found in the tins with jottings in the excavation notebooks and one previ- ...... 9-15. Young, R. S. 1939. Late Geometric. Graves and a Seventh Century Well.
HESPERIA 7I (2002) Pages 4I5-433
NOTES
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RESEARCHIN THESTOAOF ATTALO S
Thisseriesof research noteswasconceived asa wayto bringto lightvarious detailsof the archaeological recordat the AthenianAgoraExcavationsthatmightotherwise be lostwithinbroader publications.l As noted in the firstinstallment, the title"NotesfromtheTins"refersto the feta cheeseandoiltinsusedbytheexcavations forthestorageofuninventoried potteryandotherfindsfromspecificdepositsorstratified levels.Studyof findsin thesetinsled to the discovery of the detailspresentedin these notes.Someof the piecesdiscussed hadalready beeninventoried andso donot,sensustricto,comefromthetins.Thetins,however, serveequallyas a metaphor forthestudyof itemslongagoinventoried, whoseimportance to archaeology mightriseandfallwithchangingscholarly interests,and whoseinterpretation mightchangewith furtherconsiderations of contextsormorerecentdlscoverles. This is not to saythatthe tins do not figurestronglyin the notes presentedhere.My studyof amphoras as paintpotscombinesmaterial foundin thetinswithjottingsin theexcavation notebooks andonepreviouslyinventoried example.No less importantis the absenceof similar fragments fromhundreds of othertins,reminding us thatnegativeevidencefromthetinsis sometimes usefulaswell.Kathleen Lynch's studyof earlyblack-glazed mastoiclarifiesthe importance of rare,inventoried, butlargelyoverlooked Atticexamples withinthecontextof knownblackfigureexamplesandrepresentations of the formby Atticvasepainters. Shealsoexamines thecontextswithintheAgora(including thecontents of thetins)in whichtheblack-glaze examples werefound. JohnPapadopoulos's commentary on crudelyreworked claydisksis basedon the hundreds of suchdisksfoundin the excavations, the many examples keptin thetins,andthefewhehasselectedforinventory. These diskshavepiquedthe curiosityof scholarsoverthe years,buttheyhave neverreceivedas broada consideration as theydo here.Finally,Susan Rotroff'sstudyof thecontextpotterytinsbroughtto lighta raresignature on a moldmade bowl.Presumably thissignature wasoverlooked andrelegatedto the tinsinsteadof the glamourof inventoried statuswhenthe depositwasoriginally excavated. .
1.The authorswouldliketo thank JohnMcK.CampII, Directorof the AgoraExcavations, forhis supportof thisproject.We arealsogratefulto the anonymous Hesperiareviewers andto the membersof the PublicationsCommitteeof the American Schoolof ClassicalStudiesat Athens fortheirhelpfulsuggestions.
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American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org
4I6
MARK L. LAWALL ET AL.
