Research Opportunities in Supply Chain Management S G Deshmukh ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management Gwalior XVI Annual International Conference of Society of Operations Management Doctoral Consortium IIT Delhi 21 Dec 2012
Well Known Conferences for Practitioners in SCM • Council of SCM Professionals Conference • POMS Conference • Gartner Supply Chain Executive Conference (17-18 Sep , 2012 at London, UK)
Introduction • Supply Chain Management matured as a discipline • Developments in IT have made integration possible • Basic issues in SCM : Management of Material Flow, Information Flow and Money Flow • Basic principles can be applied to a variety of contexts
Opportunities for Research People Oriented Humanitarian Logistics • Unorganized Sector/SMEs •
Technology Oriented
Social Networking • Information security • Service Oriented Architecture •
Humanitarian Logistics and Disaster Management • SCM orientation - A variety of activities such as supplies of medicine and relief operations, medical team (Doctors, nurses etc.) and other service personnel such as military forces , NGOs, ,etc. are important. • Humanitarian supply chain need to address issues related to both material and services . Importance of Information flow • Customers in such supply chains include not only end-consumers – (victims and survivors of a disaster) – but also the various organisations , donors , governments , the local community, NGOs, the military, and logistics providers . • Demand for relief is mostly unpredictable, local infrastructure often is destabilized, multiple agencies involved, transport capacity is often limited, political complexities are intense, and information fragmented/ hard to interpret. • Sudden onset of a disaster also requires a flexible supply chain whose design might need to evolve from an initial emergency response to an ongoing reconstruction operation. During the emergency response, a supply chain could require an entirely new design from scratch that features rapid response capabilities and suppliers that can deliver a supplier-led solution that involves both innovation and creativity • Performance measurement system also poses several challenges to the SCM community.
Humanitarian Logistics & Disaster Management Research Posers • How to define “Responsiveness” for disaster supply chains? • What are the dimensions of “flexibility” in such supply chains?
• What are the behavioral implications of disaster supply chains? • Are service chains different from the production chains in the context of disaster supply chains?
• How to locate and dislocate facilities on a short term basis for such supply chains? • How to develop Performance Measurement System for such chains?
SCM for SMES •
• • • •
Low levels or absence of organizational hierarchy; Involvement of CEO/Chief in operational decisions rather than strategic decisions as in large scale organizations ; “blurred” departmental walls; Tremendous scope for implementing concepts of “Lean or agile “ manufacturing and consequently “Lean/agile” supply chains By design, SMEs are prone to “sustainability” due to their size and much less danger to the environment faster rate of changes in business environment which affect SMEs to a great extent than in LSEs . However, because of their size and scale, SMEs are also able to respond to these changes positively.
SMES : Research Posers • Is there any difference between IT applications required for SMEs as compared to LSEs? • What are the behavioral implications of performance measurement systems in SMEs? • Does the “Scale” matters for sustainability? • What are the relevant dimensions of “Sustainability” for SMEs? • What are the societal costs for sustaining the supply chains? • What are the coordination issues as far as coupling of LSE and SME are concerned?
SCM for Unorganized Sector • Though the sector contributes significantly, its contribution is hardly documented. There are hardly any templates to measure their contribution. Even the formal definitions productivity and quality may not be able to address this sector. • The labour is often illiterate /uneducated. They may not have any formal opportunities for training and education.
• The training component is missing and personnel are not sensitized about various dimensions related to quality, productivity and customer orientation. • There is huge gap between the way organized sector operates and the way unorganized sector operates. • Often there are no “best practices” available for unorganized sector • The scale of operation at times is very small. This may call for proper coordination and collaboration and cooperation among different units. • The primary producers (people from unorganized sector) have no direct access to either markets or market information. As a result, there is a mismatch between production and market demand. Markets today are created and captured through aggressive publicity campaigns using icons. These opportunities may need to be leveraged for such sectors.
Context • Estimation of contribution of unorganized sector in economy • Assessment of training needs of unorganized sector from SC point of view • Inter-linkages of production, distribution, quality systems and service for unorganized sector
• Evolution of SC best practices for unorganized sector • Design and development of performance measurement systems for unorganized sector
Unorganized Sector: Research Posers • What are the linkages between the supply chains of organized sector vis-à-vis unorganized sector? • Are there any opportunities to borrow some good practices from organized sector and map them into unorganized sector?
• What are the dimensions required in the performance measurement systems of such supply chains? • How to leverage huge human potential existing in our country to make these supply chains more responsive yet financially viable?
