﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺘﻘـل ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺤﻠﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﺒـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺘﻨﻤـﻭﻱ ﻨـﺎﺠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴـﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ ﻴﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﻴـﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺼﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ ﻹﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﹰﺍ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴـﺔ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﻤﻼﺌﻤـﺔ ﻟﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﻫﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴـﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻫل ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻀـﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺸﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﻴﻀﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻬـﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻋﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺎﹰ]‪.[4‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﻭﺍﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -3‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻜل ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺴﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ]‪.[5‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﺩﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1969‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻜﺄﺤﺩ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪،‬ﻤﻨﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ]‪ .[3‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺘﻨﻤﻭﻱ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪.‬ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻫﻭ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻫﻭ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ )ﺇﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ]‪.[4‬‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻜﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ]‪ .[6‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ]‪.[7‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻻﻤﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺭﻤﻭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﻨﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ]‪.[8‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺈﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻌﻭﺍﺯل ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺩﺓ ]‪ .[9‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ]‪.[10‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل)‪(Palms Fibers‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻜﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻜﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻼﺴل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ]‪.[11‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻠﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪ : (Glass Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )‪. (Natural Palms Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤـل ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﻘﻁـﺭ)‪ (25mm‬ﻭﺴـﻤﻙ )‪ .(3mm‬ﺘـﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ )‪( k‬‬

‫‪ T ‬‬ ‫‪Q  k  A  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ X ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ = Q‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( W‬‬ ‫‪ = k‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( W/m.ºC‬‬ ‫‪ = A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺇﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫)‪(m2‬‬

‫‪ = T X‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( ºC/m‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ـﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ )‪(Heat Conduction Unit‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪.(P.A.Hilton Ltd England‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻤل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‪،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻠﻴﻥ ) ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻜل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﺩﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﻓﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺒﻬﻜﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪2.5‬‬

‫راﺗﻨﺞ‬

‫راﺗﻨﺞ ‪ +‬أﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻨﺨﯿﻞ‬

‫‪2.25‬‬

‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬

‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪Temperature, ºC‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ : (1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﮭﺠﯿﻨﺔ‬

‫راﺗﻧﺞ ‪+‬أﻟﯾﺎف اﻟزﺟﺎج‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬

‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪Temperature, ºC‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ : (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬

‫‪280‬‬

‫‪0‬‬


‫‪1.5‬‬


‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻁﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺤﻭل ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ‪ 7-6 ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪2006 ،‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺎﻁﻑ ﻭﻟﻴﻡ ﺇﻨﺩﺭﺍﻭﺱ ‪.‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ‪،‬ﺍﻹﺴـﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪-‬ﻤﺼـﺭ‬ ‫‪ ، 2006،‬ﺹ‪. 8‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺃﻭﺴﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻭﺭ ‪،‬ﺃ‪.‬ﺒﻥ ﺤﺎﺝ ﺠﻴﻼﻟﻲ ﻤﻐﺭﺍﻭﺓ ﻓﺘﺤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ ، 2007، 7‬ﺹ‪. 354-329‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺁﺩﻡ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻤﺼﺭ ‪ ، 2001،‬ﺹ‪. 7‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻫﻭﺸﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ‪.‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴـﻊ ‪،‬ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪. 2004،‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻏﻨﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺠﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻨﻁ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ‪،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪. 2007،‬‬

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2013 ‫ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل‬5-3 ‫ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬/‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬/‫ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬/‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺨﺎﺹ‬

‫ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ “ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ –ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬-7 ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬،”‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ‬ . 2007، ‫ﺘﻭﻨﺱ‬، 8- MALLICK, P. K. Composites engineering handbook. Michigan , Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1997. 9- KHALAJMASOUMI, M. , IBRAHIM ,I.S., and YATIM,J.M. Study on the “Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Composites materials in structures. the proceeding of the 1st Iranian students scientific conference in Malaysia , 9-10 April ,2011 . 10- SINGHA ,A. S. and THAKUR, V.K. Mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 31, No. 5, October 2008, pp. 791– 799. 11- HOLBERY ,J., HOUSTON ,D. Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Automotive Applications. JOM ,2006 .

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Recycling of Aluminum Solid Waste in Diyala Company for Electrical Industries Mustafa A. Rijab

Ali I.Al-Mosawi

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical Institute of Baquba Diyala, IRAQ

Department of Mechanical Engineering Free Consultation Babylon, IRAQ

Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada Free Consultation Department of Materials College of Engineering, Kufa University Kufa, IRAQ

Abstract—This research represents a solution for a practical problem that faces most industrial intersperses which produced large quantities of metallic solid wastes as by-products. So the possibility of using these test originated at one of the largest companies in the country (Diyala company for electrical industries) in the reinforcement of some structural sections was evaluated through this research. The results had referred to found that the microstructure of industrial waste , was a needle shaped particles within the floor of the structure, and therefore that add an element titanium (Ti) leads to a partial modification of the microscopic structure while increasing this component be enough to get the modification process effectively. The results also show that the thermal homogenizing change the shape of the silicon needle or fibrous to spherical shape clearly through the process of homogenizing. Keywords—Aluminum solid waste, Recycling

I.

