Research Innovator

www.research-innovator.com Research Innovator ISSN 2348 - 7674 Refereed & Indexed International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Research Innovator A Peer-Reviewed Refereed and Indexed International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Volume I Issue II: April – 2014

CONTENTS Sr. No. 1

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3

Author Dr. Archana Durgesh, Dr. Pooja Singh & Ms. Tusharkana Majumdar Mr. Asif Iqbal & Dr. (Mrs.) Nupur Tandon Sushila Vijaykumar

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Mohammad Reza Keramati

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Dr. Raji Ramesh

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Dr. Archana Durgesh, Dr. Pooja Singh & Ms. Tusharkana Majumdar Dr. Vandana Chauhan Dr. Yagyavart Shrivastava Dr. T.C. Mohamed Muneeb Sushama Kasbekar Dr. Tridib Goswami Prof. Chavan Vijayraj J. & Prof. Kamble Anil B. Dr. Pooja Singh & Tusharkana Majumdar Prof. Prabir Chandra Padhy Milind K. Solanki

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Dr. A. P. Pandey

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8 9 10 11

12 13

Volume I Issue II:

Title of the Paper Dilemma of Being an Only Child

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Hypothesis Testing of Cochran’s Q Test and Z- Test on 10 Most Frequently Mispronounced Words among ESL Learners in Mewar (Rajasthan) Enhancing Sports and Physical Education: Issues and Challenges Effect of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) on Academic Achievement of B.A Students in the Field of Psychology Gender in Performance: Alternate Gender Identities in Nights at the Circus Personality: An Overview

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1205.PDF 1206.PDF

The Effect of Emotional Intelligences on Stress Management 1207.PDF of Higher Secondary Students Paradise Paradigm: A Study on Yevgeny Zamyatin’s WE PA

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Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth, a Postmodern Novel Kushán-gán of Assam: A Study Cyber Culture and Its Literary Aspects

1209.PDF 1210.PDF 1211.PDF

Romantic Partnerships- Attitudes, Beliefs and Risks among Youth Employee Engagement: An Antecedent of Job Involvement

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The Role of English Teacher in Mobile Assisted Language Learning Acquiring Linguistic Competence through Literature

1214.PDF

April 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: Dr. S.D. Sargar


Hypothesis Testing of Cochran’s Q Test and Z- Test on 10 Most Frequently Mispronounced Words among ESL Learners in Mewar (Rajasthan) Mr. Asif Iqbal Raffles University, Neemrana, (Rajasthan) India Dr. (Mrs.) Nupur Tandon Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, (Rajasthan) India

Abstract Mispronunciation of English words is a common problem among second language learners and this paper highlights the common problems that students face be it in terms of phonemic awareness or the feeling of inferiority while interacting with English medium students who often become the butt of ridicule due to their poor pronunciation ability. What lies beneath the surface is a more serious problem that very few people have addressed i.e. the lack of facilities that students face or a role model that is often handicapped with meagre resources or left at his own disposal to teach students in the best possible method. This paper is part of the interdisciplinary research study that was carried out on fifty commonly mispronounced words in region of Mewar i.e. Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Chittaurgarh and Udaipur. It identifies the ten most mispronounced words in the region of Mewar gender-wise, region-wise and further looks into the frequency of mispronunciations of second language learners in Mewar. It also provides insight into problems of language acquisition by Indian second language learners in their day to day lives. Key Words: Q test, Z test, ESL learners

Hypothesis testing or significance testing is a method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population using data gathered in a sample. In this paper we will discuss some hypothesis by determining the likelihood that a sample statistic could have been selected if the hypothesis regarding the population parameter were true.

number of 18 government approved and private engineering colleges in 2012. The total student intake capacity of government and private engineering colleges was not more than 6616. A total of number 1102 respondents comprising of 698 males and 404 females were selected were selected randomly to fill out Questionnaire 1 and 2. Finally they were asked to select the 10 most mispronounced words in Mewar from a compiled list of fifty frequently mispronounced words.

According to Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test RPET-2012, conducted by Board of Technical Education, Government of Rajasthan, the Mewar region had a total

Volume I Issue II: April 2014

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Sl.

