Original Article
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 Jan.-Feb.;22(1):85-92 DOI: 10.1590/0104-1169.3186.2388
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Reports of violence against women in different life cycles
Maísa Tavares de Souza Leite1 Maria Fernanda Santos Figueiredo2 Orlene Veloso Dias3 Maria Aparecida Vieira4 Luís Paulo Souza e Souza5 Danilo Cangussu Mendes6
Objective: to analyze the reports and factors associated with violence against women. Method: this was a cross-sectional, exploratory and analytical study with information about the cases of reported violence, extracted from the Civil Police Report Bulletin, in a mid-sized city in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results: out of the 7,487 reports of violence against women, it was found that 44.6% of the cases were threats, 28.5% aggression, 25.1% bodily injury, 1.1% rape, and 0.7% some other type of injury. In the bivariate analysis, a higher number of cases (p=0.000) committed by partners was evidenced, for all kinds of violence except for rape. Children, adolescents and adults experienced violence by partners, followed by family members. Regarding older women, violence was committed by family members. Conclusion: there is the need for programs to be established to prevent violence against women in various sectors of society, permeating the life cycle. Descriptors: Women’s Health; Violence Against Women; Epidemiology; Public Health.
1
PhD, Full Professor, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
2
Doctoral student and Profesor, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
3
Doctoral student and Full Professor, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
4
Doctoral student, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Full Professor, Centro de Ciências
5
Master’s student, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
6
PhD, Full Professor, Departamento de Odontologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes
Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
Claros, MG, Brazil.
Corresponding Author: Luís Paulo Souza e Souza Rua Doze, 27 Bairro: Santo Antônio CEP: 39402-285, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil E-mail:
[email protected]
Copyright © 2014 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC). This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.
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Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 Jan.-Feb.;22(1):85-92.
Introduction
The effects of domestic violence can have significant impact
on
women’s
lives(14-15)
and
society,
which
Violence is a historical, social and health issue of
demonstrates the scope and magnitude of the problem(15).
great magnitude and worldwide transcendence, with
However, there are difficulties in preventing its occurrence,
macrostructural roots. It is diluted in society, polymorphous,
or act of coping, due to: cultural barriers, educational
multifaceted and presents several manifestations that
factors, and lack of educational and professional services
interlock, interact, feed
back and become stronger. It
to meet the cases of domestic violence(16). Thereby, state
owns forms of conjunct expressions present in everyday
intervention in the execution of public policies is required
interpersonal
to produce affirmative actions that are actually effective
relationships(1-2).
Studies
highlight
the
consequences of violence resulting from injuries and
in reducing gender violence(14-15).
trauma, directly and indirectly, generated by the violent
The approach of gender violence in health services
act, that are perceived by the economic costs of medical
demand practices congruent with this perspective(17),
assistance, the judicial and penal system, in addition to
in order to give visibility to violence, to incorporate the
the social costs of reduced productivity(1-4).
gender perspective in the actions and possibilities of
Among the various forms of violence, domestic
active listening.
aggression against women is a serious public health
Violence is considered a “silent epidemic” and
issue(1), having been summarized in the sociological
the few studies result from concrete actions, or are
category known as gender from the twentieth century(3),
associated with them, related to their alleviation or
understood as a set of social, cultural, political,
reduction. Thereby, the situation is aggravated even
psychological,
characteristics
further when the object of analysis is the city space,
attributed to people, as well as to the health-disease
since most investigations refer to macro-regional areas
process, differentiated according to gender(3,5). Thereby,
of the country, leaving undiagnosed the peculiarities and
this category includes types of violence resulting from
extent of violence against woman in the local space.
legal
and
economical
the unequal relationships between the genders(3). Recent national and international studies show the high prevalence of at least one form of violence
Thereby, this study aimed to analyze the reports and factors associated with violence against women in a mid-sized city of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
against women. In rural Nepal, more than half (51.9%) of married women between 15-24 years of age have
Method
experienced some type of partner violence ; in (6)
Karachi (Pakistan), the self-reported prevalence among
This was a cross-sectional, exploratory and analytical
women aged 25 to 60 years was 56.3%(7). In India,
study. Primary data containing information referring
the prevalence was 56%(8), and in Spain, 24.8% of
to cases of violence against women registered from
women reported having been abused by their partner
January to December of 2010 were extracted from the
at least once in life. There are variations in prevalence
Civil Police Report Bulletins. These data were collected at
according to the region. The highest percentages have
the website armazemsids.mg.gov.br “Bussiness Object”,
been recorded in Ceuta and Melilla (40.2%) and the
of the 11th Civil Police Department of Montes Claros,
Balearic Islands (32.5%). The lowest percentages
an organ of the Civil Police at the State of Minas Gerais,
registered have occurred in Cantabria (18%)(9) and in
Brazil, by institutional workers authorized to perform this
the city of Celaya – Mexico(10) (8.1%).
collection, so that the identity of offenders and victims
In Brazil, a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Feira de Santana (BA) showed that, among individuals
was preserved, and so that the authors did not have access to the names of the individuals.
who experienced violence, 76.3% of the reports were
The explanatory variables about the types of violence
related to women(11). In research conducted with users of
against women contained in Report Bulletins collected
the National Health Service (SUS) in the city of São Paulo,
for analysis were: Aggression, Threat, Rape, Injury and
15-49 years of age, the prevalence was 59.8%(12).
Bodily Injury. The concepts used in this study for these
Some factors have been associated with violence
variables were extracted from the Brazilian Penal Code(18),
against women by an intimate partner, such as: alcohol
except for aggression, which did not appear in the code.
abuse, cohabitation, young age, attitudes supportive
- Aggression: Attack to physical integrity or act of
of wife beating, having suffered childhood abuse, and
hostility and provocation, which aims to cause harm to
experiencing other forms of violence in adulthood(13).
the person to whom it is addressed(19).
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
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Leite MTS, Figueiredo MFS, Dias OV, Vieira MA, Souza e Souza LP, Mendes DC. - Threat: “Threatening someone, by words, writing or
software,
gesture, or any other symbolic medium, of causing him/
descriptive analysis was performed, and subsequently,
her unfair and severe harm (art.147)(18).
bivariate analysis was using the Chi-square test was
- Rape: “To constrain someone with violence or serious
applied. For this study, the significance level adopted
threat, into having carnal conjunction or to practice or allow
was 5% (p