INTRODUCTION

The solid waste is a form of pollution that where there is human activity is a complex composition and heterogeneous materials, whether Vezaoya or chemically created and vary greatly in composition and ingredients with geographical location and from time to time depending on the behavior of citizens and their level of living, and are classified as solid waste SW [1]according to a source generated and nature of the waste municipalities and agricultural, industrial and hazardous cannot give the specific features of the solid waste industry, because each industry solid waste depends primarily the basis of the type of inputs for industry input Material and type of production and manufacturing technique as it is not reasonable to similar solid waste generated from the sugar industry and metallurgical industries Oalencijah or Construction or other of the vast number of industries [2]. Leaving the solid waste generated at sites as it is without any action has many adverse environmental effects which can be summarized health effects and other aesthetic and socioeconomic effects. In this sense, the disposal of developed countries, a large proportion of the annual budget on solid waste management and to achieve an efficient program in

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Muhannad A. Rijab Asia Cell Company Diyala, IRAQ

waste management and control of the generation point to the final money to waste includes solid waste management system home series of events is as follows[3]: A solid waste generated Sw Generation B. solid waste storage on site "SW Storage in Situ C. solid waste collection Collecting SW D. and convert solid waste SW Transfer & Transport transfer.

Its solid waste treatment SW Treatment The eutectic morphology ranges from plate-like to lamellar like in as cast condition to a circular like after modification or rapid cooling [1]. When Al-Si alloys are solidified the eutectic silicon is seen to consist of coarse plates in the sharp edges. These are detrimental to the mechanical properties [2]. However, soon afterwards the effect of modification was found. Al-Si casting alloys are particularly of great importance as they offer well casting properties, good corrosion resistance, in addition to improved wear resistance [3, 4]. However, the morphology of Si eutectic in these alloys is of great significance on controlling their properties, as it is usually grows in lamellar or fibrous or spheroid zed form [3]. In many situations, like those in Iraq have gone through, when shortage of fresh Al happens, remelting of scrapped castings becomes unavoidable to obtain new castings. However, non-homogenous microstructure and low mechanical properties are characteristic of these castings obtained by remelting, especially when the scrapped materials are made from modified alloys [5, 6]. Homogenization treatments, originally designed for Al-Si cast alloys, also has an effect on the Si particles morphology, as it changes their shape from lamellar to spheroid [7, 8]. AlSi casting alloys are known for their good casting properties and a great number of researches have been conducted on their refining and/or modification to optimize its mechanical properties [4, 7]. The addition of elements like Na, Sr, Sb, and Ti was found to induce an effect on the microstructure of the eutectic alloy depending on their addition procedure and amount. Both modes of refinement of (Ti) and modification of Na, Sr, Sb have an effect on microstructure, but in a rather different way, as the first control the nucleation rate rather

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than the morphology of the second phase [8,9]. Aluminum casting alloys are gaining wide popularity, as they combine several attractive properties such as low density, high stiffness, good casting characteristics, as well as improved properties if the alloy microstructure is refined or modified. The effect of modification has been attributed to both affecting nucleation and Si morphology through prohibiting its growth [10]. While modification alters the shape of the Si phase. Some other external factors like vibration or rapid solidification cause an alternation in the morphology of the Si eutectic [9, 10, 11]. II.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The solid waste generated in the company (see Fig.1), most (more than 95% of metal waste (iron and other minerals) and take these wastes various forms some of which is a bar and what is in plates perforated and what is a cut irregular as well as the waste differ in terms of the type of metal and the thickness of the piece depending on the manufacturing process, which takes place on raw materials in different laboratories and certainly the solid waste generated from fans lab, for example, are different in nature from those resulting

from iron plant and also vary for other wastes resulting from the spark mug lab or the ability and shape adapters (1) represents photographs of a mixture of waste produced by the company in the study site . Solid waste generated from plants and sections of the company in the study site environmental problem clearly visible through the accumulation of garbage heaps in most of the vacant space, a waste generated proceeds over several years. The experimental program of this work consisted of producing a number of castings (6) by remelting scrapped castings made of Al-12%Si alloy in a gas furnace. The melt was refined by adding Ti in the range 0.1-0.3% Ti. The melt composition was controlled by adding fresh Al. the Ti was added in an elemental form, weighted and wrapped with Al foil. The Ti-wrapped in foil was laid in the bottom of an alumina crucible and the molten metal was poured over it. The whole melt was held afterwards for 15 min in the gas furnace for melt homogenization. The molten metal was poured at 620 °C in a preheated steel mould. The cast pieces were homogenized at 400 °C for different durations 10, 25, 50 ,75, 100, hrs. Table.1 represent the Chemical Composition of Aluminum solid waste.

Si

Fe

Cu

Mn

Mg

Zn

Ti

Cr

Ni

Pb

Sn

AL

AL-12%Si

12.00

0.25

0.019

0.17

0.006

0.027

0.04

0.011

0.005

0.011

0.0018

Rem

AL-12%Si0.08%Ti

12.00

0.248

0.023

0.18

0.007

0.029

0.08

0.013

0.005

0.013

0.002

Rem

AL-12%Si0.22%Ti

12.00

0.245

0.018

0.191

0.005

0.028

0.22

0.012

0.004

0.012

0.003

Rem

Table 1: Chemical Composition of Aluminum solid Waste

III.