1

2 3

4

5 6 7

Abb. No of Approved Institutions Student Intake Capacity Sample Size No of respondents male No of respondents female Confidence Level Confidence Interval

Mewar Bhilwara Chittaurgarh Rajsamand Udaipur -Total

NAI

2

2

2

12

18

SIC

919

600

660

4437

6616

SS

271

234

243

354

1102

M

165

177

148

208

698

F

106

57

95

146

404

CL

95%

95%

95%

95%

95%

CI

5

5.01

5

5

5

(Table 1.1) Student Intake Capacity, Sample size and respondents in Mewar (Rajasthan) In order to deduce the 10 most frequently mispronounced words with respect to male and female mispronunciations in each of the four districts an effective online sample size calculator by Creative Research Systems for sample surveys was used to determine the sample size of the population in order to get the desired results that reflected the target population as precisely as needed in the research and measure the outcome with a 95% confidence level and 5 % confidence interval or margin of error.

learners due to their spelling, lack of phonemic knowledge or poor acquaintance with the English sounds while other words have a very low frequency of mispronunciation. 1. Research Techniques There are two separate techniques used for explaining the objectives of research: 1. PRAAT Analysis 2. Data Analysis Under data analysis, the percentage method is used to find out the top ten mispronounced word, on the basis of district-wise and overall Mewar region study. From this list of top ten words in each district, further filtration was done for the

Finally the raw data collected was fed into Microsoft Excel 2007 to analyze the outcome of such an experiment. Certain words tend to have a very high frequency of mispronunciation among second language


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top three words. The same process is repeated for showing the proportion of difference of the mispronunciation of words among the gender in the Mewar region. The result of the study is supported by setting a hypothesis and then using Cochran‟s Q test and Z-test for authentication.

cause of mispronunciation of the speakers with respect to spectrum, intensity, pitch, formant, and map the differences between the native speaker and Mewari speaker. 1.2 Aims of the Research: To ascertain1. What are the top 10 mispronounced words for Mewar i.e. Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur? 2. Among the top 10 what are the most common mispronounced words and least common mispronounced words in Mewar region? 3. Do residents and non residents of Mewar i.e. Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur have the same mispronunciations? 4. What are the top 10 overall mispronounced words in Mewar? 5. What are the top 10 gender wise mispronounced words in Mewar region i.e. Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur? 6. Among the top 10 what are the most common gender wise mispronounced words in Mewar region i.e. Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur? 7. Does L1 (First language) affect the pronunciation of words in English? 8. How can language labs help students overcome their problem sounds in English?

The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no difference in the population. The opposing hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis (H1), which asserts a particular difference in the population. The test statistic used is Cochran‟s Q test and Z-test. As the data set is nominal with more than two variables which are dependent on the binary response: success (1) versus failure (0) Cochran‟s Q test was used to measure variables on the same individual or on matched individuals. In the research this test is used for the district-wise and overall study of Mewar region. A z-test is any statistical test for which the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis can be approximated by a normal distribution. In the research this test is used for the difference of proportion in the words between the genders. For feedback the assessment form also included a section where the assessor could note down the problems for each aspect. Speakers were evaluated with reference to each of the seven parameters outlined in the rating scale. Advanced PRAAT speech analysis software was used to determine the

9. How can language researchers and ELT benefit from such a study?

1.3 Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Bhilwara) The top 10 mispronounced words in district Bhilwara are (yacht-141), (tortoise-137), (chauffeur-135),

(salmon-123),

(Wednesday-103),

(ewe-102),

(wear-98),

(bowl-94),

(jewellery-93) and (bathe-92) respectively. (Fig. 1.1)


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Percentage %

Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Bhilwara) 6.000 4.000 2.000 0.000

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 1.1) Top ten mispronounced words in district Bhilwara (Rajasthan) 1.4 Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Bhilwara) The top 10 gender-wise mispronounced words in district Bhilwara are „all‟ (males=45, females=21), „chauffeur‟ (males=70, females= 65), „debt‟(males=46, females=45), „ewe‟(males=35, females= 67), „lion‟- (males=35, females=40), „salmon‟- (males=66, females=57), „suite‟ - (males=53, females=28), „sword‟- (males=40, females=33), „yacht‟- (males=74, females=67), and „zoology‟ - (males=64, females=18) respectively.

