The most powerful illustration of the importance of community leadership in research, told by Canada£s .... Designing a research method is not a purely technical task. ...... Finding someone proficient in Indigenous art and logo design wasn£t ...
Researching with Communities Grounded perspectives on engaging communities in research
Edited by Andy Williamson and Ruth DeSouza
Paoa]n_dejc sepd _kiiqjepeao lnaoajpo ] n]jca kb lanokj]h ]j‘ cnkqj‘a‘ lanola_perao bnki ]_]‘aie_o+ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ln]_pepekjano kj qj‘anp]gejc naoa]n_d ej s]uo pd]p lnkikpa ]j‘ lnerehaca pda rke_a kb pda _kiiqjepu+ eo naola_pbqh kb hk_]h kn ej‘ecajkqo ln]_pe_ao ]j‘ eo _qhpqn]hhu o]ba-
muddycreekpress auckland | london
Researching With Communities: Grounded perspectives on engaging communities in research Edited by: Andy Williamson and Ruth DeSouza
Published by:
muddycreekpress auckland | london Muddy Creek Press PO Box 60-517 Titirangi Waitakere City Aotearoa/New Zealand www.muddycreekpress.com ISBN 978-0-9556941-0-3 Copyright © 2007 Andy Williamson and Ruth DeSouza. Individual authors retain copyright to their chapters. This work is copyright and must not be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the copyright holder and full acknowledgement of the original publication.
Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... iii Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Andy Williamson
Creative tensions in the new community based research.................................................. 7 Randy Stoecker
Engaging communities Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers ......................................................................................................................... 25 Marion Horton
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition? ....................... 39 Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
Overcoming obstacles to accessing participants in community health research ............. 57 Alfred Joseph Banya
Community network analysis: Communications, neighbourhood and action (CNA2) ........ 67 Peter Day and Clair Farenden
Children in communities affected by conflict and natural disaster in north and east Sri Lanka ......................................................................................................................... 87 Jaya Earnest and Robert P.Finger
Hearing the voices of service users: Reflections on researching the views of people from South Asian backgrounds...................................................................................... 103 Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett
The doors to Aleut orthodoxy ......................................................................................... 113 Don Wren
Research as a living partnership Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities ......................................................................................................... 123 Victoria Foster
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK............................................. 137 Paula McGee
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror ..................................... 151 Gaby Jacobs
Involving refugees in focus group research ................................................................... 167 Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell
The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community ......................... 181 Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach .............................................. 197 Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
i
The stranger within: Rethinking distance and proximity of the researcher as community member ....................................................................................................... 209 Uzma Jamil
Recording oral memory: Views of Indigenous Victorians ................................................ 219 Graeme Johanson, Kirsty Williamson and Don Schauder
Soalapule – The sharing of power: Reflections on community initiated research .......... 243 Alison Greenaway, Jennifer Margaret and Robyn Allpress
Methodology and process 17 ways that ‘community talk’ misguides research ....................................................... 263 Bernard Guerin and Pauline Guerin
Direct qualitative analysis of data from digital audio sources ........................................ 275 Andy Williamson and Ruth DeSouza
Researching inequalities: Lessons from an ethnographic study .................................... 285 Ghazala Mir
Lessons in research collaboration: Strengths Model research in New Zealand ............. 301 Monika Divis
Researching communities with community participation in a metropolitan municipality in South Africa............................................................................................ 309 Udo Richard Averweg
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research .......................................................................... 323 Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research .................... 339 Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville..................... 357 Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
Using interviews effectively in Community Informatics................................................... 371 Larry Stillman
Engaging Asian communities in Aotearoa New Zealand: An exploration of what works in community research ........................................................................................ 385 Terry McGrath, Andrew Butcher, Yvette Koo, John Pickering and Hilary Smith
Contributors ................................................................................................................... 399
ii
Acknowledgements Rdeo ^kkg d]o ^aaj ] _khh]^kn]pera abbknp- Kkop k^rekqohu ep d]o aianca‘ bnki pda skng kb pda a‘epkno ]j‘ ]qpdkno+ ^qp ej na]hepu ep eo ]hok pda lnk‘q_p kb pda _kiiqjepeao ej sde_d pda lnkfa_po k__qnna‘Rda knecej]h ikper]pekj bkn pdeo ^kkg _kiao bnki pda a‘epkno£ atlaneaj_ao kb skngejc sepd i]ncej]heoa‘ cnkqlo sdk sana s]nu kb uap ikna ]_]‘aie_o ejpnq‘ejc ]j‘ i]gejc kbb sepd pda opkneao kb pdaen herao- Rdeo ]jpel]pdu pk ]j‘ ba]n kb pda _khkjeo]pekj kb _kiiqjepu gjksha‘ca s]o na,ajbkn_a‘ peia ]j‘ ]c]ej kj i]ju ‘ebbanajp lnkfa_po ]j‘ ej i]ju ‘ebbanajp oappejco- Ud]p sa ha]njp bnki pdaoa atlaneaj_ao s]o pd]p pdana ]na ]hpanj]pera s]uo pk skng sepd ] _kiiqjepu ok pd]p qoabqh naoa]n_d eo lnk‘q_a‘ sde_d jkp kjhu o]peobeao kqn bqj‘ano+ ckranjiajpo ]j‘ qjeranoepeao ^qp sde_d ]_pq]hhu ~ ]j‘ land]lo ikop eilknp]jphu ~ ]hok _kjpne^qpao okiapdejc ^]_g pk pda _kiiqjepu ^aejc naoa]n_da‘Rda a‘epkno ]na atpnaiahu cn]pabqh pk pda ]qpdkno bkn ]cnaaejc pk snepa bkn pdeo ^kkg ]j‘ bkn ^aejc ok sehhejc pk od]na pdaen atlaneaj_ao ok pd]p sa _]j ]hh c]ej jas ]j‘ r]hq]^ha ejoecdpo ejpk sd]p _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d eo ]^kqpQej_a a]_d _d]lpan d]o ckja pdnkqcd ] necknkqo ‘kq^ha,^hej‘ laan nareas lnk_aoo sa ]na ]hok atpnaiahu cn]pabqh pk pda jqiankqo nareasano bkn pdaen cajankqo _kjpne^qpekj pk pdeo lnkfa_p-
iii
Introduction Andy Williamson Rda 6pd _ajpqnu,@A Adejaoa ldehkokldan+ J]k Rvq+ o]e‘ Ek pk pda laklha- Jera sepd pdai- Ja]nj bnki pdai- Jkra pdai- Qp]np sepd sd]p pdau gjks- @qeh‘ sepd sd]p pdau d]raRda e‘a]h ikppk+ land]lo+ bkn ] cnksejc cnkql ej pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj _kiiqjepu sdk ]na qj‘anp]gejc naoa]n_d sepd+ n]pdan pd]j kj+ _kiiqjepeao= Gp _anp]ejhu oqccaopo pd]p _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d _]j ^a ‘kja ^appan- ?j‘ pdeo ^a_kiao ikna eilknp]jp sdaj ukq heopaj pk pda rke_ao kb _kiiqjepu iai^ano sdaj ]oga‘ ]^kqp naoa]n_d- G ]i naiej‘a‘ kb ]j ah‘anhu N]_ebe_ Goh]j‘ h]‘u oeppejc mqeaphu ej ] bk_qo cnkql- ?bpan ] sdeha oda nkoa pk dan baap ]j‘ o]e‘+ ej ] ia]oqna‘ ]j‘ _]hi s]u+ pd]p pda pnkq^ha sepd naoa]n_d s]o pd]p sdepa iaj ej oqepo _kia ]hkjc ]j‘ opa]h kqn e‘a]o+ pdau p]ga pdai kbb kj ] lh]ja pk pdaen _kjbanaj_ao ]j‘ sd]p ]na sa habp sepd= Lkpdejc! Rdeo _kiiajp pkq_da‘ ia ‘aalhu- Gp naokj]pa‘ jkp kjhu ^a_]qoa ep s]o+ ej iu atlaneaj_a+ pnqa+ ^qp ]hok ^a_]qoa G gjas pd]p pdana s]o ]jkpdan s]u- Pabhaterahu+ G s]o bkn_a‘ pk _d]hhajca iu ksj lh]_a ej ok_eapu (qj‘aje]^hu sdepa+ ie‘‘ha,_h]oo ]j‘ he^an]h)+ iu nkha ]o ] naoa]n_dan (pk ‘eo_kran) ]j‘+ _kjoamqajphu+ pda lksan pd]p h]u ej iu d]j‘o pk _dkkoa sd]p G iecdp ‘k sepd dan e‘a]o- Fan opkneao- Fan heba?j‘ ok pda knecej]h oaa‘ ^adej‘ pdeo ^kkg s]o oksj pdnkqcd pda a‘epkno£ naoa]n_d ln]_pe_a ej ?kpa]nk] Las Xa]h]j‘- Wap pda e‘a] d]o naran^an]pa‘ ]j‘ s]o jkqneoda‘ pdnkqcd pda oeieh]n atlaneaj_ao kb _khha]cqao ej Qkqpd ?bne_]+ A]j]‘]+ ?qopn]he] ]j‘ pda SI- Rda _kj_alpo ej pdeo ^kkg ]na chk^]h uap pda eil]_p kb naoa]n_d eo kbpaj lnkbkqj‘hu hk_]h- Rda a]nhean at]ilha eo fqop kja kb i]ju _h]odao ^apsaaj pn]‘epekj]h ¢]_]‘aie_£ naoa]n_d kn lnkcn]iia ar]hq]pekj ]j‘ kqn _kiiqjepeaoUdehop ] odebp pk ikna ej_hqoera ]j‘ cnkqj‘a‘ naoa]n_d eo _anp]ejhu ‘aoen]^ha+ ep eo jkp sepdkqp epo _d]hhajcao ~ bkn ^kpd pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda naoa]n_da‘- Rdana d]o ^aaj ]j deopkne_]h paj‘aj_u sepdej pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj pks]n‘o at_hq‘ejc pda reaso kb kn‘ej]nu laklha- Fks kbpaj ‘k sa ]og kqn naoa]n_d oq^fa_po dks pk ck ]^kqp _]nnuejc kqp kqn naoa]n_d kn sd]p sa odkqh‘ ‘k sepd pda naoqhpo= Rdana ]na+ kb _kqnoa+ peiao sdaj pdeo 1
Andy Williamson
skqh‘ ^a ej]llnklne]pa araj eilkooe^ha- Fksaran+ okiapeiao ep eo jkp kjhu ]llnklne]pa pd]p sa dkh‘ op]gadkh‘ano ]p pda da]np kb kqn naoa]n_d+ ]o pdeo ^kkg ‘aikjopn]pao+ pdana ]na peiao sdaj ep eo rep]h pk pda oq__aoo kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ pk pda bqpqna sahh^aejc kb pda _kiiqjepu- Paoa]n_d ‘kao jkp d]ra pk ^a ]^kqp _kjoqiejc e‘a]o+ ]o Dnaena (0874) oqccaopa‘+ ep _]j ^a ]^kqp _na]pejc ]j‘ na_na]pejc pdai- Qqnahu ] _kiiqjepu pd]p eo ]_perahu ajc]ca‘ ej naoa]n_d ]^kqp epoahb d]o ikna kllknpqjepu pk ha]nj ]j‘ pn]jobkni ]o ] naoqhp kb pd]p naoa]n_d= ¢Paoa]n_dejc sepd _kiiqjepeao£ lnaoajpo ] ‘eranoa n]jca kb lanokj]h ]j‘ cnkqj‘a‘ lanola_perao bnki ]_]‘aie_o+ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ln]_pepekjano kj qj‘anp]gejc naoa]n_d ej s]uo pd]p lnkikpa ]j‘ lnerehaca pda rke_a kb pda _kiiqjepu+ ]na naola_pbqh kb hk_]h kn ej‘ecajkqo ln]_pe_ao ]j‘ ]na _qhpqn]hhu o]ba- Rdeo ^kkg ‘kao jkp ]ppailp pk lnkre‘a okhqpekjo pk ]hh kb pdaoa ‘ebbe_qhpeao kja iecdp aj_kqjpan ]j‘ ep ikop ‘abejepahu eo jkp ejpaj‘a‘ pk ^a ¢pe_g heop£ bkn ]llnk]_dejc _kiiqjepu,ej_hqoera naoa]n_d- Rdeo ^kkg i]gao jk _h]ei pk d]ra ]hh pda ]josano! Ud]p G dkla ep ‘kao ‘k eo lnkre‘a okia at]ilhao+ cqe‘ao ]j‘ ‘eo_qooekj ]^kqp pda atlaneaj_ao kb ‘kejc naoa]n_d naola_pbqhhu ]j‘ ej_hqoerahu- Gp ‘kao pdeo ^u ‘n]sejc kj pda lanola_perao kb naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ln]_pepekjano ]j‘ ^u lnkre‘ejc ] n]jca kb nabha_pera _d]lpano pd]p atlhkna sd]p _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d ia]jo ej ] n]jca kb oappejco ]j‘ bkn ] n]jca kb laklha- Jega pda _kiiqjepeao ej sde_d pdau ]na cnkqj‘a‘+ qj‘anp]gejc naoa]n_d ej pdeo s]u eo ]hs]uo ] qjemqa atlaneaj_aGp eo dkla‘ pd]p pdeo ^kkg eo kb r]hqa pk ] se‘a ]q‘eaj_a- Gp s]o jaran sneppaj ]o ] lqnahu ]_]‘aie_ patp kn nabanaj_a+ pdkqcd dklabqhhu ep sehh ^a r]hq]^ha ]o oq_d- Gp s]o ejpaj‘a‘ pk oqllknp pda _kiiqjepu ^aejc naoa]n_da‘ ~ kn s]jpejc pk naoa]n_d epoahb ~ ]o iq_d ]o opq‘ajpo ]j‘ naoa]n_dano+ sdapdan atlaneaj_a‘ kn aiancejc- Gp eo dkla‘ pd]p pdeo ^kkg _]j _kjpne^qpa+ dksaran ik‘aophu+ pk ] se‘an ‘a^]pa kj pda r]hqa kb cnkqj‘a‘+ _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d ]j‘ pks]n‘o ‘arahklejc ]j‘ oqllknpejc lkhe_eao ]j‘ lnkcn]iiao pd]p ‘ena_phu ]bba_p _kiiqjepeaoUd]p ‘k sa ia]j sdaj sa p]hg ]^kqp ] ¢_kiiqjepu£= Rdau ]na jkp nece‘ ikjkhepdo pd]p sa _]j ja]phu h]^ah- Akiiqjepeao _kia ]j‘ ck- Rdau arkhra+ cnks ]j‘ ‘ea- Babejepekjo kb ¢_kiiqjepu£ ]na ejarep]^hu lnk^hai]pe_ ]j‘ pda pani nai]ejo necdphu _kjpaop]^ha ]j‘ i]hha]^ha- Rda _kiiqjepeao nalnaoajpa‘ ]j‘ ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej pdeo ^kkg ej_hq‘a hk_]h+ apdje_ ]j‘ nahecekqo ^qp sd]p i]gao ] _kiiqjepu _]j amq]hhu ^a ] oejcha lkejp kb _kjja_pekj+ ]j ql,pk,‘]pa eooqa kn ] od]na‘ deopknu- Rda kjhu _kiikj pdna]‘ ej ‘abejejc ] ¢_kiiqjepu£ eo pd]p ep namqenao laklha pk _kia pkcapdan ]j‘ pdeo k__qno ej pdnaa+ lkpajpe]hhu kranh]llejc+ bknio (Anks & ?hh]j+ 0883: E]ra‘ & ?j‘anokj+ 1//5: Uehhikpp+ 0875+ 0878)9
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Introduction
Dkn ia+ pda pani ¢_kiiqjepu£ ajcaj‘ano ] baahejc kb ^ahkjcejc ]j‘ ] ‘aoena pk nap]ej pd]p _kjja_pekj kran ] lanek‘ peia (oaa @]qi]j+ 1///)- Gp eo ]hok jkp a]ou pk ia]oqna pda opnajcpd kn r]hqa kb ] _kiiqjepu- Gp eo kbpaj ejp]jce^ha+ r]neao ‘alaj‘ejc kj ]j ej‘ere‘q]h£o _kiiepiajp kn oajoa kb ^ahkjcejc ]j‘ eo jkp ]hs]uo k^rekqo pk kqpoe‘anoPa]h heba eo jkp ] pdaknape_]h atan_eoa+ uap ok kbpaj naoa]n_d _]j ^a ‘adqi]jeoejc- Wkq _]jjkp oal]n]pa ej‘ere‘q]ho bnki pdaen herao ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepeao pk sde_d pdau ^ahkjc (Pa]okj+ 0883)- Rda aranu‘]u bkhgokjkieao kb _kiiqjepu ]j‘ gej ]na ]o r]hq]^ha ]j‘ eilknp]jp ]o kqn ikna bkni]hhu ejop]jpe]pa‘ p]tkjkieao kb gjksha‘ca+ ok lneva‘ ^u ]_]‘aie] ]j‘ ckranjiajp?o sa ^a_kia ikna b]iehe]n sepd ] _kiiqjepu sa oaa pd]p ep d]o epoahb ckp h]uano ]j‘ ‘ebbanaj_ao- ?j at]ilha kb pdeo eo lnkre‘a‘ ^u K]ne] Feccejo ]j‘ A]pdaneja M£Bkjjahh+ sdk s]nj qo pk ^as]na kb ]ooqia‘ dkikcajaepu sdaj skngejc sepd araj nah]perahu oi]hh+ iejknepu _kiiqjepeao- Rdaen atlaneaj_a kb skngejc sepd ]ouhqi oaagano ]j‘ nabqcaao ej Q_kph]j‘ odkso pd]p ‘ereoekj ]j‘ ‘ebbanaj_a eo ]o hegahu pk ^a pda jkni+ n]pdan pd]j pda at_alpekj- @anj]n‘ ]j‘ N]qheja Eqanej s]nj ej pdaen _d]lpan+ ]ooqia‘ dkikcajaepu eo ‘]jcankqo bkn naoa]n_dano sdk b]eh pk qj‘anop]j‘ pd]p ]j ej‘ere‘q]h kn cnkql ]hikop _anp]ejhu ‘k jkp ola]g bkn ]hh pda _kiiqjepu- Mj ] ikna lkoepera jkpa+ ‘ebbanaj_a ‘kao jkp d]ra pk ^a ] lnk^hai eb ep eo qj‘anopkk‘ ]j‘ ]_gjksha‘ca‘- Rda ‘eranoa ]j‘ _kjpaopa‘ j]pqna kb _kiiqjepu+ Napan B]u k^oanrao+ _]j ^a oaaj ]o ] opnajcpd+ n]pdan pd]j ] sa]gjaoo+ ^a_]qoa ep b]_ehep]pao ]j ajrenkjiajp ej sde_d ok_e]h _na]perepu ]j‘ ejjkr]pekj _]j ^a jqnpqna‘ ej s]uo pd]p opeiqh]pa ]j‘ lnkikpa _kiiqjepu ha]njejcRda r]hqa kb _ereh ok_eapu eo jkp ‘n]sj bnki pda ckk‘ ejpajp kb pda ej‘ere‘q]h ^qp ej pda s]u pdkoa ej‘ere‘q]ho ]na _kjja_pa‘ ]j‘ ai^a‘‘a‘ sepdej sd]p Nqpj]i nabano pk ]o ⁄‘ajoa japskng kb na_elnk_]h nah]pekjo¥ (1///+ l-08)- Qq_d oaie,ejopepqpekj]heoa‘ nah]pekjodelo kb iqpq]h ]_mq]ejp]j_a ]j‘ na_kcjepekj lnkre‘a iai^ano sepd ] ‘acnaa kb ^]_gejc bnki pda _khha_pera+ lnkre‘ejc ^kpd oqllknp ]j‘ _na‘e^ehepu- Pah]pekjodelo ]na ok_e]hhu ejopepqpa‘ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d eo pk ] h]nca ‘acnaa ]^kqp nah]pekjodeloQk_e]h _]lep]h eo kja ia]oqna ]llhea‘ pk _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ cnkqlo- ? pdaknape_]h _kj_alp+ ep aild]oeoao pda eilknp]j_a kb ok_e]h peao ]j‘ od]na‘ jknio+ ia]oqnejc pda _kjja_pa‘jaoo kb ej‘ere‘q]ho pk a]_d kpdan ]j‘ pda ⁄ok_e]h japskngo ]j‘ jknio kb na_elnk_epu ]j‘ pnqopsknpdejaoo pd]p ]neoa bnki pdai¥ (Nqpj]i+ 1///+ l-08)- ?o Akhai]j (0877+ l-0) oqccaopo+ ⁄qjhega kpdan bknio kb _]lep]h+ ok_e]h _]lep]h ]‘danao pk pda opnq_pqna kb nah]pekjo ^apsaaj ]j‘ ]ikjc ]_pkno-¥ Udehop opnkjc ok_e]h _]lep]h _]j ^a ‘ebbe_qhp pk ia]oqna ]j‘ neogu pk _kil]na ]_nkoo ‘ebbanajp _kiiqjepeao+ opnkjc _kiiqjepeao ]na eilknp]jpRda ]^kra eo ]j eilknp]jp lkejp bkn pdkoa kb qo seodejc pk qj‘anp]ga _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d ^a_]qoa+ ej okia oi]hh s]u+ sdaj sa ‘k+ sa ^a_kia ] l]np kb pd]p _kiiqjepu ]j‘ at_d]jcao ejarep]^hu k__qn (bkn ckk‘ kn bkn ^]‘)- Rdeo ha]‘o kj pk ] nabhatera ‘eo_qooekj ]^kqp dks sa iecdp ]__qn]pahu nalnaoajp _kiiqjepeao+ ]o ^kpd ]j ape_ (kqpoe‘an) kn ]j 3
Andy Williamson
aie_ (ejoe‘an) naoa]n_dan+ _kjoe‘anejc kb _kqnoa pd]p naoa]n_dano ]na jaran sdkhhu kj pda ejoe‘a ceraj pda eooqao kb pnqop+ lksan ]j‘ ok_e]h ‘aoen]^ehepu ^e]o pd]p ]bba_p sd]p sa ‘kPabhaterepu ]j‘ jackpe]pekj ]na l]n]ikqjp eb sa ]na pk ]rke‘ i]gejc ]ooqilpekjo ]^kqp pda j]pqna kb _kiiqjepu ]j‘+ ]o E]^u H]_k^o oqccaopo+ ]^kqp pda ranu j]pqna kb l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d- H]_k^o lkoao bkqn mqaopekjo sde_d naoa]n_dano iecdp ]og pdaioahrao9 0123-
Ud]p ‘k sa ia]j ^u l]npe_el]pekj= Udu ‘k sa pdejg l]npe_el]pekj eo eilknp]jp= Udk ^ajabepo bnki pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ ej sd]p s]u= Fks ‘k sa fq‘ca pda oq__aoo kb l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ dks eo l]npe_el]pekj ejrkhra‘ ej pdeo=
N]qh] K_Eaa e‘ajpebeao ] _kjbhe_p ^apsaaj p]gejc ] _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_d ]j‘ iaapejc pda ‘ai]j‘o kb naoa]n_d ckranj]j_a- ?o Pa]okj (0883) ]ncqao+ naoa]n_d _]j kjhu ^a _kj‘q_pa‘ [NXM laklha eb pda naoa]n_dan ajc]cao sepd pdai ]o laklha ^a_]qoa+ sdeha ⁄qj‘anop]j‘ejc ]j‘ ]_pekj ]na hkce_]hhu oal]n]pa+ pdau _]jjkp ^a oal]n]pa‘ ej heba9 ok ] o_eaj_a kb lanokjo iqop ^a ]j ]_pekj o_eaj_a¥ (l-0/)- Rdeo namqenao qo ]o naoa]n_dano pk ]__alp kqn lh]_a ej pda sknh‘+ jkp ]o ‘eo_kjja_pa‘+ okqh,haoo ^k‘eao ^qp ]o na]h laklha sepd ^aheabo+ ^e]oao ]j‘ ‘ebbanajp lkejpo kb reas- Qq^fa_perepu eo jkp ] lnk^hai+ ep eo _ajpn]h pk sd]p sa ‘k ]j‘ ‘kao jkp opkl qo ^aejc necknkqo ej kqn naoa]n_d+ ep fqop ]_gjksha‘cao pd]p naoa]n_dano pkk ]na dqi]jUa iqop jackpe]pa _kiiqjepu ^kqj‘]neao _]nabqhhu- Craj ]o ]j ejoe‘an kqn op]pqo _d]jcao sdaj sa qj‘anp]ga naoa]n_d- Rdeo eo aola_e]hhu pda _]oa sdaj+ ]o P]j‘u Qpka_gan oqccaopo+ pda naoa]n_d eo i]j]ca‘ ^u ]j atpanj]h ^k‘u+ oq_d ]o ] qjeranoepu+ sepd epo ksj kbpaj ejs]n‘,hkkgejc lnk_aooao- ?o kqpoe‘ano sa ]na kbpaj kj pda hkkg,kqp bkn pda ¢i]rajo£ ]j‘ ¢c]pagaalano£ sdk lnkre‘a ]__aoo pk ] _kiiqjepu ]j‘+ sepd ep+ pda _na‘e^ehepu bkn qo pk op]np kqn naoa]n_d- Udehop sa hkkg bkn pdaoa hejgo ej pda _kiiqjepu ^aejc naoa]n_da‘+ sa ]hok jaa‘ pdai ej pda ejopepqpekjo pd]p ]hhks qo pk ‘k naoa]n_d- Cjpnu pk ] _kiiqjepu eo jkp ajkqcd+ ]o Qpka_gan (1//4) ]ncqao sdaj ‘ao_ne^ejc pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao pd]p naoa]n_dano atlaneaj_a sdaj aop]^heodejc pdaen ksj hacepei]_uCop]^heodejc pnqop eo ] lna,_qnokn pk abba_pera _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp- Craj ikna ok sdaj ajpanejc ] _kiiqjepu sepdkqp ejrep]pekj kn ateopejc ok_e]h _]lep]h- Wap+ ‘aolepa pdaoa _d]hhajcao+ sdaj _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d oq__aa‘o ]j‘ pnqop eo ^qehp sa ]o naoa]n_dano sehh kbpaj ^a_kia pda _kj‘qep ^apsaaj ejopepqpekjo+ ]caj_eao kn ckranjiajp ]j‘ ] _kiiqjepu pd]p eo ‘eopnqopejc+ baaho hap ‘ksj kn ^]‘hu pna]pa‘ ]j‘ sde_d eo o_alpe_]h kb kqpoe‘ano- Rdeo eo ] pajqkqo lh]_a pk ^a ]j‘ ok+ ]o Ah]q‘appa Jac]qhp ]j‘ K]‘eja T]j‘anNh]]p naiej‘ qo+ pda _d]hhajca bkn ]ju _khh]^kn]pera nah]pekjodel eo pk ajoqna pd]p pda _khh]^kn]pekj eo ]_pq]hhu cajqeja!
4
Introduction
Cjc]cejc ej _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d eo ‘ebbe_qhp sdaj sa ]na _kiieppa‘ pk nalnaoajpejc pda pnqa rke_ao pd]p sa da]n- Enkqj‘a‘ naoa]n_d eo oq^fa_pera ]j‘ ep eo pda o]ia ej pdeo ^kkg: fqop ]o pda _kjpne^qpkno d]ra ]ppailpa‘ pk nap]ej pda rke_ao ]j‘ r]hqao kb pda _kiiqjepeao ej sde_d pdau skng+ sa ]o a‘epkno d]ra ]hok ]ppailpa‘ pk ]hhks pda ]qpdkn£o ksj rke_a ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]h opuhao pk _kia pdnkqcd- ?o G iajpekja‘ a]nhean+ ‘k jkp atla_p dkikcajaepu+ araj ej ] oi]hh _kiiqjepu! Nnerehacejc pda rke_ao kb l]npe_el]jpo eo ]^kqp naola_p- J]jcq]ca eo ] i]ppan kb lksan ]j‘ _kjpnkh+ kb _khkjeo]pekj ]j‘ oq^ieooekj- Dkn at]ilha+ jkpe_a dks+ ej pdeo ^kkg+ ej‘ecajkqo laklhao ]na kbpaj ]ooecja‘ j]iao ^u pda _khkjeoan- Qkiapeiao pdeo eo ]__alpa‘ (kn ]p ha]op pkhan]pa‘ ]j‘ qoa‘) ^qp kbpaj pd]p _kiiqjepu _dkkoao ] ‘ebbanajp j]ia pk naban pk epoahbUd]p sa _]hh kqnoahrao _]j ^a pda pel kb pda aleopaikhkce_]h e_a^anc: i]ju ej‘ecajkqo cnkqlo ‘k jkp oq^o_ne^a pk ] saopanj,kneajpa‘ sknh‘reas ]j‘ pdeo lnaoajpo bqnpdan _d]hhajcao bkn naoa]n_dan ]j‘ naoa]n_da‘ ]hega- ?o Qd]jjkj D]qhgda]‘+ Jujappa Pqooahh+ Be]ja Qejcd ]j‘ Qqa K_Iaiieod _kj_hq‘a ⁄]ppailpejc pk i]p_d pdaoa psk ouopaio kb gjksejc kbpaj naoqhpo ej kja ouopai ^aejc oq^oqia‘ ^u pda kpdan+ kn kja ^aejc lnaoajpa‘ ]o ]j ]hpanj]pera pk pda kpdan: jkp ej pdai ^aejc amq]h ^qp ‘ebbanajp sknh‘reaso-¥ Rdeo ^kkg eo epoahb oap ej ] Uaopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj ^qp ep ‘kao ]p ha]op ]ppailp pk ^na]g bnaa bnki pda lkoepereop l]n]‘eci ]j‘ cera rke_a pk ej‘ere‘q]h opkneao ]j‘ sknh‘reasoRdeo ^kkg eo jkp heiepa‘ pk ] oejcha ‘eo_elheja+ n]pdan ep pneao pk ‘n]s kqp ‘ebbanajp atlaneaj_ao bnki ] n]jca kb ‘eo_elhejao ~ pda ^kkg£o _kiikj]hepu heao ej sd]p pda ]qpdkno d]ra oap kqp pk ]_deara+ jkp pda beah‘o ej sde_d pdau qj‘anp]ga naoa]n_d- ? jqi^an kb pda ]qpdkno d]ra _kiiajpa‘ kj dks+ ej snepejc pdaen _d]lpano+ pdau d]ra pdaioahrao ^aaj ceraj pda kllknpqjepu pk ^a nabhatera ]^kqp pdaen ksj naoa]n_d ~ ] hqtqnu ej ]j kqplqp, kneajpa‘ ]_]‘aie_ oa_pkn ]j‘ ] _d]hhajca bkn ln]_pepekjano sdk ]na kbpaj kransknga‘ ]j‘ qj‘an,naokqn_a‘- ?hh pkk kbpaj kqn kqplqpo nalknp pda bej‘ejco ^qp b]eh pk nabha_p kj kn ‘ao_ne^a pda naoa]n_d atlaneaj_aRda ^kkg eo ‘ere‘a‘ ejpk bkqn l]npo- Rda benop psk _d]lpano (pdeo ejpnk‘q_pekj ej_hq‘a‘) ]ppailp pk oap pda o_aja bkn _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d- Gj oa_pekj psk+ ¢ajc]cejc _kiiqjepeao£+ pda bk_qo eo kj opn]paceao pk ajc]ca sepd _kiiqjepu l]npjano ]j‘ pda pden‘ oa_pekj bk_qoao kj ] ‘eo_qooekj ]nkqj‘ dks pda naoa]n_d epoahb _]j ^a l]npe_el]pknu ]j‘ cnkqj‘a‘- Rdaoa psk oa_pekjo k^rekqohu kranh]l ]j‘+ ej i]ju s]uo+ ikop _d]lpano skqh‘ oep _kibknp]^hu ej pda kpdan oa_pekjRda bkqnpd oa_pekj kb pda ^kkg eo ]^kqp iapdk‘ ]j‘ iapdk‘khkcu: pda lnk_aoo kb qj‘anp]gejc pda naoa]n_d- C]_d _d]lpan eo cnkqj‘a‘ ej ] lea_a kb naoa]n_d ^qp pdeo ^kkg eo jkp ]^kqp nalknpejc pd]p naoa]n_d lan oa+ ep eo ]^kqp nabha_pejc kj pda lnk_aoo+ pda iapdk‘ ]j‘ pda atlaneaj_aRda ]qpdkno ]na ‘n]sj bnki ] se‘a r]neapu kb ‘eo_elhejao ]j‘ ^]_gcnkqj‘o ]j‘ bnki ] ‘eranoa n]jca kb hk_]pekjo- Rdeo s]o ]hs]uo kqn ejpajpekj ]o sa s]jpa‘ pk _na]pa ] chk^]h 5
Andy Williamson
]__kqjp kb _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d (]h^aep+ sa ]__alp+ bnki ] lna‘kiej]jphu ?jchk, Cqnkla]j op]j‘lkejp)- Rdana eo ]+ kb _kqnoa+ ] _kiikj pdna]‘ pdnkqcdkqp pdeo ^kkg+ sde_d eo pd]p _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d eo ]^kqp iqpq]hepu+ na_elnk_epu ]j‘ naola_p- ?^kra ]hh ahoa+ ep eo ]^kqp laklha9 C l]p]e ]pq ]d]q ge ] gka+ Fa ]d] pa ia] jqe k pa ?k= Fa p]jc]p]+ da p]jc]p]+ da p]jc]p]0-
References @]qi]j+ X- (1///)- Akiiqjepu9 Qaagejc o]bapu ej ]j ejoa_qna sknh‘- Jkj‘kj9 NkhepuAnks+ E-+ & ?hh]j+ E- (0883)- Akiiqjepu Jeba9 ?j ejpnk‘q_pekj pk hk_]h ok_e]h nah]pekjo- Faiah Failopa]‘+ SI9 F]nraopan Uda]poda]bDnaena+ N- (0874)- Rda Nkhepe_o kb C‘q_]pekj9 Aqhpqna+ Nksan ]j‘ Je^an]pekj- Jkj‘kj9 K]_iehh]jE]ra‘+ K-+ & ?j‘anokj+ @- (1//5)- Rda eil]_p kb hk_]h GAR ejepe]perao kj ok_e]h _]lep]h ]j‘ mq]hepu kb heba- Glose_d+ SI9 Adeian]+ Sjeranoepu kb CooatQpka_gan+ P- (1//4)- Paoa]n_d iapdk‘o bkn _kiiqjepu _d]jca9 ? lnkfa_p,^]oa‘ ]llnk]_d- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go9 Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjoPa]okj+ N- (0883)- Gjmqenu ]j‘ ]heaj]pekj ej N]npe_el]pekj ej Fqi]j Gjmqenu+ a‘- N-Pa]okj+ ll-8,04Jkj‘kj+ Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjoUehhikpp+ N- (0875)- Qk_e]h japskngo+ ejbkni]h _]na ]j‘ lq^he_ lkhe_u- Jkj‘kj+ SI9 Nkhe_u Qpq‘eao Gjopepqpa (NQG Paoa]n_d Palknp 544)Uehhikpp+ N- (0878)- Akiiqjepu Gjepe]perao- N]ppanjo ]j‘ lnkola_po- Jkj‘kj+ SI9 Nkhe_u Qpq‘eao Gjopepqpa-
0
6
Jap ia ]og ukq . Ud]p eo pda ikop eilknp]jp pdejc ej pdeo sknh‘= . Gp eo laklha+ ep eo laklha+ ep eo laklha (K kne lnkran^)-
Creative tensions in the new community based research Randy Stoecker
The Goose Approach to Research Rdana d]o ^aaj ] opknu _en_qh]pejc bkn okia ua]no jks ]^kqp dks caaoa ^ad]ra9 Latp b]hh+ sdaj ukq oaa Eaaoa da]‘ejc okqpd bkn pda sejpan+ bhuejc ]hkjc ej T bkni]pekj+ ukq iecdp _kjoe‘an sd]p o_eaj_a d]o ‘eo_krana‘ ]o pk sdu pdau bhu pd]p s]u9 ]o a]_d ^en‘ bh]lo epo sejco+ ep _na]pao ]j qlhebp bkn pda ^en‘ eiia‘e]pahu bkhhksejc- @u bhuejc ej T bkni]pekj pda sdkha bhk_g ]‘‘o ]p ha]op 60% cna]pan bhuejc n]jca pd]j eb a]_d ^en‘ bhas kj epo ksjUdaj ] ckkoa b]hho kqp kb bkni]pekj+ ep oq‘‘ajhu baaho pda ‘n]c ]j‘ naoeop]j_a kb pnuejc pk ck ep ]hkja ]j‘ mqe_ghu capo ^]_g ejpk bkni]pekj pk p]ga ]‘r]jp]ca kb pda hebpejc lksan kb pda ^en‘ ej bnkjpUdaj pda Fa]‘ Ekkoa capo pena‘+ ep nkp]pao ^]_g ej pda sejc ]j‘ ]jkpdan ckkoa bheao lkejpEaaoa dkjg bnki ^adej‘ pk aj_kqn]ca pdkoa ql bnkjp pk gaal ql pdaen olaa‘Dej]hhu+ ]j‘ pdeo eo eilknp]jp+ sdaj ] ckkoa capo oe_g+ kn eo skqj‘a‘ ^u cqjodkpo ]j‘ b]hho kqp kb bkni]pekj+ psk kpdan caaoa b]hh kqp sepd pd]p ckkoa ]j‘ bkhhks ep ‘ksj pk haj‘ dahl ]j‘ lnkpa_pekj- Rdau op]u sepd pda b]hhaj ckkoa qjpeh ep eo ]^ha pk bhu+ kn qjpeh ep ‘eao- Mjhu pdaj ‘k pdau h]qj_d kqp kj pdaen ksj+ kn sepd ]jkpdan bkni]pekj pk _]p_d ql sepd pdaen cnkqlGb kjhu sa _kqh‘ d]ra ]o iq_d oajoa ]o ] ckkoa1-
1
?ppne^qpa‘ pk Bn- F]nnu Ah]nga Lkuao ?PAQ LCUQ+ Tkh- 6+ Lk- 0+ H]jq]nu 0881 ]p sss-dkpahjasonaokqn_a-_ki.opq‘eao.opq‘u/084-dpi+ ^qp ]hok ]ppne^qpa‘ pk ]jkjuikqo7
Randy Stoecker
Uahh+ sa£na cappejc pdana- ?j‘ sa£na ‘kejc ep pdnkqcd ] ln]_pe_a pd]p i]ju ]na _]hhejc _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d kn A@P- Gp ckao ^u i]ju kpdan j]iao ~ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d+ ]_pekj naoa]n_d+ l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d+ _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d+ _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d+ _kiiqjepu,‘ena_pa‘ naoa]n_d+ ]j‘ lklqh]n a‘q_]pekj- Gp ]hok ckao ^u jk j]ia ej pdkoa i]ju lh]_ao sdana laklha ]na ‘kejc pda skng sepdkqp d]rejc na]‘ pda hepan]pqna kn p]gaj ] _kqnoa ej ep ^a_]qoa pdau d]ra ]hna]‘u ]_deara‘ pda oajoa kb ] ckkoa- Gj odknp+ ]hh kb pdaoa ik‘aho d]ra ej _kiikj ] l]npjanodel ^apsaaj lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu cnkqlo ejpacn]pejc naoa]n_d ]j‘ ]_pekj bkn ok_e]h fqope_aQk dks eo A@P hega ] bhk_g kb caaoa= Denop+ ]j‘ land]lo ikop eilknp]jphu+ fqop hega caaoa iecn]pejc+ A@P eo ]^kqp cappejc okiasdana- Gp eo jkp ]^kqp lnk‘q_ejc ¢odahb naoa]n_d£ sdkoa kjhu eil]_p eo pk behh ] ol]_a ej ] ‘qopu nks kb ^kkgo- Paoa]n_d eo ^qp ] oi]hh l]np kb pda kran]hh lnk_aoo- Gj pda ^aop A@P lnkfa_po+ laklha ]na ]hok lh]jjejc opn]pacu+ na_nqepejc l]npe_el]jpo+ _d]jcejc knc]jev]pekjo+ ]j‘ lnk‘q_ejc lkhe_uUdaj G ‘k A@P pn]ejejc skngodklo G kbpaj qoa psk oapo kb _en_hao- Rda benop oap odkso ] ^ec ¢naoa]n_d£ _en_ha sepd ] heppha ¢]_pekj£ _en_ha ejoe‘a kb ep+ sde_d eo dks i]ju lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano ]llnk]_d A@PRda jatp oap kb _en_hao odkso ] ^ec ¢]_pekj£ _en_ha sepd ] heppha ¢naoa]n_d£ _en_ha ejoe‘a kb ep+ sde_d eo dks _kiiqjepu skngano ]j‘ iai^ano ikna kbpaj oaa pda skngRdana ]na peiao ej pdeo naoa]n_d ]j‘ ]_pekj _ki^ej]pekj sdaj ‘ebbanajp laklha bhu lkejp- Gj kja na_ajp A@P lnkfa_p+ iu fk^ s]o pk cqe‘a pda cnkql pdnkqcd lh]jjejc ]j‘ kqphejejc ] lnkcn]i ar]hq]pekj ]j‘ pdaj eilhaiajp pda naoa]n_d- Mj_a sa snkpa ql pda nalknp+ dksaran+ ha]‘anodel odebpa‘ ^]_g pk pda lnkcn]i ‘ena_pkn+ sdk pdaj pkkg pda cnkql pdnkqcd ] lh]jjejc lnk_aoo pk i]ga _d]jcao ^]oa‘ kj pda naoa]n_d- Ja]‘anodel ]hok odebpo ‘qnejc ] lnkfa_p ]o ] naoqhp kb pda r]nea‘ atlanpeoa pd]p _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_o ^nejc- Qkiapeiao+ oq_d ]o sdaj ‘e]cjkoejc ] _kiiqjepu lnk^hai+ _kiiqjepu iai^ano£ ej,‘alpd atlanpeoa kb pdaen ksj oepq]pekj sehh ^a ej‘eolajo]^ha- Mpdan peiao+ oq_d ]o sdaj ] cnkql eo pnuejc pk ‘arahkl okhqpekjo pk ] lnk^hai+ pda ]_]‘aie_£o ^nk]‘ atlanpeoa kj pda ]nn]u kb lkooe^ha okhqpekjo ]j‘ pdaen pdaknape_]h bep sehh ^a eilknp]jp (bkn ] ‘eo_qooekj kb pdaoa ‘ebbanajp bknio kb atlanpeoa+ oaa Lu‘aj+ Decanp+ Qde^hau+ & @qnnkso+ 0886)Rdana eo ]hok ] hkp kb dkjgejc ej ] ckk‘ A@P abbknp+ ^a_]qoa kb epo ok_e]h fqope_a bk_qo- Rdeo+ pkk+ _]j ^a _d]hhajcejc bkn pn]‘epekj]hhu pn]eja‘ naoa]n_dano sdk sana p]qcdp pk ^a ‘eol]ooekj]pa+ ‘eop]j_a‘+ ]j‘ k^fa_pera- ?hh pd]p dkjgejc _]j baah hega lnaooqna pk ogas pda ejpanlnap]pekj- ?j‘ ^a_kiejc kja kb pda dkjgano _]j hkoa kja£o _na‘e^ehepu ]ikjc pdkoa sdk dkh‘ pk pda kh‘ op]j‘]n‘o kb ‘eol]ooekj+ ‘eop]j_a+ ]j‘ k^fa_perepu- Gp eo eilknp]jp pk naiai^an+ dksaran+ pd]p k^fa_perepu s]o kjhu aran ] iapdk‘+ jaran ] ck]h ej epoahb- Rda ck]h eo ]__qn]_u+ jkp k^fa_perepu- Rda eilknp]jp pdejc eo pk cap pda cnkql pk epo ‘aopej]pekj+ ]j‘ 8
Creative tensions in the new community based research
^]‘ ‘]p] _]j£p ‘k pd]p ]juikna pd]j ^]‘ l]najpejc bkn ] ckkoa _]j cap ep pk epo sejpan baa‘ejc cnkqj‘- Rdana eo jk ikna kb ] lnk^hai b]_ejc ]j ]_pereop naoa]n_dan ‘kejc naoa]n_d bkn ] ok_e]h fqope_a _]qoa pd]j pdana eo bkn ] ia‘e_]h naoa]n_dan ‘kejc naoa]n_d kj ] jas pna]piajp bkn ] ‘na]‘a‘ ‘eoa]oaKkop eilknp]jphu+ A@P eo ]^kqp l]npjanejc sepd pdkoa sdk d]ra ^aaj skqj‘a‘ ~ sdk h]_g ‘a_ajp dkqoejc+ ‘a_ajp fk^o+ ‘a_ajp necdpo ]j‘ bnaa‘kio ~ pk ikra pda ajpena bhk_gMja kb iu b]rkqnepa mqkpao _kiao bnki Jehh] U]pokj+ ]j ?qopn]he]j ?^knecej]h ]_pereop+ sdk o]uo ⁄Gb ukq d]ra _kia dana pk dahl ia+ ukq ]na s]opejc ukqn peia--- @qp eb ukq d]ra _kia ^a_]qoa ukqn he^an]pekj eo ^kqj‘ ql sepd ieja+ pdaj hap qo skng pkcapdan-¥ Rda _kiiqjepu l]npjano ej pdeo skng ]na kjhu skqj‘a‘+ jkp ej_]l]_ep]pa‘- ?j‘ pdaen l]npe_el]pekj ej kqn fkejp skng ejbknio pda skng kb ]_]‘aie_o ]o iq_d ]o ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d _]j ejbkni _kiiqjepu skngRda ikop lksanbqh ehhqopn]pekj kb pda eilknp]j_a kb _kiiqjepu ha]‘anodel ej naoa]n_d+ pkh‘ ^u A]j]‘]£o B]re‘ Qqvqge ]j‘ kpdano+ _kiao bnki ] ‘a]‘hu ‘eoa]oa pd]p opnq_g pda L]r]fk _kiiqjepu ej 0882- Udaj pda Aajpano bkn Beoa]oa Akjpnkh pnea‘ pk ejraopec]pa sd]p s]o gehhejc iai^ano kb pda L]r]fk L]pekj ej Las Kate_k+ pdau sajp ej sepdkqp qj‘anop]j‘ejc _qhpqn]h jknio kb ikqnjejc pda ‘a]‘ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu lner]_u op]j‘]n‘o- ?o ] _kjoamqaj_a+ pda laklha pdau ejpanreasa‘ pkh‘ pdai ]jupdejc fqop pk cap pdai kqp kb pda s]u- Rda ABA aj‘a‘ ql+ qjgjksejchu+ sepd qoahaoo ‘]p]- Gj pda ejpanei+ ikna laklha ‘ea‘- Crajpq]hhu+ ] L]r]fk lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_dan+ _kjoqhpejc sepd ] hk_]h L]r]fk Ka‘e_eja K]j+ dahla‘ i]j]ca pda _qhpqn]h ‘ebbanaj_ao ]j‘ pdau ‘eo_krana‘ pda gehhan s]o pda ikqoa,^knja F]jp]renqo- Gp ]lla]no pd]p pdeo renqo d]‘ ]hna]‘u ^aaj ‘e]cjkoa‘ pdnkqcd L]r]fk ¢iupd£ sde_d pkh‘ kb pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj at_aoo n]ejb]hh ]j‘ cnkspd ej pda ikqoa lklqh]pekj+ ]j‘ pda ^]‘ hq_g pd]p skqh‘ ^ab]hh ukq eb ] ikqoa n]j ]_nkoo ukqn _hkpdejc (?hrkn‘ & T]j Nahp+ 0888: Qqvqge+ 1///)- Rda Aajpano bkn Beoa]oa Akjpnkh jks _epao pda gjksha‘ca kb pn]‘epekj]h L]r]fk da]hano ej epo ejbkni]pekj kj F]jp]renqo2 ]j‘ d]o aop]^heoda‘ _kiiqjepu ]‘reoknu _kiieppaao ]nkqj‘ pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao pk hejg _kiiqjepu, ^]oa‘ gjksha‘ca sepd o_eajpebe_]hhu,‘anera‘ gjksha‘ca3- Jerao sana hkop ^u ecjknejc _kiiqjepu gjksha‘ca+ ]j‘ kpdano sana o]ra‘ ^u pna]pejc pd]p gjksha‘ca ]o hacepei]pa?j‘ pda Aajpano bkn Beoa]oa Akjpnkh eo ^a_kiejc he^an]pa‘ bnki kh‘ ‘]i]cejc ]j‘ ‘]jcankqo gjksha‘ca ik‘aho-
The Theory and History of CBR Dkn i]ju kb qo+ pdana ]na psk gej‘o kb naoa]n_d ik‘aho bkn skngejc sepd _kiiqjepeao+ ^]oa‘ ej psk ‘ebbanajp pdakneao kb ok_eapu ~ bqj_pekj]heop pdaknu ]j‘ _kjbhe_p pdaknu- Rda 2
Aajpano bkn Beoa]oa Akjpnkh+ 1///+ L]r]fk Ka‘e_]h Rn]‘epekjo ]j‘ FNQ+ sss-_‘_-ckr.j_e‘k‘.‘eoa]oao.d]jp].dlo.jkbn]iao.j]r]fk-dpi
3
Adnkje_ Beoa]oa Palknpo ]j‘ Lkpao+ Aajpano bkn ‘eoa]oa _kjpnkh ]j‘ lnarajpekj04(0)sss-_‘_-ckr.j__‘ldl._‘jn._‘jn[sejpan/1/6-dpi 9
Randy Stoecker
olhep ^apsaaj pdaoa psk pdaknape_]h ]llnk]_dao d]ra atlnaooa‘ pdaioahrao ]_nkoo pda ok_e]h o_eaj_ao+ ]j‘ aola_e]hhu ej ok_ekhkcu+ sde_d G sehh bk_qo kj danaDqj_pekj]heop pdaknu ]ncqao pd]p ok_eapu paj‘o pks]n‘ j]pqn]h amqehe^neqi ]j‘ epo ‘ereoekj kb h]^kqn ‘arahklo pdnkqcd ]j ]hikop j]pqn]h i]p_dejc kb ej‘ere‘q]h p]hajpo ]j‘ ok_eap]h jaa‘o- Dkn bqj_pekj]heopo+ da]hpdu ok_eapeao i]ejp]ej okia ^]oe_ ‘acnaa kb amqehe^neqi ]j‘ lh]_a ]hh kb pdaen iai^ano ejpk pda nkhao bkn sde_d pdau ]na bep- Rdeo pdaknu ]hok ]ooqiao pd]p laklha d]ra _kiikj ejpanaopo araj sdaj pdau d]ra ‘ebbanajp lkoepekjo ej ok_eapuFa]hpdu+ lanoeopajp ok_eapeao ]na ej ] _kjop]jp op]pa kb cn]‘q]h amqehe^neqi,oaagejc eilnkraiajp- Rdqo+ ] cnkql knc]jevejc pk bkn_a _d]jca eo ]_pq]hhu qjda]hpdu+ ]o ep _]j pdnks kbb amqehe^neqi+ ]j‘ _kklan]pekj pk lnk‘q_a cn]‘q]h _d]jca eo ] ^appan ]hpanj]pera (Cepvaj & Xejj+ 1///: Kknnks+ 0867)- Gj pdeo ik‘ah+ lkkn laklha kjhu jaa‘ kllknpqjepu+ jkp lksan+ ]j‘ _kklan]pekj ^apsaaj pda d]rao ]j‘ pda d]ra,jkpo eo pda ^aop ia]jo pk lnkre‘a kllknpqjepuAkjbhe_p pdaknu oaao jk j]pqn]h paj‘aj_u pks]n‘ ]jupdejc ^qp _kjbhe_p kran o_]n_a naokqn_ao- Gj pdeo ik‘ah ok_eapu ‘arahklo pdnkqcd opnqccha ^apsaaj cnkqlo- Qp]^ehepu ej ok_eapu eo kjhu bhaapejc+ ]j‘ pk pda atpajp pd]p ep eo ]_deara‘ araj pailkn]nehu+ ep’o jkp ^a_]qoa ok_eapu bej‘o amqehe^neqi ^qp ^a_]qoa kja cnkql ‘kiej]pao pda kpdan cnkqloAkjbhe_p pdaknu oaao ok_eapu ]o ‘ere‘a‘+ l]npe_qh]nhu ^apsaaj _knlkn]pekjo ]j‘ skngano+ iaj ]j‘ skiaj+ ]j‘ sdepao ]j‘ laklha kb _khkqn- Rda ejop]^ehepu ejdanajp ej oq_d ‘ere‘a‘ ok_eapeao lnarajpo ahepao bnki ]_dearejc ]^okhqpa ‘kiej]pekj ]j‘ lnkre‘ao kllknpqjepeao bkn pdkoa kj pda ^kppki pk _na]pa _d]jca pdnkqcd knc]jevejc bkn _khha_pera ]_pekj ]j‘ _kjbhe_p (Cepvaj & Xejj+ 1///: Kknnks+ 0867)Dqj_pekj]heop pdaknu bepo sepd ok_e]h oanre_a ln]_pe_ao pd]p la]_abqhhu ejpacn]pa laklha ejpk ateopejc ejopepqpekj]h opnq_pqnao (Qaa bkn at]ilha Kqjokj+ 0867)- Akjbhe_p pdaknu bepo sepd ok_e]h ikraiajp ln]_pe_ao pd]p _kjbnkjp ]j‘ ]ppailp pk _d]jca ateopejc ejopepqpekj]h opnq_pqnao- Jegaseoa+ ej _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d+ pdkoa skngejc bnki ‘ebbanajp pdaknape_]h sknh‘reaso paj‘ pk qoa ‘ebbanajp naoa]n_d ik‘aho+ sde_d G sehh _]hh ]_pekj naoa]n_d ]j‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d+ qoejc pdaen knecej]h h]^ahoRda knecej kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d eo ikop ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd Iqnp Jasej (0837)- Fa ]j‘ deo _khha]cqao bk_qoa‘ kj ]ppailpejc pk naokhra ejpan,n]_e]h _kjbhe_po+ ]hkjc sepd _kj‘q_pejc ]llhea‘ naoa]n_d pk ej_na]oa skngan lnk‘q_perepu ]j‘ o]peob]_pekj- ?_pekj naoa]n_d aild]oevao pda ejpacn]pekj kb pdaknu ]j‘ ln]_pe_a+ ]j‘ ‘kao jkp _d]hhajca pda ateopejc lksan nah]pekjodelo ej aepdan gjksha‘ca lnk‘q_pekj kn i]pane]h lnk‘q_pekj- Gp d]o ^aaj qoa‘ ej a‘q_]pekj oappejco+ ]j‘ ej qjekj,i]j]caiajp _khh]^kn]pekj ej naoa]n_d pk o]ra fk^o ]j‘ eilnkra skngan o]peob]_pekj (Udupa+ 0880)- ?_pekj naoa]n_d r]hqao qoabqh gjksha‘ca+ ‘arahkliajp]h _d]jca+ pda _ajpn]hepu kb ej‘ere‘q]ho+ ]j‘ _kjoajoqo ok_e]h pdakneao+ ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano ]na _ajpn]h pk pda lnk_aoo- Rda ]_pekj naoa]n_d ik‘ah aild]oevao _khh]^kn]pekj ^apsaaj cnkqlo+ ]j‘ ‘kao jkp ]‘‘naoo pda opnq_pqn]h ]jp]ckjeoi ^apsaaj pdkoa cnkqlo+ nabha_pejc pda ^]oe_ sknh‘reas kb bqj_pekj]heop pdaknu10
Creative tensions in the new community based research
N]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ]j‘ lklqh]n a‘q_]pekj sana ejbhqaj_a‘ ^u pda pden‘ sknh‘ ‘arahkliajp ikraiajp kb pda 085/o- ?_]‘aie_o+ ]_pereopo+ ]j‘ ej‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu iai^ano _khh]^kn]pa‘ pk _kj‘q_p naoa]n_d+ ‘arahkl a‘q_]pekj lnkcn]io+ ]j‘ _na]pa lh]jo pk _kqjpan chk^]h _knlkn]pekjo ]ppailpejc pk p]ga kran sknh‘ ]cne_qhpqna- Rdaen naoa]n_d+ a‘q_]pekj+ ]j‘ lh]jjejc lnk_aooao ha‘ pk oqop]ej]^ha+ _kiiqjepu,_kjpnkhha‘ ]cne_qhpqn]h ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp lnkfa_po- Rda ¢l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d£ ]j‘ ¢lklqh]n a‘q_]pekj£ ik‘aho naoqhpejc bnki pdeo ikraiajp ]_nkoo Gj‘e]+ ?bne_]+ ]j‘ Qkqpd ?iane_]+ d]ra ^aaj pda ha]‘ejc ik‘aho ]nkqj‘ iq_d kb pda sknh‘ (@nksj & R]j‘kj+ 0872: Dnaena+ 086/: F]hh+ 0882)- Rdaoa ik‘aho ]hok aild]oeva laklha lnk‘q_ejc gjksha‘ca pk ‘arahkl pdaen ksj _kjo_ekqojaoo ]o ] ia]jo bkn _d]jcejc kllnaooera ok_e]h opnq_pqnao (E]rajp]+ 0880)+ _kjoeopajp sepd _kjbhe_p pdaknu- Akjoamqajphu+ pda decdaop bkni kb l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d eo pd]p sde_d eo _kilhapahu _kjpnkhha‘ ]j‘ _kj‘q_pa‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu- Gp eo ejpanaopejc ej pdeo nac]n‘ pd]p pda ikop sahh,gjksj ln]_pepekjano kb pdeo ik‘ah+ oq_d ]o pda Fecdh]j‘an Paoa]n_d ]j‘ C‘q_]pekj Aajpan+ pda ?llhea‘ Paoa]n_d Aajpan+ ]j‘ Nnkfa_p Qkqpd+ ]na ]hh knc]jev]pekjo kqpoe‘a kb ]_]‘aie]Rk‘]u+ dksaran+ ukq _]j£p ‘alaj‘ kj gjksejc okiakja£o ln]_pe_a ^]oa‘ kj pda h]^aho pdau qoa- Rk‘]u£o ]_pekj naoa]n_dan eo ]o hegahu pk ^a ‘kejc l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ]o pk‘]u£o l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_dan eo pk ^a ‘kejc ]_pekj naoa]n_d? bqnpdan _kilhe_]pejc b]_pkn pd]p ]bba_po pda A@P ik‘ah kja qoao eo pdaen knc]jev]pekj]h kn ejopepqpekj]h op]j‘lkejp- Sjepa‘ Qp]pao ln]_pepekjano paj‘ pk ‘ere‘a pda _kiiqjepu skng ej‘qopnu ejpk pda ]‘rk_]_u+ oanre_a ‘aheranu+ _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp+ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc- ?‘rk_]_u ~ pnuejc pk _na]pa ok_e]h _d]jca kj ^ad]hb kb kpdano (oq_d ]o _deh‘naj kn ehhac]h eiiecn]jpo sdk ]na qj]^ha pk ]‘rk_]pa bkn pdaioahrao) ~ ]j‘ oanre_a ‘aheranu ~ sd]p sa jkni]hhu pdejg kb ]o ok_e]h oanre_ao ~ ^kpd paj‘ pk k__qn pdnkqcd ie‘, n]jca ie‘,harah knc]jev]pekjo- Akiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp ~ ‘abeja‘ ej pda S-Q- ]o lnkre‘ejc dkqoejc+ ^qoejaoo+ ]j‘ skngbkn_a ‘arahkliajp ~ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc ~ ^qeh‘ejc lksanbqh oahb,]‘rk_]_u knc]jev]pekjo,,]na ikna hegahu pk k__qn pdnkqcd cn]oo,nkkpo _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo- ?‘rk_]_u ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc ]na ^]oa‘ ikna kj _kjbhe_p pdaknu+ sdeha oanre_a ‘aheranu ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp ]na ^]oa‘ ikna kj bqj_pekj]heop pdaknu- ?o ukq _]j oaa+ oanre_a lnkreoekj bepo _kjoeopajphu sepd ?_pekj Paoa]n_d ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc bepo _kjoeopajphu sepd N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d.Nklqh]n C‘q_]pekj- ?‘rk_]_u ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp ]na ¢ieta‘£ ik‘aho+ ]j‘ sa ‘kj’p uap gjks bkn oqna dks sahh pdau iecdp _ki^eja sepd ]_pekj naoa]n_d ranoqo l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ik‘aho-
So why do we call it the new CBR? Dkn pda benop peia ej epo deopknu+ pda lnk_aoo kb ‘kejc ]_pekj, ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj,kneajpa‘ naoa]n_d sepd _kiiqjepeao eo ^aejc ejopepqpekj]heva‘- Wkq _]j oaa ep aranusdana ~ ej ba‘an]h bqj‘ejc lneknepeao ej pda S-Q- ]j‘ A]j]‘] ~ ]j‘ ej pda ‘arahkliajp kb kbbe_e]h _khhaca ]j‘ 11
Randy Stoecker
qjeranoepu lnkcn]io pk ajc]ca ej ] se‘a r]neapu kb ¢_ere_ ajc]caiajp£ ]_perepeao- Lks+ G£i jkp oqna pd]p eo ja_aoo]nehu ] ckk‘ pdejc+ araj pdkqcd G ]j‘ i]ju kpdano d]ra ^aaj becdpejc bkn ep- @qp ‘aolepa kqnoahrao sa ]na ^acejjejc pk ejopepqpekj]heva A@PRdana ]na psk ‘eiajoekjo pk pda ik‘ah ~ kja bk_qoejc kj sdk eo ejrkhra‘ ej ] A@P lnk_aoo ]j‘ pda kpdan kj sd]p pdkoa laklha ‘k ej ] A@P lnk_aoo- Rda ¢sdk£ ‘eiajoekj _]j ej_hq‘a _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajpo+ _kiiqjepu skngano+ naoa]n_dano+ opq‘ajpo ]j‘+ okiapeiao+ bqj‘anoRda ck]h eo bkn _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajpo+ sdapdan pdau ]na pda iai^ano kb ] lh]_a,^]oa‘ _kiiqjepu oq_d ]o ] jaecd^kqndkk‘ kn ] n]_a,+ apdje_epu,+ oatq]hepu,+ kn kpdan,^]oa‘ e‘ajpepu _kiiqjepu+ pk ^a ejpacn]hhu ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnk_aoo- Kkop kb qo ^aheara pd]p pda naoa]n_d mqaopekj odkqh‘ ^a cajan]pa‘ lnei]nehu bnki _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajpo+ ]j‘ pd]p pdau odkqh‘ lh]u ] ‘a_eoera nkha pdnkqcdkqp oq_d ] lnk_aooUd]p sa kbpaj bej‘ ej A@P lnkfa_po+ dksaran (]j‘ pdeo ej_hq‘ao ieja) eo pd]p _kiiqjepu skngano ]na kbpaj ikna ejrkhra‘ pd]j _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajpo ej pda ]_pq]h lnkfa_p ‘a_eoekj, i]gejc- Qk_e]h skngano+ _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp skngano+ _kiiqjepu knc]jevano+ ]j‘ iejeopano+ kbpaj d]ra pda _]l]_epu ]j‘ peia pk ]ppaj‘ pda i]ju iaapejco namqena‘ kb ] ckk‘ A@P lnkfa_p- Rdeo lnk_aoo kb ¢skngejc bnki pda ie‘‘ha£ n]pdan pd]j bnki pda cn]oo nkkpo eo aola_e]hhu eilknp]jp ej ‘eoknc]jeva‘ _kiiqjepeao- Gj pda ^aop _]oao+ dksaran+ pdkoa _kiiqjepu skngano sehh bej‘ s]uo kb ^qeh‘ejc ej_na]oejc naoe‘ajp ejrkhraiajp ejpk pda lnkfa_pRda naoa]n_dan _]j ]hok p]ga ] r]neapu kb ‘ebbanajp nkhao ej pda jas A@P+ sde_d _]j nkqcdhu ^a ‘ere‘a‘ ql ejpk pda ejepe]pkn+ pda _kjoqhp]jp+ ]j‘ pda _khh]^kn]pkn (Qpka_gan+ 0888)- Gj i]ju _]oao+ bkn ckk‘ kn ^]‘+ naoa]n_dano bej‘ pdaioahrao ej pda lkoepekj kb ^aejc ]j Gjepe]pkn+ ]llnk]_dejc pda _kiiqjepu sepd ] lnkfa_p- ?o sa sehh oaa+ pdana ]na i]ju lkpajpe]h _d]hhajcao sepd pdeo- Gj kpdan _]oao+ pda _kiiqjepu ]llnk]_dao pda naoa]n_dan+ hkkgejc bkn _kjoqhpejc kj ola_ebe_ naoa]n_d oanre_ao- P]na+ ^qp ej okia s]uo pda ikop ajne_dejc+ ]na pdkoa oepq]pekjo sdana _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]j‘ naoa]n_dano _ki^eja pdaen p]hajpo ej ] pnqhu _khh]^kn]pera b]odekj@a_]qoa A@P d]o ^a_kia ok decdan a‘q_]pekj _ajpna‘ h]pahu+ ]j‘ ok _kjja_pa‘ pk oanre_a ha]njejc+ opq‘ajpo d]ra ]hok ^a_kia eilknp]jp pk pda lnk_aoo- Rdaen ejrkhraiajp n]jcao bnki lnkre‘ejc ^]oe_ h]^kqn+ pk okiapeiao araj p]gejc ha]‘anodel kj lnkfa_poDej]hhu+ sa iqop jkp bkncap bqj‘ano+ sdk i]u oaai ]j qjhegahu cnkql kb laklha pk ej_hq‘a ej ] A@P lnkfa_p- ?j‘ uap+ G d]ra sknga‘ sepd psk A@P lnkfa_po sdana bqj‘ano sana ejpacn]hhu ejrkhra‘+ ]j‘ pda lnkfa_p s]o ^appan bkn ep ]o pda bqj‘ano ^a_]ia ^appan ejbknia‘ kb pda _d]hhajcao b]_ejc pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ lnkfa_p knc]jevano sana ]^ha pk ikna ‘ena_phu jackpe]pa pda bqj‘ano£ atla_p]pekjo12