Fig. 1: Aluminum solid waste

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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Figures.2,3,4,5,6 represent of microstructure for Aluminum solid waste .The depicted changes in microstructure reveals that the Si-eutectic changes its morphology by heating at 410°C through five stages; nucleation, fragmentation, spherodization, growth, and finally stabilization. The first stage after 20 hr, is a stage where growth of the Si starts by diffusion of Si from the matrix to the particles. After 30 hrs. The Si starts to diffuse out of the Sieutectic particles and fragmentation of these particles happens changing their morphology. After that the Si particles becomes spheroid zed for both alloys without Ti and with 0.3%Ti, whereas, only partial spherodization happens in the alloy containing 0.08%Ti. The spherodized particles start to grow, growth of the Si particles proceed with holding time till these grown particles reach a stable state of their size and changes only happen to their shape. The microstructure as of the Al12%Si cast alloys without Ti and with 0.08%Ti & 0.22%Ti, respectively, is seen to consist of two phases mainly, which are primary - Al and eutectic Si. Adding the 0.08%Ti is seeing to modify the Si-eutectic morphology slightly but has


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no effect on refining the primary. While, 0.22%Ti modifies the Si-eutectic morphology greatly and changes the primary  to have a fine dendritic structure. This effect is believed to be due to the role of Ti in reducing the melting point of the alloy, thus giving a higher chance for nucleation of the primary Al relative to the Si-eutectic, this is in turn refines the primary () phase and inhibits the Si growth. The microstructure of the studied alloys after homogenization at 410 °C for 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 hrs. respectively. It is a worth mentioning that recent references [9, 11] have pointed out that the addition of Titanium in various forms to aluminum Alloys have a strong effect on nucleating the primary aluminum phase. These studies have shown that Ti in solution in the liquid metal even below the 0.08% , determined by equilibrium data from the phase diagram, and as low as 0.08% would be expected to precipitate (TiAl 3), which is an active nucleus for aluminum. The different surging times of heat treatment aims to detecting the changes that happens with the microstructure refinancing. It is worth noticing that the time necessary for stabilization changes from alloy to alloy, as stabilization happens after 100 hrs for the alloy without Ti & with 0.3%Ti, while it happens after 100 hrs for the alloy containing 0.08%Ti. This stable size of the Si-particles ranges from 6-12 m. The measured hardness of all the studied alloys in as cast and homogenized conditions .The data shows that adding Ti to AlSi eutectic cast alloys increase their hardness in as cast condition. This effect might be explained by an increase in the eutectic content or the formation of (TiSi) particles [11], which is not investigated in this study. Homogenization, of these alloys cause a significant drop in hardness of all alloys and this drop continues with homogenization time. The possible causes behind this drop in hardness are stress-relief and change in Si-eutectic morphology. However, these studies have recorded that (TiAl3) was present on (TiB2) crystals at the lower levels of Ti than that expected from the phase diagram (0.22%Ti) [11]. Some of these studies reported a poisoning effect of Si on the grain refinement action of Ti when Si% is high due to the possibility of formation of TiSi [10].

Fig.2: Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with(20)hrs. At 410 C°(45 mµ)

Fig.(3)Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with (30)hrs. At 410 C°(45 mµ)

Fig.4: Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with (40)hrs. At 410 C°(45 mµ)

Fig.1: Microstructure of As Cast and Modified Alloys (45 mµ)

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Fig.5: Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with (50)hrs. At 410 C°(45 mµ)

(lack of space Cafe accommodate generated waste) on the other hand . If the special character such as mining industry or electric industries produce waste hard metal, the problem will be the biggest fact that this waste is the kind of nondegradable and so the need to be continuous areas landfill extra, and from this point of this study towards the use of solid waste outputs occasional activities in one of the leading industrial companies in the country. Adding elemental Ti (0.08%) to Al-12%Si alloy causes partial modification of the Si eutectic, and as Ti content reaches 0.3% maximum modification is gained. Homogenization treatment of Al-12%Si cast alloys with or without Ti causes a modification in the Si eutectic morphology through 6 stages. When Ti content reaches 0.22% the mechanisms for modification of Si eutectic through homogenization becomes similar to those of the alloy without Ti. Adding Ti to Al12%Si cast alloys causes an increase in their hardness. The stabilization state is reached after (100) hrs. for the alloy with 0.08%Ti, while it is reached after (50) hrs. for the alloys without or with 0.22% Ti

References Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada, Mustafa A. Rijab “Waste Processing: Technical Solutions” , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2015.ISBN: 978-3-659-45126-3. [2] Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada “Preparation of Aluminum Alloy from Recycling Cans Wastes” , International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 3(4), 2013. [3] Sharma A. , yilmaz B.F. “ Silicon crystals in aluminum – Silicon alloys ”, Aluminum, , part 3, 2005, pp..338 [4] Shimizu Y. , y. Kato , S. Hashimoto and N.Tsuchiya “ Influence of phosphate and Sodium Halides on the structure of hyper eutectic AL-Si casting alloys ” , Aluminum , 62 , 1986, pp. . 276 . [5] Das A.A. “Some Observations on the effect of the pressure on the solidification of AL-Si eutectic alloys ” , part 2, Brit . foundryman , 34, 2011, pp..201 . [6] Shivkumar S. , Wang L. and Apelian D. “ Molten Metal Processing of advanced cast aluminum alloys ” , J. Met . Jan , 1991,pp. 26 . [7] Sharma A. “ Heat Treatment : Principles and Techniques ” , part 3 , Prentice Hall of India , Private Ltd ,2008. [8] Grugel R.N. , 1999, “ Evaluation of Primary Dendrite Trunk diameters in directionally Solidified AL-Si alloys ”, Mater . Character . 18 ,1999, pp.313 . [9] Reddy A. Somi , Bai B.Npramila , Murthy K.s.s and Biswas S.K. , “ Mechanism of seizure of aluminum Silicon alloys sliding against steel ” , wear , 181 , pp.658 . [10] Mustafa S.F. “ wear and wear Mechanisms of AL –20%Si/AL2O3 Composite ”, , part 2, wear , 155 , 1995, pp.77 . [1]

Fig.6: Microstructure of Homogenized Alloys with (100)hrs. At 410 C°(45 mµ) Conclusions: One of the main conclusions reached from this research is to provide the costs and represents a scaled environmental impact of the launch of the solid waste Therefore, the current trend is towards the possibility of using waste Again SW Reuse or extracting useful, including Material Recovery For the industrial sector constitutes solid waste is a real problem, because the waste generated represent waste in the industry for the cost of raw materials economies used in industry on the one hand and limited vamp geography of industrial activity

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‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪاد‪-‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‬

‫ﻋﺪد ﺧﺎص‪ -‬اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻻول‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪ \7-6‬اذار\‪2012‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻑ ﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬ ‫ ﻨﺠﻼﺀ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﻋﺯﻴﺯ‬،‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻫل ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬ [email protected] ، [email protected] ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬-‫ ﺒﺎﺒل‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺍﺘـﻨﺞ‬

‫( ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴﻰ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻘﺴﺎﺓ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬AY103)‫ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫ ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬. ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬،

‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬

‫( ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل‬k) ‫ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬. ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬

. ‫ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬،‫ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

STUDY THE EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS TO ESTABLISH A PROJECT TO TREATMENT FIBERS GARBAGE'S OF PALMS Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Ali J. Salaman, Mohammad M. Fares, Naglaa S. Aziz Technical Inst. Babylon-Iraq Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the environmental benefit of manufacturing process of hybrid composite material consisted from araldite resin(AY103) reinforced by natural palms fibers and compared it with another material reinforced by unidirectional carbon fibers, through analysis the effect the manufacturing process on environment in addition to the effect of environment on manufacturing project . Thermal behavior of hybrid composite material was studied and also calculated the range of it's thermal conductivity . Fourier equation used to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient(k) to obtained composite material as illustrated in diagrams which represent the relation between thermal conductivity coefficient with temperature. The results obtained from thermal conducting test show that the thermal conducting value of natural palms fibers higher than reinforcing with glass and hybrid fibers . Keywords: Environmental benefit, Composite material, Thermal conducting, Hybrid Fibers,

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‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬

‫) ‪.(Introduction‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸـﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴـل‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟـﺔ ﻹﻨﺘﺸـﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻋـﺩﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺭﺽ ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬

‫ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺘﻪ ﻹﻟﺤﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻁﺒﻘـﺎﹰ ﻟﻤـﺎ‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻋﺒﺌﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ‬

‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ‬

‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﺌﻡ]‪:[1‬‬

‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺜـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺭﻕ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﻻ‬

‫‪.2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻤـﺎ ﻴـﺭﻓﺽ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬـﺎ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬

‫ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﺥ‬

‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀـﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺨـﺫ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺴـﻠﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ]‪:[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺤـﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻗﻭﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺩﺩ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺜﺭﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﹸ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ]‪) .[2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻟﻪ ﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻴﺴـﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻠـﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻀﻴﻑ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ]‪[2‬‬

‫‪368‬‬

‫ﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺠﺩﺍﹰ )ﺃﻗل ﻤـﻥ ‪(%2‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫)‪. (Palms Fibers‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﺎﻨـﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﻲ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻹﻟﻴﻔﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل)‪ (Palms Fibers‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠـﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ]‪) .[5‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪.(AY103) (1‬‬

‫ﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺎﹰ ﻤﺼــﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴــﻑ ﺇﻟــﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋــﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴــﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯﻴﺔ)‪ (Cellulose Fibers‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻜﺭ‬

‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ)‪ (Polysaccharide‬ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻜـﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻼﺴل ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴـل‬

‫ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘـﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ )‪. (Composite Materials‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪(AY103) :1‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ -‬ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴـﺔ ) ‪:(Reinforcement Material‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺴـﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟـﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﻜـﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﺴـﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ‪ .‬ﺘﹸﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ)‪(Reinforcing by Fibers‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸـﺎﺭﺍﹰ ]‪ .[3‬ﻭ‬

‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ]‪:[4‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒـﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺸـﻜﺎل‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)‪ : (Matrix Material‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﹶﻁﻊ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴـﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ‪ .‬ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ )‪(AY103‬‬

‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ‬

‫ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻫـﻲ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻹﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﻭﻷﻏﻠـﺏ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴـﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼـﻼﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ‪،‬ﻭﺇﻤﺘﻼﻜﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻹﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬـﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﺘﻠـﻙ‬

‫ﻁﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭﺇﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺜـﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺵ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ]‪ .[5‬ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﻭﺃﺸﺭﻁﺔ ]‪. [6‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺀﺍﹰ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴـﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺏ ﺒﺈﻨﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ‬

‫‪369‬‬

‫‪.8‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪( Results & Discussion‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟـﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ )‪ : (AY103‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺼﻠﺩ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ )‪.(HY956‬‬

‫)‪ (AY103‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ )‪ : (Carbon Fibers‬ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺃُﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ )‪ (0°‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜـل ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل )‪. (Palms Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬

‫)‪. (1.75g/cm3‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌـﺭﺽ ﻟﻬـﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﻁﺭ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟـﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ]‪) .[7‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ (3‬ﻴﻤﺜـل‬

‫ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪.6‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻤل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ)‪ (25mm‬ﻭﺴﻤﻙ )‪ (3mm‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻠـﻁ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺍﺘـﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟـﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺔ ﺍﻷُﺨـﺭﻯ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫)‪ (AY103‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ)ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﻔﺭﺸـﺔ ﻟﻀـﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌـﻪ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ (4‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ‪،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌـﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍﹰ‬

‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴـﺔ‬

‫)‪ (75ºC‬ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل‬

‫‪.7‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل]‪.[8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ ( k‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴـل‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ )‬

‫‪ T ‬‬ ‫‪Q  k  A  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ X ‬‬

‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀـﺢ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜل ﻓـﺈﻥ‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ = Q‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) ‪. ( W‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫‪ = A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺇﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(m2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬

‫‪ = k‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ) ‪. ( W/m.ºC‬‬

‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺤـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫)‪ = (ΔT/ΔX‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) ‪. ( ºC/m‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻜل ]‪.[9‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ـﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Heat Conduction Unit‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬

‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪.(P.A.Hilton Ltd England‬‬

‫‪370‬‬

‫‪1.60‬‬

‫‪1.20‬‬

‫‪1.50‬‬

‫‪1.10‬‬

‫‪1.40‬‬

‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬


‫‪1.00‬‬

‫‪1.20‬‬ ‫‪1.10‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬ ‫‪0.70‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬


‫‪1.30‬‬

‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬

‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬

‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪30‬‬


‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬

‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪2.80‬‬ ‫‪2.70‬‬

‫‪1.9‬‬

‫‪2.40‬‬ ‫‪2.30‬‬ ‫‪2.20‬‬ ‫‪2.10‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪1.90‬‬ ‫‪1.80‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪1.60‬‬ ‫‪1.50‬‬ ‫‪1.40‬‬ ‫‪1.30‬‬


‫‪2.50‬‬

‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬


‫‪2.60‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬

‫‪1.2‬‬

‫‪1.20‬‬ ‫‪1.10‬‬

‫‪1.1‬‬

‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪30‬‬


‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ : 3‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴـﺎﺀ‬

‫‪.9‬ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ )‪.(Conclusions‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻠـﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﺩﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻟـﻪ ﺍﻷﺜـﺭ‬

‫ﻭﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻵﺜـﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺼـﻨﻑ ﻀـﻤﻥ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬

‫ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬

‫ﺭﻓﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺒﻬﻜﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪371‬‬

‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬-4

Temperature” , Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC), USA.

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬-5 . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ‬

.(References)

”.2006 ، ‫ ﻜﻤﺎل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬، ‫ ﻋﺴﻜﺭ‬.1

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬

،“ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

. ‫ ﻗﻁﺭ‬، ‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﺃﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﺯﻤـﻲ ﺴـﻼﻡ‬، ‫ ﺸﻘﻴﺭﻱ ﻨﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ‬.2

‫” ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬

.2009،

‫ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ“ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬، ‫ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬،

. 3. Moslem,Ali Ibrahim,2003. “ Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material as a Flame Retardant Material ”, M.Sc Thesis , Babylon University , Iraq . 4. Mallick ,P.K.,2007. “FiberReinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design” , 3rd Edition , CRC Press . 5. Michel Biron,2007. “ Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites ” , 1st Edition , Elsevier. 6. E.P.DeGarmo, J.T. Black, and R.A. kohser, 2008.“ Materials and processes in Manufacturing ” , 10th Edition , John Wiley & Sons. 7. Bogomolov V. and Kartenko N.,2003. “Thermal Conductivity of the OpalEpoxy Resin Nanocomposite ” , Physics of the Solid State , Vol 45,No 5,PP.957960. 8. Craig W. Ohlhorst Wallace L. Vaughn, Philip O. Ransone, and Hwa-Tsu Tsou,1997. “Thermal Conductivity Database of Various Structure Glass-Glass Composite Materials ”,NASA Technical Memorandum 4787 , November . 9. F.Rondeaux , ph. Bredy and J.M.Rey ,2001,“Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Epoxy Systems at Low