Number of respondents

(Fig. 1.2)

Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Bhilwara) 80 60 40 20 0

Males Females

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 1.2) Top ten gender-wise mispronounced words in Bhilwara (Rajasthan) 1.4 Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Chittaurgarh) The top 10 mispronounced words in district Chittaurgarh are (yacht-66), (ewe-62), (chauffeur-51), (school-51), (bowl-46), (sorry-45), (salmon-43), (bald-38), (debt-37), and (suite-37) respectively. (Fig. 1.3)


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Percentage%

Top 10 Mispronounced words in district (Chittaurgarh) 6.000 4.000 2.000 0.000

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 1.3) Top ten mispronounced words in district Chittaurgarh (Rajasthan) 1.5 Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Chittaurgarh) The top 10 gender-wise mispronounced words in district Chittaurgarh are „all‟- (males 25, females 0), „chauffeur‟- (males 36, females 15), „debt‟- (males 33, females 4), „ewe‟- (males 43, females 19), „lion‟- (males 33, females 0), „salmon‟- (males 24, females 19), „suite‟ (males 33, females 4), „sword‟- (males 31, females 0), „yacht‟- (males 51, females 15), and


„zoology‟ - (males 28, females 0) respectively. (Fig. 5.1.4)

Top 10 male female mispronounced words in district (Chittaurgarh) 60 40 20 0 Males Females

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 5.1.4) Top ten gender-wise mispronounced words in Chittaurgarh (Rajasthan) Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Rajsamand) The top 10 mispronounced words for district Rajsamand are (ewe-64), (school-64), (film-59), (lion-58), (all-56), (chauffeur-54), (yacht-53), (salmon-52), (debt-51), and (suite-48) respectively. (Fig. 5.1.5)


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Percentage%

Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Rajsamand) 4.000 2.000 0.000

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 5.1.5) Top ten mispronounced words in district Rajsamand (Rajasthan) Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Rajsamand) The top 10 ten gender-wise mispronounced words in district Rajsamand are „all‟- (males 36, females 20), „chauffeur‟- (males 15, females 39), „debt‟- (males 20, females 31), „ewe‟(males 35, females 29), „lion‟- (males 24, females 34), „salmon‟- (males 20, females 32), „suite‟ - (males 31, females 17), „sword‟- (males 16, females 24), „yacht‟- (males 31, females


22), and „zoology‟ - (males 23, females 10) respectively. (Fig. 5.1.6) Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Rajsamand) 60 40 20 0

Males Females

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 5.1.6) Top ten gender-wise mispronounced words in Rajsamand (Rajasthan) Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Udaipur) The top 10 mispronounced words for district Udaipur are (chauffeur-131), (yacht-115), (all104), (ewe-88), (shoe-77), (sword-77), (debt-74), (zoo-72), (salmon-69), and (law-62) respectively. (Fig. 5.1.7)


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Percentage%

Top 10 mispronounced words in district (Udaipur) 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0.000

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 5.1.7) Top ten mispronounced words in district Udaipur (Rajasthan) Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Udaipur) The top 10 gender-wise mispronounced words in district Udaipur are „all‟- (males 35, females 69), „chauffeur‟- (males 40, females 91), „debt‟- (males 28, females 46), „ewe‟(males 20, females 68), „lion‟- (males 20, females 01), „salmon‟- (males 24, females 45), „suite‟ - (males 36, females 25), „sword‟- (males 31, females 46), „yacht‟- (males 47, females 68), and „zoology‟ - (males 31, females 14) respectively. (Fig. 5.1.8)


Top 10 Gender wise mispronounced words in district (Udaipur) 100 50 0 Males Females

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 5.1.8) Top ten gender-wise mispronounced words in district Udaipur (Rajasthan) Top 10 mispronounced words in Mewar (Non-residents) The top mispronounced words in Mewar (Non-residents) are (chauffeur-127), (ewe-123), (all-121), (yacht-120), (zoology-120), (lion-111), (school-108), (sword-101), (film-94), and (bathe-93) respectively. (Fig. 5.1.9)