AMPH O RAS AS PAINT POTS ? MARKL. LAWALL WITHA CONTRIBUTION BYAUDREY JAWANDO Thesecondary usein antiquity of transport amphoras assmallcoffinsor layers fordrainage iswellattested.2 Othercontexts ofreusearerarely attestedwithcertainty inarchaeological finds.Threeexamples ofimported amphoras reused aspaintpotsappeared inexcavations of twodeposits at theAgorarelated to thePersian sackof Athensin 480B.C. Thesepaint potsarenotuniqueamongtheAgorafinds,buttheidentification of the jars,preliminary studyof thepigment, andconsideration of thearchaeological contexts ofthejarsprovide newevidence forthestudyofAthenian history, commerce, andtopography. 1 P 1334 Toeandlowerpartof amphora
Fig. 1:A
G 6:3(Rectangular Rock-CutShaft,upperfillat 10.9m) P.H.19.6cm;Diam.(toe)6.3 cm Tracesof whiteslipon exterior withwidehorizontal brownband aroundtopof preserved fragment. Red-brown depositon interiorwith somethickerareasof preserved pigment; pigmentspillsoverancient breaks. Duskypalereddishandgray-brown fabric.Widescatterof gray glassyinclusions, darkgray/blackish stonybits,andyellowishlime chunks. Fabriccolor:5YR6/6 andgrayer. Pigmentcolor:lOR5/8. Comments: Briefmentionof thispieceas"anunpublished amphora fragment" is foundin Vanderpool 1946,p. 266,n. 6.Thisamphora type is attributed to theareaof Klazomenai; seeDoger1986;Lawall1995, pp.48-53;Dupont1998,pp.151-156.DepositG 6:3is a deeprectangularpiton theKolonosAgoraios; seeShear1993,pp.445-449; Vanderpool 1938and1946.Theupperfillof theshaftis reported to haveincludedmiltos(notebook forsectionA, p. 1002;Vanderpool 1946, p. 266).Theupperfillalsoincludeda lekythos,brokenandreusedasa muchsmallerpaintpot (Vanderpool 1946,p.266,no.146). Date:late6thcenturyB.C. 2 AS-P 1049 Seriesofjoininglowerbodyfragments R 12:1,tin SA 150 Smoothorangebuffexterior; resinated interiorwithredpigment thicklypreserved overtheresin.Fabricwithsomemica;grainybreak, moderate scatterof grayglassyandbrightwhiteopaquebits,allfairly small. Fabriccolor:5YR5/8. Pigmentcolor:lOR4/8. Comments: R 12:1is a welldepositat thesoutheast cornerof the Agoraexcavations, justeastof the Stoaof Attalos(Shear1993,pp.469471).A nearbydepositof thesameperiodis Q 12:3,the StoaGutter Well(Roberts1986).The attribution anddateof thesefragments
2. Forusein drainageconstructions,seeMattioli1998.Forthe use of amphoras as coffinsorurns,see Kerameikos JX, passim.On the reuseof amphoras, see,in general,Grace1979, textwithfig. 10, andforthe rarityof reexportation, seevanDoorninck1989, esp.pp.247,256.I amgratefulto AudreyJawando forcarryingoutthe analysisof the pigmentandproviding the reportpresentedhere.I alsothank JulieUnruhforhergenerousassistance andadvicein preparing thisnote.
NOTES
FROM THE TINS
2
4I7
A
Figure1.A)Klazomenian amphora (P1334); B)NorthAegean amphora (tinSA 148).Drawing M.L.Lawall
D
-=-
-
> i
I - =_ _
cannotbe determined on thebasisof theremains; neitherthefabricnor theformis diagnostic. Date:contextdate,before480 B.C. 3 Toeandlowerpartof amphora
Fig.1:B
R 12:1,tin SA 148 P.H.22.5cm;Diam.(toe)5.3 cm Resinated withreddishbrowndiscoloration anda fewthicker depositsof redpigment.Smooth,hard,micaceous orange-brown surface, fine-grained break;moderate sized,poorlysortedmixof dark grayopaque, verysmallwhite,anda fewlargerred-brown inclusions. Fabriccolor:5YR5/8. Pigmentcolor:lORto 2.5YR4/6. Comments: The amphora is fromtheNorthAegean;seeLawall 1997,especially pp.116-117;Lawall1995,pp.116-175. Date:contextdate,before480 B.C.
3.Koehler 1986,pp.50-52.
The amphoras described abovewerenot initiallyintendedasjarsof redpaint.Fragments 2 and3 preserve resinous lining,whichis mostoften associated withsealingtheinteriors of amphoras forshipments of wine.3 Theredpigmentcoverstheselinings,soit musthavebeenaddedafterthe
4Fe3+(aq) + 3K4Fe(CN)6 (aq) Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3 (s) + 12K+(aq)
MARK L. LAWALL ET AL.
