CNS Infections & Multiple Sclerosis. ⢠Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease. ⢠Normal Brain Physiology. ⢠Radiogenomics & Radiomics. ⢠Electro-Magnetic Tissue ...
Latest Advancement in MRI Surendra Maharjan Assistant Professor
Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa, Nepal
Introduction • MRI has continued to evolve and has promised to revolutionize the various areas of medical science. • There are numerous MRI Laboratories dedicated on technical and clinical advancement for better diagnosis and treatment planning.
Research Areas in MRI • Acquisition, Reconstruction & Analysis • MR Physics & Engineering • Neuro Imaging • Cardio Vascular Imaging • Body Imaging • Cancer Imaging • Musculoskeletal Imaging • Contrast Mechanisms • Diffusion & Perfusion
• Cross Cutting & Emerging Technologies • Functional MRI • Interventional MRI • Molecular Imaging • Hyperpolarized MRI • MR Safety and Bioeffects • MR Spectroscopy
Acquisition, Reconstruction & Analysis • • • • • • • • • • •
Artefacts: System Imperfections & Implants Automating & Speeding Algorithms Motion Correction MR Fingerprinting Non-cartesian Imaging Fat/Water Imaging Simultaneous Multi-Slice Quantitative Imaging RF Pulse Design MR Gradients Field Environment Characterization New Frontiers in Image Reconstruction
MR Physics & Engineering • • • • •
RF Engineering: Coils Susceptibility Quantitative Mapping Beyond Traditional Brain Quantitative Metrics Novel concepts in MR Technology Ultra High Field Applications
Neuro Imaging • • • • • • • • •
Stroke Imaging, Traumatic Brain Injury Spine & Plexus Pediatric Psychiatric and Demyelinating Diseases CNS Infections & Multiple Sclerosis Dementia: Alzheimer’s Disease Normal Brain Physiology Radiogenomics & Radiomics Electro-Magnetic Tissue Properties
Cardio vascular Imaging • • • • • • • • •
Myocardial Viability & Tissue Characterization Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies Velocity & Flow Quantification Quantitative Multiparametric Atherosclerosis Cardiac Metabolic Rate Perfusion Function Angiography Artefacts Correction
Body Imaging • • • • • • • •
MR Elastography (Liver) Lungs/Mediastinum, Pancreas and GIT Pelvis, Adrenal, Fetal and Genitourinary Liver Perfusion/Flow & Function Quantitative Biomarkers in Renal Advanced Pulse Sequences Challenges in Contrast Enhanced Whole Body PET-MRI
Cancer Imaging • • • • • • • •
Tumor Microenvironment New horizons in clinical cancer Multiparametric Imaging Ultra High Field Tumor Diffusion, Perfusion & Vessel Imaging Quantitative Cancer Metabolism Metabolomics New Methods in Clinical Cancer Investigation
Preclinical Imaging • Studies of animal modes of human pathologies are critical for bridging research “from bench to bedside”. • Development of essential techniques for performing small animal MRI including both software and hardware. • Potential applications of MRI in other disciplines.
Contrast Mechanisms • • • • •
Innovation in Magnetic Susceptibility Contrast Susceptibility Quantitative Mapping New Techniques for CEST & MT Relaxation based contrast Perfusion & Permeability contrast agent methods • Arterial Spin Labelling • Electromagnetic Property Based Contrast
Diffusion & Perfusion • • • • • •
Diffusion Acquisition & Image Analysis Frontiers & Controversies of Diffusion Quantitative Physiology: Imaging Oxygenation Permeability Imaging Tractography Validation of Diffusion & Perfusion Measurements • Making use of microstructure information
Cross Cutting & Emerging Technologies • • • • • •
Metabolism Imaging Tissue Characterization Synthetic MRI MR Fingerprinting MR Genetics MR Radiotherapy
Functional MRI • • • • • •
Acquisition, Contrast, Artefacts Post processing Various diseases The cutting edge in connectivity Neuroscience, including optogenetics Physiology
Identifying emotions based on neural activity builds on previous discoveries by CMU’s Marcel Just and Tom M. Mitchell, which used similar techniques to create a computational model that identifies individuals’ thoughts of concrete objects, often dubbed “mind reading.” http://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2013/june/june19_identifyingemotions.html
Interventional MRI • MR Guided Interventions • MR Guided Focused Ultrasound
Musculoskeletal Imaging • • • • • •
Challenges in MSK imaging after treatment Ultrastructural & Functional bone & muscle Advanced Quantitative MSK Imaging Advanced Cartilage & Muscle Imaging 3D MSK Imaging Challenges in Metal related artefacts
Hyperpolarized MRI • Principles of hyperpolarization, including the operation of commerically available dynamic nuclear polarization methods and alternative hyperpolarization methods • Optimal acquisition methods for rapid data acquisition of short lived hyperpolarized nuclei, including image reconstruction methods • Potential clinical application and implementation
MR Safety and Bioeffects • MR Safety • Implant Device under MRI
MR Spectroscopy • MRS Recent Advancement • Artefacts Reduction • Neurophysiology and body
Molecular Imaging • This comprises the contrast agent-mediated alteration of tissue relaxation times for the detection and localisation of molecular disease markers (such as cell surface receptors, enzymes or signaling molecules), cells (e.g. lymphocytes, stem cells) or therapeutic drugs (e.g. liposomes, viral particles).
Conclusion • There are numerous challenging areas of researches in MRI. • MRI (and related fields) in a broad way results apply to a variety of fields including medicine, biology, physics, chemistry and engineering. • So, I would like to emphasize promotion of research in MR education at levels of participation in conferences, workshops, science fairs and train biomedical graduates and MR professionals through internships, fellowships, lecturers and other teaching activities .