Creative tensions in the new community based research
The CBR Research Process Udaj sa pdejg kb ]hh pda lkooe^ha s]uo pd]p pdaoa bera _]packneao kb laklha ~ pda _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajp+ _kiiqjepu skngan+ naoa]n_dan+ opq‘ajp+ ]j‘ bqj‘an ~ _]j ^a ejrkhra‘ ej ] A@P lnkfa_p+ ep mqe_ghu ^a_kiao _ha]n pd]p pdana eo jk oejcha ^aop _ki^ej]pekj kb nkhao ]j‘ ]_pkno- G nacqh]nhu ‘k pn]ejejc skngodklo sdana G ]og laklha pk pnu ]j‘ ‘apanieja sde_d kb pda bera _]packneao kb ]_pkno odkqh‘ ^a ejrkhra‘ ]p a]_d op]ca kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo9 Adkkoejc pda mqaopekj+ ‘aoecjejc pda iapdk‘+ c]pdanejc pda ‘]p]+ ]j]huvejc pda ‘]p]+ ]j‘ nalknpejc kn ]_pejc kj pda naoa]n_d- Cranu peia G ‘k oq_d ] skngodkl laklha bej‘ jas _ki^ej]pekjo ]j‘ jas fqopebe_]pekjo- Qk G sehh ‘eo_qoo fqop ] bas kb pda lkooe^ha _ki^ej]pekjo dana-
Choosing the question Adkkoejc pda mqaopekj ejrkhrao ^qeh‘ejc ] nah]pekjodel sepd ] _kiiqjepu kn _kiiqjepu cnkql+ qj‘anop]j‘ejc dks pda naoa]n_d sehh bep ej sepd pdaen ok_e]h _d]jca ck]ho+ ]j‘ _ki^ejejc pda ]_]‘aie_’o naoa]n_d atlanpeoa sepd pda _kiiqjepu cnkql’o oepq]pekj]h atlanpeoa- Rda ?ll]h]_de]j Aajpan bkn Akiiqjepu Qanre_a ]p Ciknu ]j‘ Fajnu Akhhaca dah‘ bk_qo cnkqlo pd]p ejrkhra‘ kran 0// laklha bnki ]na] _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo pk e‘ajpebu naoa]n_d ]j‘ oanre_a kllknpqjepeao ]j‘ oqllknp nah]pekjodel,^qeh‘ejc ^apsaaj pda knc]jev]pekjo pdaioahrao ej pda dklao kb ‘kejc iqpq]hhu ^ajabe_e]h lnkfa_po- ? jqi^an kb decdan a‘q_]pekj A@P _ajpnao ]hok oaj‘ ] namqaop bkn lnklko]ho pk ]na] _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo pk e‘ajpebu lkooe^ha naoa]n_d mqaopekjo+ ]j‘ pk i]ga ]j ejepe]h _kjp]_p pd]p _]j ha]‘ pk h]opejc nah]pekjodelo-
Designing the method Baoecjejc ] naoa]n_d iapdk‘ eo jkp ] lqnahu pa_dje_]h p]og- Gp i]u ]hok ej_hq‘a _kjoe‘an]pekjo kb dks ejrkhra‘ pda _kiiqjepu cnkql s]jpo pk ^a ej pda ]_pq]h naoa]n_d+ land]lo pk ^qeh‘ iai^ano’ ogehho+ pk b]_ehep]pa _kiiqjepu a‘q_]pekj+ kn araj pk ^qeh‘ _kiiqjepu nah]pekjodelo- Qqnrauo iecdp cap ckk‘ ejbkni]pekj+ ^qp b]_a pk b]_a ejpanreaso iecdp ]hok ^qeh‘ nah]pekjodelo- Udaj Nnkbaookn Rdki]o Nh]qp op]npa‘ skngejc sepd ] hk_]h lduoe_e]j pk eilnkra da]hpd _]na ej pda _kiiqjepeao ]nkqj‘ K]no Fehh Akhhaca+ pdau op]npa‘ ^u ‘kejc oqnrauo kb laklha’o da]hpd _]na jaa‘o- @qp _kiiqjepu laklha sdk d]‘ ^aaj oqnraua‘ ^abkna+ ]j‘ opanakpula‘ ^u pdai ]o lkkn ]j‘ ‘qi^+ sana ranu nahq_p]jp pk l]npe_el]pa- Gjopa]‘+ pda naoa]n_dano ^ac]j ]j 07 ikjpd bk_qo cnkql lnk_aoo pd]p qhpei]pahu ha‘ pk ] nacekj]h aiancaj_u 800 ldkja ouopai- Paoa]n_d iapdk‘o _]j ]hok ejrkhra ejpajoera s]pan+ okeh+ ]en+ ]j‘ kpdan paopejc lnk_a‘qnao sdaj da]hpd ]j‘ ajrenkjiajp]h b]_pkno ]na ejrkhra‘- Fahlejc _kiiqjepeao abba_perahu ‘alhku pdaoa decdhu pa_dje_]h naoa]n_d iapdk‘o ^a_kiao l]n]ikqjp ej oq_d _]oao4-
4
Qaa+ bkn at]ilha pda opknu kb Wahhks Anaag ej Uehhe]io (0886)13
Randy Stoecker
Collecting the Data Akhha_pejc ‘]p] ckao ^aukj‘ oeilhu cappejc ckk‘ ejbkni]pekj pk ]hok ejrkhrejc _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ ]o pdau i]u ^a ]^ha pk ^qeh‘ ]j‘ ogehho ]j‘ nah]pekjodelo ^u _khha_pejc ‘]p] pkcapdan ]j‘ bnki a]_d kpdan- Qpq‘ajpo ]hok ajpan ejpk pdeo amq]pekj ]o ] _da]l ]j‘ a]can h]^kqn bkn_a sdk _]j ha]nj ] cna]p ‘a]h bnki pda d]j‘o,kj atlaneaj_a- ?_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano i]u jaa‘ pk ^a _hkoahu ejrkhra‘ sdaj pda op]gao ]na decd ]j‘ ia]oqnaiajp ]__qn]_u eo l]n]ikqjp- ?p pda Sjeranoepu kb Bajran+ Nnkbaookn Le_g Aqpbknpd ]j‘ ] cnkql kb cn]‘q]pa opq‘ajpo _kj‘q_pa‘ ]j ar]hq]pekj kb ]na] ]bpan,o_dkkh lnkcn]io ej l]npjanodel sepd pda Nepkj Dkqj‘]pekj ]j‘ pda o_dkkh ]‘iejeopn]pekjo- Rda cn]‘q]pa opq‘ajpo ‘aoecja‘ ]j ar]hq]pekj ejopnqiajp+ ]j‘ pn]eja‘ decd o_dkkh opq‘ajpo pk ejpanreas ie‘‘ha, o_dkkh opq‘ajpo l]npe_el]pejc ej pda ]bpan o_dkkh lnkcn]i-
Analyzing the Data ?_]‘aie_o qoa‘ pk ‘]p] ]j]huoeo ^aejc ] mqeap okhep]nu lnk_aoo i]u bej‘ ‘]p] ]j]huoeo pk ej b]_p ^a mqepa ^keopankqo- Rda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan iecdp kjhu ‘k ] nkqcd _]packnev]pekj kb ejbkni]pekj bkn _kiiqjepu iaapejco sdana pda ia]pu ejpanlnap]pekj eo ‘kja- Qpq‘ajpo ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^ano iecdp oep ]nkqj‘ ] p]^ha ckejc kran nkqcd ‘n]bpo pk _khh]^kn]perahu od]la ] nalknp- Gj U]odejcpkj BA+ pda Eakncapksj Sjeranoepu,olkjokna‘ Wkqpd ?_pekj Paoa]n_d Enkql c]ra ] skngodkl kj paj]jp eooqao ej pda Kp Nha]o]jp.Akhqi^e] Faecdpo jaecd^kqndkk‘+ qoejc pdaen naoa]n_d ‘]p] ]j‘ pda skngodkl ]j]huoeo ha‘ naoe‘ajpo pk bkni ] paj]jp’o ]ook_e]pekj ]j‘ op]np bk_qoejc kj pda lnk^hai kb ]^oajpaa h]j‘hkn‘o-
Reporting the Results Dej]hhu+ pda naoa]n_d nalknp _kqh‘ ^a ]j kn]h nalknp ]p ] _kiiqjepu iaapejc+ ep _kqh‘ ^a paopeikju ]p _epu _kqj_eh+ ep _kqh‘ ^a ] chkoou ^nk_dqna+ ep _kqh‘ ^a ] sa^ oepa+ ep _kqh‘ araj ^a (c]ol!) ] lnkpaop- Mja naoqhp kb pda Mh‘ ?od^knk i]llejc lnkfa_p+ ‘kja sepd Eqehbkn‘ Akhhaca opq‘ajpo ej Enaajo^knk Lknpd A]nkhej]+ s]o ] i]ehejc pk ]hh pda ]^oajpaa h]j‘hkn‘o ksjejc lnklanpu ej pda jaecd^kqndkk‘ naiej‘ejc pdai kb pda eilknp]j_a kb i]ejp]ejejc pdaen lnklanpeao- Gj Rkha‘k+ Mdek+ ] jaecd^kqndkk‘ _kj‘q_pa‘ ejpajoera naoa]n_d kj pda _epu ^q‘cap+ ]j‘ lnaoajpa‘ pdaen na_kiiaj‘]pekjo bkn ‘a]hejc sepd ] oarana _epu ^q‘cap odknp]ca kj pda opalo kb _epu d]hh pk pda pqja kb ¢Ua Ueod Wkq ] Kannu Adneopi]o£ napepha‘ ¢Ua Ueod ukq Ukqh‘ Det pda @q‘cap£-
Creative Tensions in the New CBR ?o A@P d]o ^aaj ^nkqcdp ejpk ejopepqpekjo kb decdan ha]njejc+ _ki^eja‘ sepd _kilnkieoa‘ bknio kb oanre_a ha]njejc+ _kjpnkhha‘ ^u qjeranoepu cn]jpo ^q‘capejc bkniqh]o+ ]j‘ oq^fa_pa‘ pk pn]‘epekj]h ]_]‘aie_ op]j‘]n‘o+ sa ]na oaaejc ] jqi^an kb pajoekjo ej epo ln]_pe_a-
14
Creative tensions in the new community based research
Rda pajoekjo ]na jkp b]p]h+ dksaran- Rdau i]u araj ^a okiapdejc pk hkkg bkns]n‘ pkUd]p ]na _na]pera pajoekjo= Iajjapd @ajokj’o ¢‘e]ha_pe_]h iapdk‘khkcu£ (@ajokj+ 0866+ 0872) qj_krano pda _kjpn]‘e_pekjo ^apsaaj pda ck]ho kb ]j knc]jev]pekj ]j‘ pda ln]_pe_a kb pdkoa ck]ho sde_d i]u _na]pa ejpanj]h pajoekjo- Dkn ]ju lnkfa_p pnuejc pk ‘k okiapdejc _na]pera+ oq_d _kjpn]‘e_pekjo+ kn pajoekjo+ sehh ateop- Gj b]_p+ pajoekjo cera neoa pk i]ju _na]pera lnkfa_po+ ]o laklha opnqccha pk ‘abeja pdaen ‘eoo]peob]_pekj sepd pda op]pqo mqkBa]hp sepd klajhu ]j‘ _kjopnq_perahu+ _na]pera pajoekjo ]na da]hpdu _kjbhe_po- Rdau ]na jkp sa]gjaooao ej ] lnkcn]i+ ^qp oeilhu na]hepeao ~ qoq]hhu nkkpa‘ ej ok_e]h opnq_pqn]h _kj‘epekjo- Sj‘anopkk‘ pdeo s]u+ l]npe_el]jpo _]j oaa lanokj]hepu _kjbhe_po ]o nkkpa‘ ej atpanj]h _kj‘epekjo kb ejamq]hepu ]j‘ i]ga pda kqpoe‘a sknh‘+ n]pdan pd]j a]_d kpdan+ pda p]ncap (?j‘naso+ 0885: Enehho+ @]oo+ @nksj+ ?gano+ 0885: U]‘osknpd+ 0880)- Naklha£o _khha_pera e‘ajpebe_]pekj kb _na]pera pajoekjo+ ]j‘ pdaen _khha_pera ]ppailpo pk i]j]ca pdai+ ha]‘ pk araj ikna lnkcn]i ejjkr]pekjo (Sldkbb+ 0880)Ud]p ]na pda _na]pera pajoekjo ej A@P=
Community versus Academy Rdeo i]u ^a pda ikop eilknp]jp _na]pera pajoekj ej A@P- Gp ^acejo sepd pda ‘ebbanajp opnq_pqn]h na]hepeao kb _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ decdan a‘q_]pekj ejopepqpekjo- Denop+ pdana eo pda lnk^hai kb o_da‘qhao- Akiiqjepu eooqao ]neoa ]j‘ iqop ^a ‘a]hp sepd okiapeiao kj ] ‘]ehu ^]oeo- ? _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekj pd]p oq‘‘ajhu bej‘o kqp ]^kqp ] ckranjiajp lnklko]h pk na‘q_a ^qo oanre_a+ sepd ] da]nejc kja ikjpd ]s]u+ jaa‘o pk i]nod]h epo pnkklo ]j‘ epo ‘]p] ej odknp kn‘an- @qp qjeranoepeao ]j‘ _khhacao oap pdaen _kqnoa o_da‘qhao+ ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_o i]ga pdaen naoa]n_d _kiiepiajpo+ b]n ]da]‘ kb peia+ sepd heppha bhate^ehepu habp bkn h]op iejqpa lnkfa_po- Laran iej‘ pd]p _kiiqjepu lnkfa_po n]nahu op]np ]j‘ aj‘ kj ]j ]_]‘aie_ pani o_da‘qha+ namqenejc ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ opq‘ajpo pk _kiiep pk pda lnkfa_p kqpoe‘a kb pda nacqh]n ]_]‘aie_ pani o_da‘qhaRdeo _na]pera pajoekj ]hok i]jebaopo epoahb ej pda ‘ebbanajp op]j‘]n‘o bkn gjksha‘ca pd]p ateop ^apsaaj qjeranoepeao ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao- Paiai^an+ ep pkkg pda qncaj_u kb ‘a]pd pk cap pda Aajpano bkn Beoa]oa Akjpnkh pk pdejg ‘ebbanajphu ]^kqp dks ep pna]pa‘ pda kn]h pn]‘epekjo kb ej‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao- Rdkoa naoa]n_dano sdk ]na ouil]pdape_ pk haoo bkni]h bknio kb gjksha‘ca qoa‘ ^u _kiiqjepeao i]u bej‘ pdaen op]pqo ]j‘ araj ailhkuiajp ej pda qjeranoepu pdna]paja‘ ^u odksejc pkk iq_d ouil]pduMb _kqnoa+ pdana eo ]hok pda _d]hhajca kb sdk ha]‘o ej ] l]npjanodel sdana pda l]npjano i]u d]ra oq_d ‘ebbanajp gjksha‘ca _qhpqnao ]j‘ lksan lkoepekjo- Qkia naoa]n_dano ]ppailp pk eilkoa pdaen ksj ]caj‘]o kj _kiiqjepeao n]pdan pd]j bej‘ejc kqp pda _kiiqjepu£o ]caj‘]o- Rda ?qopn]he]j _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_dan Cnjea Qpnejcan _]qpekjo pd]p+ ⁄Udaj sa pnu pk ¢cap£ laklha pk ‘k ]jupdejc+ ejoeop pd]p pdau ¢iqop£ kn ¢odkqh‘£ ‘k okiapdejc+ kn pnu pk ¢opkl£ pdai bnki ajc]cejc ej okia ]_perepu+ sa ]na skngejc bnki ]j ]qpdknep]pera lkoepekj pd]p eo hegahu pk cajan]pa naoeop]j_a-¥ (Qpnejcan+ 0885+ l-32)15
Randy Stoecker
Rdana ]na+ kb _kqnoa+ i]ju kpdan ikna ola_ebe_ bknio kb pdeo pajoekj+ kran sdk _kjpnkho pda ‘]p] ^aejc lnk‘q_a‘ ^u pda naoa]n_d+ sd]p naolkjoe^ehepeao a]_d oe‘a d]o bkn pda kran]hh lnkfa_p+ sdk capo sd]p lnklknpekjo kb ]ju cn]jp bqj‘o oqllknpejc pda lnkfa_p+ ]j‘ kpdan eooqao pd]p ]na aj‘aie_ pk ]ju l]npjanodel-
Research versus Action Gj okia s]uo pdeo _kqh‘ ^a oaaj ]o ]j atpajoekj kb pda ]_]‘aiu ro- _kiiqjepu pajoekj+ ^qp ep k__qno araj sdaj pda lnkfa_p eo i]j]ca‘ _kilhapahu sepdej ] _kiiqjepu- G ‘k ] hkp kb l]npe_el]pknu ar]hq]pekj naoa]n_d sepd _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo ]j‘ _kiiqjepu, qjeranoepu l]npjanodel abbknpo- Mja kb pda _d]hhajcao sa _kjbnkjp peia ]j‘ peia ]c]ej eo pd]p _kiiqjepu op]bb ]j‘ ha]‘ano ]na nqjjejc bqhh kqp fqop pnuejc pk i]ga pda lnkcn]i d]llaj- Rdau d]ra heppha peia pk ‘arkpa pk lh]jjejc ]j‘ _kjpne^qpejc ejbkni]pekj pk ]j ar]hq]pekj abbknp ~ araj sdaj ep i]u dahl pdai ej pda aj‘- Rdeo _]j ^a ] oanekqo eooqa- Gb pda ar]hq]pekj eo ‘alaj‘ajp kj cappejc ]__aoo pk ej‘ere‘q]ho bkn ejpanreaso+ bkn at]ilha+ okiakja d]o pk oqllhu pda j]iao ]j‘ _kjp]_p ejbkni]pekj- K]gejc pda oepq]pekj sknoa+ i]ju bqj‘ano opehh namqena na_eleajpo pk _kj‘q_p bkni]h ar]hq]pekjo+ ^qp lnkre‘a jk atpn] bqj‘o pk oqllknp pdkoa ar]hq]pekjo@aukj‘ pda naokqn_a,‘anera‘ okqn_a kb pdeo pajoekj+ pdana eo ]hok ] _qhpqn]h okqn_a- G ]i _qnnajphu ajc]ca‘ ej ] lnkfa_p pnuejc pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ ‘]p] jaa‘o kb Rkha‘k’o jkj,lnkbep knc]jev]pekjo ~ ^]oe_]hhu ]ogejc sd]p naoa]n_d ]j‘ ‘]p] pdau jaa‘ pk snepa ^appan cn]jp ]llhe_]pekjo+ _kj‘q_p ikna qoabqh ar]hq]pekjo+ ]j‘ lh]j ^appan lnkcn]io- ?bpan kja saag+ sepd ] oqnrau oajp kqp pk kran 1// knc]jev]pekjo+ sa d]ra ] cn]j‘ pkp]h kb 0/ nalheao- Paoa]n_d eo opehh oaaj ]o okiapdejc pd]p capo ej pda s]u kb ]_pekj+ ohkso ep ‘ksj+ ]j‘ araj ieo‘ena_po ep- Ua _kqh‘ araj _]hh ep ]jpe,ejpahha_pq]heoi eb pdana sanaj’p ok i]ju at]ilhao pk oqllknp pda cnkqlo’ _d]ncao ]^kqp pda jac]pera eil]_po kb naoa]n_d- Rdkoa kb qo ‘kejc A@P+ kb _kqnoa+ d]ra oaaj dks ] ranu ‘ebbanajp bkni kb naoa]n_d ~ kja pd]p eo _kjpnkhha‘ ^u _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ eo bk_qoa‘ kj iaapejc _kiiqjepu,oap ck]ho ~ _]j ^ajabep knc]jev]pekjo- @qp sa d]ra jkp ^aaj ]^ha pk bqhhu eil]_p pda ]jpe,naoa]n_d _qhpqna kb _kiiqjepu laklha sdk d]ra behha‘ kqp pkk i]ju bknio+ oq^ieppa‘ pk pkk i]ju atpanj]hhu,_kjpnkhha‘ ar]hq]pekjo+ ]j‘ ^aaj oq^fa_pa‘ pk pkk i]ju ‘ai]j‘o bkn pdaen ejbkni]pekj sepdkqp aran oaaejc ] ln]_pe_]h naoqhp-
Training Students versus Solving Problems Gj pdkoa _]oao kb A@P lnkfa_po pd]p ajc]ca opq‘ajpo+ sa _kjbnkjp ]jkpdan i]jebaop]pekj kb pda ]_]‘aiu ro- _kiiqjepu pajoekj+ pdeo peia bk_qoejc kj pda nkha kb opq‘ajpo ej A@P+ ]j‘ ^]oa‘ ej ejopepqpekj]h ‘abejepekjo kb oanre_a ha]njejc pd]p d]ra ^aaj eilknpa‘ ejpk A@PRkk kbpaj+ pda lqnlkoa kb oanre_a ha]njejc eo pk lnkre‘a opq‘ajpo sepd ] ^appan a‘q_]pekj n]pdan pd]j pk lnkre‘a _kiiqjepeao sepd ^appan oanre_a- Qanre_a ha]njejc pn]ejano araj ck ok b]n ]o pk o]u pd]p pda _kiiqjepu odkqh‘ ^a qoa‘ ]o ] h]^kn]pknu bkn opq‘ajpo+ ]j ]llnk]_d sde_d ha]‘o ] _kiiqjepu ]_pereop bneaj‘ kb ieja pk ]og ¢sd]p ‘kao pd]p i]ga qo+ ‘a]‘ bnkco=£ (@a_gsepd+ 0885)- Rdana eo ]hok ]j kransdahiejc ^e]o sepdej pda oanre_a ha]njejc 16
Creative tensions in the new community based research
beah‘ pks]n‘ _d]nepu oanre_a ha]njejc ~ lnkre‘ejc ^]_g,aj‘ oanre_ao pk pdkoa at_hq‘a‘ bnki pda ouopai ~ n]pdan pd]j ok_e]h _d]jca oanre_a ha]njejc ~ _na]pejc opnq_pqn]h _d]jca pd]p na‘q_ao pda jaa‘ bkn _d]nepu (Kkkjau & C‘s]n‘o- 1//0)- ?ikjc kpdan jac]pera eil]_po kb oq_d ] ^e]o eo ] ‘]jcan pd]p ep naejbkn_ao opq‘ajpo’ opanakpulao kb pda at_hq‘a‘ ]o dahlhaoo ]j‘ ej_kilapajp (C^u+ 0887)Rda pajoekj ej oq_d _]oao eo pd]p _kiiqjepeao ]na hkkgejc bkn mq]hebea‘ ]j‘ _kiieppa‘ ]ooeop]j_a ej ok_e]h _d]jca lnkfa_po+ ^qp na_aera opq‘ajpo sdk ]na jaepdan bqhhu pn]eja‘ jkn bqhhu _kiieppa‘ pk p]gejc cqe‘]j_a bnki pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ‘eo_kran pd]p pda oqlanreoekj ]j‘ pn]ejejc ^qn‘aj pdau d]ra pk aj‘qna ]_pq]hhu na‘q_ao pdaen knc]jev]pekj]h abba_perajaoo ]j‘ abbe_eaj_u- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ opq‘ajpo ]na pule_]hhu qj]^ha pk _kiiep pk ] A@P lnkfa_p ^aukj‘ pda aj‘ kb pda pani+ ha]rejc aepdan pda _kiiqjepu kn pda oqlanreoejc lnkbaookn pk pnu ]j‘ lqhh pda lnkfa_p pkcapdan ]j‘ ]_pq]hhu iaap pda _kiiqjepu’o jaa‘o-
Service versus Social Change Qanre_a ranoqo ok_e]h _d]jca eo pda ^eccea- Rdeo pajoekj ckao ^]_g pk kqn a]nhu ‘eo_qooekj kb bqj_pekj]heop ranoqo _kjbhe_p pdaknu+ ]j‘ sdapdan kja ^ahearao _kklan]pekj kn _kjbnkjp]pekj eo pda ikop bqj‘]iajp]h ok_e]h _d]jca opn]pacu- Rdeo pajoekj eo ]o ^]oe_ ]o pda ‘a^]pa ^apsaaj sdapdan sa jaa‘ pk pn]ej ej‘ere‘q]ho pk i]ga pdai na]‘u bkn pda naolkjoe^ehepeao kb dkiaksjanodel+ kn sdapdan sa jaa‘ pk _d]jca pda nacqh]pekj kb pda iknpc]ca ]j‘ dkqoejc i]ngapo pk i]ga dkiaksjanodel ikna na]hev]^haRdeo eo ] l]npe_qh]nhu eilknp]jp pajoekj bkn pdkoa kb qo skngejc ej+ kn l]npjanejc sepd+ ok_e]h oanre_a knc]jev]pekjo- Dkn ikop oanre_a knc]jev]pekjo ]na jkp knc]jeva‘ pk lnkikpa pda l]npe_el]pekj kb pdaen _heajpaha ej knc]jev]pekj]h ck]h oappejc- Gi]ceja+ bkn at]ilha+ ] dkiahaoo oanre_a knc]jev]pekj nqj ^u ] ^k]n‘ kb dkiahaoo ej‘ere‘q]ho- G ]i pkh‘ kb kja dkiahaoo ]caj_u pd]p _kiieooekja‘ ] opq‘u kb pda ikop eilknp]jp eooqao b]_ejc pda dkiahaoo- Uahh+ ]o ukq iecdp cqaoo+ pda naoqhpo _]ia ^]_g sepd pda qoq]h opqbb hega a‘q_]pekj+ ailhkuiajp+ iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao+ ap_- @qp pdaj ] _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc cnkql _]ia ]hkjc+ ]j‘ ejrkhra‘ dkiahaoo bkhgo ej ‘apaniejejc sd]p pdaen cna]paop jaa‘o sana- Rdaen cna]paop atlnaooa‘ jaa‘ bk_qoa‘ kj pda ej‘ecjepu kb d]rejc pk op]j‘ ej heja aranu ‘]u pk na_aera pdnaa odaapo kb pkehap l]lan- Rd]p s]o pda eooqa pdau _]na‘ ]^kqp pda ikop+ ]j‘ s]o pda op]npejc lh]_a bkn ^qeh‘ejc ] oajoa kb ‘ecjepu bnki sde_d pdau _kqh‘ ikra kj pk kpdan eooqao5- Gp’o jkp pd]p ok_e]h oanre_a ]caj_eao kllkoa ok_e]h _d]jca- Gj‘aa‘+ pda op]bbo kb oq_d knc]jev]pekjo ]na kbpaj kj pda bnkjp hejao kb ]‘rk_]_u abbknpo- @qp pdaen knc]jev]pekjo ]na jkp opnq_pqna‘ bkn oq_d abbknpo ]ju ikna pd]j a‘q_]pekj]h ejopepqpekjo ]na- Gj i]ju _]oao+ pdaj+ qoejc A@P bkn ]_pq]h ok_e]h _d]jca kbpaj naopo kj pda odkqh‘ano kb i]rane_go ^kpd kj pda decdan a‘q_]pekj oe‘a ]j‘ kj pda jkj,lnkbep oe‘a-
5
Uehhea’o pl opknu17
Randy Stoecker
Creative Tension Innovations Qk sd]p ejjkr]pekjo _]j _kia bnki oq_d pajoekjo=
Academy versus Community Mja kb pda ikop ejpanaopejc ejjkr]pekjo ^aejc lnk‘q_a‘ ^u pdeo pajoekj eo sd]p kja ‘]u i]u ^a _]hha‘ pda ¢bh]od oaiej]n£- Gj pda psk _]oao kb pdeo pd]p G gjks kb+ ]j knc]jev]pekj na_aera‘ ] cn]jp pd]p ej_hq‘a‘ bqj‘o bkn _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d- Rdkoa bqj‘o naha]oa‘ ] lnkbaookn bnki ] nacqh]n _kqnoa+ ej epo lh]_a _na]pejc ] ola_e]h oaiej]n bkn opq‘ajpo ejpanaopa‘ ej skngejc kj pda _kiiqjepu lnkfa_p- G s]o kja kb pdkoa lnkbaookno- Gp s]oj£p a]ou ~ gej‘ kb hega oappejc ql ‘kiejkao- Wkq d]ra pk bej‘ okiakja pk pa]_d pda _kqnoa ukq sana knecej]hhu oecja‘ ql bkn+ ]j‘ ukq d]ra pk bej‘ opq‘ajpo sehhejc pk oecj ql bkn ukqn oaiej]n- Gj pdaoa psk _]oao kjhu ] d]j‘bqh kb opq‘ajpo oecja‘ ql- Rd]jgbqhhu+ ej iu _]oa+ pdnaa kb pdkoa opq‘ajpo sana sehhejc pk _kjpejqa pdnkqcd ej‘alaj‘ajp opq‘u pk bejeod pda lnkfa_p ej pda oqiian?jkpdan eilknp]jp ejjkr]pekj pd]p d]o _kia bnki pda pajoekj ^apsaaj _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]_]‘aiu eo pda iaikn]j‘qi kb qj‘anop]j‘ejc+ ]hok _]hha‘ ] iaikn]j‘qi kb ]cnaaiajpRdeo eo ] oaie,bkni]h ‘k_qiajp ‘ap]ehejc sd]p naolkjoe^ehepeao a]_d l]npjan d]o ej pda lnkfa_p+ sd]p naokqn_ao pdau sehh _kjpne^qpa+ pda lnkfa_p peiaheja+ ]j‘ ksjanodel ]j‘ qoa kb pda ‘]p]- Gp eo jkp mqepa ]p pda harah kb ] hac]h ]cnaaiajp+ oej_a pd]p skqh‘ namqena pda qjeranoepu h]suano cappejc ejrkhra‘ ]j‘ sdk skqh‘ s]jp pd]p! @qp ep bkn_ao a]_d l]npu pk i]ga ] _kiiepiajp pk pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ ^a dah‘ ]__kqjp]^ha bkn epo l]np (Qpn]j‘+ K]nqhhk+ Aqpbknpd+ Qpka_gan+ & Bkjkdqa+ 1//2)? pden‘ ejjkr]pekj pk _kia bnki pdeo _na]pera pajoekj eo pda lq^he_]pekj kb A@P skng+ ej okia _]oao ^u _kiiqjepu,qjeranoepu ]qpdkn pa]io- Rdana ]na jks i]ju fkqnj]ho pd]p sehh _kjoe‘an A@P,nah]pa‘ l]lano- Hkqnj]ho oq_d ]o pda Ke_dec]j Hkqnj]h kb Akiiqjepu Qanre_a Ja]njejc+ sde_d ]hok lq^heodao A@P skng+ d]ra oaaj atlkjajpe]h cnkspd ej oq^o_ne^anodel- ?j‘ sa ]na cappejc ^kkgo lq^heoda‘ ]o sahh+ ej_hq‘ejc pda fkejp,]qpdkna‘ ^kkg kj A@P pd]p G s]o l]np kb ]j‘ ] oa_kj‘ ^kkg G ]i _qnnajphu bejeodejc- Gp’o opehh jkp cappejc ejpk pda pkl ‘eo_elhej]nu fkqnj]ho at_alp ej n]na _]oao+ sde_d i]gao ep ‘ebbe_qhp bkn fqjekn b]_qhpu ]p pda ikop d]qcdpu NdB,cn]jpejc ejopepqpekjo pk ‘k A@P+ ^qp bkn pda naop kb qo pdana eo jks ] i]ncej kb o]bapu-
Research versus Action Gjpacn]pejc naoa]n_d ]j‘ ]_pekj _kjpejqao pk ^a _d]hhajcejc qj‘an kqn _qnnajp naokqn_a, lkkn _en_qiop]j_ao- @qp araj dana pdana ]na okia ejpanaopejc ejjkr]pekjo- Rda Aajpano bkn Beoa]oa Akjpnkh ej pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao lkqna‘ h]nca oqio kb ikjau ejpk _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d _ajpnao ‘arkpa‘ pk lq^he_ da]hpd _kj_anjo- A]j]‘]£o ksj Akiiqjepu,Sjeranoepu Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_ao lnkcn]i eo ]_pq]hhu ] opal ]da]‘ kb pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao lnkcn]i ej oqllknpejc jkp fqop qjeranoepu,^]oa‘ A@P lnkfa_po+ ^qp ]_pq]h 18
Creative tensions in the new community based research
_kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ A@P lnkfa_po- G ]hok oep kj pda ^k]n‘ kb pda Qk_ekhkce_]h Gjepe]perao Dkqj‘]pekj+ sde_d bqj‘o lnkfa_po ejpacn]pejc naoa]n_d ]j‘ ]_pekjRda opnqccha pk _d]jca _qhpqn]h ]ppepq‘ao pks]n‘ naoa]n_d ^kpd sepdej ]j‘ sepdkqp pda ]_]‘aiu d]o ]hok lnk‘q_a‘ ejjkr]pekjo- Rda Jkg] Gjopepqpa olkjokna‘ nacqh]n c]pdanejco kb _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo sdk ]na ‘kejc pdaen ksj _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d- ? na_ajphu _kilhapa‘ lnkfa_p+ olkjokna‘ pdnkqcd pda Aknahh] ]j‘ @anpn]i @kjjan Dkqj‘]pekj+ dahla‘ ^qeh‘ A@P japskngo ej bera iapnklkhep]j ]na]o ]j‘ ?ll]h]_de]- Rdeo ouilkoeqi eo kja kb i]ju hk_]h c]pdanejco k__qnnejc pk dahl ]_]‘aie_o ]j‘ _kiiqjepu skngano ]j‘ ha]‘ano pdejg bqnpdan ]^kqp pda ejpacn]pekj kb naoa]n_d ]j‘ ]_pekj+ ]j‘ G pel iu d]p pk pda knc]jevano sdk o_n]la‘ pdeo pdejc pkcapdan araj sepdkqp pda cn]jp pdau d]‘ sknga‘ ok d]n‘ bkn-
Training Students versus Solving Problems ?o ejpn]_p]^ha ]o pdeo pajoekj oaaio+ dana pkk sa ]na oaaejc eilknp]jp ejjkr]pekjo- Mja+ lekjaana‘ ^u N]p Bkjkdqa ]p Ke‘‘haoat Akqjpu Akhhaca ej Las Hanoau+ qoao _kiiqjepu oanre_a+ oanre_a ha]njejc+ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d ]o cn]‘q]pa‘ opalo- Akiiqjepu oanre_a ]_perepeao ]na ‘eo_kjja_pa‘ bnki ]ju _h]oonkki ha]njejc k^fa_perao- Qanre_a ha]njejc p]gao pda ik‘ah pk pda jatp opal+ hejgejc pd]p rkhqjpaan oanre_a skng sepd ej,_h]oo ha]njejc k^fa_perao- A@P eo uap ]jkpdan ]‘r]j_a+ ]o opq‘ajpo pn]eja‘ ej r]nekqo naoa]n_d iapdk‘o lqp pdaen ogehho ejpk ln]_pe_a kj ] na]h _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ lnkfa_p- ?p Ke‘‘haoat Akqjpu Akhhaca+ pda Akiiqjepu Qanre_a Aknlo eo pda na_nqepejc cnkqj‘ bkn b]_qhpu hkkgejc bkn opq‘ajpo pk l]npe_el]pa ej oanre_a ha]njejc ]j‘ ]‘r]j_a‘ A@P lnkfa_po- Gj okia _]oao+ opq‘ajpo atl]j‘ pdaen skng sepd pda o]ia ]caj_u+ ]o sdaj pda _kiiqjepu oanre_a opq‘ajpo sdk sana ‘eodejc kqp bkk‘ ]p ] odahpan na_aera‘ pn]ejejc pk _kj‘q_p ]j ar]hq]pekj bkn pd]p odahpan pd]p ejrkhra‘ cappejc l]npe_el]pekj bnki pda laklha qoejc odahpan oanre_ao- Rda Aajpan bkn ?ooaooiajp ]j‘ Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_ao (_]hha‘ A?P?) ]p K]no Fehh Akhhaca na_nqepo opq‘ajpo bnki naoa]n_d iapdk‘o _h]ooao ]o ¢]llnajpe_ao£ pk A?P? bkn ^]oe_ ‘]p] c]pdanejc+ ajpnu ]j‘ _ha]jejc skng- Rdkoa sdk at_ah _]j ^a pn]eja‘ ]o A?P? op]bb ¢okfkqnjano£+ sdk dahl ‘aoecj lnkfa_po ]j‘ _]nnu pdai pdnkqcd pk _kilhapekj- C]_d ua]n psk kn pdnaa opq‘ajpo ]na j]ia‘ A?P? Dahhkso+ sdk ]na naolkjoe^ha bkn nqjjejc pda _ajpna+ dahlejc knc]jeva lnkfa_po ]j‘ pn]ejejc ]j‘ oqlanreoejc ]llnajpe_ao ]j‘ okfkqnjanoRdana ]na ]hok pdkoa sdk ]na lqodejc pda ajrahkla pk ^nejc opq‘ajpo ejpk ok_e]h _d]jca skng- Rkju Pk^ejokj£o skng ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Akhkn]‘k ]p Bajran ajc]cao opq‘ajpo ej naoa]n_d sepd dkqoejc ]‘rk_]pao+ ajrenkjiajp]h ]_pereopo+ ]j‘ kpdan cnkqlo (Pk^ejokj+ 1///]+ 1///^)- ?j‘ da eo jkp ]hkja- Gp eo d]nnksejc+ iaoou skng ej okia _]oao (Qp]q‘p &Rdqnhks @najjan+ 1//1)+ ^qp pdaoa ]j‘ kpdan o_dkh]no ]na ^qeh‘ejc ik‘aho kb dks pk qoa A@P pk odebp opq‘ajpo bnki _d]nepu pk ok_e]h _d]jca skng-
Service versus Social Change Qanre_a ranoqo ok_e]h _d]jca eo pda ikop ‘ebbe_qhp pajoekj pk ‘arahkl _na]perepu bnki- Ua hera ej ranu ‘ebbe_qhp peiao ej pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao+ sdana mqaopekjejc ]j‘ _kjbnkjpejc lksan eo 19
Randy Stoecker
oaaj ]o ikna pna]okjkqo pd]j ]p land]lo ]ju peia oej_a pda 084/o- ?p pda o]ia peia+ Sjepa‘ Qp]pao ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu _qhpqnao d]ra ^a_kia _kjbhe_p ]rke‘ejc ]p ]hikop ]ju _kop- Rda nafa_pekjo kb _kjbnkjp]pekj]h ik‘aho kb _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc ej b]rkqn kb qjna]heope_ ¢sej,sej£ iupdkhkceao+ sdana _knlkn]pa hekjo ]j‘ _kiiqjepu h]i^o oqllkoa‘hu _]j h]u oe‘a ^u oe‘a bkn iqpq]h ^ajabep+ ]na ]p ]j ]hh,peia decd- Gj A]j]‘]+ sdana _kjbnkjp]pekj d]o jkp ^aaj ]o ja_aoo]nu pk na_aera iejei]h haraho kb ok_e]h o]bapu jap oanre_ao+ ] _]hh bkn ikna _kjbhe_p i]u oaai cnkpaomqahu _d]n]_paneope_ kb ukqn j]qcdpu jaecd^kqn okqpd kb pda ^kn‘an- @qp pdkoa kb qo herejc pdana ]na _kjrej_a‘ kb epo ja_aooepu ]o sa s]p_d pda c]l ^apsaaj ne_d ]j‘ lkkn+ da]hpdu ]j‘ oe_g+ lksanbqh ]j‘ lksanhaoo+ cnks sdeha sa ]hh iej‘ kqn i]jjano- Nand]lo pda ikop eilknp]jp ejjkr]pekj ej nah]pekj pk pdeo pajoekj eo jkp _kjja_pa‘ pk sd]p eo d]llajejc ejoe‘a pda ]_]‘aiu+ ^qp sd]p eo d]llajejc kqpoe‘a kb ep+ ]o ikna _kjbnkjp]pekj]h cnkqlo oq_d ]o ?AMPL ~ pda ?ook_e]pekj kb Akiiqjepu Mnc]jev]pekjo bkn Pabkni Lks ~ ajc]ca pdaen iai^ano ikna ]j‘ ikna ej ]_pereop naoa]n_d ]nkqj‘ eooqao oq_d ]o lna‘]pknu haj‘ejc-
Conclusion Qk pda jatp peia ukq hkkg ql ej pda ogu+ pk oaa ] bhk_g kb caaoa bhuejc ej T bkni]pekj+ pdejg kb dks sahh arkhqpekj d]o oanra‘ pdai+ ]j‘ dks b]n sa d]ra uap pk ck- ?j‘+ ej _h]ooe_ A@P b]odekj pd]p oaago ]j‘ naola_po gjksha‘ca bnki ]hh pdejco cna]p ]j‘ oi]hh+ pdejg kb sd]p sa _]j ha]nj bnki pdai+ sd]p sa _]j ha]nj bnki a]_d kpdan+ ]j‘ dks sa _]j pkcapdan _d]jca pda sknh‘-
!%(),&#"$#’#(+ Rdeo _d]lpan d]o ‘arahkla‘ bnki ] gaujkpa ]‘‘naoo knecej]hhu lnaoajpa‘ ]p pda Akiiqjepu,^]oa‘ Paoa]n_d Lapskng Quilkoeqi+ A]nhapkj Sjeranoepu+ Mpp]s]+ A]j]‘] ej K]u 1//3-
References ?hrkn‘+ J-?- & T]j Nahp+ C-A- (0888)+ Rda Q_]hlah ]j‘ pda Qehran @a]n+ Las Wkng9 @]jp]i?j‘naso+ ?-@- (0885)- Pa]hevejc N]npe_el]jp Cilksaniajp ej pda Cr]hq]pekj kb Lkjlnkbep Ukiaj£o Qanre_ao Mnc]jev]pekjo9 Lkpao bnki pda Dnkjp Jeja- ej B-K- Dappani]j+ Q-HI]bp]ne]j+ ]j‘ ?- U]j‘anoi]j (a‘o-) Cilksaniajp Cr]hq]pekj9 Ijksha‘ca ]j‘ Rkkho bkn Qahb,?ooaooiajp ]j‘ ?__kqjp]^ehepu- ll-030,047- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go9 Q]ca@a_gsepd+ B- (0885)- Raj U]uo pk Ukng Rkcapdan9 ?j Mnc]jevan£o Teas- Qk_ekhkce_]h Gi]cej]pekj 229053,061- Papneara‘ bnki q]_-n‘l-qpkha‘k-a‘q.‘k_o.oe.oedkia-dpi @ajokj+ I- (0872)- ? Be]ha_pe_]h Kapdk‘ bkn pda Qpq‘u kb Mnc]jev]pekjo ej E- Kknc]j (a‘-) @aukj‘ Kapdk‘9 Qpn]paceao bkn Qk_e]h Paoa]n_d- Nl-220,235- @aranhu Fehho9 Q]ca@ajokj+ I- (0866)- Mnc]jev]pekjo+ ] Be]ha_pe_]h Teas- ?‘iejeopn]pera Q_eaj_a Oq]npanhu 119 0,10@nksj+ J-B+ & R]j‘kj+ P- (0872)- G‘akhkcu ]j‘ Nkhepe_]h C_kjkiu ej Gjmqenu9 ?_pekj Paoa]n_d ]j‘ N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d- Hkqnj]h kb ?llhea‘ @ad]rekn]h Q_eaj_a+ 08+ 166,183C^u+ H-U- (0887)- Udu Qanre_a,ha]njejc eo @]‘- Papneara‘ bnki sss-iaooe]d-a‘q.]c]la.l‘b 20
Creative tensions in the new community based research
behao.snkjcor_-l‘bCepvaj+ Q- & @]_] Xejj+ K-@- (1///)- Gj Akjbhe_p ]j‘ Mn‘an9 Sj‘anop]j‘ejc Qk_eapu+ 8a- @kopkj9 ?hhuj ]j‘ @]_kj Dnaena+ N- (086/)- Na‘]ckcu kb pda kllnaooa‘- Las Wkng9 AkjpejqqiE]rajp]+ H- (0880)- Rks]n‘ ] Ijksha‘ca Baik_n]_u9 Teaslkejpo kj N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d ej Lknpd ?iane_] ej M- D]ho,@kn‘] ]j‘ K-?- P]di]j (a‘o) ?_pekj ]j‘ Ijksha‘ca9 @na]gejc pda Kkjklkhkcu sepd N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj,Paoa]n_d- Nl- 010,022- Las Wkng9 ?lat NnaooEnehho+ A-L-+ @]oo+ I-+ @nksj+ B-J- & ?gano+ ?- (0885)- Cilksaniajp Cr]hq]pekj9 @qeh‘ejc qlkj ] Rn]‘epekj kb ?_pereoi Gj pda ?bne_]j ?iane_]j Akiiqjepu ej B-K- Dappani]j+ Q-H- I]bp]ne]j+ ]j‘ ?- U]j‘anoi]j (a‘o-) Cilksaniajp Cr]hq]pekj9 Ijksha‘ca ]j‘ Rkkho bkn Qahb, ?ooaooiajp ]j‘ ?__kqjp]^ehepu- ll-012,03/- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go9 Q]caF]hh+ @- (0882)- Gjpnk‘q_pekj- Gj N- N]ng+ K- @nu‘kj,Kehhan+ @- F]hh & R- H]_gokj (a‘o-) Tke_ao kb Ad]jca9 N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d ej pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao ]j‘ A]j]‘]- Uaoplknp+ Akjja_pe_qp9 @ancej ]j‘ E]nrauJasej+ I- (0837) Paokhrejc ok_e]h _kjbhe_po: oaha_pa‘ l]lano kj cnkql ‘uj]ie_o- E-U- Jasej (a‘-)Las Wkng9 F]nlan & PksKkkjau+ J-?- & C‘s]n‘o+ @- (1//0)- Ctlaneajpe]h Ja]njejc ej Qk_ekhkcu9 Qanre_a,ha]njejc ]j‘ kpdan _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ ejepe]perao- Ra]_dejc Qk_ekhkcu+ 18+ 070,083Kknnks+ N-A- (0867)- Dqj_pekj]heoi+ Akjbhe_p Rdaknu ]j‘ pda Qujpdaoeo Quj‘nkia ej Qk_ekhkcuGjpanj]pekj]h Pareas kb Kk‘anj Qk_ekhkcu- 7+ 1/8,114Kqjokj+ A-C- (0867)- ?llhea‘ Qk_ekhkcu ]j‘ Qk_e]h Ukng9 ? Ke_nk ?j]huoeo- A]hebknje] Qk_ekhkceop+ 0+ 78,0/3Lu‘aj+ N-+ Decanp+ ?-+ Qde^hau+ K-+ & @qnnkso+ B- (0886)- @qeh‘ejc _kiiqjepu9 Qk_e]h o_eaj_a ej ]_pekj- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go9 Neja Dknca NnaooPk^ejokj+ R- (1///])- Qanre_a,ha]njejc ]o fqope_a ]‘rk_]_u9 A]j Nkhepe_]h Q_eajpeopo ‘k lkhepe_o= Nkhepe_]h Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Nkhepe_o+ 22+ 5/4,01Pk^ejokj+ R- (1///^)- B]na pda Q_dkkh @qeh‘ ] Las Qk_e]h Mn‘an= Ke_dec]j Hkqnj]h kb Akiiqjepu Qanre_a,ha]njejc+ 6+ 031,046Qp]q‘p+ I- & Rdqnhks @najjan+ A- ( 1//1)- Fecdan C‘q_]pekj Cjc]cao sepd Akiiqjepu9 Las Nkhe_eao ]j‘ Gjarep]^ha Nkhepe_]h Akilhatepeao- N]lan lnaoajpa‘ kj AMKK,MPE9 Rda MjJeja Akjbanaj_a kj Akiiqjepu Mnc]jevejc ]j‘ Barahkliajp- Papneara‘ bnki _kii, knc-seo_-a‘q.l]lano1//1.op]q‘p-dpiQpn]j‘+ I-+ K]nqhhk+ Q-+ Aqpbknpd+ L-+ Qpka_gan+ P-+ & Bkjkdqa+ N- (1//2)- Akiiqjepu,@]oa‘ Paoa]n_d ]j‘ Fecdan C‘q_]pekj9 Nnej_elhao ]j‘ Nn]_pe_ao- Q]j Dn]j_eo_k9 Hkooau,@]ooQpka_gan+ P- (0888)- ?na ?_]‘aie_o Gnnahar]jp= Pkhao bkn Q_dkh]no ej N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d?iane_]j @ad]rekn]h Q_eajpeop 31973/,743Qpnejcan+ C-R- (0885)- ?_pekj Paoa]n_d9 ? F]j‘^kkg bkn Nn]_pepekjano- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go+ A?9 Q]caQqvqge+ B- (1///)- Fe‘‘aj Iehhan9 Nknpn]ep kb ]j Cle‘aie_- Rda L]pqna kb Rdejco+ A@A Rahareoekj+ Qqj‘]u+ Hqja 07 ]p 4liSldkbb+ L- (0880)- ? Deah‘ Kapdk‘khkcu bkn N]npe_el]pknu Qahb,Cr]hq]pekj- Akiiqjepu Barahkliajp Hkqnj]h 159160,175U]‘osknpd+ W- (0880)- Cranu‘]u Cr]hq]pekj kj pda Pqj- Kah^kqnja9 ?_pekj Paoa]n_d Gooqao ?ook_e]pekjUdupa+ U-D- (C‘-) (0880)- N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj Paoa]n_d- Las^qnu N]ng+ A?9 Q]caUehhe]io+ J- (0886)- En]oonkkpo N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d9 ? Ukngejc Palknp bnki ] E]pdanejc kb Nn]_pepekjano+ Sjeranoepu kb Rajjaooaa+ Ijktrehha Akiiqjepu N]npjanodel Aajpan21
Randy Stoecker
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Engaging communities
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Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers Marion Horton Rdeo _d]lpan ‘ao_ne^ao ]j‘ ]j]huoao pda iapdk‘o+ r]hqao+ ]j‘ lnk_aooao aooajpe]h bkn necknkqo+ ]_]‘aie_ uap l]npe_el]pera _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d sepd ]j‘ bkn ]j at_hq‘a‘ ]j‘ i]ncej]heoa‘ cnkql ~ pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano kb pda SI- ? _]oa opq‘u kb naoa]n_d s]o qoa‘ sde_d ‘ao_ne^a‘ pda skng kb ]j ej‘alaj‘ajp naoa]n_dan _kiieooekja‘ ^u ] jqi^an kb op]pqpknu ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu oa_pkn (LEM) knc]jeo]pekjo pk _kj‘q_p ]j ]ooaooiajp kb pda da]hpd ]j‘ (_]n]r]j) oepa jaa‘o kb pn]joeajp (pn]rahhejc) Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ]nkqj‘ pda _epu kb Jaa‘o- Rda naoa]n_d s]o _kj‘q_pa‘ sepdej ] j]pekj]h ]j‘ hk_]h lkhepe_]h _kjpatp sdana^u pda ]_qpa da]hpd ]j‘ oepa jaa‘o kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano sana ^aejc n]eoa‘ ^u lkhepe_e]jo ]j‘ Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan knc]jeo]pekjoRda iapdk‘ kb _hkoa _kjp]_p mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d ejpanreasejc s]o _dkoaj bkn pda naoa]n_d- N]npe_el]pera iapdk‘o ‘alhkua‘ aild]oeoa‘ pda ‘arahkliajp kb amq]h+ naola_pbqh+ _qhpqn]hhu oajoepera ]j‘ pnqopejc naoa]n_d nah]pekjodelo sepd Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano- Rda lnk_aoo kb pda naoa]n_d eo ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej panio kb bhate^ehepu+ kllknpqjeoi ]j‘ _kjop]jp nabha_pekjo kj ‘]p] ]j‘ iapdk‘o- Nn]_pe_]h at]ilhao kb naoa]n_d aj_kqjpano ]j‘ ¢ola_e]h ikiajpo£ ]na qoa‘ pk ehhqopn]pa pdakneao ]j‘ iapdk‘oCop]^heoda‘ iapdk‘o kb l]npe_el]pera _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d ]na atpaj‘a‘ pk ‘arahkl lnk_aooao sde_d _]lpqna ¢na]hhu qoabqh gjksha‘ca£- Rda nkha kb ]j ajc]ca‘ naoa]n_dan ej ] decdhu lkhepe_eoa‘ naoa]n_d ajrenkjiajp eo atlhkna‘ ej panio kb _khha_pejc ]j‘ nalknpejc kj nk^qop ‘]p] ej pda _kjpatp kb okhe‘]nepu+ nafa_pekj kb ‘abe_ep pdakneao pk atlh]ej Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan herao+ ]j‘ qoejc naoa]n_d naoqhpo ]j‘ nalknpo bkn lkhepe_]h hk^^uejc ^u Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan knc]jeo]pekjo ]j‘ pdaen ]hheao-
Gj pdeo _d]lpan G sehh kqpheja pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao ]j‘ fkuo kb naoa]n_dejc ¢sepd£ sd]p ]na lan_aera‘ pk ^a ] ¢d]n‘ pk na]_d£ ]j‘ ]p peiao ] ¢dkopeha£ cnkql kqpoe‘a pda jknio kb ok_eapu qoejc iapdk‘o kb _hkoa _kjp]_p mq]hep]pera ]j‘ l]npe_el]pera naoa]n_d- @nepeod Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan _qhpqna eo ]hikop qjgjksj ej ok_eapu ]o ] sdkha- Nnafq‘e_a+ n]_eoi ]j‘ ej‘aa‘ ejopepqpekj]h n]_eoi ]c]ejop pdai ]na ]hikop ]__alpa‘ ^u ok_eapu ]o ¢_kiikj oajoa£ (oaa ?_pkj 0886: Ah]ng & Enaajbeah‘o+ 1//5)-
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Marion Horton
G sehh ‘ap]eh sdu G pdejg pda lkhepe_]h ]j‘ deopkne_]h _kjpatp G skng ej eo eilknp]jp+ ]o G baah+ pd]p _kjpatp eo ] rep]h ]j‘ iq_d kranhkkga‘ _kj_alp+ sde_d eo ]j eilknp]jp ]ooap+ jkp kjhu pk qj‘anop]j‘ejc ^qp ]hok pk _d]jcejc lan_alpekjo ]j‘ ej pda eilhaiajp]pekj kb ]ju naoa]n_d naoqhpo- G sehh nareas pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo+ l]npjanodelo ]j‘ pda eilhe_]pekjo kb lksan nah]pekjodelo sepdej pda naoa]n_d- Udaj ar]hq]pejc pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo+ G sehh ]hok hkkg ]p pda aikpekj]h ejraopiajp kb ^kpd pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda ¢naoa]n_da‘£ ]j‘ pda ja_aooepu kb _kiiepiajp ]j‘ ajc]caiajp ej pdeo _hkoa _kjp]_p mq]hep]pera ]j‘ l]npe_el]pera naoa]n_d- G sehh cera ] odknp nareas kb pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano sdk pkkg lh]_a ej pda naoa]n_d ej kn‘an pk aj_kqn]ca ]j qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda _qhpqna ]j‘ ‘ebbe_qhpeao bkn pdeo apdje_ iejknepu ]j‘ _kj_hq‘a sepd pda lkhepe_]h qoa i]‘a kb iu bej]h nalknp-
The research Rdeo naoa]n_d (oaa Fknpkj 1//3) s]o _kiieooekja‘+ knecej]hhu+ ]o psk oal]n]pa lea_ao kb mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d pk lnkre‘a ] oj]lodkp kb pda da]hpd ]j‘ oepa jaa‘o kb pn]joeajp Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano sdkoa dkia lh]_a eo pdaen _]n]r]j ]j‘ sdk sana pn]rahhejc ej Jaa‘o ^apsaaj K]u ]j‘ Lkrai^an 1//3- Rda _ki^eja‘ naoa]n_d ^q‘capo sana peju ]j‘ pdana s]o lnaooqna bkn ¢naoqhpo£ kran lnk_aoo- Gj pda _kqnoa kb pda naoa]n_d ep s]o bkqj‘ pd]p pda da]hpd ]j‘ oepa jaa‘o kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ]na ejpan_kjja_pa‘ ]j‘ pdanabkna pda naoa]n_d iapdk‘khkcu s]o ]‘fqopa‘ ohecdphu ^u ]hhksejc pda oaie opnq_pqna‘ ejpanreaso pk _kran ^kpd oq^fa_po ]j‘ pda bej]h nalknpo sana _ki^eja‘ ]j‘ lq^heoda‘ ]o kja nalknp- Gj ]‘‘epekj pk pda h]_g kb naokqn_ao+ sde_d bkn ] bnaah]j_a _kjoqhp]jp eo jkp a]ou+ ] oi]hh ^q‘cap _]j _na]pa pda eilnaooekj ej pda iej‘o kb okia kb pda iai^ano kb ] naoa]n_d opaanejc cnkql pd]p pda naoa]n_d eo ianahu ] ¢oi]hh+ hk_]h+ mq]hep]pera lea_a kb skng£ n]pdan pd]j ] oanekqo ]_]‘aie_ skng+ sde_d lnkre‘ao eiiajoa r]hqa bkn ikjau- Rdeo lan_alpekj eo okiapdejc pd]p pda opaanejc cnkql jaa‘ pk ‘a]h sepd lkoeperahu ^u aj_kqn]cejc _kjpatp oappejcDknpu,jeja oaie opnq_pqna‘ ej,‘alpd ejpanreaso sana dah‘ sepd Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano- ? oi]hh jqi^an kb ejpanreaso+ okia ^u pahaldkja sana _]nnea‘ kqp sepd op]gadkh‘ano bnki pda op]pqpknu oa_pkn ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu oa_pkn (Lkj,ckranjiajp]h knc]jeo]pekjo ~ LEM£o)-
The steering group for the research Rda opaanejc cnkql s]o knc]jeoa‘ ]o ] l]npjanodel kb psk rkhqjp]nu knc]jeo]pekjo (LEM£o)+ kja sdk lnkikpa‘ ¢da]hpd bkn ]hh£ ej okqpd Jaa‘o ]j‘ pda kpdan sdk ateopa‘ pk lnkikpa pda at_d]jca kb ejbkni]pekj bkn Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano- ? Nnei]nu A]na Rnqop (NAR) (sde_d eo ] i]j]caiajp ^k‘u sepdej pda L]pekj]h Fa]hpd Qanre_a) ]j‘ Rn]rahhano C‘q_]pekj Qanre_a (] op]pqpknu oanre_a sepdej pda hk_]h o_dkkh ouopai+ sde_d aj_kqn]cao l]npe_el]pekj kb Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan _deh‘naj kb o_dkkh ]ca) ]j‘ pdana sana psk nalnaoajp]perao bnki pda Jk_]h ?qpdknepu Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan he]eokj pa]i-
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Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers
¢N]npjanodel skngejc£ kb pdeo gej‘ d]o epo lnk^haio bkn naoa]n_d- Rdana ]na ejarep]^ha pajoekjo ]j‘ lksan ejamq]hepeao ^apsaaj ‘ebbanajp ejopepqpekj]h _qhpqnao ]j‘ iai^ano ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h ejpanaopo (Qaa @unja+ 1//0)Rda Qpaanejc cnkql s]o ejpanaopa‘ ej pda op]pqo kb pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ _dkoa ia ^a_]qoa pdau bahp G skqh‘ ]__aoo ]j‘ ejrkhra pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ]j‘ ^qeh‘ pnqop ^qp land]lo+ ] qjeranoepu skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj pdaen benop _dke_a- Mbpaj opaanejc cnkqlo jaa‘ lanoq]‘ejc kb pda r]hqa kb mq]hep]pera ]o ]c]ejop mq]jpep]pera naoa]n_d- Rda ¢are‘aj_a ^]oa‘£ _qhpqna l]npe_qh]nhu ej pda lq^he_ oa_pkn _nq‘ahu lneknepeoao op]peope_]h nalknpo- Anq‘a ¢r]hqa bkn ikjau£ jkpekjo ]c]ej bknabnkjp ]_pq]h jqi^ano kb laklha ejpanreasa‘ n]pdan pd]j ]ppailpejc pk qj‘anop]j‘ o]ilhejc pa_djemqao kn pda mq]hepu kb _hkoa _kjp]_p ej ‘alpd naoa]n_d- G lnk‘q_a‘ ej pda aj‘ ] naoa]n_d nalknp sde_d G bahp bkhhksa‘ pda lnej_elhao ]j‘ r]hqao kb ]j ajc]ca‘ naoa]n_dan sdk ^qehp pnqop sepd Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan laklha G sknga‘ sepd ]o sahh ]o _]nnuejc kqp pda h]ncaop da]hpd ]j‘ oepa oqnrau kb pn]joeajp Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan laklha ej pda SI Ukngejc sepd ] opaanejc cnkql bkn pdeo pula kb naoa]n_d G baah ejarep]^hu lnk‘q_ao pajoekjo lh]_a‘ sepdej ] naoa]n_d ]j‘ lkhepe_]h _qhpqna jkp kb kqn i]gejc- Rda Jaa‘o atlaneaj_a oqccaopa‘ 01-
2-
Rd]p sdana ] Qpaanejc Enkql eo o_alpe_]h kb qoejc l]npe_el]pera ]j‘ ‘aik_n]pe_ naoa]n_d iapdk‘o pdaj pda ‘a^]pa ^apsaaj naoa]n_dan ]j‘ Qpaanejc Enkql _]j ^a ] qoabqh ha]njejc atlaneaj_a bkn pda Qpaanejc cnkql? naoa]n_dan _]j bej‘ s]uo kb ik^eheoejc pda ogehho ]j‘ _kjp]_po kb pda Qpaanejc Enkql pk naokqn_a ]j‘ oqllknp pda naoa]n_d- Rda Jaa‘o opaanejc cnkql lnk‘q_a‘ ] na]hhu abba_pera oqii]nu kb pda nalknp bkn _en_qh]pekj pk ]caj_eao ]j‘ Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ qoejc pdaen _kjp]_po sepd ‘aoecjano ]j‘ lnejpano sepd pda nahar]jp atlaneaj_a? l]npe_el]pera _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dan _]j c]ej pda oqllknp kb ] Qpaanejc Enkql ^u ‘aikjopn]pejc pda oqllknp ]j‘ pnqop cajan]pa‘ ^u pda lnk_aoo kb pda naoa]n_d sepd pda cnkql o.da eo skngejc sepd- Aanp]ejhu pda baa‘^]_g Qpaanejc cnkql iai^ano sana cappejc bnki Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ]j‘ pdkoa skngejc sepd pdai ]^kqp pda naoa]n_d dahla‘ nah]pekjodelo-
Gj _kjpnkranoe]h ]na]o kb _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d+ ¢l]npjanodel£ opaanejc cnkqlo sdk _kiieooekj naoa]n_d+ ]na kbpaj bknia‘ pk oikkpd kqp _kjbhe_p ]j‘ pnu ]j‘ i]ga oqna qj_kibknp]^ha pnqpdo ‘k jkp aianca- Cbba_pera naoa]n_d sepd ]j‘ bkn kllnaooa‘ iejknepeao hega Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ sdk ]na ‘arahklejc pdaen ksj knc]jeo]pekjo ]j‘ ikraiajpo+ eo ejarep]^hu ]j‘ fqopebe]^hu _kjbhe_pq]h+ n]pdan pd]j ]eia‘ ]p ] b]hoa _kjoajoqo- @nepeod Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhan laklha ]j‘ pdaen knc]jeo]pekjo ]na _qnnajphu ¢_d]jcejc pdaen sknh‘o£ ]j‘ pdau ]na l]np kb sd]p Qe‘jau R]nnks d]o _]hha‘ ¢_kjpajpekqo£ ok_e]h ikraiajpo (R]nnks+ 0887+ l-5)- Cjc]ca‘ naoa]n_dano+ hega ia+ sdehop ejoeopejc kj necknkqo naoa]n_d op]j‘]n‘o ]j‘ iapdk‘o ]na l]np kb pdeo ¢lkhepe_]h£ lnk_aoo- F]rejc ] ^]_gcnkqj‘ ej n]‘e_]h _kiiqjepu 27
Marion Horton
skng ln]_pe_a ]hhkso ] qoabqh nkha pk ^a ‘arahkla‘ sde_d eo r]hq]^ha pk pda cnkql kja eo skngejc sepd ]j‘ bkn- ?o Nkllha d]o ]ncqa‘9 Ua _]j pdanabkna+ oeiqhp]jakqohu dkh‘ ‘ebbanajp ]j‘ ]ll]najphu _kjpn]‘e_pknu ]j‘ ej_kjoeopajp ejpanlnap]pekjo kb pda sknh‘ ~ kja ‘apanieja‘ ]j‘ od]la‘ ^u pda ‘kiej]jp e‘akhkcu+ ]j‘ pda kpdan ‘apanieja‘ ^u kqn aranu‘]u atlaneaj_ao ej _kiiqjepeao sde_d cerao qo ¢_kiikj oajoa£ gjksha‘ca- Gj pdeo l]n]‘eci _kiiqjepu skngano ]na oepq]pa‘ ej ] lerkp]h lkoepekj sepdej pda _ereh ok_eapu+ bkn ]hpdkqcd pdau ]na kbpaj ailhkuaao kb pda op]pa ]j‘ ]na namqena‘ pk lh]u ] l]np ej i]ejp]ejejc pda ok_e]h ouopai+ pdau ]na jkp ja_aoo]nehu ej ]cnaaiajp sepd epo e‘akhkcu- ?__kn‘ejchu _kiiqjepu skngano d]ra kllknpqjepeao pk skng ]hkjcoe‘a iai^ano kb _kiiqjepeao ]o pdau ]npe_qh]pa pdaen _kjpn]‘e_pknu qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda sknh‘ ]j‘ pdaen oepq]pekj sepdej ep- Rdeo pdaknu ]hok lnklkoao pd]p _kiiqjepu skng eo _kj_anja‘ sepd ikrejc bnki pda pann]ej kb e‘a]o ]j‘ ‘eo_qooekj ]j‘ ejpk pn]jobkniejc ]_pekj pk _d]jca laklha£o i]pane]h oepq]pekj (Nkllha+ 0884+ l-35)-
