Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 171 – 178
“ST26733”, International Conference "Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture"
Researches Regarding the Use of Mating Disruption Pheromones in Control of Apple Codling Moth - Cydia pomonella L. Mihaela Sumedreaa*, Florin-Cristian Marina, Mirela Calinescua, Dorin Sumedreaa, Anastase Iorgub a
Research Institute for Fruit Growing Piteúti Mărăcineni Romania, O.P.1, C.P. 73, 110006 Piteúti, Jud. Argeú Tel: 0040-248-278066; Fax: 0040-248-278477; E-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected] b Summit Agro Romania, 87 Dr. Felix Iacob Street, 5th Floor, Sector 1, 011034 Bucharest, Romania Tel: 0040-021-2231448, Fax: 0040-021-2231492; E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract The climatic changes of the latest years led to obvious changes in the biological cycle of the many orchard pests. In the case of the apple codling moth - Cydia pomonella L., one of the most damaging pest of the apple orchards, under our Country conditions it can develops also the third generation, the adults flight extent became wider, the attack of the second generation of larva is more aggressive and under some particular orchard conditions resistance to various groups of insecticides were noticed. The work presents the results obtained during 2013-2014 at Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti Romania, using matting disruption method. ISOMATE C pheromone dispensers (E,E-8,10-dodecadiene-1-ol 52.4%, 1-dodecanol 30.6%,1tetradecanol 7.1%) combined with a reduced number of treatments with insecticides were used to control apple codling moth. The percentage of the attacked fruits in the plot where pheromone dispensers were applied was 0.3-0.4% (in 2013) and 0.08-0.011% (in 2014). The results obtained during the study revealed that matting disruption is an efficient alternative method to control apple codling moth - Cydia pomonella L., which contribute to environment protection and cleaner high quality fruits production.
© 2015 The Published by Published Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Authors. by Elsevier B.V. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest. Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest Keywords: apple, orchard protection, Cydia pomonella, matting disruption
*Corresponding author: Tel: 0040-248-278066; Fax: 0040-248-278477 E-mail address:
[email protected]
2210-7843 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.055
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1. Introduction Codling moth is a major pest in many regions and apple producing countries. In the latest years, intensive use of insecticides increased the orchards performances but created also some problems related to the crop safety and environment protection. Therefore in many World countries (U.S.A., New Zealand, South Korea, Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania) researches are carried out aiming to pest and pathogens control using integrated biotechnical and chemical tools. (Brunner 1998, Brunner et. al., 2002 and 2008; Dinter et al., 2008; Drosu, et al. 2001; Hull., Krawczyk et al., Mota-Sanchez et al., 2008; Oprean, 2007; Sauphanor et al., 2000; ùerboiu et al. 2001; Teodorescu, and Trandafirescu, 2002; Tanaskoviü et al., 2005; Van Steenwyk, et al., 2007). In this sense the use of matting disruption method (based on male adults confusion) is an viable alternative to reduce or to stop the attack caused by apple codling moth larva. (Caruso S. and Vergnani S., 2012; Groning et al., 2000; Gut, 2007; Knight and Flexner, 2006; Minks, 2000; Kutinkova et al., 2012) Use of the confusion pheromones allows the reduction of the insecticides treatments number, with beneficial impact on the consumer and environment. (Bassi et al., 2009; Cutwright Rebecca and Pfeiffer G.D., 2002; Pasqualini E., 2002). 2. Material and method The research objectives were focused on the assessment of apple codling moth - Cydia pomonella L. bio-ecology under 2013-2014 years conditions and evaluation of the Isomate C pheromone dispensers matting disruption efficacy together with environmental friendly insecticides application under specified orchard conditions, compared with the conventional technology of apple codling moth control using only chemical treatments with insecticides. Researches were carried out during 2013-2014, at Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti. The Isomate C pheromone dispensers made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Tokyo, Japan were provided by Summit Agro Romania in collaboration with Summit Agro France S.A.S. The ISOMATE C plot was established on a surface of 4.4 ha, in a 7 years old commercial apple orchard (‘Idared’ and ‘Redix’ varieties on MM106 rootstocks), where, in 2012 the apple codling moth attack frequency was 2.0%. Pheromone dispensers, 500 pieces/ha, (based on E,E-8,10-dodecadiene-1-ol 52,4%, 1-dodecanol 30,6% and 1-tetradecanol 7,1%) were installed in the orchard at 26th of April in 2013 and respectively 8th of May in 2014. The devices were installed in the upper third of the trees canopy on the northern side, closed to the trunk, avoiding the direct sun exposure. Other commercial apple orchard (‘Idared’ variety) of 5.0 ha, served as reference plot, and was treated in a conventional manner only with insecticides. The total amount of insecticides treatments applied in the conventional treated plot was 13 in 2013 and 16 in 2014. These one were carried out also in order to control various leaf rollers, leaf miners (Phyllonorycter spp.), aphids (Aphis pomi de Geer), wooly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hansm.), various mites and San José scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). Staring with the mid of April, in both plots, the apple codling moths flight dynamic was monitored with attraction pheromones traps, the readings being done twice per week. The first adult was captured in 29th of April 2013 and 6th of May 2014, and flight chart were drown each year. The orchard treatments were carried out with 1000 l water/ha/treatment/ using Osella-1000 sprayer, driven by Goldoni Star tractor. Along the vegetation period many evaluations were carried out, 1000 fruits being randomized assessed at each observation (see Table 1 Experimental Design: ISOMATE C plot compared with Conventional Treated plot). The weather conditions were registered using a WatchDog automatic weather station Spectrum Technologies Inc. 60544 Plainfield Illinois USA and the data were processed using Specware Pro 9.0 professional software. The experimental data were collected, stored ranged and processed using MS Office Excel 2003 facilities and presented as tables or graphs. During the experimentation period many pictures were taken using a SONY Cybershoot F828-optic block Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T*, 2-2.8/7.1-51 digital camera and processed with Irfan View and PhotoFiltre free software.