4I8
jarswereemptiedof wine.Furthermore, theredpigmenton 1 coversthe ancientbreakaroundthe upperedgeof the fragment. Onlythe bottom partof theamphora wasusedforthepaintpot. AudreyJawandostudiedthe pigmentsfoundon the amphora fragmentsandsuppliedthefollowingreport: "Thetestforanironbasein the redpigmentwasbasedonthefactthataniron(III)-containing compound combined withhydrochloric acidproduces ironions(Fe3+). Pigment+ HC1(3M)o Fe3+ (aq) "Iron ionscombined withpotassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) creates solid ferricferrocyanide (Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3), orPrussian blue. "Ifa blueprecipitate formswhen an unknowncompoundis acidified andcombined withpotassium ferrocyanide, thenthetestforironis positive.4The reactionof the pigmentwithHC1andK4Fe(CN)6 wastested againsttwocontrolsamples: yellowocher,whichis knownto containFe3+; andwhiteleadpigment,whichcontainsno Fe3+. Boththe yellowocher sampleandtheredpigmentturnedblue-green, whilethecolorofthewhite leadpigmentdidnotchange.Thisindicates thattheredpigmentcontains .
,,
lron.
The ancienttermforred,iron-based pigment,,uXTogX5 canreferto pigmentsfroma widerangeof sources,includingperhapsAttica,6most 4. Odegaard, Carroll,andZimmt commonly KeaandLemnos,andalsoCappadocia, Carthage, andEgypt. 2000,pp.62-63. Indeed,ironoxidessuitableforredpigmentarequitecommon.7 Relatively 5. Foran overview, withdiscussion recenteffortsto characterize miltosfromdifferentsourcesprecludeas- of ancientreferences, seeRE XVa, suminga particular sourceforthe redpigmentfoundin theseamphoras 1932,cols.1851-1854,s.v.Minium (W. Kroll). fromtheAgora.8 6. Caley(1945,p. 155)notesthe Nevertheless, theexamples of miltosfoundinAthensraiseimportant presence of ochersin Attica,but historical questions. If the miltoscouldbe connectedto Kea,thenthese withoutfurtherreferences. amphoras woulddocument Athenianuseof Keanresources wellbeforea 7. Photos-Jones et al.1997, Keaninscription atteststo theresumption of Atheniancontrolof thatis- pp.359-360. land'smiltosexportssometime before350B.C.9 A Cappadocian provenance 8. Photosloneset al. 1997,passim. 9. IG II21128;Tod1948,no. 162, forthemiltosin theseamphoras wouldprovideearlyandrarearchaeologipp.181-185;andBockh1886,pp.312calevidence ofimportsfromtheBlackSea;according to Strabo, thismiltos 317. wasexportedthroughSinope.10 Evidenceforlate-6th-century Athenian 10. On Sinope'srolein Cappadocianexports,see Strab.12.2.10. importsfromeitherEgyptorCarthage is alsoquiterare.1l The threepaintpotsfrompre-Persian contextsin theAgoraexcava- ForsecurelyidentifiableBlackSea tionsalsoreflectchangingactivitiesin the area.No suchresiduesappear amphorasin 4th-centurycontextsin theAgora,see Grace1985,p.21, amongroughly150 otherAgoradepositsclosedbetweenca. 525 and n.52. 86 B.C. Therefore, sometimebefore480 B.C., differentactivitiesseemto 11.Habermann 1986;Lawall2001. havetakenplacein the Agora,withthe resultthatmiltospotswereno 12. Papadopoulos 1996,p. 112. 13. Forusesof miltos,seePhotoslongerleft behind.JohnPapadopoulos has suggestedthatthe developmentof theAgoraareaasa civiccentermayhavebegunaslateasca.490, Joneset al. 1997,pp.359,369.Foruse with a concurrent declinein the use of the areaas a potter'squarter.12 of miltosin Athenianpotteryproduction,see Richter1923,pp.53-59, 96Althoughdecoration of potteryis onlyoneof manyusesformiltos,l3 the 98;Vanderpool1946,p.266;Noble apparentdisappearance of miltospots after480 maybe relatedto the 1988,pp.125-127;andSchreiber declinein the use of the areafor craftproduction. A full surveyof the 1999,pp.48-52.