Ownership and participation ? ukqjc ski]j iai^an kb pda h]ncaop hk_]h pn]joeajp atpaj‘a‘ Eulou b]iehu s]o ]hok ]j kbbe_e]h iai^an kb pda opaanejc cnkql- Fan iai^anodel c]ra pda bej]h nalknp okia _na‘e^ehepu pd]p okia Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan l]npe_el]pekj d]‘ ^aaj ej_hq‘a‘ ej pda ‘aoecj kb pda naoa]n_d- Sjbknpqj]pahu dan pn]joeajp hebaopuha ]j‘ b]iehu _kiiepiajpo lnarajpa‘ dan bnki bqhhu l]npe_el]pejc ]j‘ oda n]nahu ]ppaj‘a‘ naoa]n_d iaapejco- Qda s]o dksaran ] ‘ena_p hejg ejpk dan atpaj‘a‘ b]iehu ]j‘ pn]rahhejc cnkql sde_d lnkra‘ pk ^a atpnaiahu qoabqh ej pda ejepe]h op]cao kb pda naoa]n_d- Fan ‘ebbe_qhpeao ej lh]uejc ]j ]_pera l]np ej pda Qpaanejc Enkql ‘kao decdhecdp pda pajoekjo ^apsaaj ejbkni]h abba_pera ksjanodel kb _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d ^u ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca‘ ]j‘ kllnaooa‘ cnkqlo+ ]j‘ ikna bkni]h iai^anodel kb opaanejc cnkqlo- Mpdan naoa]n_d G d]ra ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej sepd Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano d]o ^qehp ej ]‘reoknu skngodklo sdana laklha _]j _kiiajp kj pda lnk_aoo kb naoa]n_d ]j‘ n]eoa eooqao ^qp ]hok _kjpne^qpa i]pane]hhu pk naoa]n_d ^u oqccaopejc ]rajqao kb naoa]n_d kn laklha pk _kjp]_pRda Jaa‘o naoa]n_d h]_ga‘ _kjoeopajp bkni]h ejrkhraiajp ej pda Qpaanejc Enkql bnki pda pn]joeajp Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan lklqh]pekj ~ ^qp ]bpan ]hh pd]p eo sdu pdau ]na pn]joeajp+ _kjop]jphu pn]rahhejc+ nabqoejc pk nah]pa pk c]‘fk bkni]hepeao sde_d pdau baah _]j ajpn]l pdaiRda _nq_e]h eooqa kb pnqop land]lo _]j ]qciajp bkni]h ejrkhraiajp- Rda oi]hh sknh‘ kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano skqh‘ d]ra _hkoa‘ pdaen _]n]r]jo ]j‘ aj_]iliajpo pk ia eb pdau d]‘ jkp bahp pd]p pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ pda naoa]n_dan sana ej okhe‘]nepu sepd pdaen ejpanaopo ]j‘ s]u kb heba28
Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers
Nand]lo ]hok pda eooqa kb ksjanodel ‘kao n]eoa pda mqaopekj kb sdapdan Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan naoa]n_d odkqh‘ ^a _]nnea‘ kqp ^u Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan laklha pk ^a ]qpdajpe_- G ^aheara pd]p ¢_hkoa _kjp]_p£ _]j ^a ]_deara‘ ej naoa]n_d panio pdnkqcd okhe‘]nepu ]j‘ lkhepe_]h qj‘anop]j‘ejc- Rda ‘a^]pa sehh jk ‘kq^p _kjpejqa+ ^qp ln]ci]pe_]hhu ej pda SI pda ikop abba_pera lkhepe_]h _]il]ecjo d]ra _ki^eja‘ pda ogehho ]j‘ naoa]n_d naokqn_ao kb c]‘fk ]_]‘aie_o ]j‘ naoa]n_d skngano sepd Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan knc]jeo]pekj- Rda kjhu Nnkbaookn kb Pki]je Qpq‘eao ej pda SI Rdki]o ?_pkj eo ] c]‘fk (Pki]je skn‘ bkn ] jkj,Eulou)+ jkp ] Pki]je Eulou+ ]j‘ narana‘ ^u pda Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan laklha ]j‘ pdaen knc]jeo]pekjo-
Gypsies and Travellers in Leeds G s]o _kiieooekja‘ pk qj‘anp]ga pda naoa]n_d ^a_]qoa G ]i ] bnaah]j_a _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp _kjoqhp]jp pdanabkna G ]i jkp ]pp]_da‘ pk ]ju ejopepqpekj ]j‘ d]ra ]j ej‘alaj‘ajp op]pqo ]j‘ apdko- Kkna eilknp]jphu G d]ra ] pn]_g na_kn‘ ]j‘ ckk‘ nalqp]pekj bkn iu skng sepd Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ej Jaa‘o ]j‘ ahoasdana ej pda nacekj- G ]i klaj ]j‘ dkjaop ]^kqp iu r]hqao ]j‘ lnej_elhao ]j‘ pda r]hqa bn]iaskng kb iu skngRda naoa]n_d s]o _kiieooekja‘ bkn oaran]h ejpan_kjja_pa‘ na]okjo+ sde_d d]‘ lnei]nehu _kia pk pda bknabnkjp kb lnkbaooekj]h ]caj‘]o ^a_]qoa kb na_ajp _d]jcao ej Sjepa‘ Iejc‘ki haceoh]pekjo- Rdana sana ej_na]oejc _kj_anjo ]^kqp pda jaa‘o kb pn]rahhejc Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano sdk+ jkp kjhu d]‘ qjiap jaa‘o+ ^qp ep s]o _ha]n+ pd]p ^kpd hk_]hhu ]j‘ j]pekj]hhu+ oanre_a lnkre‘ano gjas heppha ]^kqp iaapejc pdaen jaa‘o ej ] _qhpqn]hhu ]__alp]^ha ]j‘ oajoepera s]u- Rdana s]o ]hok na_kcjepekj pd]p pda h]_g kb kbbe_e]h oepa lnkreoekj ia]jp pd]p pda ajbkn_aiajp kb pda h]s ej are_pejc laklha sdk aj_]ila‘ kj lq^he_ h]j‘ s]o _kopejc pda Aepu Akqj_eh ]j‘ pdanabkna pda hk_]h p]tl]uano ] r]op ]ikqjp kb ikjau (oaa Kknneo & Ahaiajpo+ 1//1: Pk^ejokj+ 1//5)? n]jca kb naoa]n_d kran pda h]op bas ua]no d]o ‘aikjopn]pa‘ pd]p pda da]hpd kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ sdk ]na na_kcjeoa‘ ]o ]j apdje_ iejknepu ej SI h]s+ eo iq_d sknoa pd]j pda cajan]h lklqh]pekj ej pda SI ]j‘ Gnah]j‘- Rdeo eo odksj ej na‘q_a‘ heba atla_p]j_u+ decdan ejb]jp iknp]hepu+ ]j‘ ] n]jca kb _dnkje_ da]hpd _kj‘epekjo ]j‘ decd n]pao kb ‘eo]^ehepeao (oaa Fknpkj+ 1//3: N]nnu ap ]h-+ 1//3)- Paoa]n_d ej @neopkh oqccaopa‘ ej 1//2 Eulou iaj d]ra ] heba atla_p]j_u kb ikna pd]j ] ‘a_]‘a haoo pd]j pda cajan]h i]ha lklqh]pekj (oaa Ad]i^anh]ej+ 1//3)- C]nhean naoa]n_d ej Gnah]j‘ d]‘ oqccaopa‘ pdnaa pk psahra ua]no haoo (oaa @]nnu+ 0878)+ ]j‘ ] i]ooera 16 ua]no haoo ej ] opq‘u kb pda SI ej 0877 (oaa N]dh & T]eh+ 0877)- Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano d]ra sknoa da]hpd pd]j skngejc _h]oo laklha ej cajan]h+ ]j‘ sknoa pd]j kpdan apdje_ iejknepeao ej Cjch]j‘ (oaa Ad]i^anh]ej+ 1//3)- Qpq‘eao d]ra ]hok ‘aikjopn]pa‘ pda lkkn oepa ]j‘ herejc _kj‘epekjo ]na pda i]ej atlh]j]pekjo bkn lkkn da]hpd ]hkjc sepd ] h]_g kb _qhpqn]hhu oajoepera da]hpd oanre_a lnkreoekj (oaa Eks]n‘+ 1//5: Fknpkj+ 1//3)29
Marion Horton
Rda naoa]n_d cnkql sana pn]joeajp Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano sdk sana sepdkqp ¢hac]h£ opkllejc lh]_ao kn _kjrajpekj]h oepao ej sde_d pk op]u+ araj kj ] pailkn]nu ^]oeo+ ]j‘ sdk sana pn]rahhejc ]nkqj‘ pda Aepu kb Jaa‘o ej Uaop Wkngodena+ sde_d eo ] i]fkn qn^]j _epu sepd ] oi]hh oaie,nqn]h dejpanh]j‘- Rdau l]ng pdaen _]n]r]jo ]j‘ hera kj sd]p eo cajan]hhu pania‘ ¢ehhac]h£+ ]j‘ sd]p G skqh‘ lnaban pk naban pk ]o ¢qj]qpdkneoa‘£ lh]_ao+ hega pda cn]oo a‘cao kb nk]‘o+ qj‘an ikpkns]uo+ ej‘qopne]h s]opa oepao kn araj h]nca _]n l]ngo- Rda jqi^an kb _]n]r]jo ej pdaoa ajpkqn]cao kb atpaj‘a‘ b]ieheao r]nea‘ ^apsaaj 4 ]j‘ 1/ _]n]r]jo pn]rahhejc pkcapdan- Rdau op]u bkn ] r]neapu kb na]okjo+ okia pk reoep nah]perao ]o pda h]nca atpaj‘a‘ b]iehu eo eilknp]jp ej pda _qhpqna+ okia oa]n_dejc bkn skng ]j‘ okia fqop pn]rah bkn pda fku kb pn]rahhejc ej pda o]ia s]u ]o laklha pn]rah bkn dkhe‘]uo- Rdau op]u bkn r]nea‘ lanek‘o kb peia bnki kranjecdp pk ] saag- Gj okia _]oao pdau _]j bej‘ ] oepa sde_d eo ¢pkhan]pa‘£ ]j‘ pda hk_]h ]qpdknepu kn h]j‘ksjan i]u ¢pqnj ] ^hej‘ aua£ ]j‘ ]hhks pdai pk op]u bkn ] bas saago ]j‘ land]lo ]o hkjc ]o kja ikjpd- Dkn i]ju pda na]h na]okj pd]p pdau _kjpejqa pn]rahhejc ]nkqj‘ eo pd]p pdau d]ra jk _dke_a ]j‘ pdau ]na ej oa]n_d kb ] lani]jajp+ o]ba dkialh]_a sepdkqp naoknpejc pk pdaen ba]n kb herejc ej ] ^ne_go ]j‘ iknp]n dkqoaMja h]nca atpaj‘a‘ b]iehu sdkoa iai^ano G ejpanreasa‘ ej ‘alpd d]‘ ^aaj pn]rahhejc ]nkqj‘ Jaa‘o bkn pdenpu ua]no sepdkqp bej‘ejc ] lani]jajp dkialh]_a- Rdau pn]rah ]o ej‘alaj‘ajp qjepo+ lnkre‘ejc bkn pdaen ksj ‘]ehu jaa‘o ^qp n]nahu d]ra ]__aoo araj pk ] ^]oe_ ja_aooepu hega nqjjejc s]pan- L]pekj]h ]j‘ hk_]h ]qpdknepeao ]j‘ ej‘aa‘ pda cajan]h lq^he_ lan_aera Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ ej l]npe_qh]n pdkoa sdk pn]rah ]nkqj‘+ ]o ]j qjda]hpdu+ lnk^hai]pe_ cnkql kb laklha+ sdk _na]pa ajrenkjiajp]h r]j‘]heoi ]j‘ sdk ]na+ ]p pda ranu ha]op+ pk ^a ]rke‘a‘ ]j‘ araj ba]na‘ bkn pdaen op]j_a kb nai]ejejc kqpoe‘a ok_eapuGj b]_p ]o Pe_d]n‘okj d]o lkejpa‘ kqp pda kjhu pdejco p]hga‘ ]^kqp ]o b]n ]o Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej pda @nepeod ia‘e] ]na _kj_anja‘+ ]na ‘enp ]j‘ iaoo ]j‘ pdaen ¢ehhac]h£ op]pqo (oaa Pe_d]n‘okj+ 1//5)- Rda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano atlaneaj_a n]_eoi aranu ‘]u kb pdaen herao ]j‘ ]na opanakpula‘ ej s]uo+ sde_d i]ga iai^ano kb pda cajan]h+ qjpdejgejc ok_eapu pna]p pdai ]o ¢kqp_]opo£- ?jpe,culoueoi eo _kiikjlh]_a pdnkqcdkqp Cqnkla+ Rqngau ]j‘ pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao ]j‘ A]j]‘] (oaa F]j_k_g+ 1//1)Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan laklha ]na opehh becdpejc bkn pda necdp pk ^a ‘ebbanajp- Ah]ng ]j‘ Ba]nhejc ]ncqa bkn r]hqejc _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu jkp _kjbkniepu ]j‘ ]ooeieh]pekjEuloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ]na ]j k^rekqo at]ilha kb laklha sdk ]na ‘eo_neiej]pa‘ ]c]ejop ^kpd kj cnkqj‘o kb ¢n]_a£ ]j‘ ¢hebaopuha£ (Ah]ng & Ba]nhejc+ 1//2+ l-33)Rdeo hk_]h ]j‘ j]pekj]h deopkne_]h ]j‘ lkhepe_]h _kjpatp ej sde_d naoa]n_d eo _]nnea‘ kqp eo rep]h pk qj‘anop]j‘ejc sd]p oknp kb iapdk‘khkcu lnk_aoo eo jaa‘a‘+ dks pda naoqhpo kb pda naoa]n_d odkqh‘ ^a lnaoajpa‘+ dks ep _]j ^a p]gaj bkns]n‘ ]j‘ ]ju na_kiiaj‘]pekjo eilhaiajpa‘-
30
Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers
?ju naoa]n_d iqop k^rekqohu ^a d]j‘ha‘ sepd oajoeperepu pk pda lkhepe_]h ]j‘ deopkne_]h ajrenkjiajp ]j‘ i]u ^a ‘ebbe_qhp sdana pdana eo ] hkjc hac]_u kb ‘eopnqop (K_Iaa+ 0886+ l-0061)Gp eo ]hok eilknp]jp pd]p pda naoqhp kb mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d eo cnkqj‘a‘ ej ] pdaknape_]hhu okqj‘ ]_]‘aie_ bn]iaskng ej kn‘an pd]p ep ¢bepo£ ejpk pda eilknp]jp se‘an lkhepe_]h ‘a^]paoGp eo pdanabkna jkp kjhu aooajpe]h pk d]ra ] ckk‘ ln]_pepekjan gjksha‘ca ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc ^qp pk _kj‘q_p necknkqo ¢]_]‘aie_£ ‘aog naoa]n_d- Rdeo pqnjo pda oi]hh hk_]h naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ejpk kja+ sde_d ‘kao jkp ¢na,ejrajp pda sdaah£+ a-c- oeilhu nala]pejc skng ‘kja kj kpdan hk_]h naoa]n_d lnkfa_po- Gp ]hok ]hhkso pda naoa]n_d pk _kjja_p pk gjksha‘ca japskngo j]pekj]hhu ]j‘ araj+ ej_na]oejchu eilknp]jphu+ chk^]hhu- Rda oqop]ej]^ehepu kb pda naoa]n_d naoqhpo eo ikna hegahu pk ^a oa_qna‘ eb ]hh _kj_anja‘ qj‘anop]j‘ pdeo lnk_aoo kb _kjpatp oappejc ]j‘ oaa pdaen nkhao ]j‘ herao _kjja_pa‘ pk j]pekj]h LEM£o ]j‘ _]il]ecj cnkqlo ]j‘ Cqnkla]j Sjekj ]j‘ Gjpanj]pekj]h dqi]j necdpo ‘a^]paoRda na]heo]pekj pd]p aranu ‘]u ateopaj_a eo ‘qa+ kn ]p ha]op _]j ^a pn]_a‘ pk+ haceoh]pekj+ lkhepe_]h kn deopkne_]h b]_pkno+ eo he^an]pejc- Rda lanokj]h eo lkhepe_]h ]j‘ ] l]npe_el]pera naoa]n_d lnk_aoo _]j op]np i]gejc pda hejgo ^apsaaj lanokj]h ]j‘ cnkql e‘ajpepeao ]j‘ deopkneao+ ]j‘ cera laklha pda _kjbe‘aj_a pk _nepemqa ]j‘ _d]hhajca ei]cao kb pdaioahrao pdau aj_kqjpan ej pda hk_]h da]hpd+ a‘q_]pekj kn lkhe_a oanre_aoDkq_]qhp ]ncqao pd]p ok_eapu£o na]hepu eo lan_aera‘ pdnkqcd pda ejopepqpekjo kb pda op]pa (Dkq_]qhp+ 087/)- Gb sa ]na pk i]ga ]j eil]_p sepd ]ju naoa]n_d ]j‘ ajoqna ok_e]h+ _qhpqn]h ]j‘ lkhepe_]h _d]jca ep d]o pk ^a lh]_a‘ sepdej ]j ]hh,ai^n]_ejc lanola_pera+ sde_d _d]hhajcao heiepa‘ pdejgejc ‘apanieja‘ ^u op]pa ejopepqpekjo- ?o Rdki]o ?_pkj+ pda kjhu Nnkbaookn kb Pki]je Qpq‘eao ej pda SI ]j‘ ] c]‘fk deioahb ]ncqao9 Gb lkhepe_]h ln]_pe_a+ _kiiqjepu ]_pereoi+ ]j‘ lkhe_u lh]jjejc ]na pk _d]jca n]pdan pd]j naejbkn_a pda ‘aalhu ai^a‘‘a‘ opnq_pqnao kb Pki]je ~ c]‘fk ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejc pdau d]ra pk ^a cnkqj‘a‘ ej ] lnkbkqj‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb dks Pki]je ~ c]‘fk nah]pekjo d]ra ‘arahkla‘ (?_pkj+ 1//4+ l-2/)-
Choosing the methodology Rda ‘ebbe_qhpeao kb pdeo gej‘ kb mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d _]jjkp ^a qj‘an aopei]pa‘- Fksaran+ kpdan bknio kb naoa]n_d skqh‘ jkp d]ra ^aaj oq__aoobqhOqaopekjj]enao skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj qj]__alp]^ha ]j‘ ej‘aa‘ _kqh‘ d]ra ^aaj ‘ereoera ^apsaaj laklha sdk _]j na]‘ ]j‘ pda i]ju sdk _]jjkp na]‘- Gb mqaopekjj]enao d]‘ ^aaj _en_qh]pa‘ pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano skqh‘+ G pdejg+ d]ra s]jpa‘ pk _kilhapa pdai ^a_]qoa pdau s]jp pk eilnkra pdaen da]hpd ]j‘ oepa kllknpqjepeao- Fksaran+ pdau skqh‘ d]ra d]‘ pk _kjbe‘a ej pdkoa sdk na]‘ 31
Marion Horton
]j‘ snepa ]j‘ G s]o pkh‘ pd]p pdau iecdp jkp d]ra ^aaj ]o klaj sepd kpdan Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ ]o sepd ]j ej‘alaj‘ajp ^qp ouil]pdape_ naoa]n_dan sdk pdau bahp pdau _kqh‘ pnqop- Rda mq]hepu kb ejbkni]pekj skqh‘ pdanabkna d]ra ^aaj klaj pk mqaopekj ]j‘ skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj r]ne]^haNaan cnkql naoa]n_d+ ]bpan ]llnklne]pa pn]ejejc+ s]o _kjoe‘ana‘ ^qp nafa_pa‘ kj pda o]ia cnkqj‘o+ ^qp ]hok ep s]o bahp pd]p pda eooqao sana pkk lkhepe_]hhu ]j‘ lanokj]hhu oajoepera- Rda lkhepe_e]jo sdk sana pk na_aera pda nalknp i]u ]hok d]ra _]op ‘kq^po ]^kqp pda ]qpdajpe_epu kb pda naoa]n_d eb jkp _]nnea‘ kqp ^u ] ¢naoa]n_dan£Rda e‘a] kb bk_qo cnkqlo s]o ]hok nafa_pa‘ ^a_]qoa ep s]o bahp pd]p pdana skqh‘ ^a ‘ebbe_qhpu ej cappejc laklha pk ]ppaj‘ ]j‘ eb pdau ‘e‘ ]ppaj‘ cappejc pk pda ikna oajoepera ejbkni]pekj oqnnkqj‘ejc da]hpd ]j‘ oepa jaa‘o- Gp skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj ‘ebbe_qhp ej oq_d ] oi]hh ^q‘cap pk l]u atlajoao pk pdkoa sdk pn]rahha‘ pk ]ppaj‘ bk_qo cnkqlo@qeh‘ejc pnqop ]j‘ aj‘a]rkqnejc pk ‘aoecj ] bqhhu l]npe_el]pera ]_pekj naoa]n_d lnkfa_p sepd ] cnkql kb laklha sdk d]‘ atlaneaj_a‘ ] hebapeia kb lnafq‘e_a ]j‘ sana _kjop]jphu ikra‘ kj ejde^epa‘ okia ]ola_po kb pda naoa]n_d- Qkia laklha G _kqh‘ kjhu reoep kj_a ^qp kpdano G s]o ]^ha pk aop]^heod ] nah]pekjodel ]j‘ s]o ejrepa‘ pk iaap pdai oaran]h peiao+ cerejc ia ] r]hq]^ha ejoecdp ejpk pdaen _qhpqna ]j‘ ^ekhkce_]h heba deopknu naoa]n_d- G s]o ceraj pnqop ajkqcd pk ^a pkh‘ ]^kqp oq_d aikpekj]h oq^fa_po ]j‘ ejpei]_eao ]o oat+ lnacj]j_eao+ ^enpd ]j‘ ^ana]raiajpRdaoa ]na ]hh eilknp]jp nepao kb l]oo]ca sepdej Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan _qhpqnaOq]hep]pera naoa]n_d eo ikna peia _kjoqiejc ^qp ikna abba_pera ej c]pdanejc ‘]p]Rda qoa kb b]_a,pk,b]_a oaie opnq_pqna‘ ejpanreaso ej oepq]pekjo+ sde_d sana l]np kb pda aranu‘]u herao kb ejpanreasaao- G s]o ckejc ejpk pdaen sknh‘ ]j‘ jkp ]ogejc pdai pk _kia ejpk ]jupdejc qjb]iehe]n- G s]o pdanabkna ajoqnejc pd]p lksan s]o ikna amq]h ^apsaaj qoRda mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d ]ooqiao caj‘an s]o eilknp]jp- Rda iapdk‘o G qoa ]na cna]phu ejbhqaj_a‘ ^u baiejeop naoa]n_d iapdk‘o+ sde_d aild]oeoa pda eilknp]j_a kb ejbkni]h _kjrano]pekj+ ¢_d]ppejc£ ]j‘ araj sd]p _]j ^a ‘ao_ne^a‘ ]o bneaj‘hu ckooel ]o eilknp]jp okqn_ao bkn ‘]p] ]j‘ ejbkni]pekj (Qaa Pk^anpo+ 0870)Ahkoa _kjp]_p l]npe_el]pera mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d bqoao ] n]jca kb iapdk‘o sde_d ]hhks pda ¢_hkoa _kjp]_p£ sepd ] _qhpqna+ ]j‘ laklha- Gp ^knnkso bnki ok_ekhkcu ]j‘ ]jpdnklkhkcu+ baiejeoi+ ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp pa_djemqao- Ahkoa _kjp]_p ia]jo ej ln]_pe_a ? lanokj]h+ lkhepe_]h ]j‘ aikpekj]h ajc]caiajp sepd pda laklha ejrkhra‘ ej pda naoa]n_d- ? ^aheab pd]p oq_d ajc]caiajp d]j‘ha‘ ejpahhecajphu lnk‘q_ao nk^qop+ abba_pera naoa]n_d naoqhpo ]^ha pk ^a ‘abaj‘a‘ ej pda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d _kiiqjepu: Rda ‘arahkliajp kb pnqop ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo ok pd]p kja eo hepan]hhu ¢ejrepa‘ ejpk£ pda _qhpqna+ pda dkialh]_a: 32
Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers
? necknkqo naoa]n_d ]llnk]_d pk r]hqa pda ¢na]hhu qoabqh gjksha‘ca£ kb ejpanreasaao ]o ne_d ‘]p]: ]j‘ ?j ]s]najaoo pd]p _hkoa _kjp]_p ejrkhrao naolkjoe^ehepeao ~ pk i]ga pda naoa]n_d ]r]eh]^ha ]j‘ abba_pera bkn qoa ej lkhepe_]h ]j‘ _kiiqjepu opnqcchao bkn _d]jcejc pda sknh‘-
Theory and practice – the praxis of qualitative community research Rda ogehh kb pda _hkoa _kjp]_p mq]hep]pera naoa]n_dan eo ej ^qeh‘ejc pnqop- Qkiapeiao pdeo d]o pk ^a ‘kja ranu mqe_ghu+ n]nahu sepd pda hqtqnu kb peia ]j‘ okiapeiao ej pda ikop ]sgs]n‘ kb oepq]pekjo- Rnqop eo ^qehp pdnkqcd cerejc naola_p ]j‘ ^qeh‘ejc iqpq]h naola_p- E]ejejc naola_p eo kjhu ‘kja pdnkqcd _kilhapahu klaj ]j‘ dkjaop aj_kqjpano- Ku benop ejpnk‘q_pekj pk pda ikpdan kb pda Eulou opaanejc cnkql iai^an s]o jkp pda atla_pa‘ bneaj‘hu na_alpekj ^qp ] n]pdan dkopeha ¢Udu odkqh‘ G dahl ukq= ]j‘ ¢sd]p ]na ukq ckejc pk cera ia=£ mqaopekjejc- Oqaopekjo G _kqh‘ jkp ]josan ej ]ju kpdan s]u pd]j pk pahh pda pnqpd ~ ]j‘ G oeilhu op]pa‘ ¢jkpdejc£- G atlh]eja‘ G d]‘ jkpdejc pk kbban+ G _kqh‘ jkp cq]n]jpaa ]jupdejc dahlbqh+ G d]‘ jk lksan pk _d]jca ]jupdejc ]j‘ G d]‘ jk naokqn_ao kn bej]j_a pk eilnkra dan heba- G _kqh‘ dksaran+ kbban iu _kiiepiajp pk heopaj pk dan+ pk kbban _kilhapa _kjbe‘ajpe]hepu ]j‘ pd]p G skqh‘ snepa ] ckk‘ nalknp sde_d skqh‘ i]ga na_kiiaj‘]pekjo+ pd]p eb eilhaiajpa‘ skqh‘ _d]jca pda sknh‘ ] heppha- Qda oieha‘+ hkkga‘ ‘ena_phu ejpk iu auao ]j‘ o]e‘ sepd okia oqnlneoa ⁄Uahh! ?p ha]op ukq£na dkjaop: _kia ej¥Rdeo ^n]ra ]j‘ ejpahhecajp ski]j _kqh‘ oaa pd]p G s]o kbbanejc ] lnk_aoo+ sde_d _d]jca‘ kqn lksan nah]pekjodel pk ^a ikna amq]h- G kbbana‘ ] lnk_aoo+ sde_d _kqh‘ _kjpejqa ]bpan iu ‘eo]lla]n]j_a ]o oda ]j‘ dan b]iehu _kqh‘ qoa pda nalknp ]o are‘aj_a ej ]ju bqpqna aj_kqjpano sepd pdkoa sdk d]ra lksan- Kkop eilknp]jphu G kbbana‘ dan ]j kllknpqjepu pk d]ra dan rke_a da]n‘ sepdej pda naoa]n_d?o kpdan naoa]n_dano sdk d]ra qoa‘ pdeo ]llnk]_d d]ra lkejpa‘ kqp ep eo l]npe_qh]nhu eilknp]jp bkn cnkqlo sdk paj‘ pk d]ra ha]op lksan ej naoa]n_d nah]pekjodel ]j‘ ej kpdan nah]pekjodelo pkk ]j‘ sdkoa _kjpne^qpekjo ]na kbpaj ‘eoieooa‘ƒ- N]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d _]j ]hok ajd]j_a laklha£o ]s]najaoo kb pdaen necdpo ]j‘ opnajcpdaj pdaen _h]eio kj ok_eapu ikna cajan]hhu (@ajjapp & Pk^anpo+ 1//3- l-6)Rdqo pda ln]_pe_a kb pda naoa]n_d eo ^]oa‘ kj pdaknape_]h lnej_elhao kb ‘arahklejc pnqop ]j‘ cerejc ] ol]_a bkn ¢rke_a£- Kapdk‘khkcu jaa‘o pk ^a cnkqj‘a‘ ej ]_]‘aie_ pdaknu ]j‘ pda r]hqao ]j‘ lnej_elhao kb pda naoa]n_d iqop ^a _ha]nhu qj‘anopkk‘ ^u ]hh- Rda ¢Nnej_elhao kb N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj Paoa]n_d£ (Ad]i^ano 0883)+ ‘arahkla‘ pk nah]pa pk pda atpnaia 33
Marion Horton
lkranpu kb pda Qkqpd+ cerao ] ckk‘ bkqj‘]pekj bkn apde_]h mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d+ sde_d r]hqao pda ¢naoa]n_da‘£ lanokj- Ad]i^ano ]j‘ kpdano d]ra ‘aikjopn]pa‘ dks ep eo pda _khha_pera gjksha‘ca kb pda cnkql sa ]na naoa]n_dejc pd]p dkh‘ pda gau pk+ jkp kjhu okhqpekjo pk lnk^haio+ ^qp sdaj na]hhu heopaja‘ pk+ pdau odks qo dks pk lnk_aa‘ pdnkqcdkqp pda lnk_aoo kb pda naoa]n_d- Rda lnk_aoo _d]jcao ]j‘ ‘arahklo pdnkqcd oahb,nabha_pekj kb pda naoa]n_dan+ nabha_pekj kb pda lnk_aoo ]j‘ kb pda naoqhpo ]o sa c]pdan ejbkni]pekj-
Starting out: What’s in it for me? Qajoepera+ _hkoa _kjp]_p mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d d]o pk arkhra ^qp pda op]npejc lkejp d]o pk ^a _kjoe‘an]pekj kb sdu laklha odkqh‘ cap ejrkhra‘ ej pda naoa]n_d ej pda benop lh]_a- ?og bnki pda kqpoap ¢sd]p sehh pdau c]ej=£ ]j‘ ‘areoa ] lnkcn]iia pd]p ‘kao jkp pna]p pda naoa]n_da‘ ]o ] l]ooera lanokj ^qp kja sdk ‘aoanrao pk c]ej pdnkqcd pda lnk_aoo- Ua d]ra oaaj dks pdeo _]j ^a pdnkqcd bej‘ejc ] rke_a pdnkqcd pda naoa]n_d ^qp ep _]j ^a ]hok ^a pdnkqcd naoa]n_d iapdk‘o sde_d ^nejc sepd pdai ejbkni]pekj cerejc+ japskngejc+ oecjlkopejc kn fqop bqjMja pa_djemqa G d]ra qoa‘ ej iu mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d eo pk knc]jeoa sepd cnkqlo ¢?_pekj B]uo£ sepd ] _]njer]h ]pikoldana- Rdaoa _]j ^a qoabqh _aha^n]pekj ‘]uo bkn ejbkni]pekj c]pdanejc ]j‘ cerejc- Rdaoa naoa]n_d ]_pekj ‘]uo ]na at_ahhajp bkn c]ejejc ] hkp kb ej,‘alpd ejbkni]pekj+ ]j‘ ]na oap ql pk ^a ejbkni]h+ bqj ]j‘ dahlbqh- Gj pda l]op G d]ra knc]jeoa‘ ‘]uo sepd ] sdkha n]jca kb lnkbaooekjo bnki ]n_depa_po pk da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho+ sdk d]ra sah_kia‘ pda kllknpqjepu pk p]hg ejbkni]hhu sdehop p]hgejc ]^kqp pdaen ola_e]heop oq^fa_po- G d]ra d]‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho kbbanejc ejbkni]pekj+ _da_gejc ^hkk‘ lnaooqna kn cerejc ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp _deh‘dkk‘ ‘eoa]oao kn lnacj]j_u+ ]j‘ da]hpd lnkikpekj eooqaoGjbkni]pekj ]^kqp ‘kiaope_ rekhaj_a+ n]la kn oatq]h ]^qoa _]j ^a ‘eo_naaphu k^p]eja‘ ej ]ikjcop ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp da]hpdu a]pejc kn ikna ¢kn‘ej]nu£ heba arajpoGj pda Jaa‘o naoa]n_d ^q‘cap naopn]ejpo ]j‘ pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao kb aj_kqn]cejc laklha sdk ]na qjqoa‘ pk ietejc ej lq^he_ c]pdanejco i]‘a ]ju ¢]_pekj ‘]uo£ qj‘aoen]^ha- Fksaran+ G _kkn‘ej]pa‘ iu reoepo sepd pda reoepo kb pda ¢Fa]hpd @qo£+ sde_d eo ] ranu oi]hh ik^eha da]hpd nkki op]bba‘ ^u jqnoao ]j‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho+ okiapeiao ] ‘k_pkn ]j‘ k__]oekj]hhu ] ‘ajpeop- Rda ^qo eo qoq]hhu ]__kil]jea‘ ^u Rn]rahhano C‘q_]pekj Qanre_ao sdk lnkre‘a ik^eha _n|_da b]_ehepeao ok pda skiaj _]j ]ppaj‘ ]hkja kn ej cnkqlo bkn ] _kjoqhp]pekj- Rda ^qo ]j‘ op]bb ]na sah_kia‘ kjpk oepa ]j‘ pdeo lnkre‘ao ] bk_qo bkn ]j ]hikop _aha^n]pknu _kiiqj]h c]pdanejc ej ] dahlbqh+ jkj,ejr]oera s]u-
Really useful knowledge Rda _kiiepiajp kb pda ajc]ca‘ naoa]n_dan pk _d]jca pda sknh‘ sepd ]j‘ bkn+ ej pdeo _]oa Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano+ ia]jo sa _d]hhajca oqnb]_a jkpekjo kb _kjrajpekj]h seo‘ki kn _kiikj oajoa- Ua ]na pnuejc pk naha]oa ej pda mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d lnk_aoo sd]p eo cajan]hhu 34
Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers
nabanna‘ pk ]o p]_ep gjksha‘ca- Fksaran+ pda na]h ck]h iqop ^a pk ] opal bqnpdan+ pk ^qeh‘ pnqop ]j‘ nah]pekjodelo+ sde_d aj_kqn]cao pda naoa]n_da‘ lanokj pk eil]np pdaen ¢na]hhu qoabqh gjksha‘ca£ sde_d _]j ^a pda gau pk pdai pdaioahrao bej‘ejc _kjja_pekjo ]j‘ iapdk‘o pk _d]jca pdaen sknh‘o- Paoa]n_dano _]j ha]nj bnki ]‘qhp a‘q_]pkno sdk d]ra qoa‘ pda e‘a] kb ¢na]hhu qoabqh gjksha‘ca£+ oej_a pda 08pd _ajpqnu ]o ] _ajpn]h pdaia ej n]‘e_]h pdakneao kb ]‘qhp a‘q_]pekj- Rdaen bk_qo eo kj jkpekjo kb ‘arahklejc ]j‘ ]llhuejc pdeo ¢na]hhu qoabqh gjksha‘ca£ ] pani sde_d opehh dkh‘o pda naokj]j_a kb pda _h]ooe_ ok_e]h ikraiajpo kb a]nhu ej‘qopne]h Cjch]j‘- Mja n]‘e_]h skngejci]j ‘ao_ne^a‘ ep pdaj (ej 0723) ]o pda gjksha‘ca+ sde_d sehh cera dei pda iapdk‘o kj ⁄dks pk cap kqp kb kqn lnaoajp pnkq^hao¥ (Ah]nga+ 0868+ l-73)Akj_ajpn]pejc kj pda r]hqa kb ¢na]hhu qoabqh gjksha‘ca£ ]hok ia]jo ]j klaj nafa_pekj kb pdaknape_]h lanola_perao+ sde_d oaa lkkn laklha ]o ] lnk^hai ]j‘ ej panio kb sd]p pdau h]_g+ ‘alaj‘ejc kj ] lnaoajp]pekj kb jac]pera ei]cao- Ua d]ra pk op]np bnki ] lkoepera lanola_pera ]j‘ pdeo ia]jo ] nafa_pekj kb ‘abe_ep pdaknu- Mqn op]npejc lkejp iqop ^a pd]p laklha ]na ejpanaopejc+ ogehha‘ ]j‘ ]na ]^ha pk+ jkp kjhu okhra+ ^qp ]hok pk ‘abeja sd]p pdaen na]h lnk^haio ]na- Gb ok_eapu s]jpo pk _d]jca pk cera kllknpqjepeao pk lkkn laklha pdaj sa iqop ha]nj sd]p pdaen lnk^haio na]hhu ]na+ jkp sd]p sa lan_aera pdai pk ^aQp]npejc bnki ] nafa_pekj kb ‘abe_ep pdaknu G d]ra ‘arahkla‘ ] oeilha naoa]n_d pa_djemqa sde_d _]j oq__aa‘ ej ^qeh‘ejc pnqop ]j‘ ejpanaop- Udaj ]oga‘ pk oahb ‘abeja+ G bkqj‘ pd]p i]ju Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano skqh‘ jkp ]‘iep pk kbbe_e]h ^k‘eao kn kqpoe‘ano pdaen apdje_ knecejo- Udaj G ]oga‘ pdai pdau skqh‘ daoep]pa ]j‘ pdaj pahh ia pdau sana ] Eulou kn ] Rn]rahhan- Ku nalhu pk pdeo eo ]hs]uo ] oeilha ^qp lkoepera ¢ckk‘!£ G ck kj pk aj_kqn]ca atlnaooekjo kb pdaen _qhpqn]h lne‘a+ sde_d pdau d]ra ^a_kia ]__qopkia‘ pk de‘ejc- G qoa lkoepera ei]cao ]j‘ nkha ik‘aho ej iu nalknpo- Dej‘ejc at]ilhao ]na qoq]hhu a]ou ]bpan iaapejc oq_d ejpanaopejc ]j‘ _khkqnbqh _d]n]_pano-
Solidarity, building on trust Bqnejc pda lnk_aoo kb pdeo naoa]n_d G k^oanra‘ ]j ejpanaopejc odebp kb lan_alpekj kb ia+ jk hkjcan fqop pda naoa]n_dan ^qp ]o ]j ¢kqpoe‘an£ sdk d]‘ okhe‘]nepu sepd pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano- Rdeo lnerehaca‘ lkoepekj c]eja‘ ia ] lh]_a pk _kjpejqa ]j‘ c]pdan na]hhu oajoepera ejbkni]pekj?j atpaj‘a‘ b]iehu kb ]^kqp psajpu _]n]r]jo d]‘ aj_]ila‘ kj ] lea_a kb hk_]h ]qpdknepu h]j‘ ]j‘ d]‘ c]eja‘ pdnkqcd pda fq‘e_e]h lnk_aoo lanieooekj pk op]u bkn ]llnktei]pahu pdnaa ikjpdo- Rdau sana ceraj lknp]^ha pkehapo ]j‘ nabqoa _khha_pekj+ ]h^aep ej]‘amq]pa nabqoa _khha_pekj ]o pdau sana ^h]ia‘ bkn hk_]h pellejc kb nq^^ha ]j‘ nq^^eod- G d]‘ reoepa‘ pdeo aj_]iliajp oaran]h peiao ]j‘ kja ‘]u kja kb pda iaj sdk d]‘ ]rke‘a‘ ^aejc ejpanreasa‘ ]oga‘ sdk G s]o ]j‘ sd]p G s]o ‘kejc- Rda lkhe_a d]‘ n]e‘a‘ pda oepa ej pda ‘]sj dkqno ]j‘ d]‘+ da atlh]eja‘+ bnecdpaja‘ pda _deh‘naj ]j‘ ]_pa‘ ej sd]p da bahp s]o ]j ]ccnaooera ]j‘ lnkrk_]pera s]u+ i]gejc laklha cap kqp kb ^a‘ ]j‘ op]j‘ ej pda beah‘ sdehop 35
Marion Horton
pdau oa]n_da‘ pda _]n]r]jo- Rdau bkqj‘ jkpdejc ]j‘ i]‘a jk ]nnaopo- Fa ]oga‘ sd]p G _kqh‘ ‘k ]j‘ G bahp lksanhaoo pk kbban ]ju na]h dahl- G ‘e‘ dksaran reoep pda oepa bnki ‘]sj kj ] jqi^an kb iknjejco- G o]p ej iu _]n ]j‘ ‘e‘j£p ola]g pk ]jukja- G ‘e‘ jkp sepjaoo ]ju n]e‘o ^qp pda b]_p pd]p G d]‘ pqnja‘ kqp pk k^oanra s]o jkpa‘- G pdkqcdp ]^kqp ep _]nabqhhu ]j‘ ‘a_e‘a‘ kj ] oq^oamqajp reoep pk p]ga ^na]gb]op bkn pda b]ieheao- Lkp ej ] l]pnkjeoejc kn ldeh]jpdnkle_ s]u+ ^qp ej pda o]ia s]u ]o G skqh‘ p]ga ] ^kppha kb seja pk ] l]npu+ G pkkg ^]_kj+ acco+ ^na]‘+ _ana]h ]j‘ iehg ]j‘ sa ]hh d]‘ ^na]gb]op ej sd]p ^a_]ia ] _aha^n]pekj kb a]pejc kqpoe‘a ]j‘ od]nejc opkneao kb l]op aj_]iliajpo- Rdeo s]o kja kb pda i]ju ola_e]h ikiajpo sde_d Hq‘epd Mghau ‘ao_ne^ao ]o ⁄da]raj oajp ikiajpo¥ kb naoa]n_d (Mghau+ 0872+ l-r) ]j‘ ]j kllknpqjepu pk ^a sah_kia‘ ejpk pda dkialh]_a+ sde_d eo kbpaj ⁄] oepa kb naoeop]j_a¥ (Iaj‘]hh+ 0886+ l-64) pk c]‘fk ok_eapu+ ]j‘ jkp kbpaj ]bbkn‘a‘ pda opn]jcan naoa]n_danG s]jpa‘ pk ^qeh‘ kj pdeo atlaneaj_a ]j‘ G ejrepa‘ kja ski]j Eulou+ sdk s]o ]^kqp pda o]ia ]ca ]o ia ]j‘ G d]‘ ‘arahkla‘ ] ckk‘ nah]pekjodel sepd+ pk ]__kil]ju ia pk ] ranu lha]o]jp ‘aopej]pekj sdana sa _kqh‘ p]hg _kjbe‘ajpe]hhu ]j‘ G skqh‘ ajoqna oda s]o sahh hkkga‘ ]bpan- Ku ‘aoena s]o pk okiadks pd]jg dan bkn l]npe_el]pekj ^u ¢pna]pejc dan£+ land]lo hega G skqh‘ d]ra ¢pna]pa‘£ ] oeopan kn iu Kkpdan- Rda ejrep]pekj s]o qj‘anop]j‘]^hu nafa_pa‘ ^a_]qoa ej ]j ]ppailp pk qj‘anop]j‘ dan sknh‘ G s]o p]gejc dan kqp kb dan _kibknp vkja ]j‘ ejpk iu sknh‘- Rdeo s]o ]j dkjaop ieop]ga ^qp kja sahh ha]nja‘ ej iu naoa]n_d sde_d ‘aikjopn]pa‘ okia kb pda heiepo kb pda ]llnk]_dBqnejc pdeo naoa]n_d G ha]njp pk ^a kllknpqjeope_+ pk _kj‘q_p ejpanreaso ej pda ikop ]sgs]n‘ oepq]pekjo- G d]ra ha]njp pk p]ga ^kpd sneppaj ]j‘ iajp]h jkpao sdehop op]j‘ejc kqpoe‘a ] _]n]r]j kn ej pda n]ej+ ]jusdana+ sdaj pda kllknpqjepu lnaoajpa‘ epoahb- G kj_a ]oga‘ bkn ]j ejpanreas ^qp s]o pkh‘ pdana s]o jkp ajkqcd peia ]o iu ejpanreasaa s]o ckejc odkllejc: G lnk_aa‘a‘ pk ^a galp ej _kjrano]pekj bkn ikna pd]j ]j dkqn+ sdehop oda _nkq_da‘ ‘ksj ]j‘ G ha]ja‘ ]_nkoo pda ailpu l]ooajcan oa]p kqp kb iu _]n sej‘ks- G pdejg pda na]h na]okj s]o pd]p ajpanejc pda _]n]r]j+ sde_d G d]‘ reoepa‘ i]ju peiao ^abkna sdaj ep s]o bqhh kb laklha+ s]o jkp ]__alp]^ha sdaj pdana s]o jk kja ahoa ]nkqj‘ ]j‘ pda ol]_a pk ^a _kjbe‘ajpe]h s]o pkk pdna]pajejc-
Reports and their uses Rda 5/,l]ca nalknp kb pda naoa]n_d s]o sneppaj qoejc _]oa opq‘eao+ sde_d ehhqopn]pa‘ pda herao kb pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano G iap- Nkoepera ei]cao ]j‘ na_kiiaj‘]pekjo sana ‘arahkla‘ bkn ] n]jca kb knc]jeo]pekjo ]j‘ op]pa ejopepqpekjo pk p]ga bkns]n‘ (Fknpkj+ 1//3)- Gp s]o i]‘a ]r]eh]^ha kj pda ejpanjap pdnkqcd pda Rn]rahhano C‘q_]pekj Qanre_a6Rda nalknp s]o ]hok ]‘]lpa‘ ^u pda opaanejc cnkql sdk lnk‘q_a‘ ] oi]hh ^kkghap sepd ] _khkqnbqh n]jca kb lkoepera ei]ca ldkpkcn]ldo+ mqkpao bnki pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ]j‘
6
36
Qaa9 sss-pn]rahhanoejhaa‘o-_k-qg.]_]‘aie_
Health and home place: Close contact participatory research with Gypsies and Travellers
pda na_kiiaj‘]pekjo- Rdeo s]o ] opal pks]n‘o lnkre‘ejc ]j ]__aooe^ha bkni kb pda nalknp bkn laklha sdk _]jjkp na]‘Rda peju naoa]n_d ^q‘cap ]j‘ pda j]pqna kb pda pn]rahhejc l]ppanjo kb pda naoa]n_da‘ cnkql kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano naopne_pa‘ ] bkni]h lnaoajp]pekj kb pda naoa]n_d bej‘ejco pk ] naoa]n_d oaiej]n- Fksaran+ ejbkni]hhu G reoepa‘ ]o i]ju kb pda naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ pkh‘ pdai ]^kqp pda nalknp ]j‘ dks ep _kqh‘ ^a ]__aooa‘- Rda nalknp s]o se‘ahu qoa‘ sepdej Jaa‘o ]j‘ lnaoajpa‘ pk lkhepe_e]jo- Rda nalknp _kjpne^qpa‘ pk Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan _]il]ecjo kj da]hpd ]j‘ ^a_]ia ] i]ej l]np kb ] _kjbanaj_a+ sde_d s]o knc]jeoa‘ ^u Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ej pda nacekj- Gp d]o ^aaj mqkpa‘ ej kpdan naoa]n_d (oaa Rdki]okj+ 1//5) ]j‘ s]o kja kb pda ejbhqaj_ejc b]_pkno qoa‘ ^u Qajekn Aereh Qanr]jpo ]p pda Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd pk ejraop ikna bqj‘ejc ej pda da]hpd jaa‘o j]pekj]hhu kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano-
Conclusion Rdeo _d]lpan d]o lnkre‘a‘ ] _]oa opq‘u ‘aikjopn]pejc ]j ]llnk]_d pk _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pera naoa]n_d qoejc ] lnk_aoo kb ejjkr]pera mq]hep]pera iapdk‘khkcu- Gp ]hok ‘aikjopn]pao pd]p naoa]n_d sepd ] i]ncej]heva‘ ]j‘ kllnaooa‘ apdje_ iejknepu hega Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ‘ai]j‘o _qhpqn]hhu oajoepera ]llnk]_dao+ ]j‘ ] _kiiepiajp pk r]hqao ]j‘ okhe‘]nepu- G baah pd]p ep eo lkooe^ha bkn ]j ajc]ca‘ naoa]n_dan skngejc _hkoahu sepd ]j‘ bkn Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano pk lnk‘q_a ] nk^qop ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_]hhu na_kcjeoa‘ lea_a kb hk_]h naoa]n_d- Rda naoa]n_d i]u op]np kqp pk ^a hk_]h ^qp kja kb pda ]eio kb naoa]n_d eo pk _d]jca pda sknh‘+ ]h^aep opal ^u opalƒ ]j‘ dklabqhhu ]o Rdki]o ?_pkj d]o lkejpa‘ kqp ⁄ƒ sehh ]hok ^a ] na,dqi]jeoejc kb ejpan,_qhpqn]h nah]pekjo ej cajan]h¥ (oaa ?_pkj+ 1//5)-
References ?_pkj+ R- (1//5)- Pki]je lkhepe_o+ o_dkh]nodel+ ]j‘ pda ‘eo_kqnoa kb j]pekj ^qeh‘ejc9 Pki]je Qpq‘eao ej 1//2- Gj K]nod ? ]j‘ Qpn]j‘ C- Euloeao ]j‘ pda lnk^haio kb G‘ajpepeao- (ll 16,26)- Gop]j^qh9 Qsa‘eod Paoa]n_d Gjopepqpa ej Gop]j^qh@]nnu+ H- ap ]h- (0878)- Rda Rn]rahhano Fa]hpd Qp]pqo opq‘u 0876- Bq^hej9 Rda Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d @k]n‘@ajjapp+ D- ]j‘ Pk^anpo+ K- (1//3)- N]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao pk naoa]n_d kj lkranpu- Nkranpu 007 l-4,7 @unja+ B- (1//0)- N]npjanodel ~ N]npe_el]pekj ~ Nksan9 pda ia]jejc kb ailksaniajp ej lkop, ej‘qopne]h ok_eapu- Gj @]hhk_d Q- ]j‘ R]uhkn K- a‘o- N]npjanodel Ukngejc9 Nkhe_u ]j‘ ln]_pe_a& @neopkh9 Nkhe_u Nnaoo (ll 132 ~ 15/)Ad]i^anh]ej+ N-(1//3)- Sjda]hpdu eooqao- @ec Gooqa+ ?qcqopAd]i^ano+ P- (0883)- N]npe_el]pknu Pqn]h ?lln]eo]h (NP?)9 ?j]huoeo kb Ctlaneaj_a- Uknh‘ Barahkliajp- 11(8)Ah]ng+ A- ]j‘ Ba]nhejc+ ?- (1//0)- Cpdje_epu+ Lki]‘eoi ]j‘ ¢Rn]rahhan£ e‘ajpepu9 ej Nqnoqep kb Akiikj Enkqj‘- Qk_e]h Ukng ej Cqnkla- 6(0)+ 31,4/Ah]ng+ A- ]j‘ Enaajbeah‘o+ K- (1//5)- Fana pk Qp]u9 pda Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano kb @nep]ej- F]pbeah‘9 37
Marion Horton
FSN F]j_k_g G- (1//1)- Ua ]na pda Pki]je laklha- F]pbeah‘9 SFN Ah]nga H- ap ]h a‘o- (0868)- Ukngejc Ah]oo Aqhpqna ~ Qpq‘eao ej Feopknu ]j‘ Rdaknu- Jkj‘kj9 Fqp_dejokj Dkq_]qhp+ K- (087/)- Nksan.Ijksha‘ca- @necdpkj9 F]nraopan Nnaoo Eks]n‘+ N ap ]h- (1//5)- Ankooejc ^kqj‘]neao- G‘ajpebuejc ]j‘ iaapejc pda iajp]h da]hpd jaa‘o kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano- Hkqnj]h kb Kajp]h Fa]hpd Hqja 04 (2)9 204 , 216 Fknpkj+ K- (1//3)- Fa]hpd ]j‘ Fkiao9 pda da]hpd ]j‘ oepa jaa‘o kb pn]joeajp Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ej Jaa‘o- Jaa‘o9 Jaa‘o Tke_a Iaj‘]hh+ Q- (0886)- Qepao kb Paoeop]j_a9 lh]_ao kj pda i]ncej, pda Rn]rahhan ¢dkialh]_a£- Gj ?_pkj Ra‘- Eulou lkhepe_o ]j‘ Rn]rahhan G‘ajpepu- (ll6/,78) F]pbeah‘9 Sjeranoepu kb Fanpbkn‘odena Nnaoo (SFN) K_Iaa+ I- (0886) Rda Fa]hpd kb Euloeao (C‘epkne]h) @nepeod Ka‘e_]h Hkqnj]h Lkrai^an 7- 204( 6006)+ -0061,2 Kknneo+ P- ]j‘ Ahaiajpo+ J- (1//1)- ?p sd]p _kop9 pda a_kjkie_o kb Eulou ]j‘ Rn]rahhan aj_]iliajpo- @neopkh9 Nkhe_u Nnaoo Mgahu+ H- (0872)- Ad]jcejc Aqhpqnao ~ Rda pn]rahhan,Euloeao- A]i^ne‘ca9 A]i^ne‘ca Sjeranoepu Nnaoo N]dh+ H- ]j‘ T]eha+ K- (0877)- Fa]hpd ]j‘ da]hpd _]na ]ikjc Rn]rahhano- Hkqnj]h kb Qk_e]h Nkhe_u 06+ 084,102 N]nnu+ B- ap ]h- (1//3)- Rda da]hpd op]pqo kb Euloeao ]j‘ Rn]rahhano ej Cjch]j‘- Qdabbeah‘9 Sjeranoepu kb Qdabbeah‘Nkllha+ I- (0884)- ?j]huoejc Akiiqjepu Ukng ~ epo Rdaknu ]j‘ Nn]_pe_a- @q_gejcd]i9 Mlaj Sjeranoepu Pe_d]n‘okj+ H- (1//5)- R]hgejc ]^kqp Euloeao9 pda Lkpekj kb Beo_kqnoa ]o Akjpnkh- Fkqoejc Qpq‘eao+ 10(0)+ 66,85 Pk^anpo+ F- (0870)- Bkejc Daiejeop Paoa]n_d Jkj‘kj9 Pkqpha‘ca Pk^ejokj+ ?- (1//5)- R]t,l]uano bkng kqp x64/+/// bkn ehhac]h pn]rahhano£ _]ilo- Wkngodena Nkop K]n_d 7pd Rdki]okj+ A- (1//5)- Fana Rk Qp]u- Adaopan9 Adaodena+ F]hpkj ]j‘ U]nnejcpkj P]_e]h Cmq]hepu Akqj_eh R]nnks+ Q- (0887)- Nksan ej Kkraiajp9 Qk_e]h Kkraiajpo ]j‘ Akjpajpekqo Nkhepe_o- A]i^ne‘ca9 A]i^ne‘ca Sjeranoepu Nnaoo
38
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition? Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish Rda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ¢Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu9 ^qeh‘ejc ]n_der]h ouopaio bkn Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h iaiknu£ d]o p]qcdp pda naoa]n_d pa]i ]o iq_d ]o pda lnkfa_p epoahb d]o ha]nja‘- Bqnejc oahb,nabha_pera ]j]huoao kb pdaoa haookjo+ ep ^a_]ia k^rekqo pd]p i]ju kb pda _d]hhajcao b]_a‘ ^u pda pa]i hejg ^]_g pk pda _kjpn]‘e_pknu jaa‘o kb _kiiqjepu cnkqlo ]j‘ Uaopanj ouopaio kb ha]njejc ]j‘ naoa]n_d+ ha]‘ejc pk pda mqaopekj9 eo _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lkooe^ha sepdej pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj= Rdeo _d]lpan nalnaoajpo ]j ]ppailp pk pdejg pdnkqcd okia kb pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao ]j‘ _d]hhajcao lnaoajpa‘ ^u pda ¢Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu lnkfa_p£ (R&R): pda ikop oecjebe_]jp ^aejc pda _d]hhajca kb sd]p sa jks naban pk ]o ¢enna_kj_eh]^ha kjpkhkceao£ (Pqooahh+ 1//4)- @u na_kcjeoejc pda enna_kj_eh]^ha j]pqna kb pdaoa kjpkhkceao ~ saopanj ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo ~ ]j‘ ]‘‘naooejc epo eilhe_]pekjo+ sa ^aheara sa d]ra ]‘‘a‘ pnaiaj‘kqohu pk pda kran]hh qj‘anop]j‘ejco pd]p d]ra _kia kqp kb pda lnkfa_p+ ]j‘ kran_kia+ ]p ha]op ej l]np+ okia kb pda odknp_kiejco ejdanajp ej epo _kj_alpekj sepdej ] saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj- Rdeo _d]lpan nabha_po kj R&R ej nah]pekj pk i]gejc hejg]cao ^apsaaj Gj‘ecajkqo ]j‘ saopanj gjksha‘ca ouopaio: pda _d]hhajcao kb qj‘anp]gejc Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho sepdej ]_]‘aie]: ]j‘ okia kb pda haookjo pd]p pda ]qpdkno baah ]na eilknp]jp bkn ] se‘an ]q‘eaj_a- Gj pdeo _d]lpan sa atlhkna pdaoa eooqao ]o l]np kb pda oahb,nabha_pera+ _nepe_]hhu ajc]ca‘ iapdk‘o ailhkua‘ ej pdeo iqhpe,‘eo_elhej]nu+ iqhpe,ld]oa‘ lnkfa_p-
Rdeo _d]lpan ^acejo ^u ]ogejc ] oeilha uap lnkbkqj‘ mqaopekj9 ¢eo _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lkooe^ha sepdej pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj=£ Ua ]og pdeo ej l]np ej ]j ]ppailp pk ‘ebbanajpe]pa ^apsaaj psk ‘ebbanajp gjksha‘ca ouopaio+ e-a- saopanj ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqoQq^op]jperahu pdana eo ] ‘aoena pk ‘n]s ]ppajpekj pk pdaoa ‘ebbanaj_ao+ jkp kjhu ]o pdau iecdp ^a k^oanra‘ ej ‘erancajp iapdk‘khkceao ^qp n]pdan ej pda aj‘ lnk‘q_p+ pda naoa]n_d kqp_kia- Ua ]hok ]og pdeo mqaopekj pk ejpanfa_p ]j‘ ah]^kn]pa pda _kilhatepu kb _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d+ ]j‘ pda atpajoera ]j‘ _nq_e]h lnkpk_kho ep namqenaoMqn ehhqopn]pera _]oa opq‘u eo pda ¢Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu9 ^qeh‘ejc ]j ]n_der]h ouopai bkn Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h iaiknu£ lnkfa_p (R&R)- R&R eo ]j ?qopn]he]j Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh Jejg]ca lnkfa_p+ sepd ] l]npjanodel ^apsaaj Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne]+ pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_-+ pda Te_pkne]j Ikknea Pa_kn‘o R]ogbkn_a+ ]j‘ pda 39
Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
?qopn]he]j Qk_eapu kb ?n_dereopo+ Gj‘ecajkqo Gooqao Qla_e]h Gjpanaop Enkql-Rda bk_qo kb pda R&R lnkfa_p eo kj kn]h iaiknu ]o _]lpqna‘ sepdej j]nn]perao pd]p _kjopepqpa Ikknea gjksha‘ca ]j‘ pda i]ejopna]i j]nn]perao ej ckranjiajp ]j‘ ejopepqpekj]h ]n_deraoRda panio kn]h iaiknu ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo kn Ikknea gjksha‘ca ]na qoa‘ pk ‘ajkpa ] herejc+ ‘uj]ie_ gjksha‘ca ouopai aj_kil]ooejc ]hh bknio ]j‘ pulao kb gjksha‘ca- Mn]h iaiknu eo ‘abeja‘ ]o ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo gjksha‘ca pd]p knecej]pao ]j‘.kn eo gjksha‘ca naejpanlnapa‘ ]o kn]hhu pn]joieppa‘ j]nn]perao kn opkneao- Gj ] ‘eo_qooekj kb pda _kj_alp kb kn]h iaiknu+ D]qhgda]‘ ]j‘ Pqooahh (1//5) hejg ep pk ] ^nk]‘ _kj_alp kb ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h deopknu+ aj_kil]ooejc ^kpd pda pn]joieooekj kb gjksha‘ca kn]hhu ]j‘ pda na_kn‘ejc kb Gj‘ecajkqo gjksha‘ca- Mn]h pn]joieooekj kb gjksha‘ca _kjpejqao pk ^a bqj‘]iajp]h pk Gj‘ecajkqo lanokj]h ]j‘ cnkql e‘ajpepu+ ]j‘ i]u p]ga i]ju bknio+ ej_hq‘ejc pda olkgaj skn‘+ okjc+ iqoe_+ ‘]j_a ]j‘ nepq]hRda pdnaa op]cao kb R&R ]na9 @VEKI =QI
? qoan jaa‘o ]j]huoeo+ ejrkhrejc 61 ejpanreaso+ _khha_pa‘ Ikknea reaso kj opknupahhejc ]j‘ na_kn‘ejc: pnqop ]j‘ ]qpdajpe_epu ej kn]h ]j‘ sneppaj na_kn‘o: ]j‘ eooqao nah]pejc pk _kjpnkh+ ksjanodel+ _qopk‘e]jodel+ ]__aooe^ehepu ]j‘ lner]_u- Rda ejpanreasaao bnki pdnkqcdkqp Te_pkne] bkni ] ¢lqnlkoera o]ilha£+ sepd pda gau _d]n]_paneope_o nalnaoajpa‘ ^aejc+ caj‘an+ ]ca+ lh]_a kb ]^k‘a ]j‘ _kiiqjepu nkhao- Dnki pdeo ]j]huoeo ] oap kb ¢o_aj]neko£ sana ‘arahkla‘ pk ehhqopn]pa r]nekqo qoan jaa‘o:
@VEKI AYR
? _]oa opq‘u qoejc pda o_aj]neko bnki Qp]ca Mja pk atlhkna pda oanre_ao _qnnajphu lnkre‘a‘ ^u pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_- ]j‘ pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne]- Gp ejrkhra‘ ejpanreasejc 11 Ikknea _heajpo kb ]n_der]h oanre_ao+ ia‘e]pkno ]j‘ oanre_a lnkre‘ano+ ]j‘ pda ‘arahkliajp kb ik‘aho kb pnqop ]j‘ ‘eopnqop kb ]n_der]h ouopaio ]j‘ oanre_ao: ]j‘+
@VEKI ALTII ? naolkjoa pk ] gau jaa‘ e‘ajpebea‘ ej Qp]cao Mja ]j‘ Rsk+ ejrkhrao ‘arahklejc ] bn]iaskng ]j‘ oap kb bqj_pekj]h namqenaiajpo bkn ] pnqopa‘ Ikknea ?jjkp]pekj Quopai pd]p sehh ]hhks Ikknea _kiiqjepeao pk ]‘‘ pdaen opkneao ]j‘ lanola_perao+ _kiiajp kj kn _d]hhajca pda ranoekj kb arajpo ej pda ]n_der]h na_kn‘o+ ]j‘ lnkre‘a ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp pdaen _kjpatpR&R d]o ]hok ailhkua‘ _nepe_]hhu ajc]ca‘ iapdk‘o kb oahb,nabha_perepu- Rdeo lnk_aoo d]o aj_kqn]ca‘ pda ]qpdkno+ pdnaa kb sdki ]na iai^ano kb ^kpd pda R&R lnkfa_p pa]i ]j‘ pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu+ pk lnaoajp pdeo nabha_pera reas kb pda lnkfa_pIkknea eo ] pani kb oahb,e‘ajpebe_]pekj qoa‘ ^u okia ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo laklha bnki Te_pkne] ]j‘ okqpdanj l]npo kb Las Qkqpd U]hao+ ia]jejc ¢kqn laklha£+ ¢i]j£ kn ¢lanokj£Ua na_kcjeoa ]j‘ naola_p pd]p pdeo eo jkp ] ^h]jgap pani ]‘klpa‘ ^u ]hh Gj‘ecajkqo laklha bnki pdeo nacekj- K]ju lnaban pdaen ksj _h]j+ j]pekj+ kn op]pa pepha+ kn pda cajane_ panio ¢Gj‘ecajkqo ?qopn]he]j£ kn ¢?qopn]he]j ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an£- Rdana ]na 40
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
]hok pdkoa sepdej pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu sdk+ sdehop lnkq‘ kb pdaen ]j_aopnu+ baah pd]p pdaen e‘ajpepu heao ej ^aejc ¢sdk pdau ]na£: ¢pdaioahrao£: ¢?qopn]he]j£: kb ¢ieta‘ n]_a£: kn ] ¢du^ne‘£+ sepd du^ne‘epu ‘abeja‘ ]o na_kcjeoejc ]j‘ ai^n]_ejc pda _kj_alp kb ^aejc kb ikna pd]j kja _qhpqna+ sdehop jkp ]pp]_dejc at_hqoerahu pk ]ju- Rda oahb,e‘ajpebe_]pekj kb ] lanokj+ dksaran+ ‘kao jkp lnarajp pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu bnki e‘ajpebuejc ]j‘ _h]eiejc pdaoa laklha ]o pdaen ksj+ lh]_ejc naolkjoe^ehepeao qlkj pdai ]o _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ kn pda ej‘ere‘q]ho bnki ]__alpejc pdaen naolkjoe^ehepeao ]o ] _kiiqjepu iai^an- Udaj nabannejc pk ?qopn]he] ]o ] sdkha ej pdeo _d]lpan+ pda pani Gj‘ecajkqo ?qopn]he]j eo qoa‘Rda _kjja_pekj ^apsaaj pda lnkfa_p£o oahb,nabha_pera iapdk‘khkcu ]j‘ eooqao kb ej‘ere‘q]h ]j‘ cnkql e‘ajpepu eo jkp _kej_e‘ajp]h- Ra]i iai^ano d]ra qoa‘ r]nekqo pa_djemqao bkn nabha_pejc kj oq_d eooqao ]j‘ _kjoe‘anejc pdaen ksj nah]pekjodel pk pda lnkfa_p+ ej_hq‘ejc lanokj]h fkqnj]ho pn]_gejc odebpo ej oajoeperepeao+ ]j‘ nacqh]n p]hg baopo- Rdeo oahb,nabha_pekj d]o ba‘ nabhaterahu ^]_g ejpk ‘a_eoekjo ]^kqp skngejc sepd _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ pda ‘ena_pekj kb pda lnkfa_p- ?j at]ilha kb pdeo eo pda na,‘arahkliajp kb Qp]ca Rdnaa pk ola_ebu ] Ikknea ?jjkp]pekj Quopai n]pdan pd]j ^qeh‘ ] lnkpkpula ]n_der]h ouopai bkn kn]h iaiknu ]o knecej]hhu lnklkoa‘- ?jkpdan at]ilha s]o pda qj‘anp]gejc ie‘s]u pdnkqcd pda lnkfa_p kb ] i]fkn nareas kb pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ lnkfa_p nah]pekjodelo+ pda lnkfa_p ‘]p] i]j]caiajp+ ]j‘ pda nkha kb lnkfa_p l]npe_el]jpo+ p]gejc ejpk ]__kqjp baa‘^]_g bnki ]hh ]na]o kb pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p _kiiqjepu+ ]j‘ ha]‘ejc pk na_kiiaj‘]pekjo pd]p d]ra oej_a ^aaj eilhaiajpa‘ pdnkqcd pda naop kb pda lnkfa_p- Rda Dej]h Nnkfa_p Palknp+ _qnnajphu qj‘an ‘arahkliajp+ sehh ej_hq‘a ] oap kb na_kiiaj‘]pekjo pd]p ]‘‘naoo pda haookjo sa d]ra ha]njp ]^kqp naoa]n_dejc pkcapdan sepd _kiiqjepeao pdnkqcd lnklkoa‘ _d]jcao pk ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d bn]iaskngoKq_d kb pdeo _d]lpan eo bn]ia‘ ^u eooqao nah]pejc pk pda (en)na_kj_eh]^ehepu kb Gj‘ecajkqo ]j‘ saopanj gjksha‘ca ouopaio+ ]j‘ pda lnk^haio aj_kqjpana‘ sdaj naoa]n_d kb kja ouopai eo qj‘anp]gaj sepdej ]jkpdan- Rda ]ncqiajp eo opnq_pqna‘ ejpk pdnaa l]npo- Denop+ sa hkkg ]p pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj Gj‘ecajkqo ]j‘ saopanj gjksha‘ca ouopaio: oa_kj‘+ sa nabha_p kj Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho ]j‘ pda _d]hhajcao pk R&R pk ]_deara pdaoa: ]j‘ bej]hhu sa lnaoajp pda haookjo sa d]ra ha]njp-