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Percentage%

Top 10 mispronounced words in Mewar (Non residents) 6.000 4.000 2.000 0.000

Mispronounced words

(Fig. 5.1.9) Top ten mispronounced words in Mewar (Non-residents) 5.1.10 Top 10 overall mispronounced words in Mewar (Rajasthan) The top ten overall mispronounced words in Mewar are (chauffeur=45.19%), (yacht=44.92%),

(ewe=39.84%),

(salmon=34.03%),

(all=33.76%),

(debt=31.40%),

(sword=29.22%), (zoology=27.95%), (suite=22.95%), and lion=27.31%) respectively. Thus we can now safely conclude that except for „suite‟ and „zoology‟ all words are mispronounced differently. (Fig. 5.1.10)

Percentage%

Top 10 mispronounced words in Mewar (Rajasthan) 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%

Mispronounced Words

(Fig. 5.1.10) Top 10 overall mispronounced words in Mewar (Rajasthan) The method of ranking has been used in (Table 5.1) and (Table 5.2) to find out the most frequent mispronounced words among the top ten words. The first four categories show the top 10 mispronounced words of each district of Mewar (i.e. Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Chittaurgarh and Udaipur) and the fifth category also show mispronounced words for respondents who do not belong to Mewar but are there for academic purpose i.e. (nonresidents). Now each row has been assigned a number in the sixth column which denotes the rank of the word in the respective districts. (Table 1.2) Volume I Issue II: April 2014

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www.research-innovator.com Research Innovator ISSN 2348 - 7674 Refereed & Indexed International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Bhilwara

Rajsamand

Chittaurgarh

Udaipur

Non Residents

Answer

Yacht

Ewe

yacht

chauffeur

chauffeur

1

tortoise

School

ewe

yacht

ewe

2

chauffeur

Film

chauffeur

all

all

3

salmon

Lion

school

ewe

yacht

4

Wednesday

All

bowl

shoe

zoology

5

Ewe

Chauffeur

sorry

sword

lion

6

Wear

Yacht

salmon

debt

school

7

Bowl

salmon

bald

zoo

sword

8

jewellery

Debt

debt

salmon

film

9

Bathe

Suite

suite

law

bathe

10

(Table 1.2) Top ten mispronounced words in districts of Mewar (Table 1.2) is derived from (Table 1.3) against which each word and their rank are written according to their district. The last column shows the mispronounced word occurring in all five categories. This filters down the top ten most mispronounced words to top three mispronounced words in Mewar region i.e. „chauffeur‟, „ewe‟ and „yacht‟. Words

Bhilwara

Rajsamand

Chittaurgarh

Udaipur

Non Residents

How Many Districts?

chauffeur

3

6

3

1

1

5

ewe

6

1

2

4

2

5

yacht

1

7

1

2

4

5

salmon

4

8

7

9

all

5

debt

9

9

school

2

4

bathe

10

bowl

8

3

4 3

7

3 3

7

3

10

2

5

2

film

3

9

2

lion

4

6

2

suite

10

10

sword

6

bald jewellery

2

8

8

2 1

9

1

law

10

1

shoe

5

1

sorry


6

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1


www.research-innovator.com Research Innovator ISSN 2348 - 7674 Refereed & Indexed International Multidisciplinary Research Journal tortoise

2

1

wear

7

1

Wednesday

5

1

zoo

8

Zoology

1 5

1

(Table 1.3) Top ten ranking of mispronounced words in all districts of Mewar Therefore, it can now be safely concluded that among the top 10 mispronounced words in Mewar for all the five categories are different except for „chauffeur‟, „ewe‟, „yacht. The least mispronounced words in the region according to (Table 5.2) are „bald‟, „jewellery‟, „law‟, „shoe‟, „sorry‟, „tortoise‟, „wear‟, „Wednesday‟, „zoo‟, and „zoology‟. Hypotheses Testing for Top 10 Mispronounced words using Cochran’s Q Test Here the hypothesis is set to judge the behaviour of the mispronunciation across all words in Mewar region. We set Cochran‟s Q test. H0 : The behaviour of mis-pronunciation across all words is same H1 : The behaviour of mis-pronunciation across all words is not same. Frequencies Value

chauffeur yacht ewe salmon all debt sword suite zoology lion

0

1

N

604 607 663 727 730 756 780 794 794 801

498 495 439 375 372 346 322 308 308 301

1102 1102 1102 1102 1102 1102 1102 1102 1102 1102

PROPORTION OF MISPRONUNCIATION 45.19% 44.92% 39.84% 34.03% 33.76% 31.40% 29.22% 27.95% 27.95% 27.31%

Test Statistics N 1102 Cochran's Q 2.912E3a Df 49 Asymp. Sig. 0 a. 0 is treated as a success. (Table 5.3) Hypothesis Testing of Top 10 mispronounced words using Cochran Q test