NOTES
FROM THE TINS
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4I9
Agoraexcavation notebooks forreferences to miltoshasnotbeenundertaken;nevertheless, scattered findsfromthelate5thcenturyB.C.appear to involveeitherverysmallvesselsortheuseof miltoswithothermaterials (suchas tiles).l4The reuseof amphoras as paintpotsmayhavebeenan elementof late-6th-century potteryproduction in the areaof theAgora, whilelatertracesof miltosmaybe associated withdifferentactivities. Mostdirectly, theseremainsof paintpotsillustrate thereuseof emptiedimportedamphoras. Thefragments alsohighlightproblems encounteredinstudying poorlypreserved imported goods.Future provenance studiesof miltosresidues mightclarifywhich, if any,ofthesourcesnotedabove is thecorrect one.Thefactthatthesesamples comefromfullydocumented archaeological contextswillthenallowanyevidenceforprovenance to be considered in anappropriate socialandhistorical setting. A DDENDUM Whilethisnotewasbeingrevisedforpublication, JulieUnruh,a conservatorattheAgoraExcavations, informed methata Corinthian B amphorabottomwithtoe,foundin 2000in wellJ2:14,containsa largemassof redandyellowpigment.Analysesof thisverywellpreserved fragment are expected to shedfurther lightonthereuseof amphoras aspaintpotsaround theAgora. THREE MASTOI FROM THE ATHENIAN AGORA KATHLEEN M. LYNCH Mastoi,astheirnameimplies,arecupsshapedlikea femalebreast.l5 The shapeis relatively rarel6andis decorated in eitherblack-figure or blackglazewithblack-figure subsidiary decoration. Althoughno mastoiin figuralblack-figure areknownfromtheexcavations of theAthenianAgora, threelargelyblack-glazed Atticexamples havecometo light(Figs.2-4), two of whichhavenot beenpreviously published.l7 The threeexamples fromthe Agoraarerepresentative of developments in the formof the mastos.The purposeof thisnoteis to introducethesevesselsandplace themin a chronological andtypological context. The formof the mastosis conicalor slightlybulging,andendswith anarticulated nipple.l8 TheAtticexamples mayoriginally havehadeither 14.ApartfromG 6:3 andR 12:1, two otherdepositsincludedremainsof miltos.An unusedsectionof the foundationtrenchforthe New Bouleuterion,filledlatein the 5th century, includeda smallbowlwithtracesof miltos(sectionB notebook,pp. 18821883),anda tile fragmentwithmiltos remainswasfoundin the late-5thcenturydepositF 6:2(sectionKK
notebook,p. 769).Caley(1945,p. 153) liststhreefragmentsof a black-glaze skyphos(P 3448)withmiltosresidue foundin mid-5th-century fill in section K,nearthe Rectangular Peribolos andthe SouthwestFountainHouse. 15. On the nameof the shape, includingancientreferences, see RichterandMilne1935,p. 30;Kanowski 1983,pp.105-106;REXIVb,1930,
col.2175,s.v.Mastos(H. Nachod). Thereis alsoa mastoidcupthathasa flatbottom. 16.Thereareapproximately twenty truemastoilistedin the Beazley ArchiveDatabase. 17.All threearementionedin Mertens1979,p. 23, n. 16. 18. See Schreiber1999,pp.194-195 on pottingtechnique.