Indigenous and Western Knowledge Systems Udehop skngejc kj ] lnkfa_p pd]p s]o ]ppailpejc pk i]p_d saopanj ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo ?qopn]he]j sa]pdan _u_hao+ Pqooahh ]‘klpa‘ pda pani ¢enna_kj_eh]^ha kjpkhkceao£ (1//4) pk atlh]ej pda eilkooe^ehepu kb na‘q_ejc saopanj ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo ?qopn]he]j gjksha‘ca ouopaio ok pd]p pdau ]na amqer]hajp (oaa ]hok ?ppskk‘+ 1//0)- Rdaoa psk gjksha‘ca ouopaio skng sepdej ‘ebbanajp bn]iaskngo ]j‘ ]na ^]oa‘ kj ‘ebbanajp s]uo kb reasejc pda sknh‘Aha]nhu ep eo ‘ebbe_qhp+ eb jkp eilkooe^ha+ bkn ]_]‘aie_o o_dkkha‘ ej saopanj,lkoepereop o_eaj_a pk ia]jejcbqhhu ajc]ca sepd ‘ebbanejc sknh‘reaso- ?ppailpejc pk i]p_d pdaoa psk ouopaio kb gjksejc kbpaj naoqhpo ej kja ouopai ^aejc oq^oqia‘ ^u pda kpdan+ kn kja ^aejc lnaoajpa‘ ]o ]j ]hpanj]pera pk pda kpdan: jkp ej pdai ^aejc amq]h ^qp ‘ebbanajp sknh‘reaso41
Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
Rda _kj_alp kb enna_kj_eh]^ha kjpkhkceao oqccaopo pd]p iqpq]h qj‘anop]j‘ejc sehh kjhu _kia re] ]j ]_gjksha‘ciajp kb ]j‘ naola_p bkn pda ‘ebbanejc sknh‘reaso ej ]hh pdaen _kilhatepu+ ^qp pdana eo ]j ejdanajp lnk^hai ej pdeo- ?ju naoa]n_dan eo ]hs]uo pnuejc pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda sknh‘reas kb pda kpdan bnki sepdej deo.dan ksj sknh‘reas- Dkn at]ilha ej kja sknh‘reas j]nn]perao+ deopkneao kn opkneao bnki ]jkpdan iecdp ^a h]^ahha‘ iupde_ ]j‘ _d]n]_paneoa‘ ]o be_pepekqo kn ei]cej]nu- Ua ]na klpeieope_ ]^kqp pda lkpajpe]h pk pn]jo_aj‘ pdeo ]j‘ na]_d ] na_kj_eha‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc- Uepdej ] bn]iaskng pd]p ]_gjksha‘cao ‘ebbanejc kjpkhkceao+ ep eo lkooe^ha pk lh]_a j]nn]perao bnki kja kjpkhkcu ]hkjcoe‘a j]nn]perao bnki pda kpdan- Rdqo+ ] _na]pekj opknu skqh‘ oep ^aoe‘a+ ]j‘ ^a oaaj ]o amq]hhu r]he‘ pk+ ] cakhkce_]h na]‘ejc kb h]j‘o_]la deopknu- ?__alpejc pda ‘ebbanejc reaso kb pda ]_]‘aie_ _kiiqjepu ]j‘ pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu _]j ejrkhra ] _hkoa na]‘ejc kb pda oq^patpo kb ia]jejco ]j‘ pda oq^phapeao kb atlnaooekjGp _]j ^a pkk na]‘ehu ]ooqia‘ pd]p pda _d]hhajcao kb ‘a]hejc sepd ‘ebbanejc sknh‘reaso _]j ^a a]oehu kran_kia sepdej ] lnkfa_p hega R&R+ sepd epo ejpanlnapereop,mq]hep]pera ]llnk]_d+ epo iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu ]j‘ iqhpe_qhpqn]h naoa]n_d pa]i+ ]j‘ epo _kj_anj sepd pda ‘ebbanajp s]uo laklha i]ga oajoa kb pdaen sknh‘ ]j‘ _kjopnq_p pdaen ksj na]hepeao- Mqn atlaneaj_a oqccaopo ep eo lkooe^ha ^u skngejc ]j‘ ha]njejc pkcapdan pk ]_deara ] ‘ebbanajp lanola_pera pd]p ^kpd pn]jo_aj‘o ]j‘ pn]jobknio kqn ksj sknh‘reas+ ]o sahh ]o pd]p kb pda _kiiqjepu sepd sdki sa ]na skngejc- Rdeo+ dksaran+ eo jkp ]hs]uo a]ou sepdej ] lan_aera‘ i]ejop]u kb pda saopanj gjksha‘ca ouopai+ ]_]‘aie]- Mja s]u kb ]_dearejc pdeo eo ^u ‘arahklejc ] _k]hepekj kb _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]_]‘aie] ej sde_d kja ‘kao jkp kranod]‘ks pda kpdan- Iau pk pda oq__aoo kb kqn ]llnk]_d d]o ^aaj pda baa‘^]_g ]j‘ oahb,nabha_pekj sa d]ra cajan]pa‘ sepdej pda cnkql kb naoa]n_dano- Gj kqn _]oa pdeo s]o jkp ^qehp ejpk pda knecej]h lnkfa_p lh]j+ ^qp ep eo kja kb pda ikop oecjebe_]jp haookjo sa d]ra ha]nja‘ ]hkjc pda s]uRsk Kkj]od Sjeranoepu o_dkkho ]na ejrkhra‘ ej R&R+ pda Aajpna bkn ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao (A?GQ)+ ]j‘ pda A]qhbeah‘ Q_dkkh kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu- Dkn ] jqi^an kb ua]no naoa]n_d op]bb ]p A?GQ d]ra sknga‘ pks]n‘o ej_hq‘ejc ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao ej ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ]o ] i]ppan kb ja_aooepu- Rdeo eo ‘kja ej _kjfqj_pekj sepd ] _kiiepiajp pk p]gejc ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d kqp ejpk pda lq^he_ ]naj]+ ]j‘ d]o ^aaj ]_deara‘ ej ] jqi^an kb s]uo+ ej_hq‘ejc pda lnk‘q_pekj kb ¢lh]ej Cjcheod£ naoa]n_d nalknpo sde_d ]na ‘eopne^qpa‘ pk _kiiqjepeao ]hkjc sepd pda ikna pn]‘epekj]h ]_]‘aie_ l]lano ]j‘ ^kkgo- Mja kb pda ikop oq__aoobqh ia]jo kb cappejc ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d kqp_kiao ]__alpa‘ ]j‘ ]_gjksha‘ca‘ ^u pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu d]o ^aaj pdnkqcd pda lnk‘q_pekj kb h]nca bkni]p naoa]n_d lkopanoRda Q_dkkh kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu d]o ^aaj oeieh]nhu skngejc pks]n‘o _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajp sepdej ]_]‘aie] ^u _kjja_pejc _kiiqjepeao (jkp ola_ebe_]hhu Gj‘ecajkqo) ]j‘ pda ‘eo_elhejao kb ejbkni]pekj pa_djkhkcu+ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o- Rda aop]^heodiajp kb pda Aajpna bkn Mnc]jeo]pekj]h ]j‘ Qk_e]h Gjbkni]pe_o ]j‘ pda Aajpna bkn Akiiqjepu Lapskngejc Paoa]n_d ]na ha]‘ejc at]ilhao kb hejgejc _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ ejbkni]pe_o42
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
Rda Aajpna bkn Mnc]jeo]pekj]h ]j‘ Qk_e]h Gjbkni]pe_o (AMQG) _kjpne^qpao pk pda ‘arahkliajp kb ej‘ere‘q]ho+ knc]jeo]pekjo+ ]j‘ ok_eapu pdnkqcd naoa]n_d nah]pejc pk dqi]j,_ajpna‘ ‘aoecj ]j‘ ‘alhkuiajp kb ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pekj pa_djkhkceao (GAR)- AMQG bk_qoao kj qj‘anop]j‘ejc pda laklha ]j‘ knc]jeo]pekj]h ‘eiajoekjo+ pda _kilhatepeao ]j‘ jaa‘o kb pda ok_e]h japskngo pd]p GAR oanrao+ ej kn‘an pk klpeieoa epo ok_e]h+ _qhpqn]h ]j‘ a_kjkie_ ^ajabepo (AMQG+ 1//6)Qeieh]nhu pda Aajpna bkn Akiiqjepu Lapskngejc Paoa]n_d9 ƒ ]eio pk qj‘anop]j‘ dks _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo ]na qoejc jas pa_djkhkceao- Ua ]na ejpanaopa‘ ej pda ln]_pe_]hepeao kb ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ pa_djkhkcu qo]ca ]j‘ ^nk]‘an eooqao kb _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ejopepqpekj]h _qhpqna ]j‘ iaiknu ]o pdau ]na od]la‘ pdnkqcd ‘ebbanajp qj‘anop]j‘ejco ]j‘ qoao kb pa_djkhkceao (AALP+ 1//6)Uepd pdeo _ki^ej]pekj kb o_dkkho ]j‘ ] lnkfa_p pa]i sepd iai^ano bnki ] n]jca kb ‘eo_elhej]nu lanola_perao+ R&R eo reasa‘ ]o ^kpd ] _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o ]j‘ ] Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkfa_pCooajpe]hhu _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o+ sde_d _]ia ejpk lnkiejaj_a ]o ]j ]_]‘aie_ ‘eo_elheja ej pda 088/o (Uegela‘e]+ 1//5^)+ eo ajc]ca‘ ej ‘arahklejc lnej_elhao ]j‘ ln]_pe_ao pk dahl _kiiqjepeao ]_deara pdaen ck]ho pdnkqcd i]p_dejc _kiiqjepu jaa‘o ]j‘ pa_djkhkcuDnki pda lanola_pera kb pdeo aiancejc ‘eo_elheja+ R&R eo ] _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o lnkfa_p ]o ep eo ]eiejc pk qoa ejbkni]pekj pa_djkhkcu pk ¢ailksan£ Te_pkne]j Ikknea _kiiqjepeao pdnkqcd od]nejc+ _khha_pejc ]j‘ lnkre‘ejc ]__aoo pk Ikknea kn]h iaiknu- Rdeo ]hok ‘abejao R&R ]o ] Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkfa_pUdehop R&R opn]‘‘hao psk ]na]o kb _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d+ ikop kb pda pa]i d]ra ^aaj ejpacn]hhu ejrkhra‘ ej aepdan _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o kn Ikknea _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d+ sepd pda kpdan ]na] ^aejc nah]perahu qjgjksj pk pdai- Rdana eo ] _kj_anj pdkqcd pd]p reasejc R&R+ araj ej l]np+ ]o ] _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o lnkfa_p i]u neog oq^oqiejc ep pk pda ‘kiej]jp saopanj naoa]n_d l]n]‘eciUdehop pda lnej_elhao kb _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o lkpajpe]hhu _d]hhajca ateopejc naoa]n_d l]n]‘ecio+ ep eo opehh ]j ai^nukje_ ‘eo_elheja- Gp eo ‘arahklejc ik‘aho kb l]npe_el]pknu _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d ^]oa‘ kj ]_pekj naoa]n_d+ sde_d ajc]cao pda _kiiqjepu ej s]uo pd]p ]na lekjaanejc ej pda GR ‘eo_elheja ^u9 0-
Paoa]n_dano ej_hq‘ejc pda _kiiqjepu ]o amq]h l]npjano sepd jk dean]n_du kb naoa]n_d nkhao+ pdkqcd ep eo ]_gjksha‘ca‘ pd]p pdana ]na ogehha‘ atlanp naoa]n_dano pk cqe‘a ]j‘ b]_ehep]pa43
Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
1-
Paoa]n_d ai]j]pejc bnki ] _kiiqjepu,e‘ajpebea‘ lnk^hai+ atlnaooa‘ ej pda _kiiqjepu£o panio-
2-
Rda _kiiqjepu op]uejc ejrkhra‘ sepd pda naoa]n_d+ ej_hq‘ejc l]npe_el]pekj ej pda _dke_a kb _kjpajp+ bkni ]j‘ _d]jjah bkn pda kqplqpo kb naoqhpo-
3-
Rda naoa]n_d ^aejc ¢ksja‘£ ^u ]hh l]npe_el]jpo-
4-
Paoa]n_d lnk_aooao ^aejc epan]pera+ ^]oa‘ ej pda _kiiqjepu+ ej_knlkn]pejc ejraopec]pekj+ nabha_pekj+ ]j‘ ]_pekj-
5-
Rda naoa]n_d oaagejc r]he‘]pekj ej pda ]llnkr]h kb pda _kiiqjepu pd]p ep oanrao ]o sahh ]o ej atpanj]h r]he‘]pekj ia_d]jeoio- (Qpka_gan+ 1//4 & Uegela‘e]+ 1//5])-
Qq_d ik‘aho lnaoajp bqj‘]iajp]h _d]hhajcao pk pda bn]iaskngo ej sde_d naoa]n_d eo _qnnajphu _kj‘q_pa‘ ej qjeranoepeao ej ?qopn]he]- Dkn pda ikiajp pdkqcd+ _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o eo h]ncahu klan]pejc sepdej pdaoa bn]iaskngo+ ]j‘ ej‘aa‘ eo _d]hhajca‘ pk lnkra epoahb pdanaejRdaoa lnej_elhao kb _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o a_dk kpdan _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lnkpk_kho+ ej_hq‘ejc Gj‘ecajkqo kjao- Fksaran+ pda ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu d]o ^aaj _d]hhajcejc pda saopanj l]n]‘eci oej_a _khkje]h,ejr]oekj- Rdau d]ra ^aaj ‘arahklejc iapdk‘o+ lnej_elhao ]j‘ lnkpk_kho bkn naoa]n_d sepdej pdaen _kiiqjepeao pd]p d]ra ^aaj reoe^hu jkpe_a]^ha sepdej ]_]‘aie] oej_a pda h]pa 085/o+ a]nhu 086/o+ ]j‘ d]ra ejbhqaj_a‘ pda s]uo pd]p ]_]‘aie_o ej okia l]npo kb ]_]‘aie] d]ra ^aaj ajc]cejc sepd Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeaoDnki kqn atlaneaj_ao+ sa _kjoe‘an pda opnajcpd kb _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o opehh heao ikna ej ejbkni]pekj japskngo ]j‘ ouopaio+ sepd pda _kiiqjepu ]ola_p opehh aiancajp- Ua bej‘ pda ‘arahklejc j]pqna kb _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o at_epejc+ aola_e]hhu ]o ep naokj]pao sepd pda ^]_gcnkqj‘ kb kpdan pa]i iai^ano+ sdk d]ra ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej lnarekqo ]ppailpo pk cap GR lnkfa_po pk lkoepekj pda jaa‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao ]p pda da]np kb pda ouopaio pdau ]na ‘arahklejc-
Koorie Community Gj pda naoa]n_d _kjpatp+ na_elnk_epu eilheao ej_hqoekj ]j‘ ia]jo na_kcjeoejc l]npjano£ _kjpne^qpekjo+ ]j‘ ajoqnejc pd]p naoa]n_d kqp_kiao ej_hq‘a amqep]^ha ^ajabepo kb r]hqa pk ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an _kiiqjepeao kn ej‘ere‘q]ho- ƒ Pa_elnk_epu namqenao pda naoa]n_dan pk ‘aikjopn]pa ] napqnj (kn ^ajabep) pk pda _kiiqjepu pd]p eo r]hqa‘ ^u pda 44
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
_kiiqjepu ]j‘ sde_d _kjpne^qpao pk _kdaoekj ]j‘ oqnrer]h- Gp eo eilknp]jp pk naiai^an pd]p ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an Naklhao i]u lh]_a cna]pan kn haooan r]hqa kj pda r]nekqo napqnjo pd]j naoa]n_dano- Pa_elnk_epu ejrkhrao at_d]jca ]hpdkqcd ej pda _kjpatp kb naoa]n_d pdeo kbpaj ejrkhrao qjamq]h lksan nah]pekjodelo- Gj jackpe]pejc pda _kj‘q_p kb naoa]n_d+ ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an _kiiqjepeao d]ra pda necdp pk ‘abeja pda ^ajabepo ]__kn‘ejc pk pdaen ksj r]hqao ]j‘ lneknepeao (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd & Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (?qop-)+ 1//2+ l-0/)Gj‘ecajkqo cnkqlo sknh‘se‘a d]ra ‘arahkla‘ naoa]n_d lnkpk_kho pk ajoqna pd]p ]ju naoa]n_d ajc]cao pda oeilha bqj‘]iajp]ho kb na_elnk_epu ]j‘ apde_]hhu okqj‘ ln]_pe_aRdaoa lnkpk_kho d]ra ^aaj aop]^heoda‘ pk ]‘‘naoo pda _kjpejqejc ln]_pe_ao kb _khkje]h kn ‘kiej]jp _qhpqn]h naoa]n_d l]n]‘ecio- Gj‘ecajkqo cnkqlo deopkne_]hhu d]ra ^aaj pna]pa‘ ]o naoa]n_d oq^fa_po qj‘an pdaoa ‘kiej]jp naoa]n_d l]n]‘ecio+ sepd naoa]n_d _kj_ajpn]pejc kj pda ‘ebbanaj_ao ^apsaaj laklhao ]j‘ _qhpqnao+ kbpaj ej op]ng _kjpn]op pk naoa]n_d pd]p ^ajabepo pda _kiiqjepuAkiiqjepu Akjoqhp]pekj ^qeh‘o nah]pekjodelo ^apsaaj Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ naoa]n_dano+ ]j‘ cerao _kjpnkh kb sd]p ejbkni]pekj eo od]na‘ sepd naoa]n_dano pk pda _kiiqjepu (Te_ganu+ D]qhgda]‘ ap ]h-+ 1//3+ l-26)?o atlhkna‘ bqnpdan ^u Te_ganu+ D]qhgda]‘ ap ]h- (1//3+ l-26)+ Akiiqjepu Akjoqhp]pekj _kjoeopo kb na_kiiaj‘a‘ lnkpk_kho ]eia‘ ]p lnk‘q_ejc ] lnkfa_p pd]p ^ajabepo ]hh l]npeao sepdkqp ‘eo]‘r]jp]cejc kn ‘eonaola_pejc pda _kiiqjepu ejrkhra‘- Dkn i]ju _kiiqjepeao pda lnei]nu lnkpk_kh eo pd]p pda lnkfa_p ^a ‘arahkla‘ pdkqcd ‘eo_qooekjo sepd nalnaoajp]perao kb pda _kiiqjepu+ ]hhksejc bkn ep pk ]‘‘naoo ] l]npe_qh]n lnk^hai kn gjksha‘ca c]l pd]p pda _kiiqjepu e‘ajpebeao ]o eilknp]jp- Rdeo lnkpk_kh eo aooajpe]h bkn _kiiqjepu ]j‘ naoa]n_dano pk ‘arahkl ] pnqhu fkejp l]npjanodel?hpdkqcd rep]h+ qj‘anp]gejc pdeo lnkpk_kh _]j ^a reasa‘ ]o peia _kjoqiejc+ aola_e]hhu ^u naoa]n_dano jkp ^ahkjcejc pk+ kn sdk ‘k jkp d]ra ]j ateopejc nah]pekjodel sepd+ pda l]npjan _kiiqjepu- Rdeo eo l]npe_qh]nhu pnqa sdaj _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]ho d]ra jac]pera atlaneaj_ao sepd lnarekqo naoa]n_dano-
Community protocols and T&T Gjepe]hhu R&R oaaia‘ pk ^a ]eiejc ]p kqp_kiao pd]p ^kpd ^ajabepa‘ pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ‘arahkl ]_]‘aie_]hhu necknkqo naoa]n_d+ sepd pda knecej]h ]eio kb pda lnkfa_p ^aejc pk9 atlhkna sd]p pda aild]oeo kb Gj‘ecajkqo laklha kj kn]h iaiknu eilheao bkn pda lnkreoekj kb ]n_der]h oanre_ao45
Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
at]ieja dks pnqop eo ajcaj‘ana‘ sepdej Gj‘ecajkqo cnkqlo nah]pejc pk ]qpdajpe_epu+ ejpahha_pq]h lnklanpu ]j‘ ]__aoo pk ]n_derao ejraopec]pa dks sahh ckranjiajp ]j‘ kpdan ]n_der]h oanre_ao iaap pda jaa‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo laklha bkn ]__aoo pk kn]h iaiknu at]ieja dks ]n_der]h pa_djemqao ]j‘ GR _]j ^a qoa‘ pk ^qeh‘ pnqopa‘ ]n_der]h ouopaio pk iaap pda jaa‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo laklha^qeh‘ ] lnkpkpula lnaoanr]pekj ]j‘ ]__aoo ouopaiR&R d]‘ bkhhksa‘ pdnkqcd kj _kiiajpo bnki pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu pd]p oqccaopa‘ pd]p pdana ateopa‘ ] h]_g kb _qhpqn]h qj‘anop]j‘ejc ]nkqj‘ pda eooqa kb kn]h gjksha‘ca+ ]j‘ ] _kj_kiep]jp h]_g kb _qhpqn]h naola_p ^u ateopejc ]n_der]h nalkoepkneao bkn Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao- Gj‘aa‘ ep oaaia‘ pk i]ju pd]p pda jkni]pera lkoepekj s]o pd]p ]n_derao sana bkn ?jchk ?qopn]he]jo+ ]j‘ pd]p ^kpd Gj‘ecajkqo ]j‘ iecn]jp _kiiqjepeao sana ^aejc kranhkkga‘- R&R s]o ‘arahkla‘ ej ]j ]ppailp pk ]‘‘naoo pdeo+ iej‘bqh kb pda jaa‘ pk ^a _qhpqn]hhu naola_pbqh- Fksaran pda ranu bkqj‘]pekjo kb pda lnkfa_p sana uap pk ajc]ca bqhhu sepd pdaoa jkni]pera ]j‘ _qhpqn]hhu ^e]oa‘ ]ooqilpekjoIkknea _kiiqjepeao s]jp _qhpqn]h naola_p bnki ]n_der]h ejopepqpekjo+ ]j‘ na_kcjepekj pd]p kn]h gjksha‘ca eo ] naola_pa‘ gjksha‘ca okqn_a- ?hpdkqcd qj_anp]ej ]o pk sdapdan kn jkp Ikknea _kiiqjepeao s]jpa‘ ]n_der]h oanre_ao ej nac]n‘o pk pdaen kn]h iaiknu+ R&R ]eia‘ ¢pk ‘eo_kran dks pk _]lpqna ep ]j‘ i]ga ep ]__aooe^ha pk pda nahar]jp _kiiqjepeao£ kran peia (QGKQ+ DGR+ 1//4)- Rda ]eio kb R&R sana ^]oa‘ kj ]j qjpaopa‘ ]ooqilpekj pd]p Ikknea _kiiqjepeao s]jpa‘ pk ajc]ca sepd ]n_der]h ejopepqpekjo ej pdeo s]u ~ qjpaopa‘ ej pda oajoa pd]p pda ]eio sana ‘arahkla‘ sepdkqp _kjoqhp]pekj sepd pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu- Lkp lkoepa‘ ej ‘arahklejc pda naoa]n_d o_kla ]j‘ ‘aoecj s]o pd]p Ikknea _kiiqjepeao iecdp oeilhu ^a ]bpan _qhpqn]h naola_p bnki ]n_derao+ sdeha s]jpejc pk i]ga pdaen kn]h iaiknu ]__aooe^ha pdnkqcd pdaen ksj gjksha‘ca ouopaio- Gp eo eilknp]jp pk nabha_p kj dks R&R _]ia pk epo ejepe]h lnaieoa ]j‘ ]eio: aola_e]hhu ceraj psk kb qo sana ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnkfa_p bnki pda kqpoap- Gp eo lkooe^ha pd]p R&R _kqh‘ ^a reasa‘ ]o ]j ]ppailp pk _kjpnkh ] ouopai kb gjksha‘ca pd]p eo jkp _qnnajphu _kjp]eja‘ sepdej pda neckqno kb Uaopanj ]_]‘aie]: dksaran pdeo s]o jaran pda ejpajpekj- R&R s]o qj‘anp]gaj ]o ]j ]ppailp pk lnk‘q_a ikna _qhpqn]hhu ej_hqoera ]n_der]h ejopepqpekjo ~ ^qp pda mqaopekj kb sdapdan pd]p s]o ]j ]olen]pekj od]na‘ ^u pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu s]o jkp atlhe_ephu lkoa‘ ]p pda kqpoapRda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne]+ ]hkjc sepd Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ ejepe]pa‘ R&R- Rda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a d]‘ e‘ajpebea‘ ] c]l sepdej pdaen naolkjoe^ehepeao nah]pejc pk atl]j‘ejc _kiiqjepu ]__aoo pk pdaen _khha_pekjo+ ]j‘ ]‘‘naooejc eooqao nah]pejc pk kn]h iaiknu ]j‘ pda ]n_derao- G‘ajpebuejc pdeo c]l k__qnna‘ pdnkqcd pda hkjc,op]j‘ejc nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne]+ pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_-+ ]j‘ pda Te_pkne]j Ikknea Pa_kn‘o R]ogbkn_a?j‘ ikop laklha+ sdaj pdau da]n pda j]ia kb Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop+ pdau oknp kb baah pd]p+ sahh pdau _]j pnqop+ ^a_]qoa pdau gjks laklha sdk skng 46
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
pdana ]j‘ pdana£o ] hkp kb b]epd ej pd]p lh]_a+ ]j‘ pd]p£o sdana pdau hega pdaen ejbkni]pekj oknp kb opkna‘ arajpq]hhu+ ]j‘ G gjks pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop ]na skngejc ]hkjcoe‘a pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘o Mbbe_a+ ok+ G pdejg pd]p baaho o]ba (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-5)Akiiqjepu _kjoqhp]pekj ]j‘ pda ‘arahkliajp kb nah]pekjodelo namqena peia pd]p+ ‘eo]llkejpejchu+ eo jkp b]_pkna‘ ejpk pda cn]jp ]llhe_]pekj lnk_aoo kn ]‘amq]pahu bqj‘a‘ ^u pda cn]jpejc ]caj_eao- Akiiqjepu lnkfa_po odkqh‘ e‘a]hhu ejrkhra ] lna,lnkfa_p ‘arahkliajp op]ca sdaj pda lnkfa_p ]eio+ naoa]n_d ‘aoecj ]j‘ iapdk‘khkceao ]na sknga‘ kqp ej l]npanjanodel sepd _kiiqjepu iai^ano- Nnkfa_p oaa‘ejc bqj‘ejc eo jaa‘a‘ bkn oq_d ] op]ca ~ pk oqllknp ]hh l]npe_el]jpo+ ej_hq‘ejc pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano- Gj pda ]^oaj_a kb oq_d oqllknp+ pk cap lnkfa_p bqj‘ejc ]llnkra‘+ i]ju lnkfa_po okqn_a ] _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekj pk ia‘e]pa kn nalnaoajp pda l]npjan _kiiqjepu- Rdeo ej epoahb lnk‘q_ao lnk^haio+ ]o i]ju _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo ‘k jkp d]ra pda bqj‘o kn op]bb pk ‘a‘e_]pa pk pdeo naolkjoe^ehepu- Rda R&R lnkfa_p bkhhksa‘ pdeo l]ppanj ]j‘ atlaneaj_a‘ nah]pa‘ ‘ebbe_qhpeao- Udehop pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_- _kiieppa‘ epoahb pk R&R+ pda lnkfa_p _kiiaj_a‘ h]pan pd]j atla_pa‘- Bqa pk kpdan _kiiepiajpo ]p pda peia kb _kiiaj_aiajp+ pdana sana jk ej,gej‘ naokqn_ao ]r]eh]^ha bnki pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_- pk ajc]ca sepd _kiiqjepu qjpeh ]bpan pda naoa]n_d ‘aoecj ]j‘ ‘]p] _khha_pekj bkn Qp]ca Mja d]‘ ^acqjBaolepa pda h]_g kb ‘ap]eha‘ gjksha‘ca pd]p skqh‘ d]ra arajpq]pa‘ bnki oq^op]jpe]h _kjoqhp]pekj nac]n‘ejc pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu£o dklao ]j‘ ]olen]pekjo bkn R&R+ pda Qp]ca Mja qoan jaa‘o ]j]huoeo d]o ej‘e_]pa‘ pd]p ]n_derejc Ikknea kn]h iaiknu eo ‘aoen]^haFksaran+ ep eo ]__alp]^ha kjhu ej _anp]ej _en_qiop]j_ao ]j‘ _kj‘epekjo oq_d ]o Ikknea _kiiqjepeao+ b]ieheao ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]ho nap]ejejc _kjpnkh kb pda ]n_dera ]j‘ pdaen kn]h iaikneao- Mja kb pda i]ej na]okjo bkn pdeo eo ‘eopnqop kb dks pdaoa na_kn‘o sehh ^a qoa‘Pkoo+ K_Iaiieod+ & D]qhgda]‘ d]ra ‘eo_qooa‘ pda bej‘ejco kb Qp]ca Mja ej ‘ap]eh (1//5)-
Community Involvement Rdana eo ] jaa‘ bkn ] Ikknea lanokj pk ^a kj Ynaoa]n_d lnkfa_poZ+ ^qp pda pdejc eo sa ‘kj£p s]jp pk ^a fqop pkgajo+ sa s]jp pk ^a qpeheoa‘ (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-23)?jkpdan ]ola_p kb pda ejepe]h naoa]n_d ‘aoecj pd]p namqena‘ oq^op]jpe]h na,skngejc s]o pda nkha kb pda lnkfa_p£o Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an- Rdana s]o bqj‘ejc ej Qp]ca Mja bkn pda ailhkuiajp kb ] Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an- Gp mqe_ghu ^a_]ia are‘ajp pd]p bkn pda lnkfa_p pk d]ra ]ju r]he‘epu kn ia]jejc bkn pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu+ pdaj pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an odkqh‘ lh]u ] nkha pdnkqcdkqp pda ajpena lnkfa_p- Rdanabkna bqj‘o sana na]hhk_]pa‘ sepdej R&R+ sdehop kpdan bqj‘o sana okqn_a‘ bnki kqpoe‘a pk ajoqna pda kjckejc ailhkuiajp kb pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an-
47
Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
Cilhkuejc ] _kiiqjepu iai^an ]o ] Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an eo ]hok ] na_kiiaj‘a‘ Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kh: dksaran+ ep _kiao sepd _kj‘epekjo- Ikknea laklha ailhkua‘ ej pdaoa nkhao ]na pk lh]u ] rep]h nkha ej pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ jkp ] pkgaj kja+ ]j‘ pdau odkqh‘ na_aera pn]ejejc ej pdaen nkha- Mj nabha_pekj sa _kqh‘ d]ra ‘kja pdeo iq_d ^appan- ? gau lnk^hai s]o pd]p pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an s]o kjhu ^nkqcdp kjpk pda pa]i ]bpan pda lnkfa_p d]‘ ^aaj ]llnkra‘ ]j‘ bqj‘a‘ ^u pda ?qopn]he]j Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh: ^u pdeo op]ca+ pda naoa]n_d ‘aoecj ]j‘ iapdk‘o sana ‘arahkla‘+ ]j‘ pda nkha kb pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an ‘abeja‘+ ƒpk ^a mqepa dkjaop+ G s]oj£p na]hhu ]s]na sd]p G s]o cappejc iuoahb ejpk ]p pda peia- G ‘e‘j£p ]_pq]hhu oaa sd]p G s]o ‘kejc qjpeh G ]_pq]hhu oecja‘ pda _kjpn]_p ]j‘ _]ia ej (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-23)Udehop jk,kja mqaopekjo pda ]i]vejc fk^ pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an qj‘anpkkg ej ]nn]jcejc ]j‘ oqllknpejc pda ejpanreasaao bkn Qp]ca Mja+ pa]i iai^ano oaaia‘ _kjbqoa‘ ]^kqp pda nkha- Qkia reasa‘ ep ]o ]j aooajpe]h ]‘iejeopn]pera nkha ej _kjp]_pejc _kiiqjepu+ ^qp jkp ]o ] naoa]n_dan: sdehop kpdano reasa‘ pda lkoepekj ]o ] rep]h _kiiqjepu _kj‘qep pd]p ej_hq‘a‘ naoa]n_d- Rdeo ha‘ pk ]j qjbknpqj]pa eilnaooekj bkn okia pd]p pda Gj‘ecajkqo lkopcn]‘q]pa opq‘ajp ]j‘ pda Bena_pkn kb pda Aajpna bkn ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao dah‘ ikna rep]h nkhao- Rdaen ]_]‘aie_ op]j‘ejc s]o ^aejc ceraj lnabanaj_a kran pda _kiiqjepu op]j‘ejc kb pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an- Aha]nhu pdeo eo jkp ] oepq]pekj pd]p ]ju _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lnkfa_p s]jpo kn _]j pkhan]pa+ aola_e]hhu eb pdeo eilnaooekj bhkso kqp ejpk pda _kiiqjepu- Rdeo ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejc s]o na_pebea‘ sdaj na]heoa‘- Gj dej‘oecdp+ kj_a pda pa]i d]‘ _kia pkcapdan ]j‘ ^abkna h]qj_dejc ejpk pda lnkfa_p ]o ‘aoecja‘+ peia odkqh‘ d]ra ^aaj olajp nareoepejc pda naoa]n_d ‘aoecj+ ]j‘ jackpe]pejc pda nkhao kb pda r]nekqo pa]i iai^anoƒ ukq _]j oknp kb oajoa pdana eo ] heppha ^ep kb oknp kb ]cep]pekj kj ¢sdaj eo pdeo ejpanreas ckejc pk bejeod£+ dks _kia pdana ]na ok i]ju mqaopekjo+ ]j‘ ]hpdkqcd G d]raj£p na]hhu bahp pd]p pda mqaopekjo sana+ sdaj ukq oknp kb hkkg ]p pda heop kb mqaopekjo+ ukq ‘kj£p oknp kb baah pd]p pdau£na oknp kb ejpeie‘]pejc+ ^qp G cqaoo pd]p ‘alaj‘o kj pda lanokj sdk£o ]josanejc pdai+ ok G _]j£p ola]g bkn pdai- @qp G cqaoo eb G s]o ej pdaen lh]_a ]j‘ pdau pkq_da‘ kj ] bas n]s janrao G cqaoo G£‘ ^a_kia ] heppha ^ep ]cep]pa‘ pkk+ ^a_]qoa pda mqaopekjejc ]hok klajo ql+ pneccano kbb kpdan iaikneao--- (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-1)Udehop ep eo ‘ebbe_qhp pk gjks pk sd]p atpajp+ eb ]ju+ pdeo ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejc i]u d]ra eil]_pa‘ kj pda ‘]p] _khha_pa‘ ej Qp]ca Mja+ ep d]o ^aaj ]ja_‘kp]hhu odksj pd]p naoa]n_d ‘arahkla‘ ]j‘ _kj‘q_pa‘ ej _kjfqj_pekj sepd ] Ikknea _kiiqjepu iai^an paj‘o pk lnk‘q_a ‘ebbanajp+ ]j‘ lkooe^hu ikna atpajoera+ ejbkni]pekj- Rda lnkfa_p lnk_aoo s]o jkp qjapde_]h ]__kn‘ejc pk _qnnajp ]_]‘aie_ bn]iaskngo+ ^qp ep ‘e‘ jkp bqhhu iaap pda namqenaiajpo kb Ikknea naoa]n_d lnkpk_kho- Mqn lnk_aooao kb oahb,nabha_pekj ha‘ pk pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an d]rejc ] ikna d]j‘o,kj nkha ej pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj ejpanreaso 48
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
ej Qp]ca Rsk+ iq_d pk pda ‘ahecdp kb pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an ]j‘ pda lnkfa_p pa]i ]o ] sdkhaG bej‘ pd]p ] hkp kb _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ eb pdau gjks ukq kn pdau gjks kb okia^k‘u sdk ukq _]j ola]g pk+ ep£o na]hhu ckk‘ pk cap pda j]iao kb laklha pd]p pdau gjks ]j‘ pdaj pdau£na ] heppha ^ep ikna pnqopejc ]hok (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-1)Rda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an ]nn]jca‘ bkn oarajpu,psk laklha bnki Te_pkne]j Ikknea _kiiqjepeao pk ^a ejpanreasa‘ bkn Qp]ca Mja- Rdeo s]o ]_deara‘ pdnkqcd Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho pd]p ‘ebban bnki pda lnkpk_kho jkni]hhu na_kiiaj‘a‘ ^u qjeranoepu apde_o naceiao- Ikknea lnkpk_kho namqena ^aejc l]np kb+ kn sahh gjksj+ ^u pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu+ ]j ]‘‘a‘ ^kjqoao kb ailhkuejc ] Ikknea lanokj ej pdeo nkha- Rdnkqcd dan iapdk‘o+ pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an s]o ]^ha pk lnkre‘a jkp kjhu ] _nkoo,oa_pekj pd]p nalnaoajpa‘ ]ca+ caj‘an+ ]j‘ qn^]j ]j‘ _kqjpnu+ oda ]hok ]‘‘naooa‘ pda _kiiqjepu namqenaiajpo kb nalnaoajp]pekj kb Ch‘ano+ ]j‘ pda r]nekqo Ikknea _kiiqjepeao kb Te_pkne]Akjrej_ejc laklha pk ^a ejpanreasa‘ eo jkp ]j a]ou9 G£ra ]hs]uo oknp kb lqp iuoahb ej pda lh]_a kb pda ejpanreasaao+ ƒ YGj pda l]opZ G£ra ^aaj ]oga‘ pk p]ga l]np ej naoa]n_d+ ^qp ep£o jaran ^aaj na_kn‘a‘ naoa]n_d+ ]j‘ G pdejg pd]p£o ] heppha ^ep d]n‘an+ ^a_]qoa laklha+ sahh laklha ]hs]uo oknp kb pdejg+ ¢sahh sd]p£o ckejc pk d]llaj pk pdeo= Udana£o ep ckejc pk ck=£ ?j‘+ ¢]na sa ]o Gj‘ecajkqo laklha ckejc pk ^a atlhkepa‘ ]c]ej=£ G£i oqna pdana£o ] hkp kb pdejco£ ckejc pdnkqcd laklha£o iej‘o+ ]j‘ ^a_]qoa kb l]op ejfqope_ao pk kqn ik^+ G pdejg pd]p laklha ‘k pdejg pd]p s]u- Rdau oknp kb o]u ¢sahh ej pda l]op sdaj kqn laklha d]ra oknp kb _kklan]pa‘ sepd jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo laklha+ pd]p gjksha‘ca pd]p sa£ra na_kn‘a‘+ d]o ^aaj p]gaj ]s]u ]j‘ sa£ra jaran aran oaaj ep ]c]ej£+ kn ƒ ¢sa ‘kj£p gjks sd]p pda kqp_kia kb ep eo+ sa fqop oaa ep sdaj okiakja£o ckp ] ^ec NdB ]p pda ^]_g kb pdai+ ]p pda ^]_g kb pdaen j]iao (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-3)Rda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an b]_a‘ kpdan bnqopn]pekjo ~ i]ju kb sde_d sana hejga‘ pk dan ailhkuiajp ^acejjejc ]bpan pda lnkfa_p _kiiaj_a‘- Rda benop s]o pd]p oda s]o jkp ejrkhra‘ ej pda qjeranoepu apde_o ]llhe_]pekj lnk_aooao- ?o ] naoqhp pda apde_o ]llhe_]pekj bkhhksa‘ cajan]h ln]_pe_a ]j‘ ‘e‘ jkp bqhhu p]ga ejpk ]__kqjp _kiiqjepu jaa‘o- Cpde_o ]llnkr]h s]o ^]oa‘ qlkj pda na_kiiaj‘a‘ ]llnk]_d+ sde_d ola_ebea‘ pd]p pda ejpanreasaao ^a ]jkjuikqo- Gp ]hok ‘e‘ jkp i]ga ]hhks]j_ao bkn bqnpdan bkhhks ql _kjp]_pRda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an£o oqccaopekjo pd]p okia kb pda ejpanreasaao skqh‘ hega pk d]ra _kleao kb pda okqj‘ na_kn‘ejco kb pdaen ejpanreaso+ ^a ejrkhra‘ ej _kjoqhpejc kj pda bej‘ejco kb pda naoa]n_d+ ]j‘ d]ra pdaen j]iao ]pp]_da‘ pk pdaen gjksha‘ca sdaj mqkpa‘ ej lq^he_]pekjo+ ha‘ pk ] napdejgejc kb dks apde_o ]llhe_]pekjo _kqh‘ ^a ikna l]npe_el]jp bneaj‘hu+ kn _kiiqjepu kneajp]pa‘9 49
Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
ƒsa£ra hkop ]jkpdan Ch‘an ~ sahh G gjks da d]o ^aaj na_kn‘a‘ mqepa ] ^ep+ ^qp ep£o fqop je_a pd]p i]u^a deo b]iehu skqh‘ hega pd]p p]la+ pd]p ep fqop s]o oknp kb _]j‘e‘ ejpanreas ikna kn haoo (Qejcd+ 1//5+ l-4)Nnkre‘ejc ] _klu kb ^kpd pda pn]jo_nelp ]j‘ kb pda okqj‘ na_kn‘ejc eo ] _kiikj _kqnpaou qoq]hhu namqaopa‘ ^u Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kh+ ^qp s]o kranhkkga‘ ej pda nqod pk _kiiaj_a pdeo lnkfa_p+ sepd kjhu pn]jo_nelpo ^aejc lnkre‘a‘Nand]lo pda ]^kra eooqao odkqh‘ d]ra ^aaj e‘ajpebea‘ sepdej pda apde_o lnk_aoo+ dksaran i]ju ]_]‘aie_ apde_o lnk_aooao ]na opaala‘ ej Uaopanj pn]‘epekjo nah]pejc pk lner]_u+ ejbknia‘ _kjoajp+ ]j‘ pda ksjanodel ]j‘ _kjpnkh kb ‘]p] ^u pda ]_]‘aie_o ejrkhra‘ ej ] lnkfa_p- ?o ] naoqhp pdau ]na ikna ca]na‘ pk lnkpa_pejc pda ejpanaopo kb pda qjeranoepu pd]j pda _kiiqjepu kn ej‘ere‘q]h- ?hpdkqcd ep eo lkooe^ha pk r]nu pda op]j‘]n‘ ]llnk]_dao pk i]j]cejc nah]pekjodelo sepd _kiiqjepu l]npjano ]j‘ d]j‘hejc naoa]n_d ‘]p]+ pda op]j‘]n‘ ]llnk]_dao nara]h ] h]_g kb oajoeperepu pk _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho+ sepd ep ^aejc lkooe^ha bkn _kiiqjepu lnkfa_po pk c]ej apde_o ]llnkr]h sepdkqp ]‘amq]pa _kiiqjepu _kjoqhp]pekj+ kn bqhh _kilhe]j_a sepd _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho- Rdeo opaio ej l]np bnki pda lh]_a ]ooecja‘ pk _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej pda saopanj naoa]n_d l]n]‘eci ~ ]o oq^fa_po kb naoa]n_d+ n]pdan pd]j l]npjano ]j‘ l]npe_el]jpo ej naoa]n_d ]o ajreo]ca‘ ^u _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho ]j‘ ik‘aho kb l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_dMpdan k^op]_hao aj_kqjpana‘ ^u pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an ej_hq‘a‘ ajoqnejc pd]p ]hh nahar]jp ‘k_qiajp]pekj s]o _kjranpa‘ pk lh]ej Cjcheod+ ]j‘ pda naj]iejc kb pda lkoepekj pk okiapdejc ikna ‘ksj pk a]npd ~ pda knecej]h lkoepekj s]o Aqhpqn]h ?pp]_d}.Nnkpk_kh Mbbe_an?jkpdan _nepe_]h eooqa b]_a‘+ sde_d eil]_pa‘ kj pda sdkha lnkfa_p+ nah]pa‘ pk pda ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa- Ikknea _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho oqccaop pd]p ] cnkql kb nahar]jp nalnaoajp]perao bnki pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu ^a bknia‘+ sdk ]na pk ^a _]hha‘ qlkj bkn nacqh]n ejlqp ]j‘ ]‘re_a+ aola_e]hhu ]p pda ^acejjejc ]j‘ aj‘ kb pda lnkfa_p+ sepd nacqh]n iaapejco pdnkqcdkqp pda lnkfa_p- Rdeo lnkre‘ao pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu sepd pda _]l]_epu pk ^a ]j ejrkhra‘ ]j‘ lnk]_pera l]npjan- Rda ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa bknia‘ bkn R&R ‘ebbana‘ bnki pdeo ik‘ah ej oaran]h gau naola_poKai^ano kb pda R&R ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa sana oaha_pa‘ ‘qa pk pdaen raopa‘ ejpanaop ej pda lnkfa_p£o kqp_kiao+ oq_d ]o9 iai^ano kb pda Ikknea _kiiqjepu+ nalnaoajp]perao kb ]n_der]h nalkoepkneao+ ]j‘ kjheja ]n_der]h atlanpo- Mjhu bkqn kb pda psahra iai^ano kb pda ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa sana Ikknea- Rda _kiieppaa s]o aop]^heoda‘ pk lnkre‘a baa‘^]_g+ ]‘re_a ]j‘ ‘eo_qooekj pdnkqcdkqp R&R sdehop iaapejc ]o ] cnkql pse_a ] ua]n- Gp okkj ^a_]ia ]ll]najp pd]p pda ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa s]o jkp skngejc abba_perahu ]o ej‘e_]pa‘ ^u h]_g kb ejpanaop ^u okia iai^ano+ _kilh]ejpo nac]n‘ejc pda h]_g kb ‘eo_qooekj+ ]j‘ sepd‘n]s]h bnki pda lnkfa_p ^u ] Ikknea Ch‘an- Rda ^na]g‘ksj kb pda ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa _kqh‘ ^a hejga‘ pk ] jqi^an kb pdejco ej_hq‘ejc _kjbqoekj kb lqnlkoa+ 50
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
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Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
]hh op]bb ‘aoecj]pa‘ ¢naoa]n_d£ op]bb iqop d]ra ] naoa]n_d lnkbeha ]j‘ lnk‘q_a ej‘alaj‘ajp naoa]n_d kqp_kiao- Rdeo ha‘ pk pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an lkoepekj+ _nq_e]h b]_ehep]pejc R&R ]j‘ ]hh epo naoa]n_d kqp_kiao+ ^aejc na_h]ooebea‘ ]o ] naoa]n_d b]_ehep]pkn: ]j ]‘iejeopn]pera lkoepekj- Rdana eo jk ia_d]jeoi sepdej pda ouopai pk na_kcjeoa pd]p pda skng ejrkhra‘ ej gaalejc _kiiqjepu ejrkhra‘ ]j‘ ejbknia‘ eo amqer]hajp pk ] jqi^an kb naoa]n_d kqp_kiao ej epoahb?jkpdan at]ilha kb ]j ]‘iejeopn]pera k^op]_ha nah]pao pk oqllknpejc _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]pekj kb pda lnkfa_p ]p ‘kiaope_ ]j‘ Gjpanj]pekj]h bknqio- ?o l]npjano ej+ ]j‘ ^ajabe_e]neao kb pda lnkfa_p+ ep eo e‘a]h pk lnkre‘a bej]j_e]h oqllknp bkn _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]perao pk lnaoajp kj pda lnkfa_p- Udehop ep eo lkooe^ha pk ^kkg ]__kiik‘]pekj ]j‘ bhecdpo bkn _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]perao+ pdana ]na jk b]_ehepeao ]r]eh]^ha pk lnkre‘a ] _]od ]‘r]j_a bkn pn]rah _kopo pk ] jkj,qjeranoepu op]bb iai^an- Gp eo n]na pd]p ] _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]pera skqh‘ ^a ]^ha pk bqj‘ pdaoa pn]rah _kopo ql bnkjp- Rdeo oepq]pekj _kqh‘ ha]‘ pk bej]j_e]h d]n‘odel bkn pda nalnaoajp]pera£o b]iehu+ ]j‘.kn opkl _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]perao bnki pn]rahhejc pk nalnaoajp pda lnkfa_pAkiiqjepu nah]pekjo kj R&R d]ra ^aaj arkhqpekj]nu+ sepd pda lnkfa_p pa]i ]‘]lpejc ]j‘ ‘arahklejc iapdk‘o kb _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp+ ^qp kqn atlaneaj_a pahho qo pd]p pnqa _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajp opehh b]_ao i]ju k^op]_hao sepdej pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ l]n]‘eci-
Lessons Learnt Rda lnkfa_p pa]i _]ia pk na]heoa pd]p9 Akiiqjepeao jaa‘ pk ^a ejbknia‘ l]npjano+ bqhh l]npe_el]jpo ej ]hh op]cao kb ] lnkfa_pAkiiqjepu _kjoqhp]pekjo jaa‘ pk k__qn lnekn pk lnkfa_p bqj‘ejc ]llhe_]pekjo pk i]ga oqna pd]p pda lnkfa_p ^ajabepo pda _kiiqjepuRda _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekj ]j‘.kn nalnaoajp]perao+ pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu Pabanaj_a Enkql jaa‘ pk ^a bqhhu ajc]ca‘ lnekn pk _kiiaj_aiajp kb pda lnkfa_pRda nkhao kb ]hh l]npe_el]jpo jaa‘ pk ^a jackpe]pa‘ ]j‘ ]cnaa‘Ua _]jjkp ck ejpk ] lnkfa_p ]ooqiejc pd]p pda sdkha pa]i d]o pda o]ia sknh‘reas kn qj‘anop]j‘o pd]p pdana ]na ejarep]^hu ‘ebbanejc ]j‘ lkpajpe]hhu enna_kj_eh]^ha sknh‘reaso sdaj qj‘anp]gejc ] _kiiqjepu lnkfa_p- Pabhatera iapdk‘o d]ra pk ^a ^qehp ej pk pda lnkfa_p pk ]‘‘naoo pdeoPaoa]n_d iapdk‘khkceao+ apde_o ]cnaaiajpo+ lnkfa_p i]j]caiajp+ ]j‘ naoa]n_d ‘]p] i]j]caiajp ouopaio jaa‘ pk ^a ‘aoecja‘ pk ajc]ca _kiiqjepeao ]o amq]h l]npjano ]j‘ l]npe_el]jpo+ sepd ] nkha ej naoa]n_d ‘aoecj ]j‘ ckranj]j_a+ jackpe]pa‘ necdpo ej naoa]n_d ‘]p] ]j‘ kqp_kiao+ ]j‘ ] nkha ej r]he‘]pejc naoa]n_d bej‘ejco52
Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
Rk bkhhks pdnkqcd kj pda haookjo ha]nja‘+ sa ^aheara sa jaa‘ pk skng pkcapdan sepd _kiiqjepeao kj psk haraho ~ ]p ej‘ere‘q]h lnkfa_p ]j‘ ouopaie_ haraho- Dkn at]ilha+ ] hkjcan lanek‘ kb _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ^abkna pda lnkfa_p op]npa‘ skqh‘ d]ra oecjebe_]jphu na,od]la‘ pda ejepe]h ‘ena_pekj kb pda naoa]n_d ]o h]pan op]cao d]ra ^aaj na, od]la‘ ^u _hkoan _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ]j‘ ^appan qj‘anop]j‘ejco- Fksaran+ ep p]gao peia pk ^qeh‘ pnqopa‘ naoa]n_d nah]pekjodelo ]j‘ bqj‘ejc pk ajc]ca sepd _kiiqjepeao ^abkna ] lnkfa_p _kiiaj_ao- Aqnnajp naoa]n_d bqj‘ejc ik‘aho ‘k jkp oqllknp pda ‘arahkliajp kb oq_d oqop]eja‘ hkjc,pani nah]pekjodelo- Gj‘aa‘ pda ouopai aj_kqn]cao ok, _]hha‘ ¢dep,]j‘,nqj o_dkh]nodel£- Qeieh]nhu+ eb sa ]na pk lkoepekj _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_ l]npe_el]jpo ]o amq]h l]npjano+ sa jaa‘ pk skng pk pn]jobkni kqn ksj naoa]n_d ‘aoecjo ]j‘ ln]_pe_a+ ]o sahh ]o kqn naoa]n_d ckranj]j_a bn]iaskngo+ apde_o naceiao+ ]j‘ ik‘aho bkn ksjanodel kb ]j‘ necdpo ej naoa]n_d ‘]p]-
Conclusion Rdeo _d]lpan d]o ^aaj ]j atpaj‘a‘ nabha_pekj kj pda mqaopekj lkoa‘ ]p pda kqpoap9 ¢eo _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lkooe^ha sepdej pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj=£ Mqn naolkjoa necdp jks eo ] okiasd]p qj‘an sdahiejc+ uao+ sahh jk+ i]u^a= Gp eo jkp _kilhapahu eilkooe^ha pk ajreo]ca ] pn]jobkni]pekj kb ]_]‘aie] pd]p skqh‘ i]ga _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d kb pda gej‘ ajreo]ca‘ dana lkooe^ha+ ^qp pk ]_deara pdeo sa d]ra pk ]‘‘naoo pda _d]hhajca kb enna_kj_eh]^ha kjpkhkceao ej kqn ksj ln]_pe_a ]j‘ ej kqn ouopaio- Nnkpk_kho bkn naoa]n_dejc Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao d]ra ^aaj arkhrejc bkn ] ranu hkjc peia+ ^qp ep eo kjhu na_ajphu pd]p pda ]_]‘aiu d]o ^acqj pk ej_knlkn]pa pdai ejpk epo lnk_aooao- ?p pdeo op]ca+ ep oaaio pdeo eo aooajpe]hhu ^aejc ]ppailpa‘ ^u oq^oqiejc _kiiqjepu lnkpk_kho ]j‘ pda _kjopnq_po kb apde_]h naoa]n_d pd]p qj‘anlej pdai pk pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekjRdnkqcdkqp kqn atlaneaj_ao kb skngejc pkcapdan ]j‘ ha]njejc pkcapdan+ sa d]ra opnqccha‘ pk bej‘ ] s]u pd]p i]gao _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d ] na]hepu+ sde_d d]o ejrkhra‘ atpajoera oahb, nabha_pekj+ naepan]pekj ]j‘ nareasejc kb kqn iapdk‘o+ ikper]pekjo ]j‘ kqp_kiao+ ]j‘ ] _d]hhajcejc kb pda pn]‘epekj ej sde_d sa skng- Ua d]ra ]oga‘ mqaopekjo kb kqn bn]iaskngo+ kqn iapdk‘o+ kqn _khha]cqao+ kqn _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ kqnoahrao- Pabha_pejc kj pda mqaopekj sa lkoa‘ ]p pda op]np kb pdeo okfkqnj+ sa skqh‘ hega pk nareoep ep ]j‘ oqccaop pd]p pda mqaopekj eo jkp ¢eo _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lkooe^ha sepdej pda saopanj ]_]‘aie_ pn]‘epekj£+ ^qp ¢‘kao pda ]_]‘aiu s]jp pk ]_deara _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d£= Gjrkhrejc _kiiqjepu ej ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d _]j ^a lnk^hai]pe_ ]j‘ peia _kjoqiejc+ dksaran pda ^ajabepo kb lnk‘q_ejc okiapdejc pd]p sehh lnkbep kn araj pn]jobkni pda _kiiqjepu+ ejopa]‘ kb ^aejc ianahu ] nalknp kj ] odahb kn ]jkpdan ajpnu ej pda ]_]‘aie_£o heop kb lq^he_]pekjo+ odkqh‘ ^a ajkqcd pk aj_kqn]ca _d]jcao pk k__qn sepdej ]_]‘aie]- Dqnpdanikna ]o qjeranoepeao ]j‘ kpdan ckranjiajp,bqj‘a‘ ejopepqpekjo ]na ej_na]oejchu ]oga‘ pk ‘aikjopn]pa pdaen nahar]j_a+ sd]p ^appan s]u pk ‘k pdeo pd]j pk ajc]ca ej naoa]n_d sepd ]hh n]jca ]j‘ i]jjan kb _kiiqjepeao=
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Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
Ua ^aheara pd]p _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]_]‘aie] _]j skng pkcapdan+ ^qp ep jaa‘o pk ^a ej l]npjanodel+ jkp ]o kja sepdej pda kpdan- Rdeo i]u ejrkhra l]npjanodel lnkfa_po sdana naoa]n_d iapdk‘o+ naoqhpo ]j‘ kqp_kiao ]na _khha_perahu ksja‘- Aha]nhu lnkreoekjo bkn pda ]llnkr]h kb lq^he_]pekjo ]j‘ kpdan naoa]n_d kqp_kiao skqh‘ jaa‘ pk ^a pdkqcdp pdnkqcd _]nabqhhu ]j‘ _kjpejq]hhu nareoepa‘- Gj pda atlaneaj_a kb ]p ha]op kja kb pda ]qpdkno pdeo eo jkp ja]nhu ]o kjankqo ] p]og ]o ep iecdp ]lla]n- Gj _kqjphaoo _kiiqjepu lnkfa_po+ _khh]^kn]pera ]nn]jcaiajpo d]ra sknga‘ oq__aoobqhhu- Gilknp]jphu ej pdaoa lnkfa_po+ pdana d]o jaran ^aaj ]j k__]oekj sdana ]_]‘aie_ naoqhpo sana _ajokna‘ kn ] _kiiqjepu _dkoa jkp pk ]hhks lq^he_]pekj+ ]hpdkqcd kja k__]oekj ep ‘e‘ s]nn]jp bqnpdan jackpe]pekjDej]hhu _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o eo ]j ]na] pd]p eo ehhqopn]pejc dks ]_]‘aie] _]j lnk‘q_a kqp_kiao pd]p ]na ^ajabe_e]h ej pda sknh‘ ^aukj‘ naoa]n_d- Udehop _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o eo ] ‘arahklejc ]na]+ ep ‘kao d]ra ] bqpqna+ aola_e]hhu eb p]gao ejpk ]__kqjp _kiiqjepu sknh‘reaso ]j‘ lnkpk_kho sdaj skngejc sepdej pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu ]naj]+ ]j‘ eo lnal]na‘ pk ]‘‘naoo pda _d]hhajca kb enna_kj_eh]^ha kjpkhkceao ]o atlhkna‘ ej pdeo _d]lpanMqn fkqnjau pks]n‘o na_kj_eha‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejco aj_kqn]cao qo pk ^a klpeieope_ pd]p pda bqpqna bkn _kiiqjepeao+ ]_]‘aie] ]j‘ pda jatqo ^apsaaj pda psk d]o jaran ^aaj ^necdpan-
!%(),&#"$#’#(+ Udehop pdeo _d]lpan eo ^]oa‘ kj pda pdkqcdpo ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao kb ola_ebe_ iai^ano kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i+ pda naoa]n_d pa]i d]o ^aaj atpnaiahu oqllknpera sepd aj_kqn]caiajp+ ]‘re_a ]j‘ ‘eo_qooekjo- Ua pdanabkna cn]pabqhhu ]_gjksha‘ca pda ?PA Jejg]ca Nnkfa_p+ ¢Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu9 @qeh‘ejc ]j ]n_der]h ouopai bkn Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h iaiknu£ (R&R) pa]i- Rdeo pa]i ej_hq‘ao pda Adeab Gjraopec]pkno Nnkbaookn Jujappa Pqooahh+ Aajpna bkn ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ Nnkbaookn Qqa K_Iaiieod+ D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ Nnkbaookn Bkj Q_d]q‘an (1//2,5)+ ?ook_e]pa Nnkbaookn En]aia Hkd]jokj (bnki 1//4)+ ]j‘ Bn Ienopu Uehhe]iokj (1//2,3)+ sepd N]npjan Gjraopec]pkn Hqopeja Fa]vhaskk‘+ Bena_pkn ]j‘ Iaalan+ Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne]- Rda ej‘qopnu l]npjano ]na Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne]+ pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_-+ pda ?qopn]he]j Qk_eapu kb ?n_dereopo Gj‘ecajkqo Gooqao Qla_e]h Gjpanaop Enkql+ ]j‘ pda Te_pkne]j Ikknea Pa_kn‘o R]ogbkn_a- N]op ]j‘ _qnnajp iai^ano kb pda Paoa]n_d Ra]i ej_hq‘a9 bnki pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a Te_pkne] ?j‘nas U]qcd+ P]_dah S£Paj (]hok kb D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu)+ Cii] Rkkj+ ]j‘ Kannuj C‘s]n‘o: bnki pda D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu+ Bn Qpab]jea Iapdano+ Dekj] Pkoo+ A]nkh H]_gs]u+ Haj Qqhher]j+ ]j‘ Qd]nkj Fqa^jan (]hok bnki Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop): bnki pda Aajpna bkn ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao Be]ja Qejcd+ ]j‘ pda ?qopn]he]j Nkopcn]‘q]pa ?s]n‘ (Gj‘qopnu) NdB naoa]n_dan eo Qd]jjkj D]qhgda]‘- Ua skqh‘ hega pk ]hok pd]jg kqn ?‘reoknu Akiieppaa- Dej]hhu sa skqh‘ hega pk ]_gjksha‘ca ]j‘ pd]jg pda aecdpu,bkqn l]npe_el]jpo sdk ]cnaa‘ pk ^a ejpanreasa‘ ]o l]np kb pda lnkfa_p: sdk od]na‘ pdaen reaso ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao sepd qo-
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Is community research possible within the Western academic tradition?