372

Contents ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ 348

‫ﺃﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ – ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺕ‬

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻫﻭﺍﺭ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬Leuciscinae ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺎﻥ‬

44

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ ﺜﺎﻤﺭ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ‬، ‫ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬، ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺠﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼل‬

358

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOACTIVITY OF NOVEL PHOSPHOROUS CONTAINING SCHIFF BASE AND ITS TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES

45

Isam Hussain T. Al-Karkhi , Abeer Khalid Yaseen, Eman Turky Shamkhy, M. Ibrahim M. Tahir, Karen A. Crouse , Rozita Rosli

367

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻑ ﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬

46

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل‬

‫ ﻨﺠﻼﺀ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﻋﺯﻴﺯ‬،‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻫل ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬

373

ISOLATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF HEAVY METAL RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS SP. BACTERIA FROM HOSPITAL WASTE WATER IN MOUSL CITY

47

Lamiaa Finjan Nashi , Sada Jasim

379

‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺎﻨـــــﺔ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﺩﻱ ﻤﺎﻻﺜﺎﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﻨﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺸﺭﺓ ﻤ‬ ( Homoptera : Aphididae) Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)

48

‫ ﻫﻨﺩ ﺴﻬﻴل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬، ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻭﻱ‬

387

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻭﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬

49

،‫ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﺸﻨﺸل ﺠﻌﻔﺭ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺤﺴﻭﻥ‬، ‫ ﻋﺯﺍﻡ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ‬، ‫ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻲ ﺭﺯﻭﻗﻲ‬، ‫ﻋﺩﻱ ﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﻤﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﺎﺌﻕ ﺤﺭﺒﻲ‬

397

404

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADON-222 GAS IN BAGHDAD CITY NABEEL HASHIM AMEEN AL-TAMEEMI ‫ﻨﺒﻴل ﻫﺎﺸﻡ ﺍﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬ TIGRIS RIVER WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT BY USING BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN BAGHDAD CITY

50

51

Neam N.Hashim , Fawzi Al-Zubaidi

412

INVESTIGATION OF LEAD AND CHROMIUM IN PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON AT A SECTION OF TIGRIS RIVER AT BAGHDAD CITY Hadeel R. Wahab, Fawzi S. Al-Zubaidi

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TENSILE STRENGTH OF A NEW RECYCLABLE AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY COMPOSITE MATERIAL Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada 1 , Ali I. Al-Mosawi 2* 1

University of Kufa, Collage of Engineering, IRAQ 2 Free Consultation ,Babylon, IRAQ * [email protected]

Abstract A fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite material consisting of a polymer matrix imbedded with high-strength fibers, such as glass, aramid and carbon .In the recent decades, natural fibers as an alternative reinforcement in polymer composites have attracted the attention of many researchers and scientists due to their advantages over conventional glass and carbon fibers. Results showed that samples contain reed fiber have high tensile strength compare glass fiber and these strength increase with increase amount of reed fiber until 10 wt.% , when become amount of addition 15 wt.% tensile strength decrease little. Keywords: Reed fibers , polymer composite, recyclable composite materials .

1.INTRODUCTION A composite is a structural material that consists of two or more constituents that are combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in each other. The composite material however, generally possesses characteristic properties, such as stiffness, strength, weight, high-temperature performance, corrosion resistance, hardness, and conductivity that are not possible with the individual components by themselves. The mechanical properties of composite materials have a great important in the field of using these materials, where the values of these properties should be high and acceptable so it can do its duty successfully [1]. A fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite material consisting of a polymer matrix imbedded with high-strength fibres, such as glass, aramid and carbon [2]. Generally, polymer can be classified into two classes, thermoplastics and thermosettings. Thermoplastic materials currently dominate, as matrices for biofibres; the most commonly used thermoplastics for this purpose are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene, and poly vinyl chloride (PVC); while phenolic, epoxy and polyester resins are the most commonly used thermosetting matrices [3]. In the recent decades, natural fibres as an alternative reinforcement in polymer composites have attracted the attention of many researchers and scientists due to their advantages over conventional glass and carbon fibers [4]. These natural fibers include flax, hemp, jute, sisal, kenaf, coir, kapok, banana, henequen and many others [5]. The various advantages of natural fibers over man-made glass and carbon fibers are low cost, low density, comparable specific tensile properties, nonabrasive to the equipments, non-irritation to the skin, reduced energy consumption, less health risk, renewability, recyclability and biodegradability [3]. These composites materials are suitably applicable for aerospace, leisure, construction, sport, packaging and automotive industries, especially for the last mentioned application [3, 6]. However, the certain drawback of natural fibers/polymers composites is the incompatibility between the hydrophilic natural 32