• What are the learnings from the other developing countries (such as East Asian or SAARC countries) • Cuthbertson R and Piotrowicz, 2011, Performance measurement systems in Supply chains: A framework fro contextual analysis, Int J of Productivity & Performance Measurement , 60(6),583-602
Social Networking & SCM : Posers • Measurement of impact of social networking in marketingdistribution link • Assessment of mass customer feedback • Linkages of service chains and production/operations in view of social networking
• Modeling of interactions through formal frameworks such as graph theory
Apple vs Amazon ?
http://blog.kinaxis.com/2012/12/apples-and-oranges-well-actuallyapple-and-amazon/ Miles Trevor Blog 13 Dec 2012
Information Security : Posers • i) Exploration of Data security issues - Information leakage & misappropriation in supply chain networks can lead to demand overriding information , thus causing distorted view of the entire chain. The product and service deliveries may not be in tune with expectation of customers. Vital Information related to design, operation or distribution may be passed on to wrong hands (may be to the competitor) causing loss of competitive edge . Quantification of such contingencies and consequently evolving a data secure architecture could provide ample scope for research. • ii) Examination of Technology related issues- Vulnerabilities in IT infrastructure may not be adequately controlled. There could be legacy issues related to migration of technology platform from one version to another or due to compatibility issues due to different technology providers. Examining such technology related issues and suggesting appropriate technology platform based on a set of comprehensive attributes could be an interesting area for researchers. • iii) Issues related to Standards- Various standards are evolving to streamline supply chain operations from security aspects. Interoperability of such standards, their impact and implementation guidelines for such standards will offer a good opportunity for exploration.
INFORMATION SECURITY – MULTI-LAYERED VIEW
Operational
• Covers business processes, support functions and the related information assets
Financial
• Looks at the financial flow which relates to the operations
Goodwill
• At the core - disruption in operations & finances influences information flow, affecting goodwill by impacting the company’s image and reputation
On Demand Business —
An On Demand Business is an enterprise whose business processes integrated end-to-end across the company and with key partners, suppliers and customers — can respond with speed to any customer demand, market opportunity or external threat. Characteristics of On DemandTechnology Business
Infrastructure
Integration : Providing the linkage between people, processes, and data Open :Supporting a strong commitment to standards for OS, Language and Web Services/SOA Virtualized : Providing a flexible Build-time and Runtime environment for developing and running applications across a highly distributed IT architecture Autonomic : Self regulating … self healing … self maintaining
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SOA: Service Oriented Architecture •
An approach for building distributed systems that allows tight correlation between the business model and the IT implementation.
•
Characteristics:
Represents business function as a service Shifts focus to application assembly rather than implementation details Allows individual software assets to become building blocks that can be reused in developing composite applications representing business processes Leverages open standards to represent software assets
• • • •
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SOA Concepts • What is a service? • A coarse grained, self-contained entity that performs a distinct business function
• What is a service description? • A standards based interface definition that is independent of the underlying implementation • How do services interact? •
Through loosely-coupled, intermediated connections
• How are SOA solutions created and enhanced? Using tools and middleware according to SOA principles 18
Three Key Concepts for the Foundation for On Demand • Build –Model Driven Architecture •
A style of enterprise application development and integration based on using automated tools to build system independent models and transform them into efficient implementations1
• Run –Service Oriented Architecture •
An approach for designing and implementing distributed systems that allows a tight correlation between the business model and the IT implementation
• Manage –Business Performance Management •
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An approach to systems management that tightly links IT concerns with business process concerns
SOA: Research Posers • How to define service standards? • What is the role of technology in SOA?
• How to align business strategy with SOA? • Issues related to flexibility ?
Tool Kit Tool/Technique/Template 1 Multi-criteria decision making tool such as AHP/ANP/TOPSIS, etc.
Type of Tool
2 Strategic Template such as SWOT/PASTE/Force Field Analysis/7-S/ SAPLAP etc. 3 Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)
Qualitative
Understanding of the strategic issues involved
Qualitative
Understanding and connectivity of various issues involved
4 Balanced Score Card and its variants
Qualitative
Performance measurement issues
5 SCOR template
Qualitative/Quantitative
6 Benchmarking and Competitive Analysis tools 7 Typical statistical analysis (Correlation/regression/factor analysis/SEM)
Qualitative
Comparisons with organized sector and understanding of the process related issues Comparison with best practices
Quantitative
Explore and analyze various relationships
8 System Dynamics Modeling
Quantitative
Cause-effect relationships and explore temporal relations
Qualitative/Quantitative
Can be used for Structuring and Priority ratings of various issues
Caution • Tool Centric Vs Issue Centric • Analytical Vs Empirical
• Case based Vs Survey Based
Summary • Immense potential in both People oriented as well as technology oriented SCMS • People Oriented Humanitarian Logistics and Disaster Management • Unorganized sector •
• Technology Oriented Social Networking • Information Security related • Service Oriented Architecture •
•
Tool-kit can be used to model a variety of issues
Concluding remarks.. • Supply chain management: an opportunity for seamless integration • Research issues involving a variety of domains
• Borrowing terminology & frameworks from IT ! • Research : interdisciplinary !
Useful web linkages • www.researchgate.net • http://www.emeraldinsight.com/research/index.htm • http://www.emeraldinsight.com/research/connections/index.htm http://blog.kinaxis.com/ http://blog.kinaxis.com/2012/12/apples-and-oranges-well-actuallyapple-and-amazon/ Miles Trevor Blog 13 Dec 2012
http://academic.research.microsoft.com
Thank you
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