References ?ppskk‘+ @- (1//0)- Ja]njejc ]^kqp pda pnqpd9 pda opkhaj cajan]pekjo j]nn]pera- Gj @- ?ppskk‘+ & DK]cks]j (C‘o-)+ Rahhejc opkneao9 Gj‘ecajkqo deopknu ]j‘ iaiknu ej ?qopn]he] ]j‘ Las Xa]h]j‘ (ll-072,101)- Ankso Laop+ LQU9 ?hhaj & SjsejAajpna bkn Akiiqjepu Lapskngejc Paoa]n_d (AALP)+ D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu- ?__aooa‘ kj 0 Da^nq]nu 1//6 ]p9 sss-__jn-japAajpna bkn Mnc]jeo]pekj]h ]j‘ Qk_e]h Gjbkni]pe_o (AMQG)+ D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu- ?__aooa‘ 0 Da^nq]nu 1//6 ]p9 sss-ejbkpa_d-ikj]od-a‘q-]q.naoa]n_d._ajpnao._koe.ej‘at-dpih D]qhgda]‘+ Q-+ & Pqooahh+ J- (1//5)- Ud]p eo ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h deopknu= Gjpanj]pekj]h Mn]h Feopknu ?ook_e]pekj Akjbanaj_a+ Qu‘jau- Sjlq^heoda‘L]pekj]h Fa]hpd & Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (?qop-)- (1//2)- T]hqao ]j‘ apde_o9 cqe‘ahejao kj apde_]h _kj‘q_p ej ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an da]hpd naoa]n_d- A]j^ann]9 Rda Akqj_ehPkoo+ D-+ K_Iaiieod+ Q-+ & D]qhgda]‘+ Q- (1//5)- Gj‘ecajkqo gjksha‘ca ]j‘ pda ]n_derao9 ‘aoecjejc pnqopa‘ ]n_der]h ouopaio bkn Ikknea _kiiqjepeao Y?npe_ha eo ^]oa‘ ej l]np kj ] l]lan ‘aherana‘ ]p pda fkejp ?P?LX ?Q? Akjbanaj_a+ ?n_derao ]j‘ Akiiqjepeao (1//4)9 Uahhejcpkj-Z ?n_derao & K]jqo_nelpo+ 2391+ 001,040Pqooahh+ J- (1//4)- Gj‘ecajkqo gjksha‘ca ]j‘ ]n_derao9 ]__aooejc de‘‘aj deopknu ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejcoGj K- L]g]p] & K- J]jcpkj (C‘o-)+ Iejcopkj (?AR)+ ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Ijksha‘ca ]j‘ Je^n]neaoQGKQ+ DGR (Q_dkkh kb Gjbkni]pekj K]j]caiajp & Quopaio+ D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu)- (1//4)- Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu Nnkfa_p9 @qeh‘ejc ]n_der]h ouopaio bkn Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h iaiknu- ?__aooa‘ 3 Hqja 1//5 ]p9 sss-oeio-ikj]od-a‘q-]q.naoa]n_d.aenc.pnqop.ej‘at-dpih Qejcd+ B- (1//5)- Paoa]n_dejc Rkcapdan Gjpanreas 12 K]n_d- A?GQ9 Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ Sjlq^heoda‘Qpka_gan+ P- (1//4) Paoa]n_d Kapdk‘o bkn Akiiqjepu Ad]jca: ] Nnkfa_p,^]oa‘ ?llnk]_d+ (A]hebknje]9 Q]ca) Te_ganu+ H-+ D]qhgda]‘+ Q-+ ?‘]io+ I-+ & Ah]nga+ ?- (1//3)- Gj‘ecajkqo Gjoecdpo ejpk Mn]h Feopknu+ Qk_e]h Bapaniej]jpo+ ]j‘ Ba_khkjeo]pekj- Akklan]pera Paoa]n_d Aajpna bkn ?^knecej]h Fa]hpd Ukngodkl+ ?‘ah]e‘aUegela‘e] Rda Dnaa Cj_u_hkla‘e]- (1//5])- Akiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d- ?__aooa‘ 5 ?qcqop 1//5 ]p9 aj-segela‘e]-knc.sege.Akiiqjepu,^]oa‘[l]npe_el]pknu[naoa]n_d Uegela‘e]- (1//5^)- Akiiqjepu Gjbkni]pe_o- ?__aooa‘ 12 M_pk^an 1//5 ]p9 aj-segela‘e]-knc.sege.Akiiqjepu[ejbkni]pe_o
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Shannon Faulkhead, Lynette Russell, Diane Singh and Sue McKemmish
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Overcoming obstacles to accessing participants in community health research Alfred Joseph Banya Gj pdeo _d]lpan G ‘ao_ne^a dks+ ej opq‘uejc _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajp ej ] lq^he_ da]hpd lnkcn]iia+ G ]llhea‘ ] l]npe_el]pknu iapdk‘khkcu pk kran_kia k^op]_hao pk ]__aooejc pda naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo- Rda _d]lpan eo ^]oa‘ kj ] opq‘u G _kj‘q_pa‘ kj pda ‘arahkliajp kb ] ckranjiajp lq^he_ da]hpd lnkcn]iia _]hha‘ Fa]hpd ?_pekj Xkja (F?X) ej Cjch]j‘ ^apsaaj 0888 ]j‘ 1//1- G cera pda _kjpatp kb iu opq‘u+ sde_d ej_hq‘a‘ kjckejc ‘a^]pao ej lq^he_ da]hpd ]^kqp pda ej‘ere‘q]h ]j‘ ok_eapu£o naolkjoe^ehepu bkn da]hpd+ ]o sahh ]o pda j]pekj]h ]j‘ hk_]h F?X lkhe_u kj pda ejrkhraiajp kb _kiiqjepeao ej da]hpd lnkcn]iiao- Gj pda opq‘u+ G ejraopec]pa‘ dks+ ej kja kb pda F?X lnkfa_po ej pda Lknpd kb Cjch]j‘+ h]u laklha sana na_nqepa‘ ]o ¢Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ pk lnkikpa da]hpd- G ‘ao_ne^a dks pda knc]jeo]pekj kb pda F?X ]j‘ pda ‘ebbanajp lneknepeao ^apsaaj pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ]j‘ pda lnkbaooekj]ho d]‘ _]qoa‘ pajoekj pd]p ^a_]ia ]j k^op]_ha pk iu abbknpo pk na_nqep naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpoG atlh]ej dks iu e‘ajpepu ]o ] @h]_g ?bne_]j i]ha naoa]n_dejc ] sdepa ]j‘ lna‘kiej]jphu bai]ha cnkql ej kja kb pda ikop ‘alnera‘ ]na]o kb pda SI _kilkqj‘a‘ pdeo k^op]_ha- G ‘ao_ne^a dks G kran_]ia pdeo ^u ]llhuejc ] iapdk‘khkcu ^]oa‘ kj l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ]j‘ pda skng kb N]khk Dnaena+ ]o sahh ]o iu ksj lnkbaooekj]h atlaneaj_a ]j‘ heba ]o ]j ?bne_]j-
Mran pda ua]no pdana d]o ^aaj ]j kjckejc ‘a^]pa ej lq^he_ da]hpd ]^kqp pda lkpajpe]h ^ajabepo kb _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj ej lnkikpejc da]hpd ]j‘ sahhjaoo+ ]j‘ lnarajpejc ehhjaoo+ ‘eoa]oa ]j‘ ejfqnu- Rda ‘a^]pa d]o ^aaj _kj‘q_pa‘ ]c]ejop pda ^]_gcnkqj‘ kb ]ncqiajpo pd]p Uaopanj ok_eapu ej l]npe_qh]n eo k^oaooa‘ sepd pda ]ooaooiajp kb neogCre‘aj_a kb pdeo eo pda cnkspd kb da]hpd lnkikpekj ]j‘ ‘eoa]oa lnarajpekj ]_perepeao+ ]o sahh ]o pda ajrenkjiajp]h ikraiajp- Qk_e]h pdakneopo d]ra ]hok ajpana‘ pda ‘a^]pa ]^kqp neog@a_g (0881) ]j‘ Ee‘‘ajo (0880) d]ra+ bkn at]ilha+ ]ncqa‘ pd]p pda _qnnajp lanek‘ sa hera ej eo kja ej sde_d heba paj‘o pk ^a _d]n]_paneoa‘ ^u dks ^kpd h]u laklha ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho knc]jeoa pdaen ok_e]h sknh‘o ]nkqj‘ neog- Rdana eo ]hok ] lan_alpekj pd]p pda op]pa eo ej_na]oejchu ]ooecjejc naolkjoe^ehepu pk ej‘ere‘q]ho ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao pk hkkg ]bpan pdaen ksj da]hpdBqnejc pda a]nhu lanek‘ ]bpan pda J]^kqn ckranjiajp _]ia pk lksan ej 0886 ej pda SI+ ep ejpnk‘q_a‘ ] jqi^an kb da]hpd lkhe_eao ]eia‘ ]p aj]^hejc l]npjanodelo ^apsaaj 57
Alfred Joseph Banya
_kiiqjepeao ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho ej p]_ghejc b]_pkno pd]p lqp laklha£o da]hpd ]p neog- Mja oq_d lkhe_u ejpnk‘q_a‘ pda Fa]hpd ?_pekj Xkja (F?X) ]o ] lq^he_ da]hpd lnkcn]iia p]ncapa‘ ]p pda ikop ‘alnera‘ ]na]o kb Cjch]j‘- G _kj_ajpn]pa ej pdeo _d]lpan kj kja F?X ej pda Lknpd kb Cjch]j‘ pd]p G bk_qoa‘ kj ej iu naoa]n_d- G qoa pdeo pk ehhqopn]pa okia kb pda pajoekjo pd]p _]j ]neoa ^apsaaj lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ h]u laklha ej pn]joh]pejc oq_d lkhe_u ejepe]perao ejpk ln]_pe_a- G l]npe_qh]nhu ‘ao_ne^a dks oq_d pajoekj _]j ]neoa sdaj lnkcn]iiao oq_d ]o pda F?X ]na knc]jeoa‘ ej s]uo pd]p i]ncej]heoa h]u kn _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj ej pda ckranjejc opnq_pqnao- G ]hok ‘ao_ne^a pda _d]hhajcao G b]_a‘ ]o ] @h]_g ?bne_]j i]ha naoa]n_dejc ] cnkql pd]p s]o ]hh sdepa ]j‘ i]ejhu bai]ha- G atlh]ej dks pda ‘ebbanaj_ao ^apsaaj pda lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ h]u laklha+ _kilkqj‘a‘ ^u iu apdje_epu ]j‘ caj‘an+ i]‘a ia ]j ¢kqpoe‘an£ pk pdkoa G ejpaj‘a‘ pk na_nqep ]o iu naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo- G ‘ao_ne^a dks G kran_]ia pdaoa k^op]_hao ^u ]llhuejc ] iapdk‘khkcu ^]oa‘ kj l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d+ ]j‘ kj od]nejc okia kb iu heba atlaneaj_a+ pk b]_ehep]pa ]__aoo pk pda naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo-
The HAZ public health programme: A community and professional partnership for health? Udaj pda J]^kqn ckranjiajp _]ia pk lksan ej 0886 ej pda SI+ kja kb epo ¢@ec G‘a]o£ bkn eilnkrejc da]hpd s]o pda ejpnk‘q_pekj kb da]hpd lkhe_u nabknio+ kja kb sde_d s]o pda aop]^heodiajp kb pda F?X- Rda lq^he_ da]hpd Udepa N]lan Q]rejc Jerao9 Mqn Fa]hpdean L]pekj (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 0888) ejpnk‘q_a‘ pda e‘a] kb pda F?X ]o ] lq^he_ da]hpd lnkcn]iia- Rdeo s]o ^]oa‘ kj pda na_kcjepekj ^u pda ckranjiajp pd]p eilnkrejc da]hpd ]j‘ na‘q_ejc da]hpd ejamq]hepeao ^apsaaj lklqh]pekj cnkqlo s]o ] _kilhat lkhe_u lnk^hai pd]p namqena‘ r]nekqo ]caj_eao ]j‘ ‘al]npiajpo pk skng pkcapdan ]_nkoo pdaen _kjrajpekj]h knc]jeo]pekj]h ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h ^kqj‘]neao- Aajpn]h pk pdeo s]o pda ejrkhraiajp kb _kiiqjepeao- @apsaaj 0887 ]j‘ 0888+ pda ckranjiajp aop]^heoda‘ ] pkp]h kb 15 F?Xo ]_nkoo pda _kqjpnu- Rda F?Xo sana aop]^heoda‘ ej pda ikop ‘alnera‘ l]npo kb Cjch]j‘Rdaoa ]na]o ]hok d]‘ lklqh]pekjo sepd sknoa da]hpd pd]j pdkoa ej kpdan l]npo kb pda _kqjpnu- Rda ckranjiajp bqj‘a‘ pda F?Xo kj _kj‘epekj pd]p pda naolkjoe^ha da]hpd ]qpdknepeao sknga‘ ej l]npjanodel sepd _kiiqjepeao+ pda hk_]h ]qpdknepu ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu knc]jeo]pekjo pk ‘arahkl ]j‘ eilhaiajp ] lh]j bkn eilnkrejc da]hpd ]j‘ na‘q_ejc da]hpd ejamq]hepuRda ejpnk‘q_pekj kb pda F?X lnkre‘a‘ ] qjemqa kllknpqjepu bkn pda opq‘u kb dks l]npjanodelo ej oq_d ] lq^he_ da]hpd lnkcn]iia skqh‘ pn]joh]pa ej ln]_pe_a- Mb l]npe_qh]n ejpanaop s]o pda atpajp pk sde_d h]u laklha ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao skqh‘ ^a ejrkhra‘ ej lneknepeoejc da]hpd lnk^haio ]j‘ ‘aheranejc da]hpd ejpanrajpekjo- Rdeo eo ^a_]qoa pda gjksha‘ca ]j‘ atlanpeoa pd]p h]u laklha ‘arahkl bnki pdaen lanokj]h atlaneaj_a ]j‘ qoa pk p]_gha neog+ eo kbpaj i]ncej]heoa‘ ]j‘ n]nahu _kjoe‘ana‘ r]he‘ gjksha‘ca- Unepano+ oq_d ]o Uehhe]io ]j‘ Nkl]u (0886)+ d]ra ]ncqa‘ bkn pda jaa‘ pk r]hqa h]u atlaneaj_a ej dahlejc pk ^ne‘ca pda c]l ^apsaaj ale‘aiekhkcu pd]p ejbknio iq_d kb lnkbaooekj]h lq^he_ da]hpd ln]_pe_a+ ]j‘ pda pdakneao lkopqh]pa‘ ^u ok_ekhkceopo- Mpdan snepano+ oq_d ]o Napanoaj ]j‘ 58
Overcoming obstacles to accessing participants in community health research
Jqlpkj (0885)+ An]sod]s+ @qjpkj ]j‘ Eehhaj (1//2)+ d]ra ]hok ]ncqa‘ pd]p pda ¢jas£ ]llnk]_dao pk lq^he_ da]hpd pd]p _h]ei pk skng ej l]npjanodel sepd pda lq^he_ d]o ‘arahkla‘ sepdej ] bn]iaskng kb ‘kiej]jp lnkbaooekj]h gjksha‘ca+ ejbknia‘ ^u ¢o_eajpebe_£ ale‘aiekhkcu- ?__kn‘ejc pk pdaoa snepano+ pdeo eo fqop ]jkpdan s]u kb qoejc lksan ]j‘ gjksha‘ca pk _kjpnkh ej‘ere‘q]ho ]j‘ ok_eapu- Gj pdaen reas+ pda ok,_]hha‘ jas ]llnk]_dao kbban ranu heppha kllknpqjepu bkn _d]hhajcejc pda lksan nah]pekjo kn bkn ej‘ere‘q]ho pk p]ga ]qpkjkikqo ]_pekj kj da]hpd- Rdaoa reaso ]na nabha_pa‘ ej bej‘ejco ]^kqp pda pula kb naoa]n_d iapdk‘khkceao pd]p ‘kiej]pa lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d- Kehhs]n‘+ Iahhu ]j‘ Lqp^a]i (1//2) d]ra nalknpa‘ pd]p+ ‘aolepa lkhe_u _kiiepiajp ej pda SI pk atl]j‘ pda lq^he_ da]hpd ln]_pe_a are‘aj_a ^]oa+ kjhu /-3% kb naoa]n_d kj lq^he_ da]hpd eooqao ]na ]^kqp lnarajpekj _kil]na‘ pk _qna- Kknakran+ ranu heppha kb pda lq^heoda‘ naoa]n_d bnki sde_d pda are‘aj_a eo ‘n]sj eo ^]oa‘ kj mq]hep]pera iapdk‘khkceao pd]p _kqh‘ atlhkna ej ikna ‘alpd pda _kilhatepeao kb cappejc ej‘ere‘q]ho pk l]npe_el]pa ej hkkgejc ]bpan pdaen da]hpd ]j‘ pd]p kb pda lq^he_- Dnki ] _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d lanola_pera+ Qpka_gan (1//4) d]o ]hok jkpa‘ pd]p naoa]n_d _]nnea‘ kqp ^u _kiiqjepu skngano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^ano kj pda cnkqj‘ ‘kao jkp kbpaj cap na_kcjeoa‘ ]o lnk‘q_ejc hacepei]pa gjksha‘ca ]j‘ eo n]nahu lq^heoda‘Rda ejpnk‘q_pekj kb lnkcn]iiao oq_d ]o pda F?X kbban kllknpqjepeao bkn _d]jcejc lq^he_ da]hpd ln]_pe_a- Fksaran+ pda pajoekj ^apsaaj pda ln]_pe_ao ej da]hpd pd]p _na]pa ^kqj‘]neao ^apsaaj gau lh]uano+ ]j‘ pdkoa pd]p pnu pk ‘eoi]jpha oq_d ^kqj‘]neao lnaoajpo ] pnaiaj‘kqo _d]hhajca pk oq_d _d]jca- Pkpdi]j (1//0) d]o _kj_alpq]heoa‘ pdnaa ’ik‘ao’ kb _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj- Fa d]o ]hok ‘ao_ne^a‘ pda pajoekjo pd]p _]j k__qn ^apsaaj ln]_pe_ao ^]oa‘ kj pda ‘ebbanajp ik‘ao- Rda benop kb Pkpdi]j’o _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj ik‘a eo pda hk_]hepu ‘arahkliajp ]llnk]_d ]j‘ eo qj‘anlejja‘ ^u _kiiqjepu _kjoajoqo ej oappejc lneknepeao bkn ]_pekj- Rda oa_kj‘ ik‘a eo ok_e]h lh]jjejc ]j‘ eo ^]oa‘ kj lneknepeao kb lkhe_u i]gano sdk ]na kbpaj atpanj]h pk pda lkpajpe]h ^ajabe_e]neao- Rda pden‘ _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj ik‘a eo ok_e]h ]_pekj ]j‘ eo _d]n]_paneoa‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu p]gejc _kjpnkh ]j‘ ]_pejc pk _d]jca lksan nah]pekjo ej kn‘an pk okhra lnk^haio ]bba_pejc pda _kiiqjepu- ? ^]h]j_a ej pda ]llnklne]pa qoa kb ‘ebbanajp ahaiajpo kb pdaoa ik‘ao kb _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj eo ] i]fkn _d]hhajca bkn l]npjanodel skngejc? gau ]ola_p kb iu opq‘u kb pda F?X s]o pk atlhkna sdapdan ckranjiajp ejpanaop ej _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj ej lq^he_ da]hpd s]o ] iana atpajoekj kb lksan ]j‘ _kjpnkh+ kn ] cajqeja _kiiepiajp pk _na]pejc ]j kllknpqjepu bkn ^kpd h]u laklha ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho pk skng pkcapdan pk eilnkra da]hpd- Rda F?X ej pda Lknpd kb Cjch]j‘ s]o e‘a]h bkn iu opq‘u- Rdeo s]o ^a_]qoa ep d]‘ ] ola_ebe_ skng lnkcn]iia kj _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajpRdeo s]o pda Jk_]h Ekranj]j_a ]j‘ Akiiqjepu Fa]hpd skng lnkcn]iia sdkoa i]ej ]ei s]o pk _na]pa kllknpqjepeao bkn _kiiqjepeao pk ‘abeja pdaen lneknepeao ]j‘ pk p]ga ]_pekj pk eilnkra pdaen da]hpd- Rda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ o_daia s]o _nq_e]h pk pda ]_dearaiajp kb pdeo ]ei-
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Alfred Joseph Banya
The problem of community exclusion from the HAZ organisational structure and governance Udaj pda ckranjiajp ejpnk‘q_a‘ pda F?X lnkcn]iia+ a]_d F?X s]o namqena‘ pk aop]^heod ] l]npjanodel ^k]n‘ ]o pda ckranjejc ^k‘u pk lh]j ]j‘ kranoaa pda eilhaiajp]pekj kb hk_]h da]hpd eilnkraiajp lnkcn]iiao- Rdeo l]npjanodel s]o pk ej_hq‘a pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu oa_pkn+ pda da]hpd ]qpdknepu ]j‘ pda hk_]h ]qpdknepu- Rda ejepe]h lkhe_u ndapkne_ kj pdeo eilhea‘ ¢amq]h l]npjanodel£- Fksaran+ pda F?X pd]p G naoa]n_da‘ _na]pa‘ ] l]npjanodel pd]p s]o ‘kiej]pa‘ ^u da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ aha_pa‘ hk_]h Akqjpu ]j‘ Beopne_p Akqj_eh7 _kqj_ehhkno- Rda baahejc ej pda _kiiqjepu s]o pdanabkna pd]p pda ckranj]j_a ]nn]jcaiajpo d]‘ at_hq‘a‘ hk_]h laklha- Ud]p s]o _ha]n s]o pd]p pda ]nn]jcaiajp d]‘ ‘are]pa‘ bnki pda knecej]h lh]j oq^ieppa‘ ej pda ]llhe_]pekj bkn F?X op]pqo pk pda Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd- Rda knecej]h lnklko]h s]o pk ^qeh‘ kj ] japskng kb _kiiqjepu bknqio- Rda bknqio sana pk hejg pk hk_]h Fa]hpd ?hhe]j_a cnkqlo pd]p ateopa‘ ej a]_d kb pda bkqn ‘eopne_p ]qpdknepu ]na]o ]j‘ lnkre‘a ]j kllknpqjepu bkn _kiiqjepeao pk ajc]ca sepd op]pqpknu ]caj_eao kj hk_]h da]hpd eooqao- Rda lh]j s]o bkn pda Fa]hpd ?hhe]j_a cnkqlo ej pqnj pk baa‘ ql pk ] N]npjanodel @k]n‘ ]j‘ pk ] Akqjpu,se‘a Qpn]pace_ ?hhe]j_a ha‘ ^u pda da]hpd ]qpdknepu- Rda Akqjpu,se‘a Qpn]pace_ ?hhe]j_a skqh‘ d]ra nalnaoajp]pekj bnki ]caj_eao ]j‘ hk_]h knc]jeo]pekjo ejpanaopa‘ ej l]npe_el]pejc ej pda F?X- Rda ]nn]jcaiajpo pd]p h]pan pn]jolena‘+ dksaran+ ‘ebbana‘ oq^op]jpe]hhu bnki pdeoRda naoqhpejc ]nn]jcaiajp d]‘ psk peano9 pda N]npjanodel @k]n‘ ]j‘ pda Cta_qpera Ra]i+ oanre_a‘ ^u ] F?X kbbe_a- Rda ikop oecjebe_]jp s]o pda _d]jca bnki pda lnklko]h pk ^]oa pda knc]jeo]pekj kj ] japskng kb _kiiqjepu bknqio pk kja sde_d hk_]pa‘ op]pqpknu ]caj_eao ]j‘ kbbe_ano bnki pda Fa]hpd ?qpdknepu+ pda Beopne_p ]j‘ Akqjpu _kqj_eho ej ] _ajpn]h lkoepekj ]j‘ sepd cna]pan _kjpnkh kb pda F?X- Rda _kiiqjepu bknqio oqccaopa‘ ej pda ejepe]h lnklko]h+ ]j‘ sde_d skqh‘ d]ra lnkre‘a‘ ]j ]rajqa bkn _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajp ej ejbhqaj_ejc ‘a_eoekjo+ d]‘ ‘eo]lla]na‘ bnki pda opnq_pqna?p pda peia G ^ac]j iu naoa]n_d+ pdanabkna+ pdana s]o ‘apa_p]^ha pajoekj ]j‘ ieopnqop ^apsaaj pda lnkbaooekj]ho ej pda F?X ]j‘ oa_pekjo kb pda _kiiqjepu- Qkia kb pda rkhqjp]nu oa_pkn knc]jeo]pekjo pd]p qoq]hhu nalnaoajpa‘ _kiiqjepu ejpanaopo bahp pd]p pdau d]‘ ^aaj at_hq‘a‘ bnki pda F?X ‘a_eoekj,i]gejc ]nn]jcaiajpo+ _kjpn]nu pk sd]p d]‘ ^aaj ]cnaa‘ sepd pdai a]nhean- ?j at]ilha pdau _epa‘ s]o pda s]u ej sde_d pda knecej]h lh]j bkn pda F?X pk bqj‘ pda ailhkuiajp kb bkqn _kiiqjepu skngano pk _k,kn‘ej]pa pda skng kb Fa]hpd ?_pereopo s]o _d]jca‘- ?jkpdan s]o pda ‘a_eoekj pk ejpnk‘q_a jas _nepane] bkn sdk _kqh‘ ^a_kia ] Fa]hpd ?_pereop- Rda ateopejc Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ejpanlnapa‘ pdeo ]o ]j ]ppailp ^u pda lnkbaooekj]ho pk pn]jobkni pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ o_daia pk bep pdaen ksj lneknepeao- Rdaoa ‘a_eoekjo _na]pa‘ ieopnqop ]j‘ _]qoa‘ pajoekj ^apsaaj pda lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo+ ]j‘ ej pqnj _na]pa‘ k^op]_hao bkn ia ]o ] naoa]n_dan ej na_nqepejc laklha pk l]npe_el]pa ej iu naoa]n_d7
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Rda hk_]h ckranjiajp opnq_pqna ej pda ]na] pda F?X _krana‘ s]o i]‘a ql kb oaran]h Beopne_p ?qpdknepeao sepdej ] oejcha Akqjpu-
Overcoming obstacles to accessing participants in community health research
The Health Activists’ origins and problem of identity transformation Qaran]h ua]no ^abkna pda F?X s]o ejpnk‘q_a‘+ pda Ukngano£ C‘q_]pekj ?ook_e]pekj+ ] rkhqjp]nu cnkql pd]p lnkikpao heba,hkjc ha]njejc+ d]‘ ]hna]‘u ‘arahkla‘ ] Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ o_daia- Rda ]ei kb pda o_daia ]p pd]p peia s]o pk dahl skiaj hkkg ]bpan pdaen ksj da]hpd ]j‘ pd]p kb laklha ej pdaen _kiiqjepu- Rdeo atlh]eja‘ sdu ikop kb pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo sana skiaj- Udaj pda F?X pkkg kran pda o_daia+ ep pn]jobknia‘ pda e‘ajpepu ]j‘ nkha kb pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo- ? jas _kj‘epekj s]o pd]p pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo iqop qj‘anck _anp]ej pn]ejejc ]j‘ pd]p pdau odkqh‘ qj‘anp]ga da]hpd lnkikpekj ]_perepeao pd]p ]‘‘naooa‘ da]hpd lneknepeao oap ^u pda F?X- Rda ateopejc Fa]hpd ?_pereopo lnkpaopa‘ ^u lkejpejc kqp pd]p+ bkn i]ju ua]no lnekn pk pda F?X+ pdau klan]pa‘ ]o ¢_kiiqjepu ]_pereopo£ skngejc kj hk_]h lnk^haio sepdkqp pda namqenaiajp pk _kjbkni pk atpanj]hhu oap lneknepeao- Rdeo ]‘‘a‘ pk pda ‘eoo]peob]_pekj sepd pda a]nhean F?X ‘a_eoekjo pk naranoa ] lnarekqohu ]cnaa‘ lh]j pk ailhku skngano pk oqllknp pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo- Dqnpdanikna+ pdaoa ‘a_eoekjo sana i]‘a pdnkqcd ] ckranj]j_a opnq_pqna pd]p s]o se‘ahu reasa‘ ]o d]rejc at_hq‘a‘ hk_]h laklha£o l]npe_el]pekj- Rdaoa _kj_anjo ^a_]ia pda bk_qo kb ejpajoa at_d]jcao ^apsaaj pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ]j‘ pda lnkbaooekj]ho ej pda F?X+ pk pda atpajp pd]p ep ejrkhra‘ pda hk_]h lnaoo ]j‘ pda Kai^an kb N]nhe]iajp bkn pda ]na]Rda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ o_daia ]o knecej]hhu _kj_aera‘ _kqh‘ ^a ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej Pkpdi]j£o panio (Pkpdi]j+ 1//0) ]o ^]oa‘ kj ] hk_]hepu ‘arahkliajp _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj ik‘aFksaran+ sdaj pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ^a_]ia l]np kb pda F?X lnkcn]iia pda o_daia s]o pn]jobknia‘ ejpk kja pd]p ]ooqia‘ ikna kb pda _d]n]_paneope_o kb ] ok_e]h lh]jjejc ik‘a kb _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj- Dqnpdanikna+ ]o pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ej_na]oejchu _d]hhajca‘ pdeo _d]jca+ pdaen ]llnk]_d ‘nebpa‘ pks]n‘o ‘ena_p ]_pekj sde_d eo pule_]h kb ] ok_e]h ]_pekj _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekj ik‘a ]o kllkoa‘ pk pda _kjoajoqo ]llnk]_d pd]p i]nga‘ pda hk_]hepu ‘arahkliajp ik‘a pda o_daia s]o knecej]hhu ^]oa‘ kj- Rdaoa sana _ha]nhu bqj‘]iajp]h _d]jcao pd]p jk ‘kq^p opn]eja‘ pda nah]pekjo ^apsaaj pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ]j‘ pda lnkbaooekj]ho ej pda F?X-
Researcher identity and its impact on access to research participants Rda pajoekj ]j‘ ieopnqop pd]p pda pn]jobkni]pekj kb pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ o_daia cajan]pa‘ ]bba_pa‘ iu abbknpo pk c]ej ]__aoo pk ^kpd pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ]j‘ pda da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho ej pda F?X- ?jkpdan b]_pkn pd]p _kjpne^qpa‘ pk iu ]__aoo ‘ebbe_qhpeao s]o pda b]_p pd]p pda hk_]h da]hpd ]qpdknepu d]‘ olkjokna‘ iu opq‘u- G s]o pdanabkna ejepe]hhu lan_aera‘ ^u okia kb pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ]o ^aejc kj pda oe‘a kb pda ¢]qpdknepeao£ ]j‘ _kiejc pk ¢olu£ kj pdaen ]_perepeao- Tkhqjp]nu oa_pkn knc]jeo]pekjo sepd ejpanaop ej pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo sana ]hok _kj_anja‘ pd]p pda lan_alpekj kb iu naoa]n_d ]o ¢oqnraehh]j_a£ kb Fa]hpd ?_pereopo£ ]_perepeao skqh‘ ‘eo_kqn]ca hk_]h laklha bnki l]npe_el]pejc ]o Fa]hpd ?_pereopo- ?ie‘op ]hh pdeo+ ]jkpdan lnk^hai s]o iu e‘ajpepu- G s]o _ha]nhu oaaj ]o ]j 61
Alfred Joseph Banya
¢kqpoe‘an£ ^a_]qoa G opkk‘ kqp ]o ] @h]_g ?bne_]j i]ha- Rdeo s]o ]j k^op]_ha ej ejrkhrejc pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ej iu naoa]n_d- ? l]npe_qh]n lnk^hai s]o pd]p pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo sana sdepa ]j‘ kb ] ‘ebbanajp caj‘an pk ia- Mj kja k__]oekj kja kb pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo pkh‘ ia pd]p eb oda sana ej iu lkoepekj oda skqh‘ bej‘ ep ‘ebbe_qhp pk skng sepd pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo+ ]o oda gjas pd]p i]ju kb pdai skqh‘ lnaban p]hgejc pk ] bai]ha naoa]n_dan kn okiakja ej‘ecajkqo pk pda ]na]-
Turning the researcher identity ‘problem’ into a solution Gj oa]n_dejc bkn s]uo pk b]_ehep]pa iu ]__aoo pk pda naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo+ G s]o ]s]na kb pda ‘]jcano kb naejbkn_ejc ]ju ejdanajp pajoekj ]j‘ lksan ei^]h]j_a pd]p d]‘ ‘arahkla‘ ^apsaaj pda lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo- G ]hok s]jpa‘ pk ]rke‘ naejbkn_ejc pda lan_alpekj pd]p G s]o ]j ¢kqpoe‘an£- Gjopa]‘+ G s]jpa‘ pk qoa iu apdje_ knecej ]o ]j ?bne_]j pk ajne_d pda at_d]jca kb atlaneaj_ao sepd pda naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpoRda _d]hhajca kb kran_kiejc pda k^op]_hao pk ]__aooejc pda Fa]hpd ?_pereopo ejolena‘ ia pk nabha_p kj iu _deh‘dkk‘ ]j‘ ql^nejcejc- G na_]hha‘ cnksejc ql ]o ] _deh‘ ej pda ?_dkhe _kiiqjepu kb Lknpdanj Sc]j‘]- Dkn at]ilha+ G s]o _kjop]jphu naiej‘a‘ ^u pda kh‘an laklha ]^kqp pda eilknp]j_a kb ‘TRKTEPPEVMG XWOQITEFMOMV[ ej_hq‘ao ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ a‘q_]pekj oanre_ao+ da]hpd ]j‘ ok_e]h oanre_ao+ ]j‘ dqi]j necdpo lnkcn]iiao- Rdeo ]ola_p _]j ^a bqnpdan ‘ere‘a‘ ejpk oqllknp opnq_pqnao ^]oa‘ kj pda 2?o (]r]eh]^ehepu+ ]__aooe^ehepu ]j‘ ]s]najaoo) kb naokqn_ao>ITURQEO XWOQITEFMOMV[ bk_qoao kj b]_pkno ej pda ej‘ere‘q]h£o ‘arahkliajp kn ajrenkjiajp pd]p naj‘an dei kn dan ikna kn haoo rqhjan]^ha: oq_d ]o lduoe_]h ]j‘ aikpekj]h ‘arahkliajp+ ok_ek,_qhpqn]h b]_pkno ]j‘ gjksha‘ca ]j‘ ogehho@RGMIVEO XWOQITEFMOMV[ ej_hq‘ao eooqao oq_d ]o lkhepe_]h opnq_pqnao+ caj‘an nah]pekjodelo+ ]ppepq‘ao pk oatq]hepu+ nahecekqo ^aheabo+ rekhaj_a+ ]j‘ _qhpqn]h r]hqao.jknio.atla_p]pekjo- Rdaoa ]na _kjpatpq]h b]_pkno pd]p ejbhqaj_a lanokj]h ]j‘ lnkcn]ii]pe_ rqhjan]^ehepu (SLBN+ 1//3)-
The Vulnerability Context Rda rqhjan]^ehepu _kjpatp ]bba_po ‘ebbanajp laklha ej ‘ebbanajp s]uo- L]pqn]h ‘eo]opano kbpaj d]ra ] ikna ]‘ranoa abba_p kj herahedkk‘o ]j‘ ]ooapo- Bebbanajp pulao kb _kjbhe_po _]j d]ra lnkbkqj‘ abba_po kj pda lkkn- Gj ]na]o kb lnkpn]_pa‘ _kjbhe_p laklha oqbban bnki iqhpelha ‘eolh]_aiajpo+ h]shaoojaoo+ ]ooap hkoo+ aikpekj]h abba_po- Mbpaj _kjbhe_po bqnpdan i]ncej]heva lkkn _kiiqjepeao- Sj‘anop]j‘ejc pda j]pqna kb rqhjan]^ehepu eo ] gau opal kb ]ju jaa‘o+ oqop]ej]^ehepu kn herahedkk‘o ]j]huoeo- Rda _kj_alp ]j‘ _kjpatp kb rqhjan]^ehepu ]j‘ pda nah]pa‘ panio kb _klejc+ naoeheaj_a ]j‘ ]‘]lp]pekj ]na qoa‘ ej ‘ebbanajp s]uo ^u ‘ebbanajp ‘eo_elhejao ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao (Kkaj_d & Betep+ 1//3)-
The Approaches to defining Vulnerability LEUI ’ pda naoa]n_dano _khha_pa‘ nahar]jp ]r]eh]^ha ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ e‘ajpebea‘ lkooe^ha gau op]gadkh‘ano ]p ] j]pekj]h+ ‘eopne_p ]j‘ _kiiqjepu harah sepd 93
Jaya Earnest and Robert P.Finger
dahl kb pda olkjoknejc knc]jev]pekj (SLGACD)- ?j ej,‘alpd hepan]pqna oa]n_d ]j‘ nareas s]o ]hok _]nnea‘ kqp ]p pdeo op]caPahar]jp _kjoqhp]j_u+ ckranjiajp ]j‘ ejpan,]caj_u nalknpo+ apdjkcn]lde_ opq‘eao+ naoa]n_d nalknpo kj _deh‘naj ej ]nia‘ _kjbhe_po ]j‘ lnkhkjca‘ _kjbhe_po ]j‘ pda ikop na_ajp Qne J]jg] L]pekj]h Aajoqo sana ouopai]pe_]hhu ]j]huoa‘- Nnaheiej]nu ]j]huoeo kb na_ajp nalknpo bnki Kejeopnu kb Qk_e]h Uahb]na+ C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ Fa]hpd ‘]p] ]j‘ hk_]h jasol]lan ]npe_hao bkn 1//1,4 s]o ]hok _]nnea‘ kqpGj >LEUI (+ ]bpan ‘e]hkcqa sepd ckranjiajp+ ejpanj]pekj]h ]caj_eao ]j‘ hk_]h LEMo+ r]nekqo ]p,neog cnkqlo kb _deh‘naj ]j‘ pdaen _]na lnkre‘ano sana e‘ajpebea‘- Mllknpqjeope_+ ojks^]hh ]j‘ lqnlkoera o]ilhejc s]o qoa‘ pk ^qeh‘ pda o]ilha bkn pda bk_qo cnkqloDeah‘ reoepo kb ]llnktei]pahu pdnaa pk bera ‘]uo sana qj‘anp]gaj ej >LEUI )+ ej _anp]ej lna, oaha_pa‘ oepao kb pda Lknpd ]j‘ C]op (sdana o]bapu ]j‘ oa_qnepu kb naoa]n_dano _kqh‘ ^a ajoqna‘)- Dk_qo cnkql ‘eo_qooekjo+ _kjoqhp]pekjo+ iaapejco ]j‘ ejpanreaso sana _]nnea‘ kqp pk e‘ajpebu _kiiqjepu naokqn_ao ]j‘ hk_]pekjo kb lnkcn]ii]pe_ rqhjan]^ehepu- Rdaoa sana ]nn]jca‘ ^u SLGACD beah‘ kbbe_ao ]j‘ LEMo skngejc ej pda ]na]- Rda naoa]n_dano bkqj‘ pd]p l]npe_el]jpo sana klaj ]j‘ gaaj pk od]na pdaen atlaneaj_ao kb pda _kjbhe_p ]j‘ dks ep eil]_po pdaen herao? gau _d]hhajca pk pda naoa]n_dano sana pda _kjpaopa‘ ^kn‘ano sepdej Lknpd ]j‘ C]op Qne J]jg]- Gj pda lkhepe_]h a_kjkiu kb pda s]n ej Qne J]jg]+ pdaoa _kjpaopa‘ ^kn‘ano ]na vkjao kb _kjpnkh- Rda ]na]o qj‘an bqhh _kjpnkh kb pda JRRC ]na _]hha‘ ¢YSHQJFVJI£ ]na]o ]j‘ pdkoa qj‘an pda _kjpnkh kb pda Qne J]jg]j ?niu (QJ?) ]na _]hha‘ ¢HQJFVJI£ ]na]o- Rdaoa panio d]ra ^aaj _keja‘ ^u pda EkQJ ]j‘ kbpaj ‘k jkp nabha_p pda na]hepu kj pda cnkqj‘ sde_d nai]ejo ikna _kilhat ]j‘ bhqe‘- Gp eo sahh gjksj ej pda _kjbhe_p ]na]o+ pd]p pda JRRC d]o ] beni _kjpnkh kb ]na]o ‘qnejc pda jecdp+ sdana]o pda QJ? ]ppailpo pk gaal _kjpnkh kb pda i]fkn nk]‘o ]j‘ pksjo ‘qnejc pda ‘]u- Rdeo _kjpaopa‘ ol]_a i]gao ik^ehepu ] ‘]ehu _d]hhajca bkn _kiiqjepeao (Iknb+ 1//5)- Gj pdaoa _kjpaopa‘ ol]_ao ]na ¢LVJ] FVJFW£ pdaoa ]na ]na]o kb ‘eolqpa‘ pannepknu (Ekk‘d]j‘ & Jasan+ 0888)- Uda]phau (0887) ‘ao_ne^a‘ pda ok, _]hha‘ cnau ]na]o ej pda C]op kb pda _kqjpnu ]o ]na]o sepd iejei]h EkQJ _kjpnkh ]j‘ ] opnkjc JRRC lnaoaj_a- Rdaoa ]na]o ]na apdje_]hhu ieta‘ ]j‘ oqo_alpe^ha pk olkn]‘e_ qloqncao ej becdpejc+ i]gejc pdaoa ]na]o atpnaiahu rqhjan]^ha- Rdqo sdeha pda EMQJ nap]ejo bkni]h pannepkne]h _kjpnkh+ ej pda _kjpaopa‘ ^kn‘an kb pda Lknpd ]j‘ C]op+ pda nacqh]pekj kb R]ieh lklqh]pekjo eo pn]jobanna‘ pk jkj,op]pa ]_pkno+ ej pdeo _]oa pda JRRCRdeo n]le‘ ]ooaooiajp s]o qj‘anp]gaj ej pdaoa _kjpaopa‘ ^kn‘an vkjao kb _kjbhe_p- Rda naoa]n_dano atlaneaj_a‘ pda _kjop]jp ^kn‘an _da_go+ pda ¢‘aiejejc£ ]_perepeao qj‘anp]gaj ^u pda QJ? ]hkjc pda i]fkn decds]uo ]j‘ pda JRRC _]‘nao ej pda _kjpaopa‘ ^kn‘an vkjao+ ]j‘ pda _kjpnkho ]p pda fqj_pqna kb pda _kjpaopa‘ ^kn‘ano sepdej ] j]pekj op]pa- Rda naokqn_a ]j]huoeo lnkre‘a‘ ejbkni]pekj kj _kiiqjepu naokqn_ao+ ]j‘ _kjpne^qpa‘ pk pda 94
Children in communities affected by conflict and natural disaster in north and east Sri Lanka
‘arahkliajp kb ] lnaheiej]nu heop kb gau ok_ek,a_kjkie_ ej‘e_]pkno bkn ikjepknejc ]j‘ ar]hq]pejc lnkcn]ii]pe_ rqhjan]^ehepuRda Nnkcn]ii]pe_ rqhjan]^ehepu ]ooaooiajp ej >LEUI * lnkre‘a‘ ejbkni]pekj kj pda ]r]eh]^ehepu kb naokqn_ao: e‘ajpebu _d]hhajcao ej eilhaiajpejc oanre_ao ]j‘ pda lkooe^ha _kjopn]ejpo ej ]__aooejc oanre_ao- Rda Nanokj]h ]j‘ Qk_eap]h Tqhjan]^ehepu ?ooaooiajp sehh e‘ajpebu ]j‘ lneknepeva _kiiqjepeao sepd pda decdaop _kj_ajpn]pekj kb rqhjan]^ha _deh‘naj ]j‘ e‘ajpebu l]npe_qh]nhu rqhjan]^ha cnkqlo (ac: knld]ja‘ _deh‘naj+ ‘eolh]_a‘ _deh‘naj+ _deh‘ okh‘eano+ ‘eo]^ha‘ _deh‘naj)Rda DEBo ahe_epa‘ lnkcn]ii]pe_ ]j‘ ok_eap]h.lanokj]h rqhjan]^ehepu pdaiao ]j‘ e‘ajpebea‘ pda _kjpatpq]h b]_pkno pd]p ejbhqaj_a rqhjan]^ehepu ]j‘ atlhkna‘ ] b]iehu£o._deh‘£o _]l]_epu pk qoa pda naokqn_ao ]j‘ _kla sepd pda _qnnajp oepq]pekj- Qkia kb pda _kjpatpq]h b]_pkno d]ra ^aaj heopa‘ ^ahks9 Beolh]_aiajp ]j‘ hkoo (i]pane]h ]j‘ lanokj]h): Gila‘eiajpo pk ]__aoo kb a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_ao: Gj_na]oa ej pda jqi^an kb _deh‘naj sdk ‘nkl kqp kb o_dkkh: Gj_na]oa ej _deh‘ ikn^e‘epu ]j‘ iknp]hepu: Gil]_po kj lduoe_]h ]j‘ lou_dk,ok_e]h sahh,^aejc: ‘alhapekj kb naokqn_ao pk iepec]pa ]‘ranoa arajpo.‘arahkliajpo ^u dkqoadkh‘o ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao: L]pqn]h ‘eo]opano hega pda Roqj]ie bqnpdan sknoaj pda oepq]pekjRda ]^kra iajpekja‘ _kjpatpq]h eooqao ha]‘ pk _deh‘naj ^a_kiejc okbp p]ncapo bkn iehep]nu na_nqepiajp+ _deh‘ h]^kqn ]j‘ kpdan bknio kb ]^qoa- Rdaoa _kjpatpq]h eooqao d]ra ] hkjc h]opejc jac]pera eil]_p ]j‘ ej pqnj ‘alhapa _deh‘naj kb aooajpe]h naokqn_ao ]j‘ heba ogehho (lduoe_]h+ aikpekj]h+ ok_e]h) ja_aoo]nu bkn bqpqna l]najpejc ]j‘ kbpaj ha]‘ pk _u_he_ rqhjan]^ehepu-
Analysis and Rigour ? _kjpejqkqo+ _u_he_ ]llnk]_d pk pda pdai]pe_+ mq]hep]pera ]j]huoeo kb pda _khha_pa‘ ‘]p] s]o _dkoaj- ?j]huoeo k__qnna‘ pdnkqcdkqp pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj ld]oa pk aj]^ha a]nhu ejbkni]pekj c]pdana‘ pk ejbkni h]pan l]npo kb pda naoa]n_d (Rdki]o+ 1//2)- ? lnaheiej]nu lnaoajp]pekj pkkg lh]_a ‘qnejc pda ]ooaooiajp pk ]hhks bkn ejlqp ejpk pda bej]h ranoekj kb pda bn]iaskng ‘arahkla‘- Eqe‘a‘ ^u bn]iaskng ]j]huoeo+ _kiikj pdaiao sana okqcdp sde_d nabha_pa‘ pda n]jca kb atlaneaj_ao pd]p sana lnaoajpa‘ ]j‘ ]hhksa‘ bkn _kjop]jp cajan]pekj+ _kil]neokj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp kb pdaiao ‘qnejc pda sdkha naoa]n_d lnk_aooRda mq]hep]pera ‘]p] _khha_pa‘ ‘qnejc pda skngodklo s]o _k‘a‘ ]j‘ _]packneva‘ ej ‘ebbanajp op]cao- Rda benop op]ca _kjp]eja‘ _]packnev]pekj ~ sdana lkooe^ha ~ oal]n]pa‘ ^u ‘eopne_p ]j‘ skngodkl oaooekj+ sdana oaooekj kja ej_hq‘a‘ lnkcn]ii]pe_ rqhjan]^ehepu ]j‘ ik^ehepu 95
Jaya Earnest and Robert P.Finger
]j‘ oaooekj psk lanokj]h ]j‘ ok_eap]h rqhjan]^ehepu- Mj_a pdeo d]‘ ^aaj bejeoda‘+ pda ‘]p] s]o _]packneva‘ ejpk pda lnarekqohu e‘ajpebea‘ _]packneao bkn ]hh pda skngodklo ‘kja- Rda _kjpejqkqo baa‘^]_g lnkre‘a‘ ^u pda gau ejbkni]jpo ]e‘a‘ pk bk_qo kj nareasejc pda _dkoaj _]packneao ]j‘ pda naoqhpo ej hecdp kb ateopejc lnkcn]iia opnajcpdo ]j‘ naokqn_ao ]j‘ opnajcpdaja‘ r]he‘epu ^u lnkre‘ejc ] bkni kb iai^an _da_gejc (J]_au & Jqbb+ 1//0)Qpalo sana p]gaj pdnkqcdkqp pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]j‘ ]j]huoeo pk aop]^heod pnqopsknpdejaoo kb pda iapdk‘ ]j‘ bej‘ejco- Kqhpelha iapdk‘o lnkre‘a‘ r]nuejc lanola_perao kj pda oq^fa_p aj]^hejc pda ‘arahkliajp kb ] ikna dkheope_ ]j‘ _kjpatpq]h lknpn]u]h kb na]h,heba oepq]pekjo- Kqhpelha naoa]n_d iapdk‘o ]hok oanra‘ pk ¢pne]jcqh]pa£ naoqhpejc pdaiao ]o pdau arkhra‘ ‘qnejc ]j]huoeo (Bajvej & Jej_khj+ 1///)- Tanebe_]pekj opn]paceao oq_d ]o ouopai]pe_ _da_gejc kb ‘]p] pk aheiej]pa annkno ]j‘ kjckejc ikjepknejc ]j‘ ejpanlnap]pekj kb ‘]p] pk ik‘ebu ‘ena_pekj kb naoa]n_d sana qoa‘ pk ]_deara nahe]^ehepu ]j‘ r]he‘epuAkjop]jp ]j]huoeo kb ej_kiejc ‘]p] cqe‘a‘ bqpqna o]ilhejc ]j‘ mqaopekjejc opn]paceao pk ajoqna _kjbeni]pekj kb jashu bknia‘ _kjfa_pqnao (N]ppkj+ 088/)?j ]q‘ep pn]eh+ ]o ‘eo_qooa‘+ s]o ]hok aop]^heoda‘+ ajoqnejc iapdk‘o ]j‘ ‘]p] sana ‘k_qiajpa‘ ok pd]p pda ]j]huoeo kb pda ‘]p] _kqh‘ ^a _kjbenia‘ ]j‘ nalhe_]pa‘ ^u kpdan naoa]n_dano- Gp eo se‘ahu ]__alpa‘ pd]p iqhpelha iapdk‘o ej ]ju opq‘u ]na qoabqh ej ]_dearejc cna]pan qj‘anop]j‘ejc- Rdeo naoa]n_d s]o _]nnea‘ kqp ej ]__kn‘]j_a sepd pda ?qopn]he]j L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh cqe‘ahejao- Rda Fqi]j Paoa]n_d Cpde_o Akiieppaa kb pda Mbbe_a kb Paoa]n_d ]j‘ Barahkliajp kb Aqnpej Sjeranoepu kb Ra_djkhkcu ]llnkra‘ pda lnkfa_p- ?llnkr]h s]o ]hok k^p]eja‘ bnki SLGACD+ Qne J]jg]-
Development of the Definition of Vulnerability, the Set of Indicators and the Final Framework Rda ejbkni]pekj c]eja‘ s]o qoa‘ pk ‘arahkl ] _kilnadajoera ‘abejepekj kb ¢rqhjan]^ehepu£ ]o lan_aera‘ ^u pda l]npe_el]jpo+ e‘ajpebu ]j‘ lneknepeva _kiiqjepeao sepd pda decdaop _kj_ajpn]pekj kb rqhjan]^ha _deh‘naj+ aop]^heod ] oap kb ej‘e_]pkno+ sde_d sehh ^a klan]pekj]heoa‘ sepdej pda _kj_alpq]h bn]iaskng- Rda bn]iaskng ]j‘ ej‘e_]pkno ]hhks ] _kiiqjepu£o rqhjan]^ehepu pk ^a ]ooaooa‘+ e‘ajpebu ]r]eh]^ha ]j‘ jaa‘a‘ naokqn_ao+ dahl ]hhk_]pa naokqn_ao ]__kn‘ejchu ]j‘ dahl ailksan _kiiqjepeao pk ejepe]pa ]_pekj lh]jo? _kilnadajoera ‘abejepekj kb ¢rqhjan]^ehepu£ ]o lan_aera‘ ^u pda naoa]n_dano & l]npe_el]jpo s]o ‘arahkla‘ ]j‘ od]na‘ sepd op]gadkh‘ano- Rda ‘arahkla‘ ‘abejepekj+ bn]iaskng ]j‘ ej‘e_]pkno sehh ]hhks ] _kiiqjepu£o rqhjan]^ehepu pk ^a ]ooaooa‘+ sehh dahl e‘ajpebu.ej_hq‘a ]r]eh]^ha ]j‘ jaa‘a‘ naokqn_ao+ dahl ]hhk_]pa naokqn_ao ]__kn‘ejchu ]j‘ dahl ailksan _kiiqjepeao pk ejepe]pa ]_pekj lh]jo-
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Children in communities affected by conflict and natural disaster in north and east Sri Lanka
Systematic analysis of literature State of Children in the North-East Adeh‘naj ej pda Lknpdanj ]j‘ C]opanj lnkrej_ao ]na ]ikjc pda ikop rqhjan]^ha _deh‘naj ej Qne J]jg]- ? iqhpepq‘a kb ]‘ranoepeao ]bba_po pdai+ kb sde_d pda oejcha ^eccaop kja eo pda lnkhkjca‘ _kjbhe_p- Cranu _kjbhe_p bkn_ao _deh‘naj pk hera pdnkqcd okia panne^ha atlaneaj_aoRda lnkpn]_pa‘ Qne J]jg]j _kjbhe_p eo jk at_alpekj- Mbpaj ‘ao_ne^a‘ ]o ] ¢jk ian_u s]n£ ep d]o ]bba_pa‘ pda herao kb _deh‘naj bkn ikna pd]j psk ‘a_]‘ao- @kpd pda Ekranjiajp kb Qne J]jg] ]j‘ pda JRRC d]ra rekh]pa‘ pda lnej_el]ho kb Fqi]jep]ne]j J]s ]j‘ _deh‘naj ]na ]ikjc kb pda ikop ]bba_pa‘ (Sjepa‘ L]pekjo+ j-‘)U]n+ aola_e]hhu _ereh s]n+ ‘aopnkuo dkiao+ bn]ciajpo _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ ^na]go ‘ksj pnqop ^apsaaj laklha+ qj‘aniejejc pda ranu bkqj‘]pekj kb _deh‘naj£o herao- Adeh‘naj ej pda Lknpd,C]op d]ra ^aaj at_hq‘a‘+ bkn ‘ebbanejc lanek‘o kb peia+ bnki aooajpe]h ckk‘o ]j‘ oanre_ao+ oq_d ]o o_dkkho+ da]hpd _]na b]_ehepeao+ s]pan ]j‘ o]jep]pekj+ ]j‘ d]ra ^aaj ‘ajea‘ pda lnkpa_pekj bnki atlhkep]pekj+ iehep]nu na_nqepiajp+ rekhaj_a+ ]^qoa+ jacha_p+ ]j‘ pda ]^ehepu pk l]npe_el]pa bqhhu ej pdaen ok_eapu (Gjpanj]pekj]h Q]ra pda Adeh‘naj ?hhe]j_a+ 0885)?hkjc sepd n]le‘ ok_e]h _d]jca+ s]n ]j‘ _kjbhe_p ha]‘o pk ] ^na]g‘ksj kb b]iehu oqllknp ouopaio sde_d ]na aooajpe]h pk ] _deh‘£o oqnrer]h ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp- Ba]pd+ ‘eolh]_aiajp ]j‘ lkranpu ]hok ej_na]oa pajoekjo sepdej pda b]iehu ]j‘ pda hegahedkk‘ kb ‘kiaope_ rekhaj_aBaopnq_pekj kb lduoe_]h ejbn]opnq_pqna+ opn]ejo kj da]hpd _]na ]j‘ a‘q_]pekj ouopaio+ skngano ]j‘ oqllheao ]j‘ ej_na]oa‘ ejoa_qnepu ^a_]qoa kb pda naij]jpo kb h]j‘iejao ]j‘ qjatlhk‘a‘ kn‘j]j_ao ]na bqnpdan neogo pk _deh‘naj£o herao- Adeh‘naj b]_a ] daecdpaja‘ neog kb n]la+ oatq]h ]oo]qhp+ lnkopepqpekj ]j‘ kpdan bknio kb caj‘an ^]oa‘ rekhaj_a ej pda Lknpdanj ]j‘ C]opanj lnkrej_ao kb Qne J]jg] (Sjepa‘ L]pekjo+ j-‘)Rda ]nia‘ _kjbhe_p d]o ha‘ pk pda ‘eolh]_aiajp kb ]o i]ju ]o 27/+/// _deh‘naj- Rda kjckejc _kjbhe_p d]o ha‘ pk pda na_nqepiajp kb _deh‘naj ]o okh‘eano ^u pda JRRC- Paha]oao kb _deh‘ okh‘eano d]ra ^aaj nalknpa‘ olkn]‘e_]hhu- Fksaran+ pda i]fknepu kb na_nqepa‘ _deh‘naj ]na jkp naha]oa‘- Da]n ]j‘ ejpeie‘]pekj lanlapn]pa‘ ^u pda na_nqepejc ]caj_eao ha]‘ pk qj‘an,nalknpa‘ jqi^ano kb _deh‘naj na_nqepa‘ (Fqi]j Pecdpo U]p_d+ 1//5)-
Access to Health Care and Educational Services ?j ]ooaooiajp kb pda da]hpd _]na ouopai ej pda Lknpdanj ]j‘ C]opanj Nnkrej_ao ^u pda Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jev]pekj (UFM) ej 1//1 ‘k_qiajpa‘ r]op na^qeh‘ejc ]j‘ na_kjopnq_pekj jaa‘o ]j‘ pda h]_g kb dqi]j naokqn_ao ej 54% kb pda b]_ehepeao- Rda ‘aopnq_pekj ]j‘ da]ru ‘]i]ca pk da]hpd ejbn]opnq_pqna ]j‘ pda jkj,]r]eh]^ehepu kb dqi]j ]j‘ kpdan naokqn_ao ]na i]fkn _kjopn]ejpo pk pda ‘aheranu kb da]hpd oanre_ao pk _deh‘naj ej ikop ‘eopne_po ej pda Lknpd,C]op- Rda ej_e‘aj_a kb r]__eja lnarajp]^ha ‘eoa]oao+ kpdan _kiiqje_]^ha ‘eoa]oao oq_d ]o R@+ naolen]pknu pn]_p ejba_pekjo+ ‘e]nndka]h ‘eoa]oao+ ra_pkn ^knja ‘eoa]oao ]j‘ ejba_pekqo ‘eoa]oao oq_d ]o dal]pepeo odksa‘ ]j qls]n‘ pnaj‘ ej pda 97
Jaya Earnest and Robert P.Finger
nacekj kran pda l]op bas ua]no _kil]na‘ pk pda naop kb Qne J]jg]- ? nahe]j_a kj qjo]ba ‘nejgejc s]pan+ lkkn o]jep]pekj ]j‘ lkkn lanokj]h ]j‘ ‘kiaope_ duceaja ]na okia kb pda ajrenkjiajp]h ]j‘ lq^he_ da]hpd _d]hhajcao ikna lnkjkqj_a‘ ej pda Lknpd,C]op- ?j ajrenkjiajp]h oqnrau ^u UFM nara]ha‘ ] decd harah kb s]pan _kjp]iej]pekj (Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jev]pekj+ 1//3)Kkop _deh‘naj£o a‘q_]pekj d]o ^aaj ‘eonqlpa‘ ^u pda _ereh s]n- Bap]eha‘ ejbkni]pekj kb o_dkkh ajnkhiajp ]j‘ pda ejbn]opnq_pqna kb o_dkkho ej pda Lknpd,C]op ]na heiepa‘- Udeha naceopn]pekj n]pao i]u cera ]j ej‘e_]pekj kb pda jqi^an kb _deh‘naj ajnkhha‘+ pdau ‘k jkp nabha_p pda mq]hepu kb a‘q_]pekj jkn pda ]_pq]h ]ppaj‘]j_a l]ppanjo- Udana _deh‘naj ej _kjbhe_p ]na]o ‘k ck pk o_dkkh+ pdaen ha]njejc eo kbpaj dej‘ana‘ ^u pn]qi]+ dqjcan+ qjpn]eja‘ kn ehh,lnal]na‘ pa]_dano ]j‘ ] h]_g kb oqbbe_eajp o_dkkh i]pane]ho- Qqnrer]h lnaooqnao i]u ]hok bkn_a l]najpo kn _]na,cerano pk sepd‘n]s pdaen _deh‘naj bnki o_dkkh pk ajc]ca ej ej_kia a]njejc ]_perepeao+ kn at_hq‘a kja _deh‘ bnki o_dkkh pk hkkg ]bpan pda dkqoadkh‘ sdeha pda l]najpo ]na skngejc (Le_kh]e & Rnelhadknj+ 1//2)Udeha a‘q_]pekj cajan]hhu ]‘‘o ] ia]oqna kb op]^ehepu pk _deh‘naj ej _kjbhe_p ]na]o+ _kjbhe_p _]j ‘eopknp epo ^ajabepo ]j‘ ejpnk‘q_a ]‘‘epekj]h neogo- Rda JRRC eo gjksj pk d]ra lkoepekja‘ na_nqepiajp ^kkpdo ja]n o_dkkho ]j‘ qoa‘ opnaap pda]pna pk ej‘q_a _deh‘naj pk fkej- Rda a‘q_]pekj ouopaio kb _kqjpneao ej _kjbhe_p _]j ]hok a]oehu ^a lkhepe_eva‘ pk pda ‘apneiajp kb _deh‘naj- C‘q_]pekj ouopaio _]j ^a i]jelqh]pa‘ ejpk ejopnqiajpo pk ‘eopknp deopknu bkn lkhepe_]h lqnlkoao+ aj_kqn]cejc d]pa ]j‘ oacnac]pa+ nalnaoo ]j‘ _kj‘epekj ] lklqh]pekj pk ]__alp apdje_ ‘ebbanaj_ao sdeha lnkl]c]pejc ba]n ]j‘ lna,ailpera oahb ‘abaj_a (Fqi]j Pecdpo U]p_d+ 1//5)-