Mihaela Sumedrea et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 171 – 178 Table 1. Experimental Design: ISOMATE C plot compared with Conventional Treated plot, RIFG Pitesti, Romania, 2013-2014
3. Results and discussions Under 2013 conditions in the conventionally treated plot, first adult was captured in 29 April, the maximum of the flight curve being registered during 17 May and 14-20 June for the first generation (G1) and respectively 18 July and 2-8 August for the second generation (G2) (Figure 1). In 2014, the adults flight started on 7 May, with periods of
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maximum flight during 14-20 May and 4-10 June (G1), 23-29 July (G2), with descending trend to the end of August and ending in mid-September (Figure 2). We appreciate that the flight pattern was influenced both by weather conditions and the pest biological reserve (infestation) from the previous year. In the Isomate C plot, the pheromone traps installed for monitoring captured only one butterfly in 5 May, 26 May and respectively 2 June, the rest of the captures being 0 (zero), which prove that Isomate C dispensers worked properly and released their matting disruption pheromone. In order to establish the pest attack incidence and forecast the fruits damages level, during vegetation period, many evaluations were done. So, under 2013 conditions, in Isomate C plot, the percent of attacked fruits was 0.1% for the first generation (G1) and respectively 0.3-0.4% for the second generation (G2), compared with standard conventionally treated plot, where the attack incidence was 0.5% (Figure 5). In 2014, the percent of attacked fruits was 0.02-0.06% for the first generation (G1) and respectively 0.08-0.011% for the second generation (G2), comparatively with standard conventionally treated plot, where the attack incidence was 1.2% (Figure 6).
Figure 1. Apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) flight dynamic in Conventional Treated plot, RIFG Pitesti (Maracineni) Romania, 2013
Figure 2. Apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) flight dynamic in Conventionally Treated plot, RIFG Piteúti (Maracineni) Romania, 2014
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Figure 4. Temperatures and precipitations dynamic, RIFG Pitesti (Maracineni), Romania, 2014
Figure 5. Apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) attack incidence in ISOMATE C plot, RIFG Pitesti (Maracineni), Romania, 2013
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Figure 6. Apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) attack incidence in ISOMATE C plot, RIFG Pitesti (Maracineni), Romania, 2014
Figure 7. ISOMATE C plot, RIFG Pitesti, Romania
Figure 8. Matting disruption ISOMATE C pheromone dispenser
Figure 9. Monitoring of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. using attraction pheromones traps
Figure 10. Strong capture of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. in the mid of July 2014.
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Figure 11. ‘Redix’ in ISOMATE C plot at the end of experiment
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Figure 12. ‘Idared’ in ISOMATE C plot at the end of experiment
4. Conclusions x
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Use of matting disruption pheromones allowed the reduction of treatments with insecticides. So, in 2013 in the Isomate C plot, in order to control apple codling moth 9 treatments were applied, compared with standard conventionally treated plot, where 13 treatments were applied. Under 2014 conditions, in the Isomate C plot, to control apple codling moth 7 treatments were applied, compared with standard conventionally treated plot, where 14 treatments were applied. Adults matting disruption method using confusion pheromones Isomate C combined with a number of chemical treatments led to increase of the efficiency of apple codling moth control. In this sense, the percent of the attacked fruits in the plot with Isomate C dispensers was only 0.3-0.4% (in 2013) and respectively 0.08-0.011% (in 2014), compared with standard conventionally treated plot, where the percent of damaged fruits was 0.5% (in 2013) and respectively 1.2% (in 2014). Use of the confusion pheromones combined with a reduced number of insecticide treatments, contribute to environment protection, limitation of the risk of pest resistance occurrence to some intense used insecticides, production of high quality healthy fruits and fulfillment of the consumer requirement.
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