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fibers and the hydrophobic thermoplastic matrices. This leads to undesirable properties of the composites. It is therefore necessary to modify the fiber surface by employing chemical modifications to improve the adhesion between fiber and matrix [3]. There are many factors that can influence the performance of natural fiber reinforced composites. Apart from the hydrophilic nature of fibre, the properties of the natural fibre reinforced composites can also be influenced by fiber content / amount of filler. In general, high fiber content is required to achieve high performance of the composites. Therefore, the effect of fiber content on the properties of natural fiber reinforced composites is particularly significance. It is often observed that the increase in fiber loading leads to an increase in tensile properties [7]. In this work study preparation a new recyclable and environment friendly composite material by using natural fiber ( reed fiber ) and compare tensile strength with samples contain glass fiber with same amount of fibers . 2. EXPERIMENTAL PART 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Polypropylene Polypropylene TIPPLENE H 116F homopolymer has melting temperature was 173°C and melt flow index was 10.5 g/10 min at 230°C. This is a high melt flow polymer that was designed for fibers from medium to high spin speeds, as well as offer good homogeneity, stable extrusion and excellent processability. Its density at room temperature was 0.905 g/cm3 and tensile strength at yield of 34.5MPa. 2.1.2. Reed fiber Reeds fiber was obtained from Beach of the Euphrates River in Hilla, Iraq. The reed fiber diameter was 150–260 μm and chopped into 5 mm fiber length by using an automatic cutter . 2.1.3. Glass fiber Glass fibers are the obvious choice as reinforcing agents, principally because of the relative ease with which high strengths can be obtained fiber a few microns in diameters. The glass fiber chopped into 5 mm fiber length by using an automatic cutter . 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Preparation of composites The reeds was cut into 5 mm long fibers, and dried in an oven at 50 for five hours to eliminate moisture absorbed. PP composites were prepared using a Twin Screw Extruder 190 ºC in part I , then 170 ºC in part II of the extruder at the reeds fiber content of 5, 10 and 15 wt. %. Table.1 lists the compositions of the samples prepared. A Twin Screw Extruder model SLJ -30A was used to prepare 2.2 mm thick and 80 x 80 mm flat sheet samples.

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Table .1: Structure of Samples Sample Number

1 2 3

Resin from P.P (Wt. %) 95 90 85

Reeds Fiber (Wt. %)

Glass Fiber (Wt. %)

5 10 15

5 10 15

2.2.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIR spectroscopy is a technique that provides information about the chemical bonding or molecular structure of materials; determines the amount of components in the mixture, and whether they are organic or inorganic. It is mostly used to characterize organic materials. The technique works on the fact that bonds and groups of bonds vibrate at characteristic frequencies. FTIR spectroscope that used type (IRA ffinity-1 , SHIMADZU) with a diamond crystal. A clean, empty diamond crystal was used for the collection of background spectrum. Make detection of active compounds in reeds fiber by using FTIR spectroscope for extracts appears in Fig. 1.

Fig.1: Test of spectroscope (FTIR) for reed fiber

2.2.3 Tensile testing Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, and reduction in area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties. A Microcomputer Controlled Electronic Universal Tensile Testing Machine (model WDW-5E, max load 5KN) was used to analyze the composites, samples were tested.. A typical sample used for tensile testing as shown in Fig.2.

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Fig.2: Dumbbell shape sample dimensions for tensile testing

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1. Disclosure of Effective Groups in the Reeds Fiber after Using (FTIR)spectroscopy Analysis of chemical conducted on the reed fiber proved to fit on many of the groups active, which are often vehicles aldehydes, ketone, amines, polyamides and alcohols or compounds of aromatic or phenolic. The presence of bounds double and ties triple and aromatic rings in matrix of polypropylene and Table.2 identifies the groups and numbers of wavelengths corresponding. Table .2 : The active group and positive number Positive Number

Active Group -1

(2854.65-2922.16 ) cm

C – H aromatic

(1654.92 ) cm-1

C=C

(1024.2) cm-1

Si-O-Si

(460.99) cm-1

Si = H

( 3421.72 ) cm-1

-OH

( 1456.26 ) cm-1

CH2, CH3

3.2 Tensile Testing In Fig.3 the effect of 5(wt. %) reed fiber content on the tensile modulus of composite sample is shown. The max. amount of stress before fracture is 25.3Mpa and the deformation about 2.1 at load 0.45 KN.

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Fig.3: Sample contain 5 (wt. %) reeds fiber Fig.4 obtain the effect of 5(wt. %) glass fiber content on the tensile modulus of composite sample. The max. amount of stress before fracture is 23.2Mpa and the deformation about 6.1 at load 0.45 KN.

Fig.4: Sample contain 5 (wt. %) glass fiber

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From Fig.3 and 4 obtain that the sample contain 5 (wt. %) reed fiber have high strength against fracture than sample contain glass fiber , this means that the natural fiber (5% reed fiber) could impart reinforcement to the polymer matrix than glass fiber also the bonding between reed fiber and polymer matrix strong because reed fiber after analysis by FTIR showed it contain chemical bonding such as (-OH, CH2, CH3, Si-O-Si, C=C, and Si=H) these compounds contain bounds double and ties triple cause aromatic rings in matrix of polypropylene. Also from Fig.3 and 4 obtain that the sample contain 5 (wt. %) glass fiber happen in it high deformation before fracture than reed fiber means that the small amount of glass fiber (5% weight) is not expected to significantly the tensile modulus of the polymer already had a high modulus then already cause high deformation for the sample than sample contain reed fiber. In Fig.5 the effect of 10(wt. %) reed fiber content on the tensile modulus of composite sample is shown. The max. amount of stress before fracture is 29.1 Mpa and the deformation about 3.3 at load 0.45 KN.