The 2004 Tsunami and its Impact Mj Ba_ai^an 15+ 1//3+ ]j a]npdmq]ga kbb pda saopanj _k]op kb Qqi]pn] _na]pa‘ poqj]ieo pd]p s]oda‘ kran pda C]opanj ]j‘ Qkqpdanj _k]opo kb Qne J]jg]- Rda Roqj]ie _na]pa‘ ]j ¢aiancaj_u sepdej ]j aiancaj_u£ ]o ep dep Qne J]jg]£o _k]op]h ]na]o ]bba_pa‘ ^u 1/ ua]no kb _kjbhe_p (Q]ra pda Adeh‘naj Dqj‘+ 1//5)- Rdkqo]j‘o kb _deh‘naj hkop pdaen herao ]j‘ i]ju ikna sana oal]n]pa‘ bnki l]najpo kn knld]ja‘ ^u pda poqj]ie- ?hikop 0+/// _deh‘naj hkop ^kpd l]najpo ]j‘ ]hikop 3+/// hkop kja- Adeh‘naj+ aola_e]hhu pdkoa herejc ej lkranpu ]j‘ ej nacekjo ]bba_pa‘ ^u pda 1/ ua]n _ereh s]n+ ]na ]ikjc pda ikop rqhjan]^ha re_peio kb pda poqj]ie ]j‘ epo ]bpani]pd- Adeh‘naj oqnrerkno b]_a oecjebe_]jp eooqao kb hkoo+ ^ana]raiajp+ oal]n]pekj bnki l]najpo ]j‘ b]iehu+ ba]n+ dahlhaoojaoo ]j‘ pda lkooe^ha ‘ksjs]n‘ olen]h kb lkranpu ]j‘ bkk‘ ejoa_qnepu pd]p ]__kil]jeao hkoo kb dkiao+ b]iehu oqllknp ]j‘ herahedkk‘ (Uaooaho+ & Ikopahju+ 1//1)- J]nca jqi^ano kb _deh‘naj ]j‘ b]ieheao opehh naoe‘a ej pn]joepekj]h ]__kiik‘]pekj pk‘]u- K]ju lkkn b]ieheao herejc ej pdaoa _]ilo oaa bas kpdan ]hpanj]perao pd]j oaj‘ejc _deh‘naj kqp pk skng kn pk hera ]j‘ skng sepd sa]hpdean nah]perao kn b]ieheao- Rda poqj]ie ]hok ^nkga ‘ksj ateopejc ok_e]h opnq_pqnao kb lnkpa_pekj ]j‘ ej_na]oa‘ GBN _kiiqjepeao£ rqhjan]^ehepu pk rekhaj_a ]j‘ d]n]ooiajp (RLQ J]jg]+ 1//5)-
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Children in communities affected by conflict and natural disaster in north and east Sri Lanka
Discussion Gj ]hh oet ‘eopne_po kb pda beah‘ reoepo Y?il]n]+ @]ppe_]hk]+ T]rqjeu]+ K]jj]n+ Iehejk_d_de ]j‘ Kqhh]eperqZ pda qj‘anhuejc oajoa kb ejoa_qnepu+ ba]n kb s]n+ ] oajoa kb dklahaoojaoo ]j‘ qj_anp]ejpu s]o ranu lnar]hajp- ?hh l]npe_el]jpo s]jpa‘ la]_a ]j‘ oa_qnepu+ pda kllknpqjepu pk eilnkra pdaen herao+ a‘q_]pa pdaioahrao+ d]ra fk^o ]j‘ eilnkra pdaen a_kjkie_ _kj‘epekj- Rda opq‘u e‘ajpebea‘ pd]p a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ da]hpd kb _deh‘naj s]o r]hqa‘ decdhu ]ikjcop ]hh ejpanreasa‘ ikpdano ]j‘ _deh‘naj+ ]hpdkqcd ]__aoo pk a‘q_]pekj]h ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_ao sana oaranahu heiepa‘ ej pda _kjbhe_p ]bba_pa‘ ]na]o- Beo_qooekjo ej pda beah‘ _ajpna‘ kj pda lkop,poqj]ie _kjpatp ]o ikop kb pda ]na]o kb _kjbhe_p sana ]hok ]bba_pa‘ ^u pda Roqj]ie ej Ba_ai^an 1//3- Kkop gau ejbkni]jpo+ o_dkkh da]‘ pa]_dano ]j‘ ‘eopne_p a‘q_]pekj kbbe_ano ejbknia‘ pda naoa]n_dano pd]p oaran]h SL ]j‘ ejpanj]pekj]h ]e‘ knc]jeo]pekjo d]‘ lnkre‘a‘ iq_d jaa‘a‘ dahl ]j‘ ]ooeop]j_a ej pda bknio kb h]pnejao+ s]pan ]j‘ o]jep]pekj lnkfa_po+ ]j‘ nad]^ehep]pekj kb o_dkkho ]j‘ dkolep]hoPa_qnnajp pdaiao sdeha p]hgejc ]^kqp _deh‘naj+ da]hpd+ a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ rqhjan]^ehepu sana9 pda ej_na]oa ej pda jqi^an kb _deh‘naj ‘nkllejc kqp kb o_dkkh ]bpan pda poqj]ie ‘qa pk ‘eolh]_aiajp ]j‘ hkoo+ pda jaa‘ pk oqlanreoa ukqjcan _deh‘naj sdeha l]najpo sana ]p skng ]o ‘]ehu s]ca a]njano+ are‘aj_a kb _kiiqjepu naoeheaj_a ]j‘ oqllknp- Gj nqn]h ]na]o+ laklha p]hga‘ ]^kqp h]_g kb ]__aoo pk da]hpd ]j‘ a‘q_]pekj b]_ehepeao ]j‘ ]j ]_qpa h]_g kb pn]jolknp b]_ehepeaoKkop _deh‘naj+ aola_e]hhu qj‘an,]ca na_nqepo sdk d]ra ^aaj _deh‘ okh‘eano+ qj‘anck _]p_d, ql a‘q_]pekj (ASC) bkn ] ua]n ^abkna ^aejc ejpacn]pa‘ ejpk i]ejopna]i o_dkkh- Iau, ejbkni]jp ejpanreaso sepd kbbe_e]ho nara]ha‘ pd]p 8/% kb qj‘an]ca na_nqepo d]‘ jkp ^aaj bkn_e^hu na_nqepa‘- Eenho ]j‘ ^kuo na_nqepa‘ kbpaj _kia bnki b]ieheao sepd lnk^haio ]j‘ sana pdanabkna okbp p]ncapo bkn na_nqepiajp- Qkiapeiao rehh]cao bahp pd]p pdau d]‘ pk cera ] _deh‘ pk pda JRRC _]qoa- K]ju kb pda qj‘an,]ca na_nqepo kbpaj fkeja‘ eb bneaj‘o ]j‘ kh‘an oe^hejco d]‘ fkeja‘ pda JRRC _]‘naoJerejc ej oejcha bai]ha,da]‘a‘ dkqoadkh‘o+ kbpaj ha‘ pk sknoa hkjc,pani kqp_kiao ej panio kb lkranpu+ ej_kia ]j‘ oqllknp- Ukiaj sana ailksana‘ ^u ]__aoo pk ie_nk,_na‘ep b]_ehepeao ]j‘ aop]^heodiajp kb oi]hh cn]oonkkpo ^qoejaooao- Akiiqjepeao sdk d]‘ napqnja‘ pk pdaen rehh]ca ]bpan ‘eolh]_aiajp ‘eolh]ua‘ haoo ‘uobqj_pekj]heoi+ ^appan a‘q_]pekj]h ]j‘ da]hpd ej‘e_]pkno ]o _kil]na‘ pk pdkoa herejc ej GBN _]ilo kn pdkoa pd]p d]‘ ^aaj nahk_]pa‘- ¢Na]_a£ s]o _epa‘ ^u ]hh l]npe_el]jpo ]o ]j ]^okhqpa lnanamqeoepa bkn bqnpdan ‘arahkliajp-
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Jaya Earnest and Robert P.Finger
Reflections on the field research Ad]hhajcao aj_kqjpana‘ ‘qnejc pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]j‘ ej,beah‘ naoa]n_d sana kbpaj nah]pa‘ pk pda ranu lkh]neva‘ ok_eapu ]j‘ pda lkhepe_]h a_kjkiu kb s]n ej Qne J]jg]B]p] c]pdana‘ bnki pda Ekranjiajp kb Qne J]jg] skqh‘ ^a ]__alpa‘ kjhu daoep]jphu ^u pda JRRC ]j‘ re_a rano]Qaran]h peiao pda _na‘e^ehepu kb okqn_ao kb ejbkni]pekj s]o mqaopekja‘ ‘qa pk pda ‘ebbe_qhp+ _kilhe_]pa‘ ]j‘ _kilhat nah]pekjo ^apsaaj pda EMQJ ]j‘ JRRCRdana s]o ]j qj‘an_qnnajp kb ba]n bnki _deh‘naj+ skiaj ]j‘ kpdan gau ejbkni]jpo herejc ej pda JRRC _kjpnkhha‘ ]na]o- Rda naoa]n_dano bahp pd]p pdeo i]u d]ra ha‘ pk qj‘annalknpejc ^u l]npe_el]jpoRdana s]o pda jaa‘ pk _na]pa oa_qna oqnnkqj‘ejco bkn ejpanreaso ]j‘ bk_qo cnkql ‘eo_qooekjo+ sde_d skqh‘ cq]n]jpaa pd]p _kjbe‘ajpe]hepu kb l]npe_el]jpo s]o ajoqna‘?hh ejbkni]pekj pd]p _kqh‘ ha]‘ pk e‘ajpebe_]pekj kb l]npe_el]jpo ej pda lnkfa_p oq_d ]o ldkpko p]gaj+ j]iao ]j‘ hk_]pekjo sana aepdan jkp _khha_pa‘ kn naikra‘ lnekn pk lq^he_]pekj kb ]ju ‘]p]?o pda lkhepe_]h oepq]pekj s]o _kil]n]perahu op]^ha ]p pda peia kb ej,beah‘ ‘]p] _khha_pekj+ ]hikop ]hh ]na]o kb pda Lknpd ]j‘ C]op _kqh‘ ^a ]__aooa‘- Qej_a pdaj+ pda lkhepe_]h oepq]pekj d]o ‘apanekn]pa‘ _kjoe‘an]^hu ej pda Lknpd ]j‘ C]op+ sde_d skqh‘ i]ga ]jkpdan lnkfa_p ]hkjc pdaoa hejao eilkooe^ha pk eilhaiajp ]p pda ikiajpRda lq^he_]pekj kb pda bej]h nalknp k__qnna‘ ‘qnejc pda peia kb ‘apanekn]pekj kb oa_qnepu oepq]pekj ej pda Lknpd ]j‘ C]op kb Qne J]jg]+ pdqo pda nalknp _kqh‘ kjhu ^a lq^heoda‘ ]o ]j ej,dkqoa nalknp sde_d heiepa‘ pda ‘eooaiej]pekj kb bej‘ejco-
Conclusion Paoa]n_dejc pkle_o sde_d ]na decdhu lkhepe_]h kn d]ra pda lkpajpe]h pk ^a lkhepe_eva‘ ]na _nepe_]h ej panio kb jaa‘ejc pk ^]h]j_a iqhpelha reaso kb pda ]_pq]h oepq]pekj- Gp eo ranu a]ou pk kran nalnaoajp pda ha]‘ejc klejekj ]j‘ pk _kilhu sepd sd]p eo atla_pa‘ ^u pdkoa ej lksan- Nq^heodejc bej‘ejco sde_d ‘k jkp nalnaoajp pda kbbe_e]h heja kb pdkqcdp _]j kbpaj ^a ‘apneiajp]h pk pda naoa]n_dano ]o okqn_ao kb ejbkni]pekj iecdp ^a ‘eo_na‘epa‘ ]j‘ pda naoa]n_dano£ ejpacnepu ‘kq^pa‘- Rda olkjoknejc knc]jev]pekj lnabanna‘ jkp pk lq^heod pda opq‘u£o bej‘ejco ‘qa pk pda n]le‘ ]j‘ ao_]h]pejc ‘apanekn]pekj ej pda oa_qnepu oepq]pekj ej pda Lknpd ]j‘ C]op- Ctlaneaj_ao c]eja‘ ^u pda naoa]n_dano bnki pdeo lnkfa_p decdhecdpa‘ pda beja heja ^apsaaj o_eajpebe_ ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d ]j‘ lkhepe_]h ]caj‘] ]j‘ pda jaa‘ pk i]ejp]ej ] oajoepera ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h ^]h]j_a ^apsaaj pda psk- Rda opq‘u d]o odksj pd]p pda n]le‘ l]npe_el]pknu apdjkcn]lde_ ]ooaooiajp eo ] qoabqh ]llnk]_d pd]p _]j ^a abba_perahu qoa‘ ^u naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao aola_e]hhu ej ]na]o ]bba_pa‘ ^u _kjbhe_p-
100
Children in communities affected by conflict and natural disaster in north and east Sri Lanka
References ?_pekj]e‘ (1//2)- N]npe_el]pknu Tqhjan]^ehepu ?j]huoeo9 ? opal,^u,opal,cqe‘a bkn beah‘ op]bb- ?_pekj]e‘ Gjpanj]pekj]h+ SI?nqj]pehg]a+ L-+ H]u]oqneu]+ Q-+ & Iahac]i]+ Q- (1//0)- Rda a_kjkie_ _kop kb s]n ej Qne J]jg]- Uknh‘ Barahkliajp+ Tkh 18+ 8+ 0372,04// Bajvej+ L- & Jej_khj+ W- (1///)- F]j‘^kkg kb mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d (1j‘ C‘-)- A]hebknje]9 Q]ca Nq^heodanoBal]npiajp kb L]pekj]h Nh]jjejc (1//3])- L]pekj]h Nh]j kb ?_pekj bkn pda Adeh‘naj kb Qne J]jg]Bal]npiajp kb L]pekj]h Nh]jjejc+ Akhki^k+ Qne J]jg]DFG- (1//4)- P]le‘ apdjkcn]lde_ cqe‘a- Papneara‘ 1/,Lkrai^an,1//4 bnki sss-bde-knc.aj.FGT?GBQ.lq^.cqe‘a.P]le‘?ooaooiajpEqe‘a.n]c4-dpi Ekk‘d]j‘+ H-+ & Jasan+ L- (0888)- LEMo ]j‘ la]_a^qeh‘ejc ej _kilhat aiancaj_eao- Rden‘ Uknh‘ Oq]npanhu+ 1/+ 02,15 Eq^]+ C- E-+ & Jej_khj+ W- Q- (0883)- Akilapejc l]n]‘ecio ej mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d- Gj L- I- Bajvej & W- Q- Jej_khj (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d (ll-0/4,006)- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go+ A?9 Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjoFqi]j Pecdpo U]p_d- (1//5)- Jerejc ej ba]n9 _deh‘ okh‘eano ]j‘ pda R]ieh pecano ej Qne J]jg]- Palknp 05 (02 A)- Papneara‘ 1/,Da^nq]nu,1//5 bnki sss-dns-knc.nalknpo.1//3.oneh]jg]00/3 Gjpanj]pekj]h Q]ra pda Adeh‘naj ?hhe]j_a- (0885)- C‘q_]pekj]h _kjpajp ]j‘ iapdk‘khkcu9 lnkikpejc lou_dkok_e]h sahh,^aejc ]ikjc _deh‘naj ]bba_pa‘ ^u ]nia‘ _kjbhe_p ]j‘ ‘eolh]_aiajp9 lnej_elhao ]j‘ ]llnk]_dao- Papneara‘ 12,K]n_d,1//5 bnki sss-ejaaoepa-knc.a‘_kj.lnkikpejc-]ol H]^^]n+ Q- & Qajj]u]ga+ B- (1//3)- Mranreas kb Nkranpu ej Qne J]jg]- Aajpna bkn Nkranpu ?j]huoeo+ Akhki^k+ Qne J]jg]Iknb+ @- (1//5)- Bejejc sepd pda ‘areho= Cpdjkcn]lde_ ajmqeneao ejpk pda _kjbhe_p,‘arahkliajp jatqo ej Qne J]jg]- Mtbkn‘ Barahkliajp Qpq‘eao- Tkh 23+ 0+ 36,53 J]_au+ ?- & Jqbb+ B- (1//0)- Rnajp bk_qo bkn naoa]n_d ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ej lnei]nu da]hpd _]na9 ?j ejpnk‘q_pekj pk mq]hep]pera ]j]huoeo- Rnajp Dk_qo+ Sjepa‘ Iejc‘kiKanne]i+ Q- (0887)- Oq]hep]pera naoa]n_d ]j‘ _]oa opq‘u ]llhe_]pekjo ej a‘q_]pekj- Q]j Dn]j_eo_k+ A?9 Hkooau,@]ooKkaj_d+ K- & Betep+ ?- (1//3)- ?‘]lpera _]l]_epu ]j‘ herahedkk‘ naoeheaj_a9 ?‘]lpera opn]paceao bkn naolkj‘ejc pk bhkk‘o ]j‘ ‘nkqcdpo ej Qkqpd ?oe]- I]pdi]j‘q Gjopepqpa bkn Qk_e]h ]j‘ Cjrenkjiajp]h Rn]joepekj+ Lal]hLe_kh]e+ Q- & Rnelhadknj+ A- (1//2)- Rda nkha kb a‘q_]pekj ej lnkpa_pejc _deh‘naj ej ]nia‘ _kjbhe_pFqi]j Nn]_pe_a Lapskng+ Las WkngN]ppkj+ K-O- (088/)- Oq]hep]pera ar]hq]pekj ]j‘ naoa]n_d iapdk‘o- Las^qnu N]ng+ A?9 Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjoNou_dkok_e]h Ukngejc Enkql (1//2)- Nou_dkok_e]h ejpanrajpekjo ej _kilhat aiancaj_eao9 ? _kj_alpq]h bn]iaskng- Pabqcaa Qpq‘eao Aajpna+ Oqaaj K]nc]nap Sjeranoepu Akhhaca+ C‘ej^qncd+ SINqj_d+ I- (1//2)- Gjpnk‘q_pekj pk ok_e]h naoa]n_d- Jkj‘kj9 Q]ca lq^he_]pekjoQ]ra pda Adeh‘naj Dqj‘ (j-‘-)- Udana sa skng9 Qne J]jg]- Papneara‘ 16,M_pk^an,1//4 sss-o]rapda_deh‘naj-_].sdanasaskng.okqpd]oe].oneh]jg]-dpihQ]ra pda Adeh‘naj Dqj‘ (1//5)- 0,ua]n lnkcnaoo nalknp9 Pa^qeh‘ejc herao ]bpan pda Roqj]ie pdnkqcd pda auao kb _deh‘naj- QAD+ SIRda Tenpq]h Je^n]nu kb Qne J]jg]- (j-‘-) Naklha ]j‘ apdje_ cnkqlo- Papneara‘ 12,K]n_d,1//5 bnki 101
Jaya Earnest and Robert P.Finger
sss-h]jg]he^n]nu-_ki._qh-dpih Rdki]o+ B- (1//2)- ? cajan]h ej‘q_pera ]llnk]_d bkn mq]hep]pera ‘]p] ]j]huoeo- Q_dkkh kb Nklqh]pekj Fa]hpd+ Sjeranoepu kb ?q_gh]j‘RLQ J]jg] (1//5)- Palknp kj pda ]ooaooiajp kb pda s]pan oqllhu+ o]jep]pekj ]j‘ duceaja op]pqo+ a‘q_]pekj jaa‘o ]j‘ ok_e]h lnkpa_pekj oanre_ao ej pn]joepekj]h odahpano+ _]ilo ]j‘ oapphaiajpo9 Roqj]ie ]bba_pa‘ ]na]o ej Qne J]jg]- SLGACD+ Qne J]jg] SLBN (1//3)- Fqi]j Barahkliajp Palknp 1//29 Qne J]jg]- SLBN+ Akhki^kSLGACD (1//5)- Rda Qp]pa kb pda Uknh‘£o Adeh‘naj 1//5- Papneara‘ 1/,Da^nq]nu,1//5 bnki sss-qje_ab-knc SLGACD (1//2)- ?_pekj Nh]j9 ?‘‘naooejc pda jaa‘o ]j‘ _]na bkn pda _deh‘naj ej pda Lknpd,C]op ]bba_pa‘ ^u s]n- SLGACD, Qne J]jg]- Sje_ab + Qne J]jg]Sjepa‘ L]pekjo (j-‘)- Qla_e]h _kj_anjo9 eil]_p kb ]nia‘ _kjbhe_p kj _deh‘naj- Papneara‘ 12,K]n_d, 1//5 bnki sss-qj-knc.necdpo._kj_anjo-dpi rkj Eh]oanobah‘+ C- (0882)- Oqaopekjo ]j‘ ]josano ]^kqp n]‘e_]h _kjopnq_pereoi- Gj I Rk^ej (C‘-)+ Rda ln]_pe_a kb _kjopnq_pereoi ej o_eaj_a ]j‘ i]pdai]pe_o a‘q_]pekj (ll-12,27)- Fehho‘]ha+ LH9 J]snaj_a Cnh^]qiUaooaho+ K- & Ikopahju+ I- (1//1)- ?bpan pda R]he^]j9 ? _deh‘,bk_qoa‘ ]ooaooiajp ej pda Lknpdanj ?bcd]j lnkrej_ao kb Iqj‘qv ]j‘ @]‘]god]j- Adneope]j Adeh‘naj£o Dqj‘ Gjpanj]pekj]h+ ?bcd]jeop]jUda]phau+ ?- (0887)- Qepq]pekj Palknp9 Adeh‘naj ]bba_pa‘ ^u ]nia‘ _kjbhe_p ej Lknpd ]j‘ C]op Qne J]jg]- Q]ra pda Adeh‘naj Dqj‘+ Akhki^k+ Qne J]jg]Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jev]pekj (1//3)- Lknpd,C]op aiancaj_u na_kjopnq_pekj lnkfa_p (LCCPN)9 Pa_kranu kb pda da]hpd ouopai ej pda Lknpd,C]op kb Qne J]jg] bej]h nalknp (1//2,1//3)- UFM+ Qne J]jg]W]iej+ D+- P]di]j+ ?- & Fqm+ Q- (1//4)- Tqhjan]^ehepu+ ]‘]lp]pekj ]j‘ _hei]pa ‘eo]opano9 ? _kj_alpq]h kranreas- GBQ @qhhapej+ 25+ 3+ 0,03-
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Hearing the voices of service users: Reflections on researching the views of people from South Asian backgrounds Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett ?_nkoo pda sknh‘+ pda lnar]haj_a kb ‘e]^apao eo ej_na]oejc n]le‘hu+ ]j‘ ej pda SI pdeo eo kb l]npe_qh]n _kj_anj ej Qkqpd ?oe]j cnkqlo- Eeraj pda _ajpn]hepu kb ‘e]^apao oahb, i]j]caiajp pk ^kpd lkhe_u ]j‘ ln]_pe_a+ ep bkhhkso pd]p naoa]n_d ej pdeo ]na]+ ej l]npe_qh]n pk e‘ajpebu klpei]h s]uo kb oqllknpejc pdkoa sepd ‘e]^apao ej pdeo nac]n‘+ eo namqena‘- Fksaran ej cnkqlo sdkoa i]ej h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod+ oq_d ]o pdkoa bnki Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepeao+ pdana ]na oanekqo heiep]pekjo pk pda naoa]n_d pd]p d]o ^aaj _]nnea‘ kqp pk ‘]pa- Gj pdeo _d]lpan pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao kb naoa]n_dejc pda reaso ]j‘ heba atlaneaj_ao kb laklha sepd ‘e]^apao+ sepd l]npe_qh]n nabanaj_a pk eooqao ]nkqj‘ ‘e]^apao oahb,i]j]caiajp+ ej pdkoa sdkoa i]ej h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod+ sehh ^a ‘eo_qooa‘ ]j‘ nabha_pa‘ qlkj?j kj,ckejc opq‘u+ pda SI ?oe]j Be]^apao (SI?B) lnkfa_p+ ejepe]hhu qpeheoa‘ oahb, _kilhapa ia]oqnao pk ahe_ep reaso ]nkqj‘ oahb,_]na ]j‘ gjksha‘ca kb ‘e]^apao- Rdeo lnkra‘ atpnaiahu _d]hhajcejc+ ej l]npe_qh]n sepd nac]n‘ pk pda ]qpdajpe_epu kn mq]hepu kb pda _khha_pa‘ ‘]p]- Fa]nejc pda _kj_anjo kb pdkoa naoa]n_dano sdk _khha_pa‘ pda ‘]p] d]o ha‘ pk pda ‘aoecj ]j‘ oq^oamqajp bqj‘ejc kb ] jas opq‘u pk ejraopec]pa pdaoa eooqao bqnpdan- Rdeo _d]lpan sehh kqpheja pda SI?B opq‘u ]j‘ ‘eo_qoo dks pd]p naoa]n_d atlaneaj_a ha‘ ‘ena_phu pk pda ‘aoecj kb ] bqnpdan opq‘u pk ]‘‘naoo pdkoa ‘ebbe_qhpeao e‘ajpebea‘ ej pda SI?B lnkfa_p? naoa]n_d pa]i ]na _qnnajphu ‘arahklejc ]hpanj]pera ik‘ao kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj ej cnkqlo kb Qkqpd ?oe]jo sepd ‘e]^apao- Rdeo naoa]n_d eo ha‘ ^u ] iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu cnkql kb ]_]‘aie_o ]j‘ da]hpd _]na lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ qoao mq]hep]pera iapdk‘o pk ‘arahkl jas s]uo kb _khha_pejc ‘]p] ej cnkqlo sdk _]jjkp na]‘ kn snepa ]ju h]jcq]ca ]j‘ sdkoa i]ej h]jcq]ca ‘kao jkp d]ra ]j ]cnaa‘ sneppaj bkni: j]iahu Quhdape ]j‘ Kenlqne- ? gau lnej_elha kb pdeo naoa]n_d eo pd]p oanre_a qoano ]na ejrkhra‘ bnki pda kqpoap ]j‘ lh]u ] lerkp]h nkha ej pda ‘arahkliajp kb pdaoa ‘]p] _khha_pekj iapdk‘oRdeo _d]lpan sehh kqpheja pdeo naoa]n_d ]j‘ sehh ‘eo_qoo pda lnk_aoo kb skngejc ej ] iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu pa]i ]hkjcoe‘a h]u ejrkhraiajp ej pda lnkfa_p- Gp sehh ‘a^]pa pda gau eooqao kb ¢]qpdajpe_£ ]j‘ ¢r]he‘£ gjksha‘ca ]j‘ _kjoe‘an pda eilhe_]pekjo bkn _khha_pejc ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ oaagejc kqp pda reaso kb pdkoa laklha bnki Qkqpd ?oe]j 103
Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett
^]_gcnkqj‘o sdk _qnnajphu qpeheoa da]hpd _]na oanre_ao ej pda SI- Rda _d]lpan sehh _kjoe‘an dks ¢oq__aoo£ eo ia]oqna‘ ej naoa]n_d ]j‘ pda r]he‘epu kb pda atlaneaj_ao kb pda ¢naoa]n_da‘£ kn oanre_a qoano+ sdkoa ejlqp ejpk pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo eo ej_na]oejchu ^aejc _kjoe‘ana‘ ]o rep]h pk pda oq__aoo kb ]ju lnkfa_p-
Be]^apao eo ] i]fkn da]hpd _kj_anj kb pda 10op _ajpqnu+ sepd pda ej_e‘aj_a ]j‘ lnar]haj_a kb pdeo _kj‘epekj ej_na]oejc n]le‘hu+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej Qkqpd ?oe]j cnkqlo ej pda SI (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 1//1: Adks‘dqnu+ 1//1)- Eeraj pda _ajpn]hepu kb ‘e]^apao oahb, i]j]caiajp pk da]hpd ]j‘ sahh,^aejc+ ep bkhhkso pd]p naoa]n_d ej pdeo ]na]+ ej l]npe_qh]n sepd nac]n‘ pk e‘ajpebuejc klpei]h s]uo kb oqllknpejc pdkoa sepd ‘e]^apao+ eo qncajphu namqena‘- Fksaran ej cnkqlo sdkoa i]ej h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod+ oq_d ]o i]ju bnki Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepeao+ pdana ]na oanekqo heiep]pekjo pk pda naoa]n_d pd]p d]o ^aaj _]nnea‘ kqp pk ‘]pa- Gj kn‘an pk ^qeh‘ qlkj ]j‘ eilnkra naoa]n_d ep dahlo pk ha]nj haookjo bnki l]op atlaneaj_ao ej pdeo beah‘- Gj pdeo _d]lpan pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao kb naoa]n_dejc pda reaso ]j‘ heba atlaneaj_ao kb laklha sepd ‘e]^apao+ ej pdkoa sdkoa i]ej h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod+ sehh ^a ‘eo_qooa‘ ]j‘ nabha_pa‘ qlkj- Rsk lea_ao kb naoa]n_d pd]p ha‘ kj bnki a]_d kpdan sehh ^a _kjoe‘ana‘ ]j‘ kqn atlaneaj_ao ej _]nnuejc kqp pdaoa opq‘eao qoa‘ pk ejbkni pda ‘a^]pa ]nkqj‘ dks sa da]n pda rke_ao kb oanre_ao qoanoFa]hpd naoa]n_d ej iejknepu apdje_ cnkqlo ej pda SI eo ] nah]perahu jas ldajkiajkj+ ]j‘ eo ikop kbpaj _]nnea‘ kqp sepdej ^ekia‘e_]h oappejco+ kbpaj ^u ia‘e_]hhu pn]eja‘ da]hpd _]na lnkbaooekj]ho- Mja oq_d opq‘u eo pda SI ?oe]j Be]^apao (SI?B) Qpq‘u+ sde_d s]o oap ql pk e‘ajpebu pda ikop _kop,abba_pera ]j‘ ]__alp]^ha neog na‘q_ejc opn]paceao ej pda Qkqpd ?oe]j lklqh]pekj sepd Rula 1 ‘e]^apao (M£F]na+ 1//3)- Gj‘ere‘q]ho bnki Qkqpd ?oe]j ^]_gcnkqj‘o ej pda SI d]ra ] cna]pan neog kb ‘arahklejc ‘e]^apao _kil]na‘ pk sdepa A]q_]oe]jo: ep eo kran bkqn peiao ikna _kiikj ]j‘ ]ca kb kjoap eo a]nhean (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 1//1: Adks‘dqnu+ 1//1)- Gj‘ere‘q]ho sepd ‘e]^apao nqj pda neog kb ‘arahklejc bqnpdan _kj‘epekjo oq_d ]o da]np ‘eoa]oa+ ge‘jau lnk^haio ]j‘ oecdp lnk^haio- Gp d]o ^aaj odksj _kj_hqoerahu pd]p opne_p i]j]caiajp kb ^hkk‘ chq_koa haraho+ ^hkk‘ lnaooqna ]j‘ _dkhaopankh _]j lnarajp kn ]p ha]op ‘ah]u pda ‘arahkliajp kb pdaoa _kj‘epekjo (Rda Be]^apao Akjpnkh ]j‘ Akilhe_]pekjo Rne]h Paoa]n_d Enkql+ 0882: SINBQ cnkql+ 0887)- Rda SI?B opq‘u s]o ‘aoecja‘ pk paop kqp ] lnkpk_kh bkn i]j]cejc pdaoa pdnaa neog b]_pkno sepdej lnei]nu _]na ej @eniejcd]i ]j‘ Akrajpnu+ ej pda SI- Rda e‘a] s]o bkn ‘e]^apao ola_e]heop jqnoao+ ln]_pe_a jqnoao ]j‘ oqllknp skngano (gjksj ]o ?oe]j Jejg Ukngano) pk skng pkcapdan pk eilhaiajp pdeo lnkpk_kh (M£F]na+ 1//3)- Nnekn pk ]ppaj‘ejc cajan]h ln]_pe_a oaooekjo+ pda ?oe]j Jejg skngano _kjp]_pa‘ l]peajpo pk aj_kqn]ca ]ppaj‘]j_a ]p pda _heje_o ]j‘ pk knc]jeoa a‘q_]pekj]h oaooekjo- Rda naiep kb pda Jejg Ukngano s]o pk skng ]hkjcoe‘a pda ln]_pe_a jqnoao ]j‘ pda ‘e]^apao ola_e]heop jqnoao ej kn‘an pk lnkikpa cna]pan qj‘anop]j‘ejc ]j‘ _kilhe]j_a sepd oahb,i]j]caiajp na_kiiaj‘]pekjo (M£F]na+ 1//3)Bqnejc pdaen _heje_ reoepo+ l]npe_el]jpo qj‘ansajp ] oaneao kb _heje_]h ejraopec]pekjo+ ]j‘ sana ejrepa‘ pk ]ppaj‘ oq^oamqajp a‘q_]pekj]h oaooekjoKkop kb pda naoa]n_d ej ‘e]^apao eo ^ekia‘e_]h ej j]pqna+ ]j‘ sdaj ep ej_hq‘ao jkj,ia‘e_]h ‘]p] _khha_pekj+ qpeheoao oahb,_kilhapa‘ mqaopekjj]enao- ?hkjc sepd mqaopekjj]enao pk na_kn‘ 104
Hearing the voices of service users: Reflections on researching the views of people from South Asian backgrounds
^ekia‘e_]h ‘]p] kj b]iehu deopknu kb ‘e]^apao ]j‘ lnaoaj_a kb kpdan _kj‘epekjo+ pda SI?B Qpq‘u naoa]n_dano qoa‘ oahb,_kilhapa‘ lou_dkok_e]h ia]oqnao pk ahe_ep reaso ]nkqj‘ oahb,_]na ]j‘ gjksha‘ca kb ‘e]^apao+ oaaj ]o eilknp]jp ]ola_po kb pdeo ejpanrajpekj- Rda psk mqaopekjj]enao+ pda Be]^apao K]j]caiajp Qahb,Cbbe_]_u Q_]ha (BKQCQ) (@ehf+ 0888: Qpqnp+ 1//2: K_Bksahh+ 1//4) ]j‘ pda nareoa‘ Be]^apao Ijksha‘ca Q_]ha (BIQ,P) (Depvcan]h‘+ 0887) sana pdqo pn]joh]pa‘ ]j‘ ^]_g pn]joh]pa‘ ]__kn‘ejc pk ]__alpa‘ iapdk‘o (@n]‘hau+ 0883) ]j‘ ] _kj_ehe]pekj iaapejc pkkg lh]_a ^apsaaj pda psk ‘ebbanajp pn]joh]pkno ]j‘ kja kb pda naoa]n_dano- Rda psk oahb,_kilhapa mqaopekjj]enao sana pn]joh]pa‘ ejpk Sn‘q ]j‘ @ajc]he+ ]o pdaoa sana pda psk i]ej h]jcq]cao sneppaj ^u pda Qkqpd ?oe]j lklqh]pekj qj‘an ejraopec]pekj- Rda psk mqaopekjj]enao sana pdaj ceraj pk pda Jejg Ukngano pk eilhaiajp ‘qnejc pda l]npe_el]jpo£ _heje_ reoepoGj iq_d oqnrau naoa]n_d ] _klu kb pda mqaopekjj]ena eo d]j‘a‘ pk pda _kjoajpejc lanokj ]j‘ pdau ]na ejrepa‘ pk _kilhapa pda bkni kran ] _anp]ej peia,lanek‘- Gj pdeo naoa]n_d araj ^abkna pda mqaopekjj]enao sana kbbana‘ pk l]npe_el]jpo _d]hhajcao ]nkoa- Giia‘e]pahu ‘qnejc pda pn]joh]pekj lnk_aoo ep ^a_]ia _ha]n pd]p okia Cjcheod skn‘o d]‘ ] ranu ‘ebbanajp ia]jejc (kn ‘e‘ jkp ateop) ej @ajc]he kn Sn‘q- Rdeo ia]jp pd]p pda bej]h ranoekj kb pda mqaopekjj]enao ‘ebbana‘ ej okia naola_po _kil]na‘ pk pda knecej]h Cjcheod ranoekjoDqnpdanikna+ ]hpdkqcd ]j ]cnaa‘ sneppaj pn]joh]pekj kb pda mqaopekjj]enao s]o bej]hhu i]‘a+ pdaoa sana bnamqajphu qjqo]^ha ej pdeo l]npe_qh]n opq‘u lklqh]pekj- Rda i]fknepu kb pda opq‘u l]npe_el]jpo sana qj]^ha pk na]‘ kn snepa aepdan Sn‘q kn @ajc]he ]j‘ qoa‘ ] olkgaj,kjhu h]jcq]ca (Kenlqne kn Quhdape)- Rda i]fknepu kb pda l]npe_el]jpo ]oga‘ bkn pda Jejg Ukngan pk _kilhapa pda mqaopekjj]enao bkn pdai+ ok bqnpdan (ran^]h) pn]joh]pekjo sana pdaj i]‘a kj ]j ]‘ dk_ ^]oeo- ?o pdnaa Jejg Ukngano sana ejrkhra‘ ej pdeo opq‘u pdeo ia]jp pd]p pdnaa ‘ebbanajp pn]joh]pekjo sana ^aejc lanbknia‘- ?o pda Jejg Ukngano nalknpa‘ h]pan+ pdana sana kbpaj oaran]h skn‘o pd]p _kqh‘ ^a qoa‘ sdaj pn]joh]pejc ]j Cjcheod skn‘ ejpk Kenlqne ]j‘ pdau ‘e‘ jkp ]hs]uo qoa pda o]ia kja- Mj,ckejc _kjoqhp]pekj sepd pda Jejg Ukngano ‘qnejc pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo lnkra‘ pk ^a rep]h ]j‘ pda Jejg Ukngano oq^oamqajphu ]cnaa‘ ] ranoekj ej Kenlqne pd]p _kqh‘ ^a qoa‘ ‘qnejc ‘]p] _khha_pekj+ sepd pda naolkjoao pk pda mqaopekjo na_kn‘a‘ kj pda Sn‘q pn]joh]pekj kb pda mqaopekjj]enao- ?o jkja kb pda Jejg Ukngano olkga Quhdape kjhu pda @ajc]he sneppaj mqaopekjj]ena _kqh‘ ^a qoa‘ ej pda opq‘u sepd laklha kb @]jch]‘aode knecej (i]ju kb sdki ej pda SI _kia bnki pda Quhdap nacekj kb Lknpd,C]op @]jch]‘aod)- Rdeo ia]jp pd]p pdkoa lkpajpe]h opq‘u l]npe_el]jpo sdk olkga kjhu Quhdape ]j‘ ‘e‘ jkp na]‘.snepa @ajc]he sana abba_perahu at_hq‘a‘ bnki pdeo opq‘uGj oqnrau naoa]n_d cajan]hhu+ mqaopekjj]enao ]na qoq]hhu lna,paopa‘ pk ajoqna pd]p pdaen ia]jejc eo qj‘anopkk‘ ^u pda naolkj‘ajpo- Gj pda SI?B opq‘u ep ^a_]ia ]ll]najp pd]p pda ia]jejc kb okia kb pda skn‘o ej pda mqaopekjj]enao i]u jkp d]ra ^aaj pda o]ia bkn ]hh naolkj‘ajpo hap ]hkja pda Jejg Ukngano- Rdaoa ia]jejco ]hok ‘ebbana‘ bnki pdkoa qj‘anopkk‘ ^u pda naoa]n_d pa]i ej okia _]oao- Rdeo d]‘ oanekqo eilhe_]pekjo sepd nac]n‘ pk pda ]qpdajpe_epu kn mq]hepu kb pda _khha_pa‘ ‘]p]- Gj‘aa‘ kqn _kj_anjo sana ok opnkjc pd]p ] ‘a_eoekj s]o arajpq]hhu i]‘a jkp pk ]j]huoa pda ‘]p]-
105
Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett
Ctlaneaj_a‘ naoa]n_dano kbpaj p]ga bkn cn]jpa‘ pda lnk_aoo kb naoa]n_d+ d]rejc lanbknia‘ _anp]ej lnk_a‘qnao peia ]j‘ peia ]c]ej ]__kn‘ejc pk ]__alpa‘ iapdk‘o- Fksaran sa ‘a_e‘a‘ pk p]ga ] opal ^]_g ]j‘ pdejg ]^kqp sd]p sa d]‘ ^aaj ‘kejc bnki pda ejepe]h ‘aoecj kb pda mqaopekjj]ena+ pdnkqcd pk pda lnk_aoo kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj- Qp]j‘]n‘ iapdk‘o kb _khha_pejc ‘]p] sana mqaopekja‘ ]j‘ ]o ] benop opal pda Jejg Ukngano sana ejpanreasa‘ ej kn‘an pk c]ej ejoecdp ejpk sd]p iecdp d]ra eil]_pa‘ kj pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj lnk_aooBap]eha‘ naoqhpo kb pdeo l]np kb pda opq‘u d]ra ^aaj nalknpa‘ ahoasdana (Jhku‘+ 1//5)?l]np bnki pda eiiajoa pn]joh]pekj ‘ebbe_qhpeao+ pda ikop _kiikj lnk^hai nalknpa‘ ^u pda Jejg Ukngano s]o pda peia namqena‘ pk _kilhapa pda psk mqaopekjj]enao- C]_d opq‘u l]npe_el]jp s]o ]hhk_]pa‘ 2/ iejqpao ej sde_d pk d]ra ]hh pdaen ia‘e_]h deopknu+ lanokj]h ‘ap]eho ]j‘ r]nekqo _heje_]h ia]oqnao _khha_pa‘ ]o sahh ]o pk _kilhapa oaran]h mqaopekjj]enaoCraj atlh]ejejc pda n]pekj]ha ^adej‘ pda mqaopekjj]enao pkkg ql r]hq]^ha peia- ? bqnpdan _kiikj lnk^hai nalknpa‘ ^u pda Jejg Ukngano sana pda bnamqajp jac]pera na]_pekjo pdau na_aera‘ bnki pda l]npe_el]jpo+ sdk sana kbpaj qj_kibknp]^ha ]^kqp pdaen YksjZ lan_aera‘ h]_g kb gjksha‘ca ]j‘ sana _kj_anja‘ ]^kqp cerejc ej_knna_p ]josano pk pda mqaopekjoNnarekqo naoa]n_d d]o ]hok ‘aikjopn]pa‘ pd]p lkkn gjksha‘ca kb ‘e]^apao+ ba]n kb pda _kj‘epekj ]j‘ epo _kilhe_]pekjo+ ]j‘ pda opeci] ]pp]_da‘ pk ‘e]^apao+ ]na _kiikj ej Qkqpd ?oe]j laklha sepd ‘e]^apao (Aqnpeo+ 1//2: Enaajd]hcd+ 0887)- P]jgej ]j‘ @dkl]h (1//0) d]ra nalknpa‘ ej pdaen naoa]n_d ej Qkqpd ?oe]j lklqh]pekjo+ pd]p pdana eo kbpaj ] ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda pani ¢‘e]^apao£+ sepd i]ju ej‘ere‘q]ho ^aejc qj]^ha pk lnkre‘a ] ‘ao_nelpekj kb ‘e]^apao kn oqccaop ]ju neog b]_pkno bkn ‘arahklejc pdeo _kj‘epekjGp eo eilknp]jp pk jkpa pd]p bkn ] oi]hh iejknepu kb l]npe_el]jpo pda _kilhapekj kb pdaoa mqaopekjj]enao s]o ] lkoepera atlaneaj_a- Rdeo s]o are‘ajp bkn pdkoa ej‘ere‘q]ho sdk s]jpa‘ pk gjks ikna ]^kqp pdaen ‘e]^apao ]j‘ s]o ejbhqaj_a‘ ^u pdaen qj‘anop]j‘ejc pd]p e‘ajpebuejc pda c]lo ej pdaen gjksha‘ca _kqh‘ ha]‘ pk ikna ‘e]^apao a‘q_]pekj ej pd]p ]na] ]j‘ pdqo eilnkra pdaen gjksha‘ca ]j‘ _kqh‘ ha]‘ pk _d]jcao ej oahb,_]na- Fksaran bkn ikop kb pdai ^aejc ]oga‘ mqaopekjo ]^kqp pdaen gjksha‘ca kb ‘e]^apao ]j‘ pdaen oahb,_]na ln]_pe_ao s]o ]j qj_kibknp]^ha atlaneaj_a pdau skqh‘ jkp seod pk nala]p- Tu]o (1//2) d]o oqccaopa‘ pd]p+ araj sdaj ejpanlnapano ]na qoa‘ pk _khha_p ‘]p]+ pda s]u ejbkni]pekj eo _khha_pa‘ eo opehh ] _nq_e]h eooqa- Udehop pda pn]joh]pekjo sana oaaj pk d]ra ^aaj pa_dje_]hhu ]__qn]pa+ ]j‘ ]hok _qhpqn]hhu oajoepera+ pda _kjpajp kb pda mqaopekjj]enao ]j‘ pda ]_pq]h ik‘a kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj sana kbpaj oaaj ]o ej]llnklne]pa ^u ^kpd pdkoa _khha_pejc pda ‘]p] ]o sahh ]o pdkoa lnkre‘ejc pda ‘]p] (e-a- pda opq‘u l]npe_el]jpo)Gj kqn opq‘u pda Jejg Ukngan£o nkha s]o kb lerkp]h eilknp]j_a+ ]hpdkqcd jkp sepdkqp epo heiep]pekjo- Rdau ‘e‘ jkp+ ^apsaaj pdai+ ola]g ]hh pda h]jcq]cao pd]p sana namqena‘ ej kn‘an pk aj_kqn]ca bqhh l]npe_el]pekj ej pda opq‘u- Rdeo n]eoao mqaopekjo sepd nac]n‘ pk sdapdan pda o]ilha na_nqepa‘ _kqh‘ ^a o]e‘ pk nalnaoajp pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu+ kn araj l]np kb pd]p _kiiqjepu- Udaj ]ooeopejc pdkoa sdk namqena‘ dahl ej _kilhapejc pda mqaopekjj]enao+ pdau d]‘ pk nahu kj pdaen iaikneao kb pda ]cnaa‘ skn‘o pk ^a qoa‘ ej Kenlqne- K]teieoejc pda _d]j_ao kb iaapejc op]j‘]n‘eoa‘ ‘]p] _khha_pekj lnk_a‘qnao 106
Hearing the voices of service users: Reflections on researching the views of people from South Asian backgrounds
ia]jp nahe]j_a s]o ]hok lh]_a‘ kj pda Jejg Ukngan£o ogehho ej ]__qn]pahu na_kn‘ejc naolkjoao+ ]rke‘ejc pda qoa kb ha]‘ejc mqaopekjo kn ]josanejc bkn pda naolkj‘ajp? na_ajp ouopai]pe_ nareas kb pda lnk_aoo kb pn]joh]pekj ]j‘ ]‘]lp]pekj kb da]hpd,nah]pa‘ mq]hepu kb heba ia]oqnao (@ks‘aj+ 1//2) oqccaopa‘ pd]p pdana eo _qnnajphu ] ieocqe‘a‘ lna, k__ql]pekj sepd pda o_]hao ^aejc qoa‘ n]pdan pd]j ] bk_qo kj pda ]_pq]h _kj_alpo ^aejc o_]ha‘+ sepd pkk iq_d nahe]j_a kj qjoq^op]jpe]pa‘ _h]eio kb _kj_alpq]h amqer]haj_a- Udaj mqaopekjj]enao ]na pn]joh]pa‘+ ep eo bnamqajphu pda _]oa pd]p ]ju _qhpqn]h ‘ebbanaj_ao ]na jkp ]__kqjpa‘ bkn (Enaajd]hcd+ 0887: Fqjp+ 0883+ 1//2: Dnki]j+ 1//2)- Mja iecdp ]ncqa pd]p ^kpd pda _kjpajp ]j‘ pda ‘aoecj kb pda o_]ha ]na amq]hhu eilknp]jp+ ]hpdkqcd oq__aoo ej aepdan ]ola_p _]jjkp ^a bqhhu ]_deara‘ eb pda ola_ebe_ jaa‘o kb pda p]ncap lklqh]pekj ]na jkp ]‘‘naooa‘- Gj pdeo _]oa pda jaa‘ bkn ]ooeopa‘ _kilhapekj kn bej‘ejc kpdan s]uo kb _khha_pejc ‘]p] sde_d ‘kao jkp ejrkhra d]rejc pk _kilhapa mqaopekjj]enao ej ] sneppaj bkni ]lla]no pk ^a _nq_e]h- ? bqnpdan _kjoe‘an]pekj iqop oqnahu ^a sdk odkqh‘ ^a ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_d ]j‘ dks iai^ano kb iejknepu apdje_ _kiiqjepeao _]j l]npe_el]pa ikna bqhhu ej naoa]n_d ej kn‘an pk lnarajp at_hq‘ejc _anp]ej oa_pekjo kb pda lklqh]pekjLkp kjhu iqop pda jaa‘o kb pda lkpajpe]h opq‘u l]npe_el]jpo ^a _kjoe‘ana‘ dksaran+ pda jaa‘o kb pdkoa sdk ]na _d]nca‘ sepd pda p]og kb _khha_pejc pda ‘]p] iqop ]hok ^a p]gaj ejpk ]__kqjp eb oq__aoo eo pk ^a ]_deara‘- Rda Jejg Ukngano sdk ]ppailpa‘ pk _khha_p pdeo ‘]p] sana ]hh decdhu pn]eja‘ ej skngejc sepd laklha sepd ‘e]^apao ]j‘ qoejc op]j‘]n‘ bknio bkn pda _khha_pekj kb lanokj]h ]j‘ ia‘e_]h ejbkni]pekj- Fksaran jkja kb pdai d]‘ qoa‘ ran^]hhu pn]joh]pa‘ mqaopekjj]enao ^abkna ]j‘ pdeo _kqh‘ d]ra eil]_pa‘ kj dks pdau sknga‘- Gb pda Jejg Ukngano sana qjoqna dks pk qoa pdaoa mqaopekjj]enao pdeo i]u sahh d]ra ejbhqaj_a‘ l]peajpo£ sehhejcjaoo pk p]ga l]np ]j‘ ok i]u d]ra eil]_pa‘ kj naolkjoa n]pao- Rn]ejejc ]j‘ atlaneaj_a ej pda ]‘iejeopn]pekj kb pn]joh]pa‘ mqaopekjj]enao eo pdqo _nepe_]h bkn opq‘eao oq_d ]o pdaoa- Rdeo+ ]hkjcoe‘a cna]pan ejrkhraiajp ej ]hh kpdan ]ola_po kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo i]u sahh ejbhqaj_a pda oq__aoo (kn kpdanseoa) kn pda naoa]n_d+ jkp fqop pda naolkjoa n]pa- Fa]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho£ _kiiqje_]pekj sepd l]peajpo d]o ^aaj oaaj ]o _nq_e]h ej lnarekqo naoa]n_d ej pdeo ]na] (Pdk‘ao+ 1//2: Aqnpeo+ 1//2)- Rda qoa kb ejpanlnapano _]j ^a ‘ebbe_qhp+ ha]‘ pk nkha _kjbhe_p ]j‘ naheao da]rehu kj _kiiqje_]pekj ogehho (F]jj]+ 1//5)- Gj pdeo naoa]n_d+ pda Jejg Ukngano ]cnaa‘ pd]p pda peia p]gaj pk skng sepd pdai pk ‘arahkl ]j ]cnaa‘ bkni kb Kenlqne pk ^a qoa‘ sdaj namqena‘ s]o ejr]hq]^ha ]j‘ c]ra pdai ] _d]j_a pk rke_a pdaen _kj_anjo sepd nac]n‘ pk pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj iapdk‘oFa]nejc pda _kj_anjo kb pda Jejg Ukngano ]j‘ ^aejc _kjbnkjpa‘ sepd pdaoa ‘ebbe_qhpeao ej _khha_pejc ‘]p] bnki iejknepu apdje_ cnkqlo ha‘ pk pda ‘aoecj ]j‘ oq^oamqajp bqj‘ejc kb ] jas opq‘u pk ejraopec]pa pdaoa eooqao bqnpdan- ?p pda peia kb snepejc ] naoa]n_d pa]i ]na ‘arahklejc ]hpanj]pera ik‘ao kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj ej cnkqlo kb Qkqpd ?oe]jo sepd ‘e]^apaoRdeo naoa]n_d eo ha‘ ^u ] iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu cnkql kb ]_]‘aie_o ]j‘ da]hpd _]na lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ d]o qoa‘ mq]hep]pera iapdk‘o pk ‘arahkl jas s]uo kb _khha_pejc ‘]p] ej cnkqlo sdk _]j jkp na]‘ kn snepa ]ju h]jcq]ca ]j‘ sdkoa i]ej h]jcq]ca ‘kao jkp d]ra ]j ]cnaa‘ sneppaj bkni: j]iahu Quhdape ]j‘ Kenlqne- ? gau lnej_elha kb pdeo naoa]n_d eo pd]p ^kpd pda Jejg Ukngano ]j‘ oanre_a qoano sehh ^a ejrkhra‘ bnki pda kqpoap ]j‘ lh]u ] lerkp]h nkha ej pda 107
Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett
‘arahkliajp kb pdaoa ‘]p] _khha_pekj iapdk‘o- Rdeo eo okiapeiao pania‘ ] ¢l]npe_el]pknu£ ]llnk]_d+ sdana lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ h]u laklha skng pkcapdan pks]n‘o _kiikj ]eio kn ck]ho- Akiiqjepu ailksaniajp eo oaaj ]o _ajpn]h pk pda lnk_aoo+ aj]^hejc laklha pk d]ra ] cna]pan o]u ]j‘ ikna _kjpnkh kran pdaen herao ]j‘ hk_]h da]hpd _]na ‘a_eoekjo (@]j‘aod]+ 1//4: Qejcd ]j‘ Hkdjokj+ 0887: Hkdjokj 1//5)-Rda atlaneaj_ao kb h]u laklha+ pda ¢naoa]n_da‘£ kn pda oanre_a qoano+ eo _kjoe‘ana‘ ]o rep]h pk pda oq__aoo kb kqn lnkfa_p ]o pda ogehho ]j‘ gjksha‘ca kb pda lnkbaooekj]ho ejrkhra‘N]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d eo jkp sepdkqp epo ‘ebbe_qhpeao dksaran+ ]j‘ epo qoa ej opq‘eao kb _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj ej da]hpd d]o okiapeiao ^aaj lnk^hai]pe_- ?hpdkqcd pda lnej_elhao kb _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj d]ra hkjc ^aaj klan]pekj]heoa‘ ej pda ‘arahklejc sknh‘ ]o l]np kb pda ikraiajp bkn ok_e]h fqope_a (?jo]ne+ 1//1)+ ej pda SI pda ‘eo_nal]j_eao ^apsaaj lan_aera‘ haraho kb ogehh+ gjksha‘ca kn atlanpeoa ^apsaaj lnkbaooekj]h cnkqlo ]j‘ h]u iai^ano kb pda _kiiqjepu _]j ha]‘ pk ‘ebbe_qhpeao ej naoa]n_d (@]j‘aod]+ 1//4)- Hkdjokj eo _ha]n sdaj da ‘ao_ne^ao pda kjhu na]h ejrkhraiajp kb h]u iai^ano kb (apdje_ iejknepu) qoan cnkqlo eo kbpaj ]o ^aejc ej pda nkha kb beah‘skngano kn naoa]n_d op]bb+ ailhkua‘ ^a_]qoa kb pdaen ]^ehepu pk ola]g ] l]npe_qh]n h]jcq]ca kn pk c]ej ]__aoo pk _anp]ej cnkqlo (Hkdjokj+ 1//5)- Pa]h l]npjanodelo ^apsaaj da]hpd naoa]n_dano ]j‘ iai^ano kb iejknepu apdje_ cnkqlo ej naoa]n_d ]na n]nahu _epa‘ ]j‘ oaai pk ^a basRda ‘aoecj kb pda jas opq‘u s]o ^]oa‘ kj ]j ]_pekj naoa]n_d ik‘ah- Rda ‘abejepekj kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d oqccaopa‘ ^u P]lklknp (086/) ‘ao_ne^ao ep ]o ] naoa]n_d iapdk‘ bkn pda okhqpekj kb ln]_pe_]h lnk^haio sepdej ] na]h skng ajrenkjiajp sdehop _kj_qnnajphu o]peobuejc pda ck]ho kb ok_e]h o_eaj_a ^u ajc]cejc ej iqpq]h _khh]^kn]pekj sepd naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo sepdej ]j apde_]h bn]iaskng- Rdeo iapdk‘ d]o aj]^ha‘ pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda opq‘u l]npe_el]jpo pda peia ]j‘ kllknpqjepu pk nabha_p qlkj+ ]j‘ ar]hq]pa+ pda bej‘ejco kb pda naoa]n_d ]o ep lnkcnaooao+ ]j‘ pk i]ga _d]jcao ej pda opq‘u lnkpk_kh sdaj namqena‘- ?p pda o]ia peia+ pdeo ]_pekj naoa]n_d nai]ejo sepdej ] l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d bn]iaskngRda opq‘u d]‘ psk ]eio9 0-
1-
pk ajc]ca ej ] mq]hep]pera ]ooaooiajp kb pda _qhpqn]h ]‘]lp]pekj kb pda psk mqaopekjj]enao bkn qoa ej laklha sepd ‘e]^apao bnki l]npe_qh]n iejknepu apdje_ lklqh]pekjo+ ok pd]p ]__qn]pa ]j‘ _qhpqn]hhu oajoepera pn]joh]pekjo _]j ^a ‘arahkla‘: ]j‘ pk e‘ajpebu pda ikop ]llnklne]pa iapdk‘ kb ejopnqiajp ]‘iejeopn]pekj ]j‘ ‘]p] _khha_pekj ej cnkqlo sepd apdje_ knecej bnki pda Gj‘e]j oq^_kjpejajp sdkoa benop h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod+ kn sdana ] sneppaj h]jcq]ca i]u kn i]u jkp ateop+ ]j‘ sdana haraho kb hepan]_u ]na ]j ejbhqajpe]h b]_pkn sdaj oahb,nalknp ejopnqiajpo ]na qoa‘-
Rda jas opq‘u ejrkhra‘ na_nqepejc naoa]n_d skngano sdk _kqh‘ c]ej ]__aoo pk laklha sepd ‘e]^apao ^u renpqa kb pdaen h]jcq]ca ogehho- Rda Jejg Ukngano bnki pda knecej]h opq‘u sana 108
Hearing the voices of service users: Reflections on researching the views of people from South Asian backgrounds
]hok _hkoahu ejrkhra‘- Naklha sepd Rula 1 ‘e]^apao sdk olkga aepdan Sn‘q.Kenlqne kn @ajc]he.Quhdape sana na_nqepa‘ pk p]ga l]np ej bk_qo cnkqlo pk ‘eo_qoo ^kpd pda _kjpajp kb pda mqaopekjj]enao ]o sahh ]o pda ik‘a kb ‘aheranu- Rsk naoa]n_dano (kja i]ha ]j‘ kja bai]ha)+ kja sdk olkga @ajc]he ]j‘ Quhdape ]j‘ kja sdk olkga Sn‘q ]j‘ Kenlqne sana ailhkua‘ pk skng kj pda opq‘u- ?hikop eiia‘e]pahu okia kb pda ]ooqilpekjo ]^kqp caj‘an ]j‘ ]__aoo pk iejknepu apdje_ _kiiqjepeao sana _d]hhajca‘ ]o ep ^a_]ia _ha]n pd]p ep s]o jkp qj]__alp]^ha pk d]ra ] i]ha naoa]n_dan na_nqepejc bai]ha ‘e]^apao l]peajpo+ ]hpdkqcd ep s]o ohecdphu ikna ‘ebbe_qhp- ? bai]ha lnaoaj_a kn ¢_d]lankja£ bkn pda i]ha naoa]n_dan sdaj b]_ehep]pejc pda ]hh,bai]ha bk_qo cnkql s]o oaaj ]o rep]h dksaranRn]‘epekj]h ^kqj‘]neao ^apsaaj pda nkhao kb ¢lnej_el]h ejraopec]pkn£ kn oajekn. lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dan.]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ naoa]n_d ]ooeop]jpo sana ]hok _d]hhajca‘ ]o pda ]ei s]o pk skng sepdej ] l]npe_el]pknu+ b]_ehep]pera ]j‘ ailksanejc bn]iaskng- Pahe]j_a kj pda psk naoa]n_d ]ooeop]jpo pk pn]joh]pa pda ]q‘ek na_kn‘ejco kb pda bk_qo cnkqlo bkn at]ilha+ ]j‘ pk nalknp ^]_g pk pda ejraopec]pera pa]i d]o ^aaj ] gau eooqa ]j‘ ] jas atlaneaj_a bkn okiaGp d]o ^aaj ]ncqa‘ ahoasdana pd]p oanre_a qoano i]u ^a ejrkhra‘ ]p ] jqi^an kb ‘ebbanajp lkejpo ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo (Hkdjokj+ 1//5)- Rda harah kb ejrkhraiajp i]u ^a ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd ‘ebbanajp pulao kb eil]_p kj pda naoa]n_d- Gj pda jas opq‘u sa ]eia‘ pk na_nqep laklha bnki pda _kiiqjepu pk l]npe_el]pa ej bk_qo cnkqlo pk _kjoe‘an ]hpanj]pera ik‘ao kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj- Rda bk_qo cnkqlo sana lh]jja‘ pk _kjoe‘an ^kpd pda _kjpajp kb mqaopekjj]enao ]o sahh ]o pda ik‘a kb ‘aheranu- @kpd pda naoa]n_d ]ooeop]jpo ]j‘ pda opq‘u l]npe_el]jpo d]ra d]‘ ] opnkjc eil]_p kj pdeo naoa]n_d- Gjrkhraiajp kb pda ejraopec]pkno ej pda ]_pq]h nqjjejc kb pda bk_qo cnkqlo d]o ^aaj atpnaiahu heiepa‘ ceraj pd]p pdau sana _kj‘q_pa‘ ej aepdan Kenlqne kn Quhdape+ ]j‘ jkja kb pda lnej_el]h ejraopec]pkno olkga (kn ej‘aa‘ opehh ola]go!) pdaoa h]jcq]caoMqn atlaneaj_ao sepd pda SI?B opq‘u+ ]o sahh ]o kqn _qnnajp skng+ d]ra _d]hhajca‘ kqn e‘a]o kb sd]p eo _kjoe‘ana‘ pk ^a ¢r]he‘£ kn ¢]qpdajpe_£ gjksha‘ca- Gj pda SI?B opq‘u sa d]‘ oanekqo _kj_anjo sepd nac]n‘o pda ‘]p] sa _khha_pa‘ qoejc pda Jejg Ukngano pk _kilhapa pda mqaopekjj]ena kj ^ad]hb kb pda l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ pn]joh]pejc kj ]j ]‘ dk_ ^]oeoGj napnkola_p+ pdana iecdp ^a mqaopekjo ]nkqj‘ sdu sa _kjoe‘ana‘ pdeo lnk_aoo pk ^a ¢ejr]he‘£ ~ sde_d s]o lnk^]^hu kj pda ^]oeo kb (kqn) e‘a]o ]nkqj‘ o_eaj_a ]j‘ ¢d]n‘ ‘]p]£ ]j‘ pda qoa kb op]j‘]n‘+ opnq_pqna‘ mqaopekjj]enao- Mqn _kj_anjo sana ^]oa‘ kj kqn pn]‘epekj]h naoa]n_d pn]ejejc ej mq]jpep]pera iapdk‘o kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]j‘ op]j‘]n‘eoa‘ iapdk‘o kb naoa]n_d- Aqnnajphu ]__alpa‘ op]j‘]n‘o bkn naoa]n_d ej da]hpd ]na h]ncahu pda qoa kb mq]jpep]pera opq‘eao oq_d ]o pdkoa ej_hq‘a‘ ej ouopai]pe_ nareaso+ ]j‘ ejrkhra iapdk‘o sde_d ia]oqna kn _kqjp pdejco kn laklha (Akhhejo+ 1//5)- ?p pdeo lkejp ej kqn naoa]n_d sa iecdp skj‘an sdapdan r]he‘epu _nepane] odkqh‘ ^a ]llhea‘ pk ] opq‘u oq_d ]o pdeo ]j‘ eb ok sd]p pdaoa iecdp ^a- Rda ikop na_ajphu ]__alpa‘ ar]hq]pekj _nepane] na_kiiaj‘a‘ ^u ha]‘ejc naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_o bkn _heje_]h pne]ho ]j‘ ouopai]pe_ nareaso ]na ^]oa‘ qlkj pn]‘epekj]h jkpekjo kb ^ekia‘e_eja+ pda eilknp]j_a kb dulkpdaoeo paopejc ]j‘ jqiane_]h ‘]p] (Laa‘hai]j+ 1//0)- Fksaran+ Gi ]j‘ _khha]cqao (1//3) d]ra ]ncqa‘ pd]p pdana ]na _nepane] pd]p _]j ^a ]llhea‘ pk ^kpd mq]jpep]pera ]j‘ mq]hep]pera _nkoo,_qhpqn]h naoa]n_dRdaoa ej_hq‘a jkp kjhu _qhpqn]h nahar]j_a+ _kjpatpq]hepu ]j‘ ]llnklne]pajaoo+ ^qp ]hok 109
Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett
iqpq]h naola_p ]j‘ bhate^ehepu- Rda qoa kb psk kn ikna ‘ebbanajp ‘]p] _khha_pekj iapdk‘o (kbpaj pania‘ ¢pne]jcqh]pekj£)+ sdana pda bej‘ejco ]na _kil]na‘ d]o ]hok oanra‘ pdeo opq‘u sahh- @aejc ]^ha pk _kil]na pda ejbkni]pekj c]eja‘ bnki pda Jejg Ukngano sepd pd]p bnki pda bk_qo cnkql l]npe_el]jpo d]o ceraj bqnpdan oqllknp pk kqn bej‘ejco?qpdajpe_epu kb ‘]p] kn ejbkni]pekj nah]pao pk pda ]__qn]_u ]j‘ ]llhe_]^ehepu kb pda ia]oqnaiajp aola_e]hhu ej mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d- Rdeo eo kbpaj oaaj ej nah]pekj pk pda opq‘u lklqh]pekj ]j‘ sdapdan pdkoa opq‘ea‘ ¢nalnaoajp£ pda se‘an lklqh]pekj- Eeraj pda ‘eranoepu kb atlaneaj_ao ^apsaaj ^qp ]hok sepdej l]npe_qh]n _qhpqn]h ]j‘ apdje_ cnkqlo+ ep iecdp ^a oqccaopa‘ pd]p pdeo eo ‘ebbe_qhp pk ]_deara pk o]u pda ha]op- Ua skqh‘ ]ncqa dksaran+ pd]p pdeo ‘kao jkp ejr]he‘]pa kqn naoa]n_d+ ^qp n]pdan+ ejopa]‘ kb cajan]heoejc+ opnajcpdajo sd]p sa _]j o]u ]^kqp l]npe_qh]n oa_pekjo kb pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu-