4Zo
MARK L. LAWALL ET AL.
straphandle.l9 andonevertical cuphandlesoronehorizontal twohorizontal handle The horizontal to hold the cup. thedrinker Thestraphandleallowed allowedthe cupto be hungon a wallso thatthe viewwas presumably correct." "anatomically atCorinth,forthereareCorinthian Theformis thoughtto originate mastoidatingto thefirsthalfof the6thcenturys.c.20Althoughthereare Atticmastoifromthisdate,mastoiappearin scenesof symno surviving posiaon cupsby theAtticKXPainterdatedto ca.580-570s.c.2lAttic inblackappear after550andcontinue decoration mastoiwithblack-figure figureuntilca.500 s.c.22 andparallels The shapeof the Atticmastosshowssomevariation, some forms provide examples andtheblack-figure betweentheblack-glaze Examplesearlierin the serieshavedelicate indicationof chronology.23 in anoverallconsides,andsmallernipples,resulting thinwalls,straighter of decoration Thefinepottinganddelicacyof subsidiary icalappearance. masblack-figure of anunattributed to features 1 (Fig.2) arecomparable tosin theBritishMuseum,datedto ca.525 B.C. on thebasisof its figural style.24 Laterversionshavethickerwalls,a morebulging,hemispherical Mastos2 (Fig.3) is a transinipples.25 profile,andlarger,acorn-shaped tionalformwithheavierwalls,buta conicalnipple.Mastos3 (Fig.4) is a of of a latemastoswiththickerwallsandlesscarefulapplication fragment is dated 2003, which that of Munich Its profileis similarto ornament. 510-500B.C. l9.Beazleyl928,p.4,n.2,on handles.In the Corinthianexamples thehandlesarehorizontalskyphos handles. 20. Payne[1931]1971,p. 312,n. 2, asMiddle nos.999, 1000,catalogued Corinthian(600-575B.C.) butpossibly later;Amyx(1988,p. 503) suggestsa I date(570-550B.C.). LateCorinthian Bothmer(1975,p. 123)statesincormastosis rectlythatthe earliest-known examplewithblacka black-glazed at Corinth. decoration figuresubsidiary NancyBookidisandAnn Brownlee (pers.comm.,Oct.2000)concurthat mastoiexistin no earlyblack-glazed thecollectionin Corinth. 1977,p. 135. 21. Greifenhagen Threemastoiappearhangingbehind on a cupby the KX symposiasts Painter,Samos1280(575-570B.C.), ABV26,no.27; SamosXXII, no.200, pls.37-38 (= PapaspyridiKarusu1937,pl.57.1).Also on a skyphosby the KXPainterin Athens, NM 640 (585-580B.C.), a figure
carrieswhatlookslikea footedmastos; see CVAAthens4 [Greece4], pl. 3.2 pp.15-16 (= Papaandcommentary, 1937,pl. 58.1).Both spyridi-Karusu been of thesecupshavepreviously attributed to Sophilos. (1977,pp.13522. Greifenhagen 137)liststwelveAtticblack-figure order; examplesin roughchronological Mertens(1979,p. 23, n. 16) addsseveralothers.The latestblack-figured thewhite-ground mastosis probably Munich2003,datedby Mertens(1977, p. 87,pl. 12.3)to 510-500 B.C. on the style.Flatbasisof its black-figure bottomedmastoidcupscontinuethe formto ca.475 B.C. The Sotades workshoprevivesthe formin the mid-5thcenturyB.C. (BritishMuseumD9, D10). 1977,pp.13423. Greifenhagen 135;Mertens1979,p. 23. It is likely thatthe samepottersmademastoifor andblackin black-figure decoration mostof the glaze.Unfortunately, mastoiarepublishedwithoutprofile
drawings, makingstudiesof the potters difficult.Forotherpublishedblackglazemastoi,see Dohan1934,p. 530 University Museum, (Philadelphia, MS 4869);CVAAdria2 [Italy65], pl.28 [2941]:9,pl.29 [2942]:1(Adria, IG 2291,inv.BocchiA32);CVAAdria 2 [Italy65],pl.29 [2942]:2(Adria, inv.CivicoA256).Twofragments preserving onlynippleswithsurroundbandsmayor maynot ing decorative XXII, be figural:SamosK 6891 (Samos no. 181,pl. 35);andHeidelbergS23, 31], CVAHeidelberg4 [Germany pl. 165 [1504]:4. 24. BritishMuseumB377, 1977,pl. 38.1-2. Greifenhagen mastoi 25.The threeblack-figure by Psiaxhavehollownippleswith beadswithinto createa rattlingeffect whenlifted;seeMertens1979,p. 23. Mertensdoesnotgivea firmdatefor these,butlinksthemwithPsiax's withNikosthenes(ca.525association 500 B.C.).