Fig.5: Sample contain 10 (wt. %) reeds fiber

Fig.6 obtain the effect of 10(wt. %) glass fiber content on the tensile modulus of composite sample. The max. amount of stress before fracture is 26 Mpa and the deformation about 4.8 at load 0.45 KN.

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Fig.6: Sample contain 10 (wt. %) glass fiber From Fig.5 and 6 obtain that the sample contain 10 (wt. %) reed fiber have high strength against fracture (stress about 29.1 Mpa) than sample contain glass fiber (stress about 26 Mpa.). Fig.7 the effect of 15(wt. %) reed fiber content on the tensile modulus of composite sample is shown. The max. amount of stress before fracture is 25.5 Mpa and the deformation about 2.5 at load 0.45 KN. Fig.8 obtain the effect of 15(wt. %) glass fiber content on the tensile modulus of composite sample. The max. amount of stress before fracture is 24.8 Mpa and the deformation about 2.5 at load 0.45 KN. From Fig.7 and 8 obtain that the sample contain 15 (wt. %) reed fiber have high strength against fracture than sample contain glass fiber , but the sample contain 15 (wt. %) glass fiber happen in it high deformation before fracture than reed fiber. From all Figs obtain reed fiber impart reinforcement with polypropylene best glass fiber and this reinforcement increase with increase addition reed fiber these make sample have high tensile modulus . Also from above Figs obtain when increase content of glass fibers decrease deformation and elongation at yield and at break in samples before fracture than reed fiber that’s means poor bonding with matrix and observation for short fiber filled composites, because the fibers glass the matrix from elongating by forming stress concentration points. When become amount of fiber 15% weight for all type (reed and glass) decrease tensile strength will reduced compare with 10% weight , that’s mean when reinforcement percentage becomes 15% due to low wettability between fibers and resin as we mention and the fibers will extract from resin easily. 38

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Fig.7: Sample contain 15(wt. %) reeds fiber

Fig.8: Sample contain 15 (wt. %) glass fiber

4. CONCLUSIONS According to results of present work, the following can be concluded : Samples that reinforced in natural fiber (reed fiber) have high strength against fracture then samples reinforced in glass fiber with in all deferent concentration. When increase amount (wt. %) of reed fiber increase values of deformation in samples before fracture than samples contain glass fiber . 39

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5. References 1. Al-Mosawi, A.I.(2012). MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANTS SYNTHETIC HYBRID FIBERS COMPOSITES. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 1(3), pp.22-25. 2. Groover, M.P. (2004) .FUNDAMENTAL OF MODERN MANUFACTURING. 2nd edition . John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ. 3. Malkapuram, R., Kumar, V. & Yuvraj, S. N.(2008). RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 28, pp. 1169-1189. 4. Nabi Saheb, D. & Jog, J. P.(1999). NATURAL FIBER POLYMER COMPOSITES: A REVIEW. Advanced in Polymer Technology, 18, pp. 351-363. 5. Li, X., Tabil, L. G., Panigrahi, S. & Crerar, W. J.(2009). THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER CONTENT ON PROPERTIES OF INJECTION MOLDED FLAX FIBER-HDPE BIOCOMPOSITES. Canadian Biosystems Engineering,. 08-148, pp. 1-10. 6. Wambua, P., Ivens, J. & Verpoest, I. (2003). NATURAL FIBRES: CAN THEY REPLACE GLASS IN FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS, Composites Science and Technology, 63, pp.1259-1264. 7. Ahmad, I., Baharum, A. & Abdullah, I.(2006). EFFECT OF EXTRUSION RATE AND FIBER LOADING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TWARON FIBER-THERMOPLASTIC NATURAL RUBBER (TPNR) COMPOSITES. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 25, pp. 957-965.

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We do not consider recycling is the only economic and environmental case, but it is a live event. In recycling, the revival of these residues, which was once a vibrant been utilized in various fields. In addition to the social effects of the re-society through its contribution to the operation of many working hands limiting unemployment. By recycling, we can lessen the waste materials that are placed into landfills and we are able to make the most out of these materials. If we don’t recycle, more and more garbage will go to landfills until they all get filled up.

Ali I.Al-Mosawi Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada Mustafa A. Rijab Ali I. Al-Mosawi, M.Sc. in Materials Engineering ,Free Consultation Babylon, Hilla ,IRAQ , [email protected] ;Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada, M.Sc. in Materials Engineering , University of Kufa, Engineering Collage,IRAQ; Dr. Mustafa A. Rijab ,Technical Institute of Baqubah ,IRAQ.

978-3-659-45126-3

Waste Processing Technical Solutions

References

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