Conclusions Rdeo _d]lpan d]o kqpheja‘ okia kb pda gau eooqao sdaj naoa]n_dejc sepd pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepeao ej pda SI- Ua d]ra kjhu sknga‘ ]hkjcoe‘a oi]hh oa_pekjo kb pdeo _kiiqjepu+ ^qp ]hna]‘u ep eo _ha]n pd]p pdana ]na eilknp]jp eilhe_]pekjo- Akhha_pejc ejbkni]pekj bnki ]j‘ oaagejc kqp pda reaso kb pdkoa laklha bnki Qkqpd ?oe]j ^]_gcnkqj‘o sdk _qnnajphu qpeheoa da]hpd _]na oanre_ao ej pda SI eo jkp a]ou- Soejc ] l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_d pk naoa]n_d sa skqh‘ ]ncqa _]j kjhu dahl pk ejbkni pdkoa ]ppailpejc pk eilnkra ^kpd da]hpd ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_ao- Jeopajejc pk pda rke_ao kb pdkoa ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_dejc kj kqn ^ad]hb+ ]o sahh ]o pdkoa ^aejc naoa]n_da‘ eo _nepe_]h ]j‘ _]j ck okia s]u pks]n‘o ^qeh‘ejc ]j ]__qn]pa le_pqna kb pda jaa‘o ]j‘ reaso kb hk_]h _kiiqjepeao-
References @]j‘aod]+ E- & Jepr]+ ?- (1//4)- Nan_alpekjo kb _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ da]hpd c]ej ej ] _kiiqjepu lnkfa_p bkn pda Qkqpd ?oe]j lklqh]pekj9 ? mq]hep]pera opq‘u- Hkqnj]h kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 16+ 130,134@ehf+ H-H- r]j ‘an+ Nkahcaaop,Cahpejg+ ?- r]j & Qdknpne‘ca,@]ccapp+ J- (0888)- Rda lou_dkiapne_ lnklanpeao kb pda ‘e]^apao i]j]caiajp oahb,abbe_]_u o_]ha bkn l]peajpo sepd pula 1 ‘e]^apao iahhepqo- Hkqnj]h kb ?‘r]j_a‘ Lqnoejc+ 2/+ 241,248 @ks‘aj+ ?- & Dkt,Pqod^u+ H-?- (1//2)- ? ouopai]pe_ ]j‘ _nepe_]h nareas kb pda lnk_aoo kb pn]joh]pekj ]j‘ ]‘]lp]pekj kb cajane_ da]hpd,nah]pa‘ mq]hepu kb heba ia]oqnao ej ?bne_]+ ?oe]+ C]opanj Cqnkla+ pda Ke‘‘ha C]op+ Qkqpd ?iane_]- Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Ka‘e_eja+ 46+ 0178,02/5@n]‘hau+ A- (0883)- Rn]joh]pekj kb mqaopekjj]enao bkn qoa ej ‘ebbanajp h]jcq]cao ]j‘ _qhpqnao- Gj9 A@n]‘hau (a‘-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb lou_dkhkcu ]j‘ ‘e]^apao (ll-32,44)- Qsepvanh]j‘+ F]nskk‘Adks‘dqnu+ R-?- & J]ogan+ Q-?- (1//1)- Akilhe_]pekjo ]j‘ _]n‘ekr]o_qh]n neog b]_pkno ej Qkqpd ?oe]j ]j‘ Cqnkla]jo sepd a]nhu kjoap pula 1 ‘e]^apao- Oq]npanhu Hkqnj]h kb Ka‘e_eja+ 84(3)+ 130,5Akhhejo+ E-Q- & Hkdjokj+ K-P-B (1//5)- ?‘‘naooejc apdje_ ‘eranoepu ej da]hpd kqp_kia ia]oqnaoFa]hpd Ra_djkhkcu ?ooaooiajp110
Hearing the voices of service users: Reflections on researching the views of people from South Asian backgrounds
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Cathy Lloyd, Mark Johnson, Jackie Sturt, Gary Collins and Anthony Barnett
ejoqhej,‘alaj‘ajp ‘e]^apao iahhepqo- Las Cjch]j‘ Hkqnj]h kb Ka‘e_eja+ 218+ 866,875SINBQ cnkql-(0887)- Gjpajoera ^hkk‘ chq_koa _kjpnkh sepd oqhldkjuhqna]o kn ejoqhej _kil]na‘ sepd _kjrajpekj]h pna]piajp ]j‘ neog kb _kilhe_]pekjo ej l]peajpo sepd pula 1 ‘e]^apao- J]j_ap+ 241+ 726,742Tu]o+ ?-+ F]e‘anu+ ?-X-+ Uehao+ N-E-+ Eehh+ Q-+ Pk^anpo+ A- & Anqe_god]jg+ H-I- (1//2)- ? lehkp n]j‘kieva‘ pne]h ej lnei]nu _]na pk ejraopec]pa ]j‘ eilnkra gjksha‘ca+ ]s]najaoo ]j‘ oahb, i]j]caiajp ]ikjc Qkqpd ?oe]jo sepd ‘e]^apao ej K]j_daopan- Be]^ape_ Ka‘e_eja+ 1/+ 0/11, 0/15-
112
The doors to Aleut orthodoxy Don Wren Rda ?haqpo kb pda Nne^ehkb Goh]j‘o ]na Pqooe]j Mnpdk‘kt ]j‘ iai^ano kb pda Adqn_d bnki pda peia kb pdaen ^]lpeoi qjpeh pdaen ‘a]pd- Nne^ehkre]j ok_e]h nah]pekjodelo ‘anera ej l]np bnki pda ]_perepeao ]j‘ ‘k_pnejao kb pda Adqn_d- Rda ?haqp sana ^nkqcdp bnki pda ?haqpe]j _d]ej pk lnkre‘a pda h]^kqn bkn pda Lknpdanj Dqn oa]h d]nraop- Rda Pqooe]j Mnpdk‘kt b]epd _]ia pk pda eoh]j‘o sepd pda ?haqp ]j‘ pdaen Pqooe]j kranoaanoG s]o sah_kia‘ pk Qp- N]qh Goh]j‘ ej l]np ^a_]qoa iu naoa]n_d na_aera‘ pda ^haooejc kb pda @eodkl kb ?h]og]- Naklha gjas iu _kjoqhp]jp ]j‘ G sana _kiejc pk pda Goh]j‘Mja kb pda i]j]cano kb pda Tehh]ca Aknlkn]pekj iap qo ]j‘ kbbana‘ j]iao kb laklha ^aop ]^ha pk ‘ao_ne^a pda Adqn_d- G olajp psk oaiaopano ‘kejc ‘k_qiajp]nu naoa]n_d ]p pda ?n_pe_ ]j‘ Nkh]n Pacekjo ?n_derao ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb ?h]og] D]en^]jgo ej kn‘an pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda deopknu kb pda Goh]j‘oBqnejc ejpanreaso sepd pda Ch‘ano+ G odksa‘ pdai deopkne_]h ldkpko bnki pda ?n_derao- Rda ldkpko lqp pda ejpanreasaao ]p a]oa- Ku _kjoqhp]jp+ sdk s]o ^knj kj Q]ejp N]qh+ ajoqna‘ pda _kiiqjepu£o ejrkhraiajp ej pda gjksha‘ca c]pdanejc lnk_aoo- Ua sana kj Qp- N]qh ‘qnejc pda N]o_d]h oa]okj+ ] peia kb cna]p eilknp]j_a pk pda Mnpdk‘kt b]epdbqh- G _kj‘q_pa‘ l]npe_el]jp k^oanr]pekj ej pda Adqn_d ]j‘ i]ju dkiao+ ]j‘ p]hga‘ sepd laklha ]^kqp pdaen e_kj s]hho+ pda ln]_pe_a kb pda b]epd ]j‘ pdaen baahejco ]^kqp pda Adqn_dRdeo naoa]n_d d]o ola_e]h oecjebe_]j_a pk pda Nne^ehkre]jo ^a_]qoa ep d]o dahla‘ ‘k_qiajp ]j ]ola_p kb pdaen _qhpqna pd]p pda Ch‘ano ]na _kj_anja‘ eo ‘eo]lla]nejc-
The Path G ]i snepejc pk ‘ao_ne^a iu atlaneaj_ao sepd pda Pqooe]j Mnpdk‘kt Adqn_d ej ?h]og]- Ku opq‘eao ^ac]j ja]nhu 1/ ua]no ]ck sdaj G sajp pk reoep ] bneaj‘ kb ieja+ ] lanokj sdk ^a_]ia iu _kjoqhp]jp ]j‘ arajpq]hhu iu olenepq]h ^nkpdan- Udaj G s]hga‘ ejpk deo dkqoa+ G o]s sd]p eo gjksj ]o ] lnappu s]hh+ ] s]hh behha‘ sepd e_kjo- G d]‘ oaaj e_kjo ^abkna ^qp d]‘ jaran atlaneaj_a‘ pdai ej pdeo _kjpatpKu bneaj‘ eo ]j ?haqpƒ s]o ]j ?haqp- Ku ^nkpdan l]ooa‘ kj h]op ua]n ]j‘ habp ia pk _]nnu kj pdeo skng+ skng pd]p da pkkg ql pks]n‘o pda aj‘ kb deo heba- Fa o]s iu opq‘eao ]o r]he‘]pekj kb pda eilknp]j_a kb pda Mnpdk‘kt b]epd pk deo laklha113
Don Wren
?bpan G ^ac]j iu opq‘eao+ G pdkqcdp ep skqh‘ ^a eilknp]jp pk reoep a]_d kb pda i]fkn _ajpano kb Mnpdk‘ktu ej ?h]og]- Ku benop pnel+ sepd opq‘eao ej iej‘+ s]o pk Qp- N]qh Goh]j‘ ej pda Nne^ehkb Goh]j‘ cnkql- Udeha G s]o pdana+ G sajp pk pda Adqn_d kb Q]ejpo Napan ]j‘ N]qhHqhu eo pule_]hhu ] baopera peia- Hqhu 01 eo pda ba]op kb Q]ejpo Napan ]j‘ N]qh+ ] ba]op gjksj ]o ¢NapnkN]rah£- Rda Dkqnpd kb Hqhu eo ] ranu ^ec ‘]u bkn _aha^n]pejc ]o sahh- Gp s]o ] ckk‘ peia bkn ia pk ^a kj pda eoh]j‘- G reoepa‘ pda _dqn_d+ hega ikop kb pda kpdan laklha pkqnejc pda eoh]j‘+ bkn ]j ejpanlnapera pkqn _kj‘q_pa‘ ^u kja kb pda _dqn_d pnqopaao- Mj_a da bejeoda‘ pda op]j‘]n‘ pkqn+ G op]ua‘ ]bpan ]j‘ ]oga‘ dei ] jqi^an kb mqaopekjo ]^kqp pda b]epd kj pda eoh]j‘+ pda _dqn_d ]j‘ pda e_kjoRd]p ‘eo_qooekj ‘aikjopn]pa‘ pk ia pda jaa‘ bkn ] ouopai]pe_ atlhkn]pekj kb pda b]epd- Rda ?haqp (]hok gjksj ]o Sj]jc]j ~ ] pani pn]joh]pa‘ ]o ¢pda laklha£) gjks pdaen ksj b]epdFksaran+ pk okiakja bnki kqpoe‘a pda b]epd ]j‘ kqpoe‘a pda Sj]jc]j _qhpqna+ ep iecdp ^a ‘ebbe_qhp pk qj‘anop]j‘- Udaj G napqnja‘ pk ?j_dkn]ca bnki Qp- N]qh+ G ^ac]j pk c]pdan ‘k_qiajp]pekj kj pda _dqn_dRda bej]h l]lan bkn iu deopknu ‘acnaa s]o ajpepha‘+ ¢Mnpdk‘ktu ej Qkqpd Aajpn]h ?h]og]£K]ju kb pda i]pane]ho G c]pdana‘ ej pd]p opq‘u ]na l]np kb iu _qnnajp opq‘u ^a_]qoa kb pda oeieh]nepeao kb pda i]jebaop]pekj kb pda b]epd ]ikjcop pda ‘ebbanajp j]pera laklhao kb ?h]og]Rda ?pd]^]o_]jo hera ej Qkqpd Aajpn]h ?h]og]- Rda Sj]jc]j laklha hera ej pda lh]_a kb iu _qnnajp opq‘eao- Rda opq‘eao ha‘ ia pk ] jqi^an kb laklha sdk ]na atlanp ej pda _dqn_dRdana s]o ]hs]uo iu ^nkpdan pk sdki G _kqh‘ pqnj sepd mqaopekjo- G p]hga‘ sepd i]ju kb pda lneaopo ej pda ]na]9 D]pdan Le_dkh]o Kkhk‘ugk,F]nneo+ D]pdan N]qh Kan_qheabb ]j‘ D]pdan Qeiakj Mogkhgkbb sana ^qp ] bas- Rda laklha bnki sdki G ha]nja‘ pda ikop sana pda ?haqp iai^ano kb pda Qp- Gjjk_ajp Mnpdk‘kt l]neod- Rda apdje_ i]gaql kb ?j_dkn]ca ej_hq‘ao ] jqi^an kb r]nekqo ?h]og] j]pera cnkqlo9 Wqleg+ ?haqp+ ?pd]^]o_]jo+ ]j‘ Rhejcep?hh kb pdaoa ‘ebbanajp cnkqlo sana pda oq^fa_po kb ar]jcahev]pekj ^u pda Pqooe]j Mnpdk‘kt ieooekj]neao sdk ]nnera‘ ej Lknpd ?iane_] ej 0683- Fksaran+ pda benop laklha pk aj_kqjpan pda ieooekj]neao sana pda ?haqp- Rdaen atlkoqna pk pda b]epd d]o ^aaj pda hkjcaop kb ]ju kb pda ?h]og] j]pera cnkqlo- Rdeo atlkoqna d]o ha‘ pk ] beni ajpnaj_diajp ]ikjc pda Sj]jc]j- Rda jatp pk ^a _kjp]_pa‘ sana pda Wqleg+ bkhhksa‘ ^u pda ?pd]^]og]jo kj pda Iaj]e Najejoqh]+ pda Qqcle]m ej Ik‘e]g ]j‘ pda Rhejcep ej okqpda]op ?h]og]Rda apdje_ i]gaql kb Qp- Gjjk_ajp’o l]neod eo lna‘kiej]jphu ?h]og] j]pera+ ] jqi^an kb Pqooe]jo (jkp ]p pda peia G ^ac]j iu opq‘u) ]j‘ Mnpdk‘kt b]epdbqh bnki kqpoe‘a pda op]pa kb ?h]og] sdk ikra‘ pk ?h]og] bnki kpdan lh]_ao9 Najjouhr]je]+ Dhkne‘]+ A]hebknje] ]j‘ ]_nkoo pda hksan 37- Fksaran+ pda _dqn_d eo opehh ranu iq_d ]j ?h]og] L]pera ejopepqpekj- Gp eo ] naij]jp kb pda Pqooe]j lanek‘ ej ?h]og] ]j‘ kja pk sde_d pda ?h]og] L]pera laklha ]na opnkjchu _kiieppa‘Mj_a G ‘a_e‘a‘ kj ] pkle_ bkn iu opq‘eao+ pda laklha sdk sana ikop ]__aooe^ha pk ia sana pda ?haqp b]epdbqh bnki pda _kjcnac]pekj kb Qp- Gjjk_ajp’o @e_ajpajje]h Mnpdk‘kt 114
The doors to Aleut orthodoxy
A]pda‘n]h- Gp s]o pdana pd]p G i]‘a ] jqi^an kb _kjp]_po sepd sdki G _kjpejqa pk p]hg pk‘]u- Rda lnk_aoo G bkhhksa‘ sdaj G s]o ^acejjejc iu bkni]h opq‘eao kb pda b]epd s]o pk eiianoa iuoahb ej pda _anaikjeao ]j‘ pda ]_perepeao kb pda _dqn_d- G l]npe_el]pa‘ ej ] jqi^an kb ikiajpkqo k__]oekjo ]p Qp- Gjjk_ajp£o- Mja kb pda ikop oecjebe_]jp eo pda _]jkjev]pekj kb Qp- W]gkr Laporapkr- Fa s]o ] Anakha+ ] lanokj kb ieta‘ ‘ao_ajp+ d]hb, ?haqp ]j‘ d]hb,Pqooe]j- Kapnklkhep]j Rdak‘koeqo+ pdaj Kapnklkhep]j kb ?hh ?iane_] ]j‘ A]j]‘]+ lnaoe‘a‘ kran pda _anaikju- G s]o _dneoi]pa‘ ^u dei- Bqnejc pd]p _anaikju+ pda j]ia kb Qp- W]gkr fkeja‘ pda heop kb o]ejpo ej pda Mnpdk‘kt b]epd- Rdana sana kran 0/// laklha ]p pda _anaikju- ? oa_kj‘ decdhu oecjebe_]jp arajp ej sde_d G l]npe_el]pa‘ s]o pda lanokj]h ^haooejc kb Feo Fkhejaoo N]pne]n_d ?hatae GG+ Kapnklkhep]j kb Kko_ks ]j‘ ?hh Pqooe]- Rda N]pne]n_d _]ia pk ?j_dkn]ca pk _aha^n]pa pda ^e_ajpajje]h kb Mnpdk‘ktu ej ?h]og]- Mran 2/// laklha ]ppaj‘a‘ deo lanokj]h ^haooejc oanre_a- Gp s]o ] decdhu ikiajpkqo k__]oekj bkn pda _dqn_d- Feo s]o pda benop reoep kb ] N]pne]n_d kb pda Pqooe]j Mnpdk‘kt Adqn_d pk ?h]og]- Gp s]o ] r]he‘]pekj kb pda b]epd kb jkp kjhu pda _dqn_d+ QpGjjk_ajp’o+ ^qp pda b]epd kb pda ?h]og] L]pera laklhaGj pda _dqn_d+ oanre_ao ]na oqjc ej ] iet kb h]jcq]cao- Fuijo ]na oqjc ej Cjcheod+ ^qp sepd ] iet kb Adqn_d Qh]rkje_+ sde_d eo ranu se‘ahu qoa‘+ ]o sahh ]o duijo oqjc ej ?haqp+ Wqleg+ Rhejcep ]j‘ ?pd]^]o_]j- Rdeo iet kb h]jcq]cao eo ] qjemqa ldajkiajkj jkp bkqj‘ ]jusdana ahoa- Rda _dqn_d eo ] nabha_pekj kb epo iai^ano-
The Doors Rda _dqn_d eo pda lduoe_]h i]jebaop]pekj kb Fa]raj kj a]npd- @adej‘ pda nku]h ‘kkno+ ]p pda bnkjp kb pda ]hp]n+ eo ] sej‘ks kj pda gejc‘ki kb da]raj- Rda oui^khkcu ej pda _dqn_d eo ranu ejpne_]pa- Mj pda e_kjo+ pda qoa kb _khkqn+ pda oui^khkcu ]j‘ ]npeb]_po nalnaoajpa‘ kj pda e_kjo+ pda caopqnao kb pda d]j‘o+ hkkgo kj pda b]_ao+ ]j‘ pda ranu i]gaql ]j‘ _kjopnq_pekj kb pda e_kj d]ra ia]jejc- Rda laklha qj‘anop]j‘ pdaoa ia]jejco- Naklha gjks pda opkneao ^adej‘ pda e_kjo ^a_]qoa pd]p eo l]np kb pda b]epd- Rdau qj‘anop]j‘ pda knecej kb ] l]npe_qh]n e_kj ]j‘ pda ‘ale_pekj kb pda o]ejp- Rda e_kjo ]na ] _kj‘qep pdnkqcd sde_d pda laklha lapepekj pda l]npe_qh]n lanokj nalnaoajpa‘ ej pda e_kj+ o]ejp kn kpdanseoaGp ^ajabepo pda laklha pk d]ra pdeo gjksha‘ca kb pda pnqa oui^khkcu kj pda e_kj- Gp lqpo pdai ej iej‘ kb pda o]ejpo ]j‘ lnkre‘ao pda _kj_ajpn]pekj namqena‘ pk o]u ln]uano lnklanhu ^u bk_qoejc kj pda k^fa_p kb ukqn lapepekjUdaj G reoepa‘ ?haqp dkiao+ aranu dkia d]‘ ]j e_kj s]hh- C]_d e_kj d]‘ epo ksj l]npe_qh]n opknu9 epo knecej+ pda na]okj ep k__qleao ] l]npe_qh]n l]np kb pda s]hh+ ]j‘ pda lanokj sdk ^nkqcdp pda e_kj pk pda dkia- Rda e_kjo ej pda _dqn_d d]ra pda o]ia oecjebe_]j_a ]o pdkoa bkqj‘ ej pda dkia- Rda e_kjo ]na ] l]np kb pda ^aheab ouopai ]j‘ lh]u ] nkha ej pda ej‘ere‘q]h£o ‘]ehu ln]uan nepq]hRda b]iehu eo pda ^]oe_ qjep kb ?haqp ok_e]h opnq_pqna- Uepdej pda b]iehu+ pda ukqjc ]na ok_e]heva‘ ]j‘ p]qcdp pda necdp s]u pk ‘k pdejco- Fksaran+ ]jkpdan _kilkjajp kb pd]p 115
Don Wren
ok_e]hev]pekj lnk_aoo p]gao lh]_a ej pda _dqn_d- Rda _dqn_d ^a_kiao pda lqnraukn kb sknh‘reas- Rda ?haqp _kj_alp kb dahh eo ] lh]_a sdana pdana eo jk h]j‘+ jk o]j_pq]nu+ kjhu klaj s]pan- Gp eo ] lh]_a sepd jk o]ba d]n^kqn- Gj pda ^]lpeoi _anaikju ej pda _dqn_d+ pda ukqjc ]na eiianoa‘ ej s]pan- Rdeo oui^khevao Adneop£o ‘ao_ajp ejpk dahh ]bpan deo ‘a]pd ]j‘ deo oq^oamqajp naoqnna_pekj- Udaj pda ^]^u eo n]eoa‘ bnki pda s]pan+ pda ^]^u d]o d]‘ deo kn dan oejo s]oda‘ ]s]u- Rda _deh‘ eo ^knj ]jasRdana eo ] _knnah]pekj ^apsaaj pda pn]‘epekj]h sknh‘reas kb pda ?haqp ]j‘ pda sknh‘reas nalnaoajpa‘ ej pda _dqn_d- Gp s]o jkp ] ^ec opal bkn pda ?haqp pk ai^n]_a Mnpdk‘ktu ^a_]qoa i]ju kb pda pajapo kb pda b]epd _hkoahu _knnaolkj‘a‘ sepd pdaen pn]‘epekj]h ^aheaboRda ?haqp hera‘ ej j]pqn]h opnq_pqnao _kjopnq_pa‘ bnki j]pqn]h i]pane]ho bkqj‘ kj pda ^a]_d+ skk‘+ ogejo bnki dqjpejc oa] hekjo+ ]j‘ sd]ha^kja bkn pda bn]ia kb pdaen ^]n]^]n]oRdau qoa‘ oa]h keh bkn pdaen h]ilo- L]pqn]h i]pane]ho ]na qoa‘ ej pda _dqn_d ]o sahh- Rda ‘a_kn]pekjo ej pda _dqn_d+ ej l]npe_qh]n pda Adqn_d kb Q]ejpo Napan ]j‘ N]qh+ sehhkso ‘a_kn]pa pda ]hp]n- Rda nku]h ‘kkno ]na i]‘a bnki skk‘- Akjopnq_pekj qoejc j]pqn]h i]pane]ho s]o a]oehu qj‘anopkk‘- Rda e‘a] kb ] _na]pkn s]o jkp bknaecj pk pda ?haqp- Rdau ^aheara‘ ej ] _na]pkn+ ]j ]hh,lksanbqh olenep- Rdana eo kja opknu kb ] od]i]j sdk sajp ]j‘ _kiiqja‘ sepd olenepo ej ] _]ra ej pda oe‘a kb ikqjp]ej- Fa b]opa‘ ]j‘ o]s ] reoekj ej sde_d pdana sana ^aejco pd]p _]ia pk dei ]j‘ pkh‘ dei kb pdejco pk _kia ]j‘ s]uo pk heraUdaj da _]ia ‘ksj+ da na_kqjpa‘ pdeo pk kja kb pda ieooekj]neao sdk ej pqnj snkpa pk kja kb deo oqlanekno ej Pqooe] ]j‘ o]e‘+ ⁄Ud]p eo pdeo= Rda od]i]j nah]pa‘ pdeo opknu pk iaUd]p ‘k ukq pdejg ep ia]jo=¥ Rda nalhu da na_aera‘ s]o pd]p pdaoa sana aieoo]neao kb pda Jkn‘+ ]jcahoRda a]oa sepd sde_d pda ?haqp ]‘klpa‘ pda b]epd s]o b]_ehep]pa‘ ^u pda ]llnk]_d kb pda ieooekj]neao- Gj pdaen skng+ kja kb pda benop pdejco pdau ‘e‘ s]o ha]nj pda hk_]h h]jcq]caUdaj pda @e^ha s]o pn]joh]pa‘ ejpk pda hk_]h h]jcq]ca+ pda laklha qj‘anopkk‘ pda oeieh]nepeao ^apsaaj pdaen lna,_kjp]_p ^aheabo ]j‘ pdkoa kb pda jas_kianoKu ajpn]j_a ejpk pda _dqn_d s]o b]_ehep]pa‘ ^u iu bneaj‘odel ]j‘ ^nkpdandkk‘ sepd ] ‘a]n lanokj- Gp s]o deo cqe‘]j_a ]j‘ ‘apaniej]pekj pd]p dahla‘ ia cap pk pdeo lkejp ]j‘ pd]p galp ia ckejc- Mqn iaapejc _d]jca‘ ^kpd kqn herao- Fa ]j‘ G ^kpd ^a_]ia ] ‘ebbanajp laklha bnki kqn ejpan]_pekjo- Ijksejc pd]p okiakja s]o ok ejpanaopa‘ ej sd]p da ^aheara‘ ]j‘ pdkqcdp+ ha‘ dei pk klaj deioahb pk ia- Fa klaja‘ ^kpd deo da]np ]j‘ deo dkiaRdana eo jk s]u G _kqh‘ d]ra _kilhapa‘ pdeo skng sepdkqp deo dahlBqnejc iu beah‘ pnel pk Qp- N]qh+ iu oa_kj‘ pnel+ G ^nkqcdp iu ^nkpdan sepd ia- Ku ejpajpekj s]o pd]p G skqh‘ ^a ej pda ^]_gcnkqj‘ ]o ] l]npe_el]jp k^oanran- G oap ql pda amqeliajp+ i]‘a oqna sa galp pk ] o_da‘qha+ ]j‘ pkkg jkpao- Fa s]o ranu ch]‘ pk _kia ]hkjc ^a_]qoa da d]‘ jkp ^aaj dkia ej ] jqi^an kb ua]no- Ua op]ua‘ ]p deo ikpdan’o dkqoa ok G d]‘ ] _d]j_a pk oaa benopd]j‘ sd]p ep s]o hega pk hera ej ]j ?haqp dkqoadkh‘- G ]i jkp o]uejc pd]p pdaen dkqoadkh‘ s]o pule_]h- Gp s]o qjemqa ]j‘+ ikna eilknp]jphu+ ep s]o ] lh]_a sdana iu ^nkpdan s]o ]p dkia116
The doors to Aleut orthodoxy
Ja]‘ejc ql pk pda naoa]n_d+ G snkpa ] happan ]ogejc lanieooekj bnki ^kpd pda rehh]ca _knlkn]pekj ]j‘ pda pn]‘epekj]h _kqj_eh- G bahp ep s]o eilknp]jp pd]p pda laklha ej _d]nca kb pda ckranj]j_a opnq_pqnao kj pda eoh]j‘ sana ]s]na kb sd]p G ejpaj‘a‘ pk ‘k sepd iu naoa]n_d- Rdau sana pkh‘ pda o_kla ]j‘ j]pqna kb iu skng- G na_aera‘ naolkjoao bnki pda rehh]ca _kqj_eh ]j‘ pda _knlkn]pekj cn]jpejc ia lanieooekj pk _kia pk ‘k pda naoa]n_dRda b]_pkn pd]p lh]ua‘ pda ^eccaop l]np ej iu na_aerejc lanieooekj bnki pda _kqj_eh ]j‘ pda _knlkn]pekj s]o pd]p G d]‘ k^p]eja‘ lanieooekj bnki @eodkl Gjjk_ajp+ pdaj @eodkl kb Qepg] ]j‘ ]hh ?h]og]+ pda dean]n_d kb pda _dqn_d ej ?h]og]Udaj G snkpa pk pda @eodkl ]j‘ ‘ao_ne^a‘ iu skng+ da o]e‘+ ⁄Rdana eo kja lanokj sepd sdki ukq iqop p]hg- Rd]p lanokj eo K@-¥ K@ s]o pda o]ia lanokj G d]‘ p]hga‘ pk pda benop peia G s]o kj pda eoh]j‘ ejoe‘a pda _dqn_d- Udaj sa ]nnera‘ kj pda eoh]j‘+ da s]o kja kb pda benop laklha sa o]s- Fa c]ra qo ] heop kb ]hh pda laklha da pdkqcdp sa odkqh‘ p]hg pk ej pda _kqnoa kb kqn opq‘uRdeo naoa]n_d eo l]np kb pda ^k‘u kb skng bkn iu K]opan£o pdaoeo- G d]ra na_kn‘a‘ pda rke_ao kb pda Ch‘ano ]o ] _kjpailkn]nu na_kn‘ pk ejbkni iu opq‘u sde_d ol]jo pda lanek‘ kb pda ?iane_]j k__ql]pekj kb pda Goh]j‘o- Rda ‘k_qiajp]nu na_kn‘ d]o ^aaj ]j aooajpe]h l]np kb iu ejraopec]pekj- Udeha _kilhapejc iu _kqnoa skng ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb ?h]og] D]en^]jgo+ G d]‘ klaj ]__aoo pk pda naokqn_ao ]p pda ?n_pe_ ]j‘ Nkh]n Pacekjo ?n_derao- Mb ]hh pda ‘k_qiajp]nu na_kn‘o G bkqj‘ pdana+ pda ikop eilknp]jp s]o ] ldkpk ]h^qi _kileha‘ ^u ] jqnoa sdk hera‘ kj Qp- N]qh lnekn pk pda Qa_kj‘ Uknh‘ U]n- Rdeo ldkpk ]h^qi _kjp]ejo le_pqnao kb i]ju laklha sdk ]na opehh ]hera- Nnekn pk ha]rejc bkn pda beah‘+ G ]ooai^ha‘ ] ^ej‘an bqhh kb _kleao kb pda ldkpko- Rda ^ej‘an eo ] reoq]h naiej‘an kb sd]p pda eoh]j‘ s]o hega sdaj+ bnki sd]p okia laklha pkh‘ ia+ pda _dqn_d s]o ]p epo daecdp- Rda ldkpk ]h^qi s]o pda gau pk pneccanejc iaikneao bnki pda laklha sa sana ejpanreasejc?o l]np kb pn]‘epekj]h _qhpqna+ ep eo _qopki]nu bkn okiakja oaagejc ejbkni]pekj pk lnaoajp ] cebp ej na_kcjepekj kb pda peia pd]p pda Ch‘an eo olaj‘ejc sepd ukq- ?o l]np kb iu cebp pk pda Ch‘ano bkn ‘kejc pda ejpanreaso+ G ]oga‘ pdai eb pdana sana ldkpko ej pda ]h^qi kb nah]perao kn bneaj‘o kb sde_d pdau skqh‘ hega _kleao- Mj iu napqnj pk ?j_dkn]ca+ G kn‘ana‘ lnejpo bnki pda ]h^qi ]j‘ oajp pdai kqp pk pda Ch‘ano- G bahp ep s]o l]np kb iu naolkjoe^ehepu ]o ] naoa]n_dan _kiejc ejpk pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ c]pdanejc ejbkni]pekj- Rda laklha sepd sdki sa p]hga‘ sana ranu d]llu pd]p okiakja s]o pdana pk dahl pdai ‘k_qiajp okiapdejc pd]p s]o ok eilknp]jp pk pdaiRdeo naoa]n_d d]o jks ^a_kia l]np kb pda deopknu kb pda eoh]j‘- Qkia kb pda Ch‘ano G p]hga‘ sepd ]na ckja jks- Rdana eo jks ] na_kn‘ kb sd]p pdau pdejg.pdkqcdp ]^kqp pda _dqn_d ]j‘ pdaen nkha ej pda _dqn_d- Rdeo na_kn‘ eo jks ]__aooe^ha pk bqpqna cajan]pekjo ]p pda ?n_pe_ ]j‘ Nkh]n Pacekjo ?n_dera ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb ?h]og] D]en^]jgo- K]ju kb pda laklha sa ejpanreasa‘ p]hga‘ ]^kqp pdaen fku ej oaaejc okiakja _kiejc pk c]pdan pdaen iaikneao ]j‘ baahejco ]^kqp pdaen _dqn_d+ okiapdejc pd]p s]o ok eilknp]jp pk pdai pd]p 117
Don Wren
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The doors to Aleut orthodoxy
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Don Wren
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Victoria Foster
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Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities
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Victoria Foster
Rdeo _d]lpan ]hok ]eio pk ‘aikjopn]pa pd]p l]npe_el]pknu ejmqenu _]j ^a qj‘anopkk‘ ]o ^aejc cna]pan pd]j pda oqi kb epo l]npo- Gilknp]jphu+ ep lnkre‘ao ] ia]jo kb qj‘anop]j‘ejc ]j‘ _d]hhajcejc pda se‘an opnq_pqn]h ]j‘ ok_e]h ejamq]hepeao sde_d _kjrajpekj]h naoa]n_d kbpaj oeilhu nalnk‘q_ao- Dkn Bk_ganu (1///+ l-84)+ ⁄l]npe_el]pekj ]o ] ^]oe_ lnej_elha eo eilknp]jp ~ jkp fqop ] _kj_alp nahar]jp pk naoa]n_d¥- Gp eo ]^kqp skngejc pkcapdan sepd kpdan laklha ej kn‘an pk i]ga oajoa kb pda sknh‘- Gb sa ]na ]^ha pk ‘k ok sepd _kil]ooekj+ dqiehepu ]j‘ hkra+ pdaj ok_e]h fqope_a eo sepdej kqn cn]ol9 Gb ok_e]h ]_pereoi eo aran pk ^a pn]jobkni]pera ej ]ju h]opejc s]u pdaj mq]hepeao oq_d ]o _kil]ooekj ]j‘ dqiehepu iqop ^a qj‘anopkk‘ jkp ]o baahejco kn araj e‘a]o ^qp ]o ]_pq]h ln]_pe_ao: ln]_pe_ao pd]p ]na ] ja_aoo]nu _kilkjajp kb pdeo pn]jobkni]pera ok_e]h ]_pereoi (Danj]j‘ao+ 1//2+ l-48)-
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Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities
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Victoria Foster
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Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities
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Victoria Foster
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Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities
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Victoria Foster
gaalejc ]j‘ napnear]h+ snepejc _]l]_epeao ]j‘ aikpekj]h ejpahhecaj_a pd]p G d]‘+ jkp pk iajpekj opnap_da‘ ia pk ]hikop ej‘ao_ne^]^ha heiepo kb lanokj]h aj‘qn]j_a-¥ G baah oeieh]nhu pd]p pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ]p pda Qqna Qp]np lnkcn]iia+ ei^qa‘ sepd kqn _ki^eja‘ ajanceao ]j‘ l]ooekj+ jkp kjhu d]o ‘alpd ]j‘ ejpacnepu+ ^qp d]o lnk‘q_a‘ bej‘ejco pd]p ]na ej_na‘e^hu ne_d ]j‘ r]he‘-
Dissemination of research findings Rda bej‘ejco bnki pda lnkfa_p ej_hq‘a‘ pdaiao oq_d ]o jac]pera atlaneaj_ao kb op]pqpknu oanre_ao+ atlaneaj_ao kb l]najpejc+ bneaj‘odel ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd ]j‘ sana ‘eooaiej]pa‘ ej ] jqi^an kb s]uo- ?j ej,‘alpd nalknp s]o oq^ieppa‘ pk pda Qqna Qp]np lnkcn]iia+ sneppaj ^u iuoahb ^qp ranebea‘ ^u iai^ano kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i sdk na]‘ ]j‘ _kiiajpa‘ kj pda r]nekqo ‘n]bpo G lnk‘q_a‘- Ua ‘aherana‘ lnaoajp]pekjo ]p ] jqi^an kb ]_]‘aie_ ejopepqpekjo ]o sahh ]o pk Qqna Qp]np£o op]bb ]j‘ l]npjanodel ^k]n‘- Rdeo s]o ] jas atlaneaj_a bkn pda l]najpo ]j‘ _]nano ejrkhra‘+ sdk bkqj‘ pdaen _kjbe‘aj_a cnksejc sepd a]_d ‘aheranu: kja ski]j d]o oq^oamqajphu ^acqj ] qjeranoepu ‘acnaa- Gp ]hok i]‘a bkn ] iq_d ikna ajc]cejc lnaoajp]pekj bkn pda ]q‘eaj_a+ sepd pda eooqao pd]p sa n]eoa‘ ^aejc ‘eo_qooa‘ ajpdqoe]ope_]hhuGp s]o ]j ]npo,^]oa‘ lnaoajp]pekj kb naoa]n_d bej‘ejco pk ]j ]q‘eaj_a lna‘kiej]jphu _kjoeopejc kb iai^ano kb pda hk_]h _kiiqjepu+ ^qp ]hok ln]_pepekjano+ ]_]‘aie_o ]j‘ lkhe_u i]gano+ pd]p s]o _kjoe‘ana‘ pda ikop _nq_e]h ia]jo kb ‘eooaiej]pekj- Rdeo _kilneoa‘ psk odknp lh]uo+ pdnaa behio+ lkapnu na]‘ejco ]j‘ ] ‘eolh]u kb reoq]h ei]cao- Rda lh]uo sana lanbknia‘ ^u iai^ano kb pda ‘n]i] cnkql+ ]hh Qqna Qp]np l]najpo ]j‘ _]nano- Rda benop+ ?MJ 0YW >XTU+ ]j ¢apdjk,‘n]i]£ (Keaj_v]gksoge+ 1///) ejrkhra‘ o_nelpejc bnki pda ejpanreas pn]jo_nelpo ]j‘ dkjkqnejc pda ola]gano£ skn‘o ]o _hkoahu ]o lkooe^ha- Gp bk_qoao kj pdnaa skiaj s]epejc ]p ] ^qo opkl+ p]hgejc ]^kqp pdaen herao+ pdaen b]ieheao ]j‘ pdaen atlaneaj_ao kb Qqna Qp]np- Rda na]heoi kb pda skng lnkilpa‘ pda skiaj ejrkhra‘ pk _kiiajp pd]p pda o_nelp _kqh‘ ranu sahh ^a ] _kjrano]pekj pdau d]‘ d]‘Bn]sejc kj kqn _khha_pera ei]cej]pekjo+ ]bpan iq_d ‘ahe^an]pejc+ sa _]ia ql sepd ] oa_kj‘ odknp lh]u ^]oa‘ kj pda opknu kb pda BN^FVI TK ;^ sde_d sa na,pepha‘ pda BN^FVI TK @W pk bep sepd kqn p]ha- Rda opkneao pkh‘ ej pda lh]u ]na ]hh ^]oa‘ kj pdkoa pd]p sa sana pkh‘ ej pda _kqnoa kb pda naoa]n_d- Bknkpdu eo ] ukqjc ikpdan sdk d]o atlaneaj_a‘ lkopj]p]h ‘alnaooekj oej_a pda ^enpd kb ^]^u Rkpk- Qda eo qjd]llu sepd pdejco ]j‘ eo oa]n_dejc bkn ] jas heba bkn dan ]j‘ dan ‘]qcdpan- Mj dan fkqnjau oda iaapo Q_]na_nks- Q_]na_nks d]o ]hs]uo ^aaj pkh‘ oda£o opqle‘+ ^u dan l]najpo ]j‘ dan pa]_dano+ ]j‘ pd]p dan heba skqh‘ jaran ]ikqjp pk ]jupdejc- Jekj h]_go _kjbe‘aj_a ]j‘ op]uo ej‘kkno ]hh ‘]u s]p_dejc ‘]upeia pahareoekj- Reji]j eo nqopu ]bpan p]gejc peia kbb skng pk n]eoa deo okj-
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Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities
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Conclusion Udehop pda naoqhpo kb pda lnkfa_p ]na ne_d+ iqhpe,h]uana‘ ]j‘ kbpaj op]nphejc+ qhpei]pahu pda lnk_aoo kb pda naoa]n_d s]o jkp ianahu ]^kqp lnk‘q_ejc pdaoa naoqhpo- Rda nah]pekjodelo bknia‘+ pda ha]njejc atlaneaj_ao c]eja‘ ]j‘ pda qj‘anop]j‘ejc cha]ja‘ sana ranu iq_d pda opqbb kb heba epoahb?o sahh ]o ‘eo_qooejc pda bqj ]j‘ bneaj‘odel pda lnkfa_p lnkre‘a‘+ kja _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dan+ sdaj ]oga‘ sd]p oda d]‘ c]eja‘ bnki pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p+ ]josana‘9 133
Victoria Foster
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Soulful research: Using an arts-based methodology to authentically engage with local communities
Rda bkhhksejc lkai+ >YUJVMJVT+ sneppaj ^u ] ukqjc ikpdan ‘qnejc pda _kqnoa kb pda naoa]n_d ]^kqp dan okj+ ehhqopn]pao dks oq_d ] iapdk‘khkcu _]j ^nejc na]h dqi]jepu ]j‘ baahejc pk ] lkhe_u ]na] sde_d eo lh]cqa‘ sepd ieo]llnadajoekjo ]j‘ jac]pera naolkjoao pks]n‘o eilkraneoda‘ ukqjc ikpdano- Gp eo ] op]nphejc naiej‘an kb pda ejpajoa hkra ]j‘ n]s aikpekj pd]p pn]jo_aj‘o ^kqj‘]neao kb _h]oo ]j‘ _qhpqna ej nah]pekj pk _deh‘^enpd ]j‘ _deh‘na]nejc-
Superhero Fa o]ra‘ ia sepd deo lnaoaj_a9 bhqppanejc gjksha‘ca pd]p da d]‘ _kia pk hkra ]j‘ ^a hkra‘Fa o]ra‘ ia sepd deo auaoUeoa psej ]hikj‘ kn^o ]^okn^ejc pda ‘ei jecdp9 ]hh G d]‘ ‘na]ia‘ kbFa o]ra‘ ia sepd deo jaa‘9 ?o dahlhaoo ]o G d]‘ ^aaj dklahaoo+ deo cn]_abqh _n]ja,hac bejcano _hejcejc kjFa o]ra‘ ia sepd deo oehaj_a+ sde_d ^kna oq_d ]__alp]j_a+ ]j‘ openna‘ pda _kqn]ca G pdkqcdp d]‘ ckjaFa o]ra‘ ia sepd deo _kjpajpiajpRd]p qjsknpdu G _kqh‘ ‘n]s kqp deo oieha paopa‘ iu ^aheabFa o]ra‘ ia bnki pda h]ja G ha‘?o da pqnja‘ deo da]‘ pk _kjoe‘an deo benop ‘]u+ G o]s dkla bkn kqn b]iehu-
References ?h‘ne‘ca+ H- (0882)- Rda patpq]h ‘eoai^k‘eiajp kb gjksha‘ca ej naoa]n_d ]__kqjp snepejc- Qk_ekhkcu+ 16 (0)+ 42,55@]ibeah‘+ J- (1//4)- K]gejc pda lq^he_ _]oa bkn p]_ghejc lkranpu ]j‘ ejamq]hepu- Nkranpu (Hkqnj]h kb pda Adeh‘ Nkranpu ?_pekj Enkql)+ 010 (Qqiian)+ 4,7@]nnapp+ N-?- (1//0)- Rda a]nhu ikpdanejc lnkfa_p9 sd]p d]llaja‘ sdaj pda skn‘o ¢]_pekj naoa]n_d£ _]ia pk heba bkn ] cnkql kb ie‘serao- Gj N-Pa]okj ]j‘ F- @n]‘^qnu+ Feh]nu (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb 135
Victoria Foster
]_pekj naoa]n_d (ll 183,2//)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caBk_ganu+ E- (1///)- N]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d9 sdkoa nkhao+ sdkoa naolkjoe^ehepeao= Gj A- Rnqi]j+ B-KKanpajo+ ]j‘ @- Fqildneao (C‘o-)+ Paoa]n_d ]j‘ ejamq]hepu (ll 84,00/)- Jkj‘kj9 SAJ NnaooBq @keo+ @- (0872)- N]ooekj]pa o_dkh]nodel-Gj E- @kshao ]j‘ P- Bqahhe Ihaej (C‘o-)+ Rdakneao kb skiaj£o opq‘eao (ll 0/4,005)- Jkj‘kj9 Pkqpha‘ca ]j‘ Iac]j N]qhDanj]j‘ao+ J- (1//2)- Rn]jobkniejc baiejeop ln]_pe_a9 jkj,rekhaj_a+ ok_e]h fqope_a ]j‘ pda lkooe^ehepeao kb ] olenepq]heva‘ baiejeoi- Q]j Dn]joeo_k9 ?qjp Jqpa @kkgoDkopan+ T- (1//6])- Rda ?np kb Cil]pdu9 Cilhkuejc pda ]npo ej ok_e]h ejmqenu sepd lkkn skngejc, _h]oo skiaj- Qk_e]h Hqope_a+ 23 (0)Dkopan+ T- (1//6^)- U]uo kb Ijksejc ]j‘ Qdksejc9 Gi]cej]pekj ]j‘ nalnaoajp]pekj ej baiejeop l]npe_el]pknu ok_e]h naoa]n_d- Hkqnj]h kb Qk_e]h Ukng Nn]_pe_aEaknca+ ?- (0885)- Kapdk‘khkce_]h eooqao ej pda apdjkcn]lde_ opq‘u kb oatq]hepu9 atlaneaj_ao bnki @ki^]u- Gj I- Ba Ikjejc ]j‘ K- K]npej (C‘o-)+ N]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ej da]hpd9 eooqao ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao (ll 008,018)- Jkj‘kj9 Xa‘ @kkgoF]hh+ @- J- (1//0)- G seod pdeo sana ] lkai kb ln]_pe_ao kb l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d- Gj N-Pa]okj ]j‘ F@n]‘^qnu (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d (ll 060,067)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caFankj+ H- ]j‘ Pa]okj+ N-(1//0)- Rda ln]_pe_a kb _k,klan]pera ejmqenu9 naoa]n_d ⁄sepd¥ n]pdan pd]j ⁄kj¥ laklha- Gj N-Pa]okj ]j‘ F- @n]‘^qnu (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d (ll 068,077)Jkj‘kj9 Q]caFkhhks]u+ U- ]j‘ Habbanokj+ R- (1///)- Bkejc mq]hep]pera naoa]n_d ‘ebbanajphu- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caJarej+ K- ]j‘ Enaajskk‘+ B- (1//0)- Nn]ci]pe_ ]_pekj naoa]n_d ]j‘ pda opnqccha pk pn]jobkni qjeranoepeao ejpk ha]njejc _kiiqjepeao- Gj N-Pa]okj ]j‘ F- @n]‘^qnu (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d (ll 0/2,002)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caK]cqena+ N-(0885)- Nnklkoejc ] ikna baiejeop l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d9 gjksejc ]j‘ ^aejc ai^n]_a‘ klajhu- Gj I- Ba Ikjejc ]j‘ K- K]npej (C‘o-)+ N]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ej da]hpd9 eooqao ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao (ll 16,28)- Jkj‘kj9 Xa‘ @kkgoK]cqena+ N-(1//0)- Sjaraj Enkqj‘9 Daiejeoio ]j‘ ?_pekj Paoa]n_d- Gj N-Pa]okj ]j‘ F- @n]‘^qnu (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d (ll 48,58)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caKeaj_v]gksoge+ H- (1///)- Cpdjkcn]ldu ej pda bkni kb pda]pna sepd ai]j_el]pknu ejpajpekjo- Gj ARnqi]j+ B- K- Kanpajo ]j‘ @- Fqildneao (C‘o-)+ Paoa]n_d ]j‘ ejamq]hepu (ll 015,031)Jkj‘kj9 SAJ NnaooMbbe_a bkn L]pekj]h Qp]peope_o (1//0)- 1//0 Aajoqo9 Aajoqo ]na] op]peope_o- Papneara‘ 1/,Hqhu,1//2 bnki sss-jaecd^kqndkk‘-op]peope_o-ckr-qg.‘eooaiej]pekjPa]okj+ N-(1///)- ?_pekj naoa]n_d ]o olenepq]h ln]_pe_a- Ja]njejc Akiiqjepu Akjbanaj_a+ Sjeranoepu kb Qqnnau+ SI- K]u 3pd,4pd U]‘osknpd+ W- (1//0)- Rda iennkn+ pda i]cjebuejc ch]oo+ pda _kil]oo ]j‘ pda i]l9 b]_ehep]pejc l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d- Gj N-Pa]okj ]j‘ F- @n]‘^qnu (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb ?_pekj Paoa]n_d (ll 31/,321)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caUkhb+ K- (0881)- ? pdne_a pkh‘ p]ha9 baiejeoi+ lkopik‘anjeoi ]j‘ apdjkcn]lde_ naolkjoe^ehepuQp]jbkn‘+ A]h9 Qp]jbkn‘ Sjeranoepu Nnaoo-
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Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK Paula McGee Rdeo _d]lpan ‘n]so kj pda ]qpdkn£o atlaneaj_ao kb naoa]n_dejc pda iajp]h da]hpd kb Gneod laklha ej kja SI _epu- Rda i]ej bk_qo eo kj pda _khh]^kn]pera j]pqna kb ] lnkfa_p ej sde_d nalnaoajp]perao bnki Gneod sahb]na ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo+ op]pqpknu iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao ]j‘ naoa]n_dano sknga‘ pkcapdan- Paoa]n_dejc sepd _kiiqjepeao ej pdeo s]u namqenao naoa]n_dano pk ]‘klp jas s]uo kb skngejc pd]p _]j cna]phu ajd]j_a ]j ejraopec]pekj- Gj pdeo ejop]j_a _khh]^kn]pekj s]o l]npe_qh]nhu dahlbqh ej _na]pejc ]llnklne]pa ejbkni]pekj bkn lkpajpe]h l]npe_el]jpo+ _kiiqje_]pejc abba_perahu sepd pdai ]j‘ ej lnkikpejc ]s]najaoo kb pda lnkfa_pRdeo s]o l]npe_qh]nhu eilknp]jp ej ] lnkfa_p pd]p _kj_anja‘ kja kb pda SI£o ikop oaranahu i]ncej]heoa‘ iejknepu apdje_ cnkqlo sdkoa iai^ano bnamqajphu hera ej ranu lkkn _en_qiop]j_ao- Fksaran+ ]o pdeo _d]lpan odkso+ ] _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_d pk naoa]n_d _]j a]oehu ^a oq^ranpa‘ ^u ^qna]q_n]pe_ ]llnk]_dao pk naoa]n_d ckranj]j_a ]j‘ pdkoa naolkjoe^ha bkn ]‘iejeopanejc ckranj]j_a lnk_a‘qnao iqop ^a ^appan lnal]na‘ pk ]__kiik‘]pa pdeo pula kb naoa]n_d-
Rda da]hpd kb Gneod laklha ej pda SI eo ] okqn_a kb ej_na]oejc _kj_anj- Cre‘aj_a pk ‘]pa oqccaopo pd]p pdau atlaneaj_a decdan haraho kb ikn^e‘epu ]j‘ iknp]hepu pd]j kpdan eiiecn]jp cnkqlo (?^^kpo ap ]h- 1//0]: @n]_gaj+ 0887)- Gj pda 1//0 _ajoqo 06-3% kb sdepa+ ie‘‘ha,]ca‘ Gneod laklha (]ca‘ 4/,53 ua]no) nalknpa‘ lkkn da]hpd ]j‘ heba heiepejc ehhjaoo _kil]na‘ sepd 01-3% kb sdepa @nepeod naolkj‘ajpo- Rdeo le_pqna s]o nala]pa‘ ]ikjc ukqjcan laklha (]ca‘ 05,38 ua]no) sepd 4-3% kb Gneod ]‘qhpo nalknpejc lkkn da]hpd ]j‘ heba,heiepejc ehhjaoo _kil]na‘ sepd 2-8% kb pda sdepa @nepeod lklqh]pekj (U]hpan+ 1//3)- Gj ^kpd ]ca cnkqlo+ Gneod iaj nalknpa‘ lkknan da]hpd pd]j Gneod skiaj sdkoa da]hpd s]o ej pqnj sknoa pd]j pd]p kb pdaen sdepa @nepeod _kqjpanl]npo (U]hpan+ 1//3)Dqnpdan ]j]huoeo kb _ajoqo ‘]p] _kjbenio pd]p pda lan_ajp]ca kb Gneod laklha sdk atlaneaj_a hkjc,pani ehhjaoo eo decdan pd]j ej ]ju kpdan iejknepu apdje_ cnkql (oaa+ bkn at]ilha+ Bq‘hau Kapnklkhep]j @knkqcd Akqj_eh Aajoqo+ 1//0)T]nekqo na]okjo d]ra ^aaj lqp bkns]n‘ pk atlh]ej pda lkkn harah kb da]hpd atlaneaj_a‘ ^u Gneod laklha- Rdaoa ej_hq‘a lkranpu+ dkiahaoojaoo+ ok_e]h eokh]pekj+ nahecekj+ lnk^haio sepd ]h_kdkh ]j‘ kpdan neogu ^ad]rekqn ]j‘ pda a]oa kb iecn]pekj bnki Gnah]j‘ pk pda SI (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd Qk_e]h Qanre_ao ]j‘ Nq^he_ Q]bapu+ 1//2: ?^^kppo+ Uehhe]io ]j‘ Dkn‘+ 1//0^: Ah]nga+ 0887: Iahhadan &Fehhean+ 0885)- Rda a]oa ]j‘ ]bbkn‘]^ehepu kb pn]rah 137
Paula McGee
^apsaaj pda psk _kqjpneao+ pda _kiikj h]jcq]ca ]j‘ kpdan ]ll]najp oeieh]nepeao i]u _kjpne^qpa pk Gneod laklha nac]n‘ejc pda SI ]o ]j ]llnklne]pa ‘aopej]pekj bkn pdkoa sdk s]jp pk iecn]pa (M£Ka]_d]en+ 0885)- Fksaran+ pdkoa lan_aera‘ oeieh]nepeao+ _kqlha‘ sepd pda hac]_u kb _khkje]heoi ]j‘ pda lkhepe_]h eooqao oqnnkqj‘ejc Lknpdanj Gnah]j‘ d]ra iehep]pa‘ ]c]ejop pda bkni]pekj kb ] lkoepera Gneod e‘ajpepu ej pda SI (?olej]hh+ 1//1: U]hod & K_En]pd+ 1///: M£Ka]_d]en+ 0885)- Kknakran+ pda ]ll]najp oeieh]nepeao i]u i]og ‘ebbanejc qj‘anop]j‘ejco kb da]hpd ]j‘ ehhjaoo- Jeppha d]o ^aaj ‘kja pk _nepe_]hhu at]ieja ]ju kb pdaoa e‘a]o (M£Qqhher]j+ 1//0)Rdeo _d]lpan eo ^]oa‘ kj ] opq‘u ]^kqp Gneod laklha ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd- Gp ^acejo ^u oappejc pda o_aja+ atlh]ejejc pda ^]_gcnkqj‘ pk ]j‘ ]eio kb pda lnkfa_p- Gp pdaj ckao kj pk ]‘‘naoo psk eilknp]jp b]_pkno9 ‘arahklejc ] _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_d ]j‘ na_nqepejc l]npe_el]jpoIau ahaiajpo ej a]_d kb pdaoa b]_pkno ]na at]ieja‘- Rda _d]lpan _hkoao ^u aild]oeoejc pda jaa‘ bkn naoa]n_d ckranj]j_a lnk_a‘qnao pk p]ga ikna ]__kqjp kb pda s]uo ej sde_d _khh]^kn]pera lnkfa_po bqj_pekj eb _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp naoa]n_d ejpk pda da]hpd jaa‘o kb Gneod laklha eo pk ‘arahkl ejpk ] nk^qop okqn_a kb are‘aj_a bnki sde_d pk hk^^u bkn eilnkraiajpo-
Background to the project Rda Gneod Fa]hpd Qqiiep dah‘ ej K]j_daopan ej 1//3 decdhecdpa‘ _kj_anjo ]^kqp pda da]hpd ]j‘ sahh ^aejc kb Gneod laklha ej @nep]ej ]j‘ _]hha‘ bkn ikna pk ^a ‘kja pk ^nejc ]^kqp eilnkraiajpo- Kajp]h da]hpd s]o kb l]npe_qh]n _kj_anj ^a_]qoa Gneod laklha+ l]npe_qh]nhu iaj+ ]na pse_a ]o hegahu ]o pdaen sdepa @nepeod _kqjpanl]npo pk ^a ]‘ieppa‘ pk lou_de]pne_ dkolep]ho (@n]_gaj JX FQ+ 0887: Akii]j‘an JX FQ$ 0888: Fa]hpd_]na Akiieooekj+ 1//4)- Gneod laklha ]na ]hok ikna hegahu pd]j pdaen sdepa @nepeod _kqjpanl]npo pk _kiiep oqe_e‘a lkooe^hu ^a_]qoa herejc ]^nk]‘+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej pda SI+ eo opnaoobqh ]j‘ ‘kao jkp _kjpne^qpa pk pda ‘arahkliajp kb ] lkoepera apdje_ e‘ajpepu (Ja]rau+ 0888)- ? hkjcepq‘ej]h opq‘u ej pda saop kb Q_kph]j‘ bkqj‘ pd]p kh‘an ]‘qhpo kb Gneod A]pdkhe_ ‘ao_ajp sana ikna hegahu pd]j sdepa Q_kppeod laklha pk oqbban bnki ‘alnaooekj (?^^kppo JX FQ$ 1//0]: 1//0^: ?^^kppo+ Uehhe]io & Dkn‘+0888)- Qpehhsahh JX FQ- (1//3) bkqj‘ pd]p Gneod cenho ej pda SI ]na ikna hegahu pk ajc]ca ej ]h_kdkh ]^qoa pd]j ukqjc laklha bnki kpdan ^]_gcnkqj‘o?hkjcoe‘a pdaoa bej‘ejco ]na nalknpo ]^kqp pda _d]jcejc j]pqna kb heba ej pda Gneod Palq^he_Kai^anodel kb pda Cqnkla]j Sjekj d]o ^nkqcdp ]j qjaraj ‘eopne^qpekj kb lnkolanepu ej ] lnarekqohu ranu lkkn _kqjpnu- Rdeo d]o d]‘ ] i]nga‘ abba_p l]npe_qh]nhu ej nqn]h ]na]o sdana pn]‘epekj]h i]ha nkhao d]ra ^aaj ank‘a‘ kn ]^]j‘kja‘ (Ah]nga+ 0887)- Rda n]pa kb oqe_e‘a ej Gnah]j‘ d]o neoaj+ aola_e]hhu ]ikjcop ukqjc iaj (Juj_d JX FQ$ 1//3)- Gj Lknpdanj Gnah]j‘ kja ej bkqn laklha _kjoqhp pdaen EN ^a_]qoa kb iajp]h ehh da]hpd ]j‘ ]j aopei]pa‘ 72+/// laklha oqbban bnki okia bkni kb iajp]h ehhjaoo (C]opanj Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h Qanre_ao @k]n‘+ 1//2)138
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK
Kajp]h da]hpd eo+ pdanabkna+ _ha]nhu ]j ]na] kb _kj_anj bkn Gneod laklha ^qp pdana ]na kpdan b]_pkno pk _kjoe‘an+ ikop jkp]^hu pda hkjc deopknu kb n]_eoi ]j‘ ‘eo_neiej]pekj+ atpaj‘ejc kran dqj‘na‘o kb ua]no ]j‘ ‘ena_pa‘ ^u pda @nepeod ]c]ejop Gneod laklha- Sjpeh pda ejpnk‘q_pekj kb haceoh]pekj ]^kqp n]_a nah]pekjo ej pda a]nhu 086/o ailhkuano ]j‘ h]j‘hkn‘o _kqh‘ ]‘ranpeoa r]_]j_eao ]j‘+ ]p pda o]ia peia+ klajhu op]pa pd]p Gneod laklha sana jkp sah_kia- Rda ejpnk‘q_pekj kb ]jpe,pannkneop haceoh]pekj ia]jp pd]p ]hh Gneod laklha ej @nep]ej sana reasa‘ sepd oqole_ekj ]o lkpajpe]h pannkneopo ]j‘ kopn]_eoa‘ bnki pda i]ejopna]i ok_eapu (Fehhu]n‘+ 1//4: Q_]hhu+ 1//3: Iaja]hhu+ 0888)- Gneod laklha bkqj‘ pdaioahrao odqjja‘ ]p skng+ ol]p ]p ej pda opnaapo+ ^]nna‘ bnki odklo ]j‘ at_hq‘a‘ bnki aranu ]ola_p kb ok_eapu- ?ppepq‘ao pks]n‘o pda Gneod ej @nep]ej d]ra eilnkra‘ ej na_ajp ua]no- Gj‘aa‘ okia ]ola_po kb Gneod _qhpqna oq_d ]o ‘]j_a ]j‘ iqoe_ d]ra ^aaj na,ar]hq]pa‘ pk ^a_kia ]hikop _de_ ^qp pda lnkiejaj_a kb pdeo 7VNWM HYQXYVJ QNXJ i]ogo pda hac]_u kb kllnaooekj ]j‘ pda _kjpejq]j_a kb lnafq‘e_a ]j‘ ‘eo_neiej]pekj ej ikna oq^pha bknio: ^kpd kb sde_d oanra pk _na]pa ] oajoa kb ‘eopnqop pd]p i]u lnarajp Gneod laklha bnki oaagejc dahl a]nhu (oaa+ bkn at]ilha+ Udepikna+ 0883)Qq_d ‘eopnqop ]bbhe_po ]hok ]bbhe_po kpdan iejknepu cnkqlo- Dkn ejop]j_a+ ^h]_g laklha£o jac]pera atlaneaj_ao kb iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao d]ra _na]pa‘ ] sahh, ‘k_qiajpa‘ oajoa kb ‘eopnqop ]j‘ araj ba]n (oaa bkn at]ilha+ Rda Q]ejo^qnu Aajpna bkn Kajp]h Fa]hpd+ 1//1: Ia]pejc &Pk^anpokj+ 1//3: Lknbkhg+ Qqbbkhg ]j‘ A]i^ne‘caodena Fa]hpd ?qpdknepu+ 1//2)- Aqnnajp da]hpd lkhe_u eo ‘ena_pa‘ pks]n‘o ]‘‘naooejc pda _]qoao kb oq_d atlaneaj_ao ^u i]gejc oanre_ao ikna ]__aooe^ha ]j‘ ]llnklne]pa+ eilnkrejc skngejc ln]_pe_ao ]j‘ na‘q_ejc dkolep]h ]‘ieooekjo ^u ‘arahklejc ^appan lnei]nu _]na aola_e]hhu bkn pdkoa sepd hkjc pani _kj‘epekjo (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 0886+ 1///+ 1//3]+ 1//4^)- Gj pda _kjpatp kb iajp]h da]hpd+ pda ]_dearaiajp kb pdeo lkhe_u namqenao _kjoe‘an]pekj kb pda iqhpelha ok_e]h+ lou_dkhkce_]h ]j‘ a_kjkie_ b]_pkno pd]p _kjpne^qpa pk l]peajpo£ sahh ^aejc ]j‘ pda r]nekqo op]pqpknu ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu oanre_ao pd]p skng pk ]ooeop pdai- Gjpan,]caj_u _kklan]pekj ]j‘ _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_dao pk _]na bkni ]j aooajpe]h l]np kb dahlejc laklha pk i]ejp]ej pdaen iajp]h da]hpd ]j‘ lnkre‘a iq_d jaa‘a‘ oqllknp ‘qnejc at]_an^]pekjo kb pdaen _kj‘epekjo kn sdaj _neoao ]neoaAqnnajp da]hpd lkhe_u lh]_ao ] decd lneknepu kj n]_a ]j‘ amq]hepu eooqao (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 1//4]+ 1//3^+ 1//2]+ 1//2^)- Rdeo+ _kqlha‘ sepd ej_na]oejc sdepa eiiecn]pekj bnki Nkh]j‘+ ]j‘ kpdan bknian a]opanj ^hk_g _kqjpneao+ d]o _na]pa‘ ]j kllknpqjepu bkn ]j ]hna]‘u aop]^heoda‘ ^qp oaranahu i]ncej]heoa‘ sdepa iejknepu+ oq_d ]o pda Gneod+ pk najackpe]pa epo lkoepekj reo y reo pda ‘kiej]jp i]fknepu- Rdqo Gneod laklha ej pda SI d]ra ^acqj ]ogejc mqaopekjo ]^kqp pdaen da]hpd ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_ao ]j‘ ]na oaagejc s]uo kb ]‘‘naooejc pda ok_e]h ejamq]hepeao bnki sde_d i]ju oqbban-
Aims of the project Rda lnkfa_p nabanna‘ pk ej pdeo _d]lpan eo kja kb oaran]h ejopec]pa‘ ^u Gneod _kiiqjepu sahb]na knc]jeo]pekjo ej ‘ebbanajp _epeao ej pda SI- K]ju kb pdaoa lnkfa_po ]na opehh ej 139
Paula McGee
lnkcnaoo ^qp at]ilhao ej_hq‘a Jehheo+ ?bbkn‘ ]j‘ @unja (1//5)+ Pu]j JX FQ- (1//5)+ A]jp ]j‘ R]gap (1//4) ]j‘ U]hho (1//3)Dkhhksejc pda Gneod da]hpd oqiiep ej 1//3+ ] oaneao kb iaapejco sana dah‘+ ]p pda ejopec]pekj kb ]j Gneod sahb]na knc]jeo]pekj+ ej kja SI _epu+ pk ‘eo_qoo sd]p _kqh‘ ^a ‘kja pk eilnkra Gneod da]hpd hk_]hhu- Akjp]_p s]o i]‘a pdnkqcd pda i]ehejc heop lnkre‘a‘ bkn pdkoa ]ppaj‘ejc pda oqiiep ]j‘ skn‘ kb ikqpd- Rdkoa sdk ]ppaj‘a‘ nalnaoajpa‘ pda Gneod _kiiqjepu sahb]na knc]jeo]pekjo ej pda ]na] ]o sahh ]o da]hpd ]j‘ ok_e]h _]na lnkbaooekj]ho bnki ln]_pe_a ]j‘ qjeranoepu oappejco ^kpd ej pda _epu ]j‘ pda oqnnkqj‘ejc ]na]- Rdkoa laklha sana+ bkn pda ikop l]np+ aepdan benop kn oa_kj‘ cajan]pekj Gneod laklha+ pda ]qpdkn danoahb ^aejc oa_kj‘ cajan]pekj- Rda iaapejco bk_qoa‘ kj sd]p ep s]o hega pk ^a ]j Gneod lanokj herejc ej @nep]ej+ sd]p b]_pkno+ ej_hq‘ejc da]hpd+ ejbhqaj_a‘ ‘]ehu heba ]j‘ dks pdaoa iecdp ^a _d]jca‘: bkn okia iai^ano pdeo s]o pda benop peia pdau d]‘ d]‘ pda kllknpqjepu bkn oq_d ‘eo_qooekj- Qkia ej‘ere‘q]ho _]ia kjhu kj_a+ kpdano ‘ella‘ ej ]j‘ kqp ^qp cn]‘q]hhu ] _kna cnkql aianca‘ sepd okia _ha]n e‘a]o bkn ] s]u bkns]n‘- Rdeo cnkql ej_hq‘a‘ nalnaoajp]perao kb pda Gneod sahb]na knc]jeo]pekj+ ] _kqjoahhejc oanre_a bkn Gneod laklha+ pda Da‘an]pekj kb Gneod Qk_eapeao+ cajan]h ln]_pe_a ]j‘ op]pqpknu iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao ej pda L]pekj]h Fa]hpd Qanre_a ]j‘ qjeranoepu,^]oa‘ jqnoa naoa]n_dano- ?hh sana ^]oa‘ ej pda _epu ]j‘ pda cnkql _kjpejqa‘ pk iaap nacqh]nhu ‘qnejc pda bkhhksejc ua]n pk ‘arahkl ] _khh]^kn]pera lnkfa_pRda ]eio kb pdeo lnkfa_p sana pdnaabkh‘9 pk i]l pda j]pqna ]j‘ ]__aooe^ehepu kb op]pqpknu ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu lnei]nu _]na iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao ]r]eh]^ha pk Gneod laklha: atlhkna pda reaso ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao kb Gneod laklha sdk qoa‘ iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao: at]ieja eb ]j‘ dks ln]_pepekjano ]‘]lpa‘ pdaen ln]_pe_a pk iaap pda jaa‘o kb Gneod _heajpo- Dqj‘ejc s]o n]eoa‘ ^u pda Gneod sahb]na knc]jeo]pekj sde_d ejopec]pa‘ pda ejepe]h iaapejco- Rda hkjc,pani ejpajpekj s]o pk qpeheoa pda bej‘ejco pk ‘arahkl ln]_pe_]h cqe‘ahejao bkn _qhpqn]hhu, _kilapajp ^aop ln]_pe_a ej skngejc sepd Gneod qoano kb iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao-
Issues in collaborative working Gj ‘aoecjejc pdeo lnkfa_p+ ] jqi^an kb eooqao ]nkoa ]j‘ pdeo _d]lpan lnaoajpo ] ‘eo_qooekj kb psk kb pdaoa9 IJZJQTUNSL F HTQQFGTVFXNZJ FUUVTFHM ]j‘ VJHVYNXNSL UFVXNHNUFSXW& Rdaoa b]_pkno ]na ‘eo_qooa‘ ^ahks-
Developing a collaborative approach ?hh da]hpd ]j‘ ok_e]h _]na naoa]n_d ej pda SI d]o pk _kjbkni pk pda namqenaiajpo kb pda Paoa]n_d Ekranj]j_a Dn]iaskng- Rdeo op]pao pd]p+ sdanaran lkooe^ha+ l]npe_el]jpo kn pdaen nalnaoajp]perao iqop ^a ejrkhra‘ ej pda ‘aoecj+ _kj‘q_p+ ]j]huoeo ]j‘ nalknpejc kb lnkfa_po (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 1//0+ 1//4_)- Rdeo namqenaiajp ej‘e_]pao ] ldehkoklde_]h odebp bnki ‘kejc naoa]n_d TS pk qj‘anp]gejc naoa]n_d [NXM pdkoa ^aejc ejraopec]pa‘ (K_Eaa+ 1//6)- Rdeo eo l]npe_qh]nhu eilknp]jp ej naoa]n_dejc iejknepu apdje_ _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ 140
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK
aola_e]hhu sdaj ]‘‘naooejc oajoepera pkle_o oq_d ]o iajp]h da]hpd sde_d _]nneao ] decd ‘acnaa kb ok_e]h opeci]- ? _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_d pd]p ejrkhrao lkpajpe]h l]npe_el]jpo kn pdaen nalnaoajp]perao namqenao naoa]n_dano pk ]‘]lp pdaen ogehho ]j‘ pk ha]nj jas kjaoN]npe_el]jpo ]na jk hkjcan pda k^fa_po kb opq‘u+ ola_eiajo pk ^a ejraopec]pa‘: n]pdan pdau ]na laklha+ amq]h pk pda naoa]n_dan+ sdk d]ra _kjpne^qpekjo pk i]ga pk pda ‘arahkliajp kb iqpq]h qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb ] lnk^hai ]j‘ pda s]uo ej sde_d ep iecdp ^a ]‘‘naooa‘Fksaran+ ‘arahklejc okqj‘ skngejc nah]pekjodelo pd]p sehh oqop]ej pda _kj‘q_p kb pdeo pula kb lnkfa_p namqena _kjoe‘an]^ha ejraopiajp kb peia ]j‘ ajancu- Gj pda lnkfa_p ‘eo_qooa‘ dana+ ep pkkg ] ua]n bkn pda lnkfa_p pa]i pk ha]nj pk skng pkcapdan ]j‘ ‘aoecj pda lnkfa_pMja kb pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao s]o pd]p ]hh pda iai^ano sana ranu ^qou laklha sepd heiepa‘ peia ]r]eh]^ha ]j‘ ok iaapejco sana jkp ]o bnamqajp ]o+ sepd dej‘oecdp+ pdau kqcdp pk d]ra ^aaj: okiapeiao psk kn pdnaa ikjpdo ah]loa‘ ^apsaaj iaapejco? oa_kj‘ ‘ebbe_qhpu s]o pda _kjbhe_p ^apsaaj ‘arahklejc ] _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_d ]j‘ iaapejc pda ‘ai]j‘o kb naoa]n_d ckranj]j_a- Pa]okj (0883) ]ncqao pd]p naoa]n_d _]j kjhu ^a _kj‘q_pa‘ [NXM laklha eb pda naoa]n_dan ajc]cao sepd pdai ]o laklha ^a_]qoa sdeha ⁄YSIJVWXFSINSL FSI FHXNTS FVJ QTLNHFQQ] WJUFVFXJ$ XMJ] HFSSTX GJ WJUFVFXJI NS QNKJ- WT F WHNJSHJ TK UJVWTSW RYWX GJ FS FHXNTS WHNJSHJ¥ (Pa]okj+ 0883+ l-0/)- Paoa]n_dano _]j kjhu ]_deara qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda sknh‘ eb pdau ]__alp pd]p pdau ]na l]np kb ep- N]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao pk naoa]n_d _]j ejpacn]pa o_eajpebe_ e‘a]o sepd ^aejc klaj pk laklha ]o bahhks dqi]j ^aejco ]j‘ pdqo _kjpne^qpa pk ] ‘aalan qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb dqi]j ateopaj_a (Pa]okj+ 0883)?llhuejc oq_d ]llnk]_dao namqenao naoa]n_dano pk ]‘klp jas s]uo kb skngejc ^a_kiejc iai^ano kb ] cnkql kj ]j amq]h bkkpejc sepd kpdan iai^ano- Rdeo ]hhkso aranu iai^an pk ^a ] naokqn_a bkn pda cnkql+ od]nejc ‘ebbanejc lanola_perao ]j‘ atlanpeoa kj ] _kklan]pera ^]oeo n]pdan na_aerejc ejopnq_pekjo bnki ] ‘aoecj]pa‘ ha]‘an- Qq_d ]j ]llnk]_d _]j i]ga bkn ohks lnkcnaoo ]j‘ pdejco ‘k jkp ]hs]uo ‘arahkl ej ] opna]iheja‘+ heja]n b]odekj ^qp ep ‘kao ia]j pd]p naoa]n_dano ]na jk hkjcan skngejc ]hkja: ejopa]‘ pdana eo ] iq_d ne_dan naoa]n_d pa]i ej sde_d i]ju ‘ebbanajp lanola_perao ]j‘ okqn_ao kb atlanpeoa ]na ^nkqcdp pk ^a]n kj pda ejraopec]pekjSjbknpqj]pahu+ pdeo _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_d eo kqp kb opal sepd pda ‘ai]j‘o kb kbbe_e]h ^k‘eao- Rda Paoa]n_d Ekranj]j_a Dn]iaskng i]u _h]ei pk aolkqoa pda r]hqao kb _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d ^qp pdkoa _d]nca‘ sepd ]‘iejeopanejc ep _kjpejqa pk hkkg bkn lnkfa_p ha]‘ano+ e‘ajpebe]^ha laklha sepd sdki pk _kiiqje_]pa ]j‘ sdki pdau nac]n‘ ]o naolkjoe^ha bkn pda naoa]n_d (Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ 1//0+ 1//4_)- ?‘danaj_a pk pda Dn]iaskng namqena‘ pd]p pda lnklkoa‘ opq‘u ^a nareasa‘ ^u ]j LFQ Paoa]n_d Cpde_o Akiieppaa ]j‘ pd]p lanieooekj ^a k^p]eja‘ bnki pda Sjeranoepu olkjoknodel _kiieppaa ]j‘ pda r]nekqo LFQ naoa]n_d ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ‘al]npiajpo _kj_anja‘: ]hh kb pdaoa ^k‘eao namqena‘ pd]p ] j]ia‘ ej‘ere‘q]h p]ga pda nkha kb _deab NSZJWXNLFXTV& Rdeo nkha benop namqenao pda _kilhapekj kb ] _kjoe‘an]^ha ]ikqjp kb l]lanskng: pdnaa ‘ebbanajp ]llhe_]pekj bknio ej sde_d pda lnkfa_p iqop ^a atlh]eja‘ ej ‘ap]eh+ pda apde_]h+ o]bapu+ ‘]p] i]j]caiajp ]j‘ _kopejc ‘ap]eho _ha]nhu oap kqp sepdkqp _qppejc ]j‘ l]opejc bnki pda naoa]n_d lnkpk_kh- ?hh naoa]n_d pkkho ]j‘ l]npe_el]jp ejbkni]pekj i]pane]h: sneppaj lanieooekj bkn ]__aoo pk 141
Paula McGee
l]peajpo ]j‘ op]bb+ ]o naoa]n_d oq^fa_po+ iqop ^a ej_hq‘a‘- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ bkni]h lkhe_a _da_go iqop ^a _]nnea‘ kqp kj pda HMNJK NSZJWXNLFXTV ]j‘ ]jukja ahoa ej pda pa]i sdk sehh d]ra _kjp]_p sepd l]peajpo- Kkna eilknp]jphu+ pda HMNJK NSZJWXNLFXTV eo namqena‘ pk oecj hac]hhu ^ej‘ejc ]cnaaiajpo nac]n‘ejc pda _kj‘q_p kb pda naoa]n_d- D]ehqna pk e‘ajpebu ] HMNJK NSZJWXNLFXTV ia]jo pd]p pda ]llhe_]pekjo bkn apde_]h nareas ]j‘ lanieooekjo pk _kj‘q_p pda naoa]n_d sehh ^a ‘aaia‘ ejr]he‘Udehop ep eo necdp ]j‘ lnklan pd]p ]hh lnklkoa‘ naoa]n_d ejrkhrejc laklha odkqh‘ ^a oq^fa_p pk o_nqpeju+ pda ja_aooepu kb d]rejc ] HMNJK NSZJWXNLFXTV _kjpn]‘e_po pda apdko kb _khh]^kn]pera skngejc ]j‘ i]gao ep ‘ebbe_qhp pk i]ejp]ej- Gp eo jkp oeilhu pd]p behhejc kqp bknio ]j‘ ]ooai^hejc pda l]lanskng p]gao mqepa ] hkjc kb peia ^qp pd]p ep s]o ejarep]^ha pd]p kja lanokj (pda ]qpdkn) d]‘ pk p]ga ]ooqia pda HMNJK NSZJWXNLFXTVaW naolkjoe^ehepu bkn opaanejc pda lnkfa_p pdnkqcd pdeo oaneao kb nareaso- Rdqo+ pda ]qpdkn bkqj‘ danoahb oal]n]pa‘ bnki pda pa]i+ ej ‘]jcan kb ohellejc ^]_g ejpk pn]‘epekj]h s]uo kb skngejc- Akiiajpo bnki pa]i iai^ano mqaopekjejc sdapdan pda lnkfa_p skqh‘ aran ^acej+ ]^oaj_ao bnki pa]i iaapejco ]hh oqccaopa‘ pk dan pd]p pda pa]i s]o ^acejjejc pk hkoa _kdaoekjRdeo oepq]pekj ‘aikjopn]pao pda eilknp]j_a kb nabhaterepu ej mq]hep]pera ejraopec]pekjo- @u i]ejp]ejejc ] nabha_pera ‘e]nu pdnkqcdkqp pda lnkfa_p pda ]qpdkn s]o ]^ha pk at]ieja arajpo ]j‘ ‘arahkl ]j ]s]najaoo kb pdaen eilhe_]pekjo ]p ]j a]nhu op]ca (Ik_d+ 0883)- Gj pdeo ‘e]nu oda na_kn‘a‘ arajpo ]o pdau ]nkoa+ pda _en_qiop]j_ao ej sde_d pdau k__qnna‘+ sd]p oda pdkqcdp ]^kqp pdai+ sd]p ]_pekjo sana p]gaj ]j‘ sdu- Rdeo ‘e]nu bknia‘ l]np kb ]j ]q‘ep pda pn]eh bkn pda lnkfa_p+ pda naop ^aejc i]‘a ql kb iejqpao bnki pa]i iaapejco ]j‘ ai]eh _kiiqje_]pekjo ^apsaaj pa]i iai^ano- Rdqo+ pda ]qpdkn s]o ]^ha pk i]ejp]ej oahb, ]s]najaoo+ na_kcjeoejc pda oecjebe_]j_a kb dan eokh]pekj bnki pda pa]i ]j‘ pda s]uo ej sde_d atpanekn ‘ai]j‘o _]j ]hpan pda ‘uj]ie_o kb pda pa]i (Jelokj+ 0880)- Qda s]o pdaj ]^ha pk i]ga ] _kjo_ekqo abbknp pk kbboap pdeo ^u nacqh]nhu ai]ehejc iai^ano ]^kqp sd]p oda s]o ‘kejc+ sdu+ pda ‘a]‘hejao bkn oq^ieooekjo pk pda r]nekqo _kiieppaao ]j‘ sdaj oda atla_pa‘ pk na_aera pda kqp_kiao kb pda nareaso- Rdeo dahla‘ pk gaal pda pa]i ejbknia‘ ]^kqp sd]p s]o d]llajejc ]j‘ na‘q_a qja]oa ]^kqp pda hajcpd kb peia ejrkhra‘ ^qp ep ‘e‘ jkp ]hpan pda b]_p pd]p ‘eonqlpekj d]‘ k__qnna‘-
Recruiting participants Beo_qooekj ]j‘ naoa]n_d sepdej pda lnkfa_p pa]i ejbknia‘ pda reas pd]p Gneod laklha ^knj ]j‘ n]eoa‘ ej pda SI iecdp d]ra ‘ebbanajp lanola_perao ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao bnki pdkoa sdk _]ia pk skng ej pda 084/o ]j‘ 085/o- Akjoamqajphu+ ] ‘a_eoekj s]o i]‘a pk bk_qo kj pdnaa oq^cnkqlo kb Gneod laklha9 0op cajan]pekj ~ pdkoa ^knj ej Gnah]j‘ sdk i]‘a ] ‘a_eoekj pk _kia pk pda SI ]o ]‘qhpo: 1j‘ cajan]pekj ~ pdkoa ^knj ej pda SI ^qp sdk d]‘ kja kn ^kpd l]najpo ^knj ej Gnah]j‘: ]j‘ 142
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK
2n‘ cajan]pekj ~ pdkoa ^knj ej @nep]ej+ sdk d]‘ kja kn ikna cn]j‘l]najpo ^knj ej Gnah]j‘?j eilknp]jp _kj_anj s]o dks pk e‘ajpebu iai^ano kb pdaoa pdnaa cnkqlo- N]peajp heopo sana qjhegahu ^a qoabqh ej e‘ajpebuejc Gneod laklha: skiaj ej l]npe_qh]n iecdp lnkra eilkooe^ha pk pn]_a eb pdau d]‘ i]nnea‘+ pda olahhejc kb okia j]iao _kqh‘ ia]j pd]p okia Gneod laklha sana ieop]gajhu pdkqcdp pk ^a Q_kppeod+ kpdano iecdp d]ra _d]jca‘ kn ]hpana‘ pda olahhejc kb pdaen j]iao- Rda Gneod sahb]na ]j‘ _kqjoahhejc knc]jeo]pekjo lnkre‘a‘ oanre_ao bkn ]hh Gneod laklha ^qp ep s]o bahp pd]p okia kb pda oa_kj‘ ]j‘ pden‘ cajan]pekjo iecdp jkp nac]n‘ pdaoa ]o l]npe_qh]nhu oqepa‘ pk pdaen jaa‘oAkjoamqajphu+ ep s]o ]cnaa‘ pd]p iqhpelha opn]paceao odkqh‘ ^a qoa‘ pk na_nqep l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ aj_kqn]ca pdkoa qoejc iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao pk cap ejrkhra‘ sepd ]j‘ _kjpne^qpa pk pda lnkfa_p- Rdeo d]‘ pda ]‘r]jp]ca kb ]ppn]_pejc laklha+ bnki ] se‘a n]jca kb ^]_gcnkqj‘o ]_nkoo pda _epu+ sdk _kqh‘ ^a oahb,oaha_pejc ej panio kb pdaen ejrkhraiajp- Akjoamqajphu iqhpelha opn]paceao sana ailhkua‘ ]j‘ opnajcpdaja‘ ^u pda iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu j]pqna kb pda lnkfa_p pa]i- Kai^ano sana ]^ha pk qoa pdaen ksj japskngo pk lnkikpa pda lnkfa_p pdqo na]_dejc ]o i]ju laklha ]o lkooe^ha- Nkopano ]j‘ ha]bhapo sana lh]_a‘ ej Gneod sahb]na knc]jeo]pekjo+ lq^he_ he^n]neao+ haeoqna _ajpnao+ _heje_o ]j‘ da]hpd _ajpnao: pda Qp N]pne_g£o B]u l]n]‘a lnkre‘a‘ ] l]npe_qh]nhu ckk‘ kllknpqjepu pk na]_d ] ranu h]nca jqi^an kb laklha pdnkqcd pda ‘ebbanajp knc]jeo]pekjo p]gejc l]np- Da]pqna ]npe_hao sana lq^heoda‘ ej hk_]h ]j‘ Gneod jasol]lano- Fksaran+ pdkoa iai^ano kb pda lnkfa_p pa]i sdk sknga‘ ej Gneod sahb]na ]‘reoa‘ pd]p+ ej pdaen atlaneaj_a+ i]ju kh‘an Gneod laklha _kqh‘ jkp na]‘ ]j‘ snepa ranu sahh- Akjoamqajphu+ ]nn]jcaiajpo sana i]‘a bkn ejpanreaso ]p hk_]h n]‘ek op]pekjo ]j‘ kn]h lnaoajp]pekjo sana i]‘a ]p Gneod hqj_dakj _hq^o ]nkqj‘ pda _epu?j eilknp]jp ahaiajp kb pdeo na_nqepiajp _]il]ecj s]o pk _kjrau+ pk iai^ano kb ] _kiiqjepu i]ncej]heoa‘ ^a_]qoa kb apdje_epu ]j‘ pda opeci] kb iajp]h da]hpd lnk^haio+ pd]p pda Gneod sahb]na ]j‘ _kqjoahhejc knc]jeo]pekjo ]j‘ pda op]pqpknu oanre_ao sana l]np kb ]j‘ ]_perahu oqllknpa‘ pda lnkfa_p- Mja opn]pacu ailhkua‘ pk ]_deara pdeo s]o pk ajoqna pd]p ]hh lnkikpekj]h i]pane]h _]nnea‘ pda hkcko kb pda knc]jeo]pekjo ejrkhra‘ ]j‘ ] op]paiajp ]^kqp pdaen oqllknp- Mn]h lnaoajp]pekjo sana ]hok i]‘a pk _kiiqjepu lou_de]pne_ jqnoejc pa]io ]nkqj‘ pda _epu pk ajoqna pd]p+ eb pdaen _heajpo ]oga‘ ]^kqp pda lnkfa_p+ pdau skqh‘ ^a ]^ha pk ‘eo_qoo ep sepd pdai- Rda ia‘e_]h ‘ena_pkn ajoqna‘ pd]p ]hh pda _kjoqhp]jp lou_de]pneopo sana ]hok ejbknia‘ ]^kqp pda lnkfa_pRda lnkfa_p pa]i dah‘ oaran]h ‘eo_qooekjo ]^kqp pda hks haraho kb hepan]_u ]ikjc kh‘an+ benop cajan]pekj+ Gneod laklha- Rda Paoa]n_d Ekranj]j_a Dn]iaskng lnkre‘ao ‘ap]eha‘ cqe‘ahejao ]^kqp pda ejbkni]pekj sde_d ]hh naoa]n_dano iqop lnaoajp pk pdkoa pdau oaag pk na_nqep ]o l]npe_el]jpo (L]pekj]h Paoa]n_d Cpde_o Qanre_a+ 1//6)- Rdaoa cqe‘ahejao opelqh]pa ]hh pda pkle_ ]na]o pk ^a _krana‘ ]j‘ sd]p iqop ^a _kjraua‘- D]ehqna pk _kilhu sepd pdaoa cqe‘ahejao ia]jo pd]p lnkfa_po sehh jkp ^a ]llnkra‘ ^u pda Paoa]n_d Cpde_o AkiieppaaDkn pda lnkfa_p pa]i pdaoa cqe‘ahejao sana dahlbqh ej e‘ajpebuejc sd]p d]‘ pk ^a _kjraua‘ 143
Paula McGee
pk lkpajpe]h l]npe_el]jpo ^qp ‘eopej_phu qjdahlbqh ej panio kb pda harah ]j‘ pula kb h]jcq]ca pd]p s]o qoa‘- Rsk i]ej lnk^haio sana e‘ajpebea‘ ^u pda pa]i9 pda _kilhatepu kb h]jcq]ca qoa‘: h]jcq]ca ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pekj opuhao ]ikjc Gneod laklhaRdana sana oaran]h lkejpo pk _kjoe‘an ej nah]pekj pk pdaoa lnk^haio- Udehop pda i]fknepu kb Gneod laklha ola]g Cjcheod ]o ] benop h]jcq]ca+ okia i]u lnaban pk ola]g E]ahe_+ l]npe_qh]nhu pdkoa sdk ]na benop cajan]pekj eiiecn]jpo pk pda SI bnki pda saop kb Gnah]j‘- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ sdaj Gneod laklha ola]g ej Cjcheod+ pdaen e‘eki]pe_ qoa kb pda h]jcq]ca ‘ebbano bnki pd]p kb kpdan Cjcheod ola]gano ej pda o]ia s]u pd]p Cjcheod olkgaj ej pda SQ+ Las Xa]h]j‘+ Gj‘e] ]j‘ Cqnkla]j _kqjpneao i]u ‘ebban oq^phu bnki pd]p olkgaj ej pda SI- Craj sepdej pda SI+ hk_]h r]ne]pekjo ]j‘ ‘e]ha_po _]j iehep]pa ]c]ejop abba_pera _kiiqje_]pekj (Anuop]h+ 0886: K_Eaa+ 1///)Gp s]o+ pdanabkna+ aooajpe]h pk bej‘ ]llnklne]pa s]uo kb _kiiqje_]pejc sd]p pda lnkfa_p s]o ]^kqp- Gjbkni]pekj i]pane]ho sajp pdnkqcd oaran]h ‘n]bpo sde_d sana pda bk_]h lkejp kb oaran]h _kjoa_qpera pa]i iaapejco ej sde_d pda ‘eo_qooekjo bk_qoa‘ kj pda oqep]^ehepu ]j‘ na]‘]^ehepu kb pda h]jcq]ca qoa‘ ok pd]p pdkoa sepd heiepa‘ hepan]_u skqh‘ jkp ^a ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca‘ (oaa ]llaj‘et)- Pa]‘]^ehepu eo ]j ]ppailp pk i]p_d pda na]‘ejc harah kb sneppaj i]pane]h pk pda na]‘ejc sepd qj‘anop]j‘ejc harah kb pda na]‘an: ej kpdan skn‘o okiakja i]u ^a ]^ha pk na]‘ _kilhe_]pa‘ i]pane]h+ na_kcjeoa pda skn‘o+ ^qp jkp qj‘anop]j‘ ep (K_J]qcdhej+ 0858)- Dkn at]ilha+ ^quano i]u ^a ]^ha pk na]‘ pda ]ooai^hu ejopnq_pekjo pd]p ]__kil]ju bh]p l]_g bqnjepqna ^qp opehh jkp qj‘anop]j‘ dks pk lqp pkcapdan sd]p pdau d]ra ^kqcdp- Rda _ki^ej]pekj kb atlanpeoa bnki benop cajan]pekj Gneod laklha kb ‘ebbanejc ]cao ej pda lnkfa_p pa]i ]j‘ pda _kj_alp kb na]‘]^ehepu aj]^ha‘ pda naoa]n_d pa]i pk lnk‘q_a ejbkni]pekj pd]p s]o ia]jejcbqh bkn lkpajpe]h l]npe_el]jpo- Rdeo ejbkni]pekj s]o pdaj na_kn‘a‘ kjpk AB+ qoejc pda rke_ao kb benop cajan]pekj Gneod iaj ]j‘ skiaj- Pa_kn‘ejco sana i]‘a ej Cjcheod ]j‘ ej E]ahe_ pk ajoqna pd]p ]o i]ju laklha ]o lkooe^ha d]‘ pda kllknpqjepu pk bej‘ kqp ]^kqp pda lnkfa_p (oaa ]llaj‘et)?hhea‘ pk h]jcq]ca eo pda i]ppan kb _kiiqje_]pekj opuha+ _qhpqn]hhu,^]oa‘ e‘a]o ]^kqp jkp kjhu sd]p _]j ^a o]e‘+ sdaj ]j‘ pk sdki ^qp ]hok dks- Gp eo eilknp]jp bkn naoa]n_dano pk ^a ]s]na kb ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ pdaen ksj _kiiqje_]pekj opuhao ]j‘ dks pdaoa i]u ‘ebban bnki pdkoa kb l]npe_el]jpo: pdeo eo l]np kb pda naoa]n_dan£o oahb ]s]najaoo sepdej pda _kjpatp kb ] lnkfa_p: ‘arahklejc oahb ]s]najaoo eo ]j aooajpe]h opal ej ^a_kiejc _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp (K_Eaa &Hkdjokj+ 1//4)- Gj_kil]pe^ehepu ej _kiiqje_]pekj opuhao dej‘ano abba_pera _kiiqje_]pekj ]j‘ qj‘aniejao ejpan]_pekjo- Naklha ‘k jkp baah ]p a]oa ]j‘ _kjoamqajphu ‘k jkp baah pdau _]j pnqop pda lanokj pk sdki pdau ]na ola]gejc (A]ilejd] @]_kpa+ 1//2+ 0880)- Gj pdeo lnkfa_p+ ‘arahklejc oahb,]s]najaoo ]^kqp _kiiqje_]pekj opuha s]o ]j eilknp]jp opal-Gp ia]jp ]npe_qh]pejc sd]p s]o p]gaj bkn cn]jpa‘ ej ‘]ehu ejpan]_pekj ]j‘ dks pdeo iecdp ]bba_p pda naoa]n_d- Rdeo ha‘ pk pda na]heo]pekj pd]p pda cnkql skqh‘ jaa‘ dahl ej _khha_pejc ]j‘ ]j]huoejc ‘]p]- Rda oa_kj‘ cajan]pekj Gneod laklha ej pda lnkfa_p pa]i d]‘ Cjcheod ]__ajpo ]j‘ i]jjano ]j‘ okia benop cajan]pekj Gneod laklha iecdp sahh d]ra ieop]gaj pdai bkn Cjcheod laklha ]j‘ jkp s]jp pk ‘eo_qoo _anp]ej i]ppano sepd pdaiAkjoamqajphu+ pda pa]i ‘a_e‘a‘ pk na_nqep dahl sepd ‘]p] _khha_pekj bnki ]ikjc pda 144
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK
hejgskngano ej pda Gneod sahb]na knc]jeo]pekj- Rdaoa hejgskngano sknga‘ sepd Gneod laklha sdk sana kbpaj ej ‘ena ok_e]h ]j‘ bej]j_e]h opn]epo: pdau sana gjksj ]j‘ pnqopa‘ ^u pdaen _heajpo- Rda ]qpdkn ]j‘ ] _khha]cqa bnki pda qjeranoepu lnkre‘a‘ pn]ejejc bkn oet rkhqjpaan hejgskngano sdk sana pdaj ]^ha pk l]npe_el]pa ej ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]o _k,naoa]n_dano- ?o pda lnkfa_p ckp qj‘ans]u pdaen dahl s]o ejr]hq]^ha ej ]__aooejc pda reaso ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao kb okia kb pda lkknaop+ ikop ok_e]hhu at_hq‘a‘ laklha ej pda _epu: ej‘ere‘q]ho sdkoa opkneao ]j‘ rke_ao skqh‘ jkp kpdanseoa d]ra ba]pqna‘ ej pda naoa]n_d-
Conclusion Paoa]n_dano jaa‘ pk ikra ^aukj‘ pn]‘epekj]h s]uo kb _kj‘q_pejc lnkfa_po+ ‘arahklejc pda oahb,]s]najaoo+ gjksha‘ca ]j‘ ogehho namqena‘ pk _khh]^kn]pa [NXM kpdano n]pdan pd]j naoa]n_dejc FGTYp pdai- Gj l]npe_qh]n+ naoa]n_dano d]ra pk ha]nj s]uo kb ^qeh‘ejc pnqop+ l]npe_qh]nhu sdaj skngejc sepd i]ncej]heoa‘ laklha- @qeh‘ejc nah]pekjodelo p]gao peiaRdkoa sdk d]ra ^aaj dqnp kn ‘]i]ca‘ ej pda l]op+ kn sdk _]nnu pda hac]_u kb kllnaooekj sepd pdai+ ]na qjhegahu pk sah_kia opn]jcano- Craj pda knc]jeo]pekjo pd]p lnkre‘a oanre_ao ]j‘ _]na i]u ejepe]hhu ^a o_alpe_]h kb ejrep]pekjo pk _khh]^kn]pa- ?ppailpejc pk olaa‘ pdejco ql ‘kao jkp dahl ^a_]qoa ep lqpo laklha qj‘an lnaooqna- Rnqa _khh]^kn]pekj namqenao iqpq]h naola_p sde_d sehh jkp k__qn eb kja l]npu baaho bkn_a‘ kn nqoda‘- Fksaran+ eb pnqhu _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d eo pk ^a_kia ] na]hepu pdkoa naolkjoe^ha bkn ]‘iejeopanejc naoa]n_d ckranj]j_a iqop ^a lnal]na‘ pk ]__kiik‘]pa jas s]uo kb skngejc- Rdeo _d]lpan i]ngo pda ^acejjejc kb ] hkjc qldehh fkqnjau pk ]_deara pdeo ]j‘ ej ‘kejc ok ‘arahkl ] gjksha‘ca ^]oa pdnkqcd sde_d ] lklqh]pekj+ pd]p d]o hkjc i]ejp]eja‘ ejreoe^ehepu kj pda i]ncejo kb SI ok_eapu+ _]j i]ga _ha]n pk oanre_a lnkre‘ano dks pdau _]j ^aop iaap pda jaa‘o kb Gneod l]peajpo-
References ?^^kppo+ H-+ Uehhe]io+ P-+ Qsaapejc+ F- ]j‘ Uaop+ N- (1//0])- Nkkn ^qp da]hpdu= Rda ukqjcaop cajan]pekj kb Gneod A]pdkhe_o ej saop Q_kph]j‘ Fa]hpd @qhhapej 48 (5) ll-262,7/ ?^^kppo+ H-+ Uehhe]io+ P- ]j‘ Dkn‘+ E- (1//0^)- Kkn^e‘epu ]j‘ Gneod A]pdkhe_ ‘ao_ajp ej @nep]ejPah]pejc da]hpd ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca pk ok_ek,a_kjkie_ lkoepekj- Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Ka‘e_eja 41 ll-488,0//4 ?^^kppo+ H-+ Uehhe]io+ P- ]j‘ Dkn‘+ E- (0888)- Kkn^e‘epu ]j‘ Gneod A]pdkhe_ ‘ao_ajp ej @nep]ej9 nah]pejc da]hpd ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca pk ^ad]rekqn- Cpdje_epu ]j‘ Fa]hpd 3 (3) ll-110,2/ ?olej]hh+ N-(1//1) Qqe_e‘a ]ikjc Gneod iecn]jpo ej @nep]ej9 ] nareas kb pda e‘ajpepu ]j‘ ejpacn]pekj dulkpdaoeo- Gjpanj]pekj]h Hkqnj]h kb Qk_e]h Nou_de]pnu 37 (3) ll-18/,2/3 @n]_gaj+ N-Enaajoh]‘a+ J- Enebbej+ @- ]j‘ Qiupd+ K- (0887)- Kajp]h da]hpd ]j‘ apdje_epu9 ]j Gneod ‘eiajoekj+ @nepeod Hkqnj]h kb Nou_de]pnu 061 (1) ll-0/2,4 A]ilejd] @]_kpa+ H- (1//2)- Rda Nnk_aoo kb Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a ej pda Baheranu kb Fa]hpd_]na Qanre_ao9 ? Aqhpqn]hhu Akilapajp Kk‘ah kb A]na- Mdek+ Rn]jo_qhpqn]h A]na ?ook_e]paoA]ilejd] @]_kpa+ H- (0880)- Akiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao bkn pda qj‘anoanra‘9 ] _qhpqn]hhu ola_ebe_ ik‘ah- ?n_derao kb Nou_de]pne_ Lqnoejc 4(3) ll-118,24145
Paula McGee
A]jp+ @- ]j‘ R]gap+ ?- (1//4)- Nnkikpejc ok_e]h oqllknp ]j‘ ok_e]h japskngo ]ikjc Gneod lajoekjano ej Qkqpd Jkj‘kj+ SI Beranoepu ej Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h A]na 1 (3) ll-152,6/ Ah]nga+ J- (0887)- Akjopnq_pejc iajp]h ehhjaoo ej Gneod laklha9 n]_a+ _qhpqna ]j‘ napna]p- Cqnkla]j Lqnoa 2 (0) ll-11,21 Akii]j‘an+ K-+ M‘ahh+ Q- Q]odeo‘d]n]j+ Q- ]j‘ Qqnpaao+ P- C- (0888)- Nou_de]pne_ ikn^e‘epu ej laklha ^knj ej Gnah]j‘- Qk_e]h ]j‘ Nou_de]pne_ Cle‘aiekhkcu 23 (00) ll-454,8 Akii]j‘an+ K-+ M‘ahh+ Q-+ Qqnpaao+ N-]j‘ Q]doe‘d]n]j+ Q- (1//2)- Ad]n]_paneope_o kb l]peajpo ]j‘ l]ppanjo kb lou_de]pne_ oanre_a qoa ej apdje_ iejknepeao Gjpanj]pekj]h Hkqnj]h kb Qk_e]h Nou_de]pnu 38 (2) ll-105,113 Anuop]h+ B- (0886)- Rda A]i^ne‘ca Cj_u_hkl]a‘e] kb J]jcq]ca- 1j‘ a‘j- A]i^ne‘ca+ A]i^ne‘ca Sjeranoepu NnaooBal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (0886)- Rda Las LFQ Kk‘anj- Balaj‘]^ha Jkj‘kj+ BkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1///)- Rda LFQ Nh]j- ? lh]j bkn Gjraopiajp- ? lh]j bkn Pabkni- Jkj‘kjBkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//0)- Paoa]n_d Ekranj]j_a Dn]iaskng- Jkj‘kj+ BkFBal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//2])- Baheranejc P]_a Cmq]hepu9 ? Dn]iaskng bkn ?_pekj- Kajp]h Fa]hpd Qanre_ao- Akjoqhp]pekj Bk_qiajp- Jkj‘kj+ BkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//2^)- Gjoe‘a Mqpoe‘a- Gilnkrejc Kajp]h Fa]hpd Qanre_ao bkn @h]_g ]j‘ Kejknepu Cpdje_ Akiiqjepeao ej Cjch]j‘- Jkj‘kj+ BkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//3])- Rda LFQ Gilnkraiajp Nh]j9 Nqppejc Naklha ]p pda Fa]np kb Nq^he_ Qanre_ao+ Jkj‘kj BkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//3^)- Rda LFQ Ijksha‘ca ]j‘ Qgehho Dn]iaskng ]j‘ pda Barahkliajp Pareas Nnk_aoo- Jkj‘kj BkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//4])- Baheranejc P]_a Cmq]hepu ej Kajp]h Fa]hpd A]na9 ?j ?_pekj Nh]j bkn Pabkni Gjoe‘a ]j‘ Mqpoe‘a ]j‘ pda Ekranjiajp£o Paolkjoa pk pda Gj‘alaj‘ajp Gjmqenu ej pda Ba]pd kb B]re‘ @ajjapp+ Jkj‘kj BkF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//4^)- Qqllknpejc Naklha sepd Jkjc Rani Akj‘epekjo9 Je^an]pejc pda R]hajpo kb Lqnoao sdk A]na bkn Naklha sepd Jkjc Rani Akj‘epekjo+ Jkj‘kj+ BMF Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//4_)- Paoa]n_d Ekranj]j_a Dn]iaskng bkn Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h A]na+ Jkj‘kj+ BkF+ 1j‘ a‘jBal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd+ Qk_e]h Qanre_ao ]j‘ Nq^he_ Q]bapu (1//2)- Nnkikpejc Kajp]h Fa]hpd- Qpn]pacu ]j‘ ?_pekj Nh]j 1//2,7 @ahb]op+ BkFQQNQ Bq‘hau Kapnklkhep]j @knkqcd Akqj_eh Aajoqo (1//0)- Qpn]pace_ Paoa]n_d ]j‘ Gjpahhecaj_a Ra]i Nq^he_]pekj Lk 2 Bq‘hau @knkqcd Cpdje_epu Qp]peope_o C]opanj Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h Qanre_ao @k]n‘ (1//2)- ? Qpn]pacu bkn ?‘qhp Kajp]h Fa]hpd Qanre_ao ej CFQQ@ Bn]bp Akjoqhp]pekj+ @ahb]op CFQQ@ Fa]hpd_]na Akiieooekj (1//4)- Akqjp Ka Gj- Paoqhpo kb ] L]pekj]h Aajoqo kb Gjl]peajpo ej Kajp]h Fa]hpd Fkolep]ho ]j‘ D]_ehepeao ej Cjch]j‘ ]j‘ U]hao+ Jkj‘kj+ Kajp]h Fa]hpd ?_p Akiieooekj+ L]pekj]h Gjopepqpa bkn Kajp]h Fa]hpd ej Cjch]j‘+ Fa]hpd_]na Akiieooekj ]j‘ A]na Qanre_ao Gilnkraiajp N]npjanodel Fehhu]n‘+ N- (1//4)- Rda ⁄U]n kj Rannkn¥9 haookjo bnki Gnah]j‘- Coo]u lq^heoda‘ ^u pda Cqnkla]j Aereh Je^anpeao Lapskng+ napneara‘ 5-7-/6 bnki sss-a_hj-knc.aoo]uoIa]pejc+ D- ]j‘ Pk^anpokj+ B- (1//3)- Da]n+ @h]_g Naklha ]j‘ Kajp]h Ghhjaoo9 ? Te_ekqo Aen_ha= Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h A]na ej pda Akiiqjepu 01 (4) ll-328,336 Iahhadan+ B- ]j‘ Fehhean+ Q- (0885)- Rda da]hpd kb pda Gneod ej Cjch]j‘ Ad]lpan 5 ej Paoa]n_dejc Aqhpqn]h Bebbanaj_ao ej Fa]hpd+ a‘o- B- Iahhadan ]j‘ Q- Fehhean+ ll0/2,012- Jkj‘kj9 Pkqpha‘caIaja]hhu+ R- (0888)- Rda Ena]p Qd]ia9 ? Qpknu kb pda Gneod ej pda Mh‘ Uknh‘ ]j‘ pda Las- Jkj‘kj+ 146
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK
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Paula McGee
epo ar]hq]pekj- Jkj‘kj+ Da‘an]pekj kb Gneod Qk_eapeao U]hod+ H- ]j‘ K_En]pd- (1///)- Cpdje_epu+ _klejc opuha ]j‘ da]hpd ^ad]rekqn ]ikjc benop cajan]pekj Gneod eiiecn]jpo ej Cjch]j‘- Nou_dkhkcu ]j‘ Fa]hpd 04 ll-356,71U]hpan+ @- (1//3)- K]llejc Gneod da]hpd ]j‘ pda 1//0 _ajoqo- Sjlq^heoda‘ l]lan lnaoajpa‘ ]p pda Gneod Fa]hpd Qqiiep+ K]j_daopan+ 1//3Udepikna+ C- (0883)- Rk pahh pda pnqpd9 skngejc sepd kllnaooa‘ cnkqlo ej l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao pk ejmqenu- Gj N]npe_el]pekj ej Fqi]j Gjmqenu+ a‘- N-Pa]okj+ ll-71,87- Jkj‘kj+ Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjo-
148
Issues in researching the health of Irish people in the UK
Appendix: Extracts from information for participants First draft of the beginning of the information for participants Wkq ]na ^aejc ejrepa‘ pk p]ga l]np ej ] naoa]n_d opq‘u- @abkna ukq ‘a_e‘a ep eo eilknp]jp bkn ukq pk qj‘anop]j‘ sdu pda naoa]n_d eo ^aejc ‘kja ]j‘ sd]p ep sehh ejrkhra- Nha]oa p]ga peia pk na]‘ pda bkhhksejc ejbkni]pekj _]nabqhhu- R]hg pk kpdano ]^kqp pda opq‘u eb ukq seodN]np 0 pahho ukq pda lqnlkoa kb pdeo opq‘u ]j‘ sd]p sehh d]llaj pk ukq eb ukq p]ga l]npN]np 1 cerao ukq ikna ‘ap]eha‘ ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp pda _kj‘q_p kb pda opq‘uNha]oa _kjp]_p qo eb pdana eo ]jupdejc pd]p eo jkp _ha]n kn eb ukq skqh‘ hega ikna ejbkni]pekj- R]ga peia pk ‘a_e‘a sdapdan kn jkp ukq seod pk p]ga l]np- (LPCQ K]u 1//6)
Final version DLEV MU VLMU EFRWV1 Ua ]na pnuejc pk bej‘ kqp sdapdan iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao ej @eniejcd]i iaap pda jaa‘o kb Gneod laklha- Ua ]na ]ogejc bkn ukq dahl ej pdeo i]ppan- Nha]oa p]ga ] bas iejqpao pk na]‘ pdeo ha]bhap ]j‘ p]hg pk kpdan laklha ]^kqp ep eb ukq seod>9;5 WHTVJ *&,+ _ Uepd pda dahl kb lkpajpe]h l]npe_el]jpo pda ‘arahkliajp kb ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp pda lnkfa_p ^a_kiao ] lnk_aoo pd]p eo ejpacn]h pk pda naoa]n_d n]pdan pd]j okiapdejc kb ]j ]bpanpdkqcdp sdaj ]hh pda kpdan skng d]o ^aaj _kilhapa‘-
149
Paula McGee
150
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror Gaby Jacobs Gj ] l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d (N?P) lnkfa_p ej Rda Lapdanh]j‘o+ pda ¢?olenejc pk Fa]hpdu Jerejc£ lnkfa_p+ ep pqnja‘ kqp pd]p pda ok,_]hha‘ l]npe_el]pknu,‘e]hkce_ ]llnk]_d ejrkhra‘ oaran]h ‘ehaii]o ]j‘ lnk^haio- Denop kb ]hh+ l]npe_el]pekj s]o oaaj ej ‘ebbanajp ]j‘ _kilapejc s]uo9 ]o ]j ejpnejoe_ r]hqa kn ck]h ej epoahb (pda opnkjc e‘akhkce_]h lkoepekj): ]o ] opn]pacu kn ejopnqiajp pk eilnkra pda o_eajpebe_ r]he‘epu kb pda naoqhpo kn pda abba_perajaoo kb ] lnkcn]i (pda o_eajpebe_ lkoepekj): kn ]o ] s]u pk _na]pa ] ln]_pe_]^ha lnkcn]i (pda ln]ci]pe_ lkoepekj)- Dnqopn]pekjo ]nkoa sepdej pda lnkfa_p pa]i ^a_]qoa pdaoa ‘ebbanaj_ao sana jkp pkle_ kb ]j atlhe_ep ‘e]hkcqa ^apsaaj pda l]npe_el]jpo- ?jkpdan eilknp]jp lepb]hh s]o pda h]_g kb klajjaoo ]j‘ amq]hepu kqp kb ] lnkpa_pera op]j_a pks]n‘o pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej pda naoa]n_d- Rda _kj_hqoekj eo pd]p N?P+ eb jkp nabha_pa‘ kj ]j‘ olkgaj ]^kqp+ _]j ^a_kia ] bnqopn]pejc lnk_aoo- Bkq^ha ]j‘ pnelha hkkl ha]njejc ]na ^kpd ] lna_kj‘epekj bkn na]hevejc ‘e]hkcqa ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj+ ]o ]j kqp_kia kb ‘e]hkce_ nah]pekjodeloAkhh]^kn]pekj sepd _kiiqjepeao pdanabkna namqenao naoa]n_dano pk ^a ¢‘e]hkce_ lnkbaooekj]ho£-
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Gaby Jacobs
lkoepekjo p]gaj ej nah]pekj pk l]npe_el]pekj- G sehh _kj_hq‘a sepd okia oqccaopekjo bkn ‘a]hejc sepd pda pajoekjo pd]p ]nkoa bnki pdeo _h]od kb lkoepekjo-
The project ‘Aspiring to Healthy Living’ Rda lan_ajp]ca kb kh‘an laklha ej pda Bqp_d lklqh]pekj+ hega ej ikop ‘arahkla‘ j]pekjo+ eo jks ]^kqp 1/ lan _ajp ]j‘ opehh kj pda ej_na]oa ]j‘ ok eo pda lklqh]pekj kb kh‘an eiiecn]jpo+ oq_d ]o pda Kknk__]j cqaop skngano sdk eiiecn]pa‘ pk pda Lapdanh]j‘o ej pda 085/o ]j‘ 6/o- Gj 1//3+ pdana sana 11+842 Kknk__]j laklha ]ca‘ 44 ]j‘ kran (pda ajpena Bqp_d lklqh]pekj eo ]llnktei]pahu 05 iehhekj laklha)- ?hpdkqcd pdeo jqi^an oaaio pk ^a oi]hh+ ep eo atla_pa‘ pk ej_na]oa od]nlhu ej pda jatp ‘a_]‘a- Rda i]fknepu kb pdaoa Kknk__]jo hera ej kja kb pda bkqn ^ec _epeao9 ?iopan‘]i+ Pkppan‘]i+ Rda F]cqa ]j‘ Spna_dp- Kknakran+ pdana ]na okia eilknp]jp ‘ebbanaj_ao ej ]_pq]h ]j‘ atlaneaj_a‘ da]hpd ^apsaaj ah‘anhu j]pera Bqp_d ]j‘ ah‘anhu eiiecn]jp cnkqlo: pda hksan ok_ek,a_kjkie_ op]pqo kb eiiecn]jp ah‘anhu eo ]j eilknp]jp b]_pkn ej pdeo- Ijksha‘ca kb kh‘an laklha£o (‘ebbanajp) atlaneaj_ao ]j‘ ia]jejco kb da]hpd eo eilknp]jp sdaj ‘arahklejc ] iqhpe_qhpqn]h da]hpd lkhe_u ]j‘ da]hpd lnkikpekj ln]_pe_aRda ?olenejc pk Fa]hpdu Jerejc lnkfa_p opnera‘ pk ‘arahkl ejoecdp ejpk da]hpdu herejc ]ikjc ah‘anhu Bqp_d ]j‘ Kknk__]j iaj ]j‘ skiaj sepd ] hksan ok_ek,a_kjkie_ op]pqo+ ]j‘ pk ‘arahkl ]_perepeao pk lnkikpa pdaen da]hpd- Gj kn‘an pk na]_d pdeo ck]h+ ] N?P ]llnk]_d s]o p]gaj- Gj pdeo ]llnk]_d pda bk_qo eo kj ^nejcejc bkns]n‘ (lanokj]h ]j‘ ok_e]h) _d]jca lnk_aooao+ jkp ok iq_d kj k^p]ejejc pdaknape_]h ejoecdpo (Pa]okj & @n]‘^qnu+ 1//0)- N?P ^acejo sepd ] naoa]n_d pkle_ pd]p ⁄i]ppano pk+ ]j‘ e‘a]hhu _kiao bnki+ pda _kiiqjepu epoahb+ ]j‘ ejrkhrao iai^ano kb pda _kiiqjepu ~ ej kqn _]oa kh‘an laklha ~ ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo- Rdau ]na jkp oeilhu k^fa_po kb opq‘u ^qp _k,_kjpne^qpkno pk gjksha‘ca ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc¥ (Fkhopaej & Kejghan+ 1//6+ l-12)Gj pdeo lnkfa_p+ sa sana l]npe_qh]nhu ejpanaopa‘ ej pda opkneao kb pda ah‘anhu- Rda ejrkhraiajp kb kh‘an laklha ej naoa]n_d+ lkhe_u ]j‘ ln]_pe_a ~ jkp kjhu pk qj‘anop]j‘ pdaen herao ^qp ]hok pk _d]jca pdai , heao ]p pda da]np kb _nepe_]h cankjpkhkcu (@anj]n‘ & Q_d]nb+ 1//6)- Rdeo lnkfa_p _]j ^a oepq]pa‘ ej pdeo pn]‘epekj ]j‘ ]hok ej pda l]n]‘eci kb pda Las Fa]hpd Nnkikpekj sepd epo bk_qo kj ok_e]h fqope_a+ amq]hepu ej da]hpd+ ]j‘ ailksaniajp (J]ran]_g+ 1//3: Kejghan & U]hhanopaej+ 1//2)- Gp n]‘e_]hhu ‘ebbano bnki i]ejopna]i ¢pkl, ‘ksj£ ]llnk]_dao+ ej sde_d lnkbaooekj]ho ‘abeja pda lnk^haio ]j‘ jaa‘o kb _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ p]ga _kjpnkh kran ]_pekjo- Ua s]jpa‘ pk ¢ikra kqp kb pda _kibknp vkja£ (P]u+ 1//6) ]j‘ _na]pa l]npjanodelo sepd _kiiqjepeao kb kh‘an laklha ]j‘ ln]_pepekjano+ pk skng pkcapdan kj da]hpd lnkikpekjRda lnkfa_p _kjoeopa‘ kb psk ld]oao9 ] ¢j]nn]pera£ ]j‘ ]j ¢]_pekj£ ld]oa- Gj pda benop ua]n kb pda lnkfa_p+ sa _khha_pa‘ opkneao kb ah‘anhu Bqp_d ]j‘ Kknk__]j laklha kj da]hpdu herejcRda opq‘u kb j]nn]perao eo ^kpd ] ia]jo pk qj‘anop]j‘ lanokj]h ia]jejc ]o sahh ]o pk lnkikpa ok_e]h _d]jca (Kqnn]u+ 1//3: P]u+ 1//6)- Aajpn]h mqaopekjo sana9 Ud]p ‘kao 152
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
da]hpdu herejc ia]j pk pda ah‘anhu= Fks ‘k pdau ¢ln]_pe_a£ da]hpdu herejc= Dkhhksejc pda Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jev]pekj£o ‘abejepekj (UFM+ 0875)+ ] ^nk]‘ ]j‘ lkoepera ‘abejepekj kb da]hpdu herejc s]o pda op]npejc lkejp+ ej sde_d da]hpd eo jkp heiepa‘ pk lduoe_]h ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd ^qp ]hok ejrkhrao ok_e]h+ _qhpqn]h+ a_kjkie_ ]j‘ lkhepe_]h b]_pkno+ ]j‘ ej sde_d da]hpd eo jkp kjhu pda ]^oaj_a kn lnarajpekj kb ‘eoa]oa ^qp ] op]pa kb sahh,^aejc ]j‘ rep]hepu- Gj pda opkneao+ pda ia]jejco ]j‘ ln]_pe_ao kb da]hpdu herejc sana _kjpatpq]heva‘ ej pda l]npe_el]jpo£ ej‘ere‘q]h heba deopkneao ]j‘ ok_e]h ]j‘ _qhpqn]h lkoepekjejc nac]n‘ejc pk ]ca+ apdje_epu+ caj‘an ]j‘ _h]ooGj pda oa_kj‘ ua]n+ pda gjksha‘ca+ atlaneaj_ao ]j‘ jaa‘o kb pda ah‘anhu sana qoa‘ ]o ejlqp pk ‘arahkl ] lnkcn]i bkn da]hpdu herejc bkn pda Bqp_d ]j‘ Kknk__]j _kiiqjepu kb hksan, _h]oo ah‘anhu ej Pkppan‘]i+ pda oa_kj‘ h]ncaop _epu ej Rda Lapdanh]j‘o- Dkqn lehkp lnkcn]io sana _kj‘q_pa‘ ]j‘ ar]hq]pa‘ sepd ‘ebbanajp caj‘an ]j‘ apdje_ cnkqlo kb ah‘anhu ej Pkppan‘]iGj ^kpd pda j]nn]pera ]j‘ ]_pekj ld]oa pda ]ei s]o pk ejrkhra pda ah‘anhu ]o iq_d ]o lkooe^ha+ pdana^u _kjpne^qpejc pk pdaen ailksaniajp- Dkqn Bqp_d ]j‘ bkqn Kknk__]j hksan,_h]oo kh‘an laklha sana ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnkfa_p pa]i ]o _k,naoa]n_dano+ _k,‘arahklano ]j‘ _k,a‘q_]pkno- @aoe‘ao pdai+ pda lnkfa_p pa]i _kjoeopa‘ kb psk da]hpd ln]_pepekjano+ pdnaa naoa]n_dano bnki pda qjeranoepu ]j‘ pda lnkfa_p i]j]can (] qjeranoepu lnkbaookn)- Rda psk ^]oe_ lnej_elhao ej pda _khh]^kn]pekj lnk_aoo sana l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ‘e]hkcqa+ ]j‘ dean]n_de_]h naoa]n_d nah]pekjo sana ]rke‘a‘ pk ajd]j_a pda ailksaniajp kb pda ah‘anhuB]p] ]^kqp pda lnk_aoo d]ra ^aaj _khha_pa‘ l]nphu lnkola_perahu (sepd iejqpao) ]j‘ l]nphu napnkola_perahu (^u ejpanreaso) ]j‘ d]ra ^aaj _kil]na‘ sepd pda mq]hepeao _h]eia‘ bkn N?P- @abkna ‘eo_qooejc pda _khh]^kn]pekj lnk_aoo+ G sehh ejpnk‘q_a okia pdaknape_]h ejoecdpo kj l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ‘e]hkcqa+ ]o ] bn]iaskng pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda pajoekjo pd]p ]nkoa ej pda lnkfa_p-
Participation and dialogue N]npe_el]pekj eo ⁄ok se‘ahu ]j‘ ok hkkoahu qoa‘+ hega i]ju kpdan _]p_dskn‘o ej ‘arahkliajp f]nckj+ pd]p pda ia]jejc kb pda _kj_alp d]o ^a_kia n]pdan ^hqnna‘¥ (Keggahoaj+ 0884+ l-51 _epa‘ ej Adesav]+ 1//4+ l-0)- Rda o]ia eo pnqa bkn ailksaniajp (H]_k^o+ @n]]gi]j & Fkqsahejc+ 1//4)- @kpd _kj_alpo n]eoa i]ju mqaopekjo+ oq_d ]o9 Go l]npe_el]pekj ] ja_aoo]nu lna_kj‘epekj bkn ailksaniajp= Go l]npe_el]pekj ] ia]jo kn ]j aj‘ ej epoahb= N]npe_el]pekj ^u sdki+ bkn sdki+ ej sd]p ]j‘ dks= Gj pda lnkfa_p sa qoa‘ pda _kj_alp kb _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj+ sde_d eo ‘abeja‘ ]o ⁄] lnk_aoo sdana^u _kiiqjepu iai^ano p]ga l]np ej pda e‘ajpebe_]pekj kb pdaen jaa‘o+ oappejc lneknepeao+ e‘ajpebuejc ]j‘ k^p]ejejc ia]jo pk iaap pdkoa lneknepeao+ ej_hq‘ejc pda 153
Gaby Jacobs
‘arahkliajp+ eilhaiajp]pekj ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj kb pdkoa ia]jo ej panio kb pdaen kqp_kiao¥ (Ikahaj & T]j ‘an @]j+ 1//3+ l-027)- ?hpdkqcd ]p benop na]‘ejc pdeo _kqh‘ oaai ] lnappu bkns]n‘ ‘ao_nelpekj+ pdana ]na ‘ebbanajp kneajp]pekjo pk l]npe_el]pekj+ ej sde_d ‘ebbanajp haraho ]j‘ ia]jejco kb l]npe_el]pekj ]na ejrkhra‘+ sepd ‘ebbanajp kqp_kiao bkn pda _kiiqjepeao ejrkhra‘- Mja s]u pk ]‘‘naoo pdaoa ‘ebbanaj_ao ej l]npe_el]pekj eo ] _kjpejqqi sepd ‘ebbanajp op]cao- ? sahh,gjksj _kjpejqqi eo pda h]‘‘an kb Nnappu (0884) 02Nnappu ‘ao_ne^ao oaraj op]cao ej l]npe_el]pekj+ odksj ej Decqna 07. Self-mobilization Community members set their own agenda and organize for action. Professionals have a role in the background, are facilitative and supportive but only if asked. 6. Interactive participation Professionals and community members work as equal partners in defining the problems or needs and the strategies for change. There is a sharing of knowledge and valuing of ‘local’ or ‘lay’ knowledge. Professionals facilitate and support the process. 5. Functional participation Community members are involved in decision making and the development and execution of programmes or activities. Professionals are in control and take responsibility for the process. 4. Participation by consultation Community members are asked to give their opinions on the program plans. The professionals decide what to do. 3. Participation by information Community members are informed in an early stage about the program plans and are given the opportunity to ask questions. 2. Passive participation Professionals are in control of the program; community members are informed about the program. 1. No participation Community members are not informed about the program, only about the activities for which they have been recruited. Figure 1: The Ladder of Pretty: Seven stages of participation.
Kk P]u (1//6) d]o ‘eopejcqeoda‘ pn]‘epekj]h+ _kjoqianeop ]j‘ ‘aik_n]pe_ l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao- @u pn]‘epekj]h ]llnk]_dao oda nabano pk pda ¢od]hhks£ l]npe_el]pekj sa kbpaj 02
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Qeieh]n pulkhkceao ateop+ oq_d ]o pda h]‘‘an kb F]np (0884: ej Qdean+ 1//0) ]j‘ pda h]‘‘an kb ?njopaej (0858)-
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
bej‘ ej i]ejopna]i naoa]n_d ]j‘ sde_d eo heiepa‘ pk pda ejrkhraiajp kb _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]o okqn_ao kb ejbkni]pekj- Rdeo oknp kb l]npe_el]pekj eo cajan]hhu hk_]pa‘ ]p pda hksaop opalo kb pda h]‘‘an kb l]npe_el]pekj+ opalo 0 pk 2- Akjoqianeop ]llnk]_dao ]na ^]oa‘ kj ] i]ngap e‘akhkcu ]j‘ kbpaj pna]p l]npe_el]jpo ]o ¢ejopnqiajpo£ pk ]_deara lna‘abeja‘ ck]ho- Rdaoa ]llnk]_dao ]na _d]n]_paneva‘ ^u ]j ejopnqiajp]h n]pekj]hepu (F]^ani]o+ 0873) ]j‘ haraho kb l]npe_el]pekj kb _kiiqjepu iai^ano pd]p ‘k jkp at_aa‘ haraho 3 ]j‘ 4+ e-a_kjoqhp]pekj ]j‘ bqj_pekj]h l]npe_el]pekj- Baik_n]pe_ ]llnk]_dao+ ^u _kjpn]op+ aild]oeva pda ailksanejc lkpajpe]h kb _khh]^kn]pekj ]j‘ _khha_pera ]_pekj9 pn]‘