NOTES
FROM THE TINS
2
42I
Thecontextsof thethreemastoifromtheAgoraagreewiththisproposedtypological development. Mastos1 is fromthe use fill of a well deposit,G 15:2,closedaround525 s.c.26Mastos2 comesfromdeposit Q12:3, knownas the StoaGutterWell,closedin association withthe Persiandestruction of Athensin 480.27 Materialfromthisdepositranges from525 to 480 B.C.; thus,2 couldcomfortably dateafter1. Mastos3 comesfroma deposit,R 12:3,closedca. 500.28Eachof thesedeposits containedexamplesof domesticpottery,andit is likelythatthe mastoi represented anexoticelementof a privatesympoticset.
Figure2. Mastos 1 (P 1217).Scale 2:5. CourtesyAgora Excavations,drawingK. M. Lynch.
1 P1217 Mastos
26. Unpublished. See Shear1933, p. 465;AgoraXlI, p. 391;AgoraXXI, p.98. 27. Roberts1986,p. 30. On Persian destruction deposits,see Shear1993. 28.Thompson1956,p. 61.
Fig.2
G 15:2 H. 8.4cm;est.Diam.5.2 cm Completeprofilepreserved. Missingmuchof wall,oneverticalstrap handlepreserved. Verythinwalledandlight,withlustrous blackglaze. Slightlyconvexprofile; biconicalnippleseparated frombodybya raised fillet.Concavestraphandleattached belowrimto mid-body. Nipplereserved withthreelinesof blackglaze:belowtip,at carination,andbelowfillet.On lowerwall,a reserved bandwitha friezeof alternating blackandredtongues.Aboveandbelowthetongues,three veryfine,equallyspacedlines.Tonguesseparated bythinrelieflines. Tinyaddedreddotsat tipsof scalloped upperedgeof tonguefrieze. Addedredlines:singlelinein theblack-glazed bandabovethenipple; singlebelowreserved band;doubleabovethereserved band;doubleat baseof straphandle;singleat thetopattachment of straphandle (fugitive). Addedredon sidesof handle.Interiorblackglaze. Date:periodof use,550-525B.C.
\
fl
!gED41XE _ drawing Figure Figure 3. K. 4. Mastos M. Mastos
Lynch. 23
MARK L. LAWALL ET AL.
422
s
Scale2:5.CounesyAgoraExcavations, drawingK.M. Lynch.
r
_
2
(P(P 24556). 25277).
P 24556 Mastos
Fig.3
Q12:3 (StoaGutterWell) P.H.5.0 cm;P.Diam.7.25cm Missinghandlesandmuchof upperwall.Dullandstreaky black glaze.Bulgingconicalprofile;flat,conicalnipple.Heavywall,especially at nipple.Nipplewithblack-glazed top,reserved below.Bottomof wall reserved withbandsof decoration: friezeof irregular black-glazed tonguesseparated byverticalrelieflinesbetweentwodilutehorizontal lines;rowof dicingdotsbetweentwothin,dilutelines;darker dilute line;widestreaky black-glazed band;unevendiluteline.No traceof addedredlines.Interiorblackglaze. Date:before480 B.C. Published: Roberts1986,p.30, no.63,fig.20 (profile).
A_s __ __ __
3 P 25277 Mastos
_t rSE