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Therefore, null hypothesis is rejected because the level of significance is less than (1.96) H0 is rejected otherwise it is accepted.

top 10 most mispronounced words in each district of Mewar i.e. (Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Udaipur). ELT research is still in its nascent stage in India and a lot of research work needs to be carried out with respect to language learning in Indian context. Second language acquisition is a primary concern for language learners who are region specific and come from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. As progressive governments in the world advocate multilingualism, the demand for learning multiple languages has grown leading to better employability skills.

As alternate hypothesis is taken for the cases where null hypothesis is rejected, therefore we can now safely conclude that among the top ten male-female mispronounced words in Mewar, „chauffeur‟ (-5.86362), „debt‟ (2.22259), „ewe‟ (-3.05437), „salmon‟ (2.93089), „suite‟ (2.314235) and „zoology‟ (3.10392) are the words where the behaviour of mispronunciation is not same across the gender. However, there are a number of issues that we need to take into consideration in interpreting and generalizing the results of this study. First of all, it not possible to record all respondents and decide on a single model as students come from diverse backgrounds and have been exposed to different varieties of spoken English as second language based on their socioeconomic background. Also students may become conscious about their recording and they tend to deviate from the original native pronunciation. Students having access to language labs could have other motivating factors for the efficiency while those who don‟t or are not familiar with its use could never understand the difference of standard pronunciation.

As the National Knowledge Commission Report on curriculum reform in the Higher Education says: “The current curriculum should be modified to provide greater flexibility, inter-disciplinary perspective and choice of electives. The focus in the teaching/learning process should be on integrating skills such as problem solving and logical reasoning, process orientation, learning ability, English communication and programming fundamentals. Industry participation to discuss real-life case studies should be encouraged. Laboratory courses must be revamped to develop a healthy attitude towards experimental work”... (89) To conclude, English can no longer be taken as a foreign language but rather a need based language to communicate with the world. Better language learning facilities, efficient teachers and good infrastructure are the key to mastery of good communication skills in the target language.

However, this research work demonstrates how words are frequently mispronounced in an ESL classroom and whether the pattern of behaviour of mispronunciation across all words is the same or not in each district. A humble effort has been made to find out the


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References: 1. Iqbal, Asif. “Mispronunciations of Rajasthani ESL Learners in Mewar.” ELT Voices India 2.April (2011): 17–24. Print. 2. Iqbal, Asif and Nupur Tandon. “Innovative Language Teaching Techniques and Learning Methodologies for Classroom Activities in Secondary Schools of Rajasthan.” Interfacing ELT with Culture & Technology. Ed. Pushp Lata, Devika, & Gajendra Singh Chauhan. Jain Brothers. 2012. 25–32. Print. 3. ---. “Mispronunciations of ESL Learners in English Classrooms: Error Frequency & Analysis.” ELT Voices - India 2.4 (2012): 2–15. Print. 4. Krishnalalitha. K. A. “English Language Teaching in Developing Countries Error Analysis and Remedial Teaching Methods - An Overview.” Language in India 10.January (2010): 169–174. Print. 5. Krishnaveni, R. “Some Aspects of Teaching-Learning English as a Second Language.” Language in India 10.May (2010): 131–159. Print. 6. Wells, J C. “Pronunciation Research by Written Questionnaire.” n. pag. Print. 7. Goyal, Sangeeta. “Learning Achievements in India: A Study of Primary Education in Rajasthan.” 2007: 1–43. Print. 8. Graddol, David. English Next. Plymouth: Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, 2006. Print. 9. ---. English Next India. The English Company UK Ltd, 2010. Print. 10. ---. The Future of English? The English. London, 2000. Print. 11. Pitroda, Sam. Report to the Nation 2006-2009 National Knowledge Commission. New Delhi, 2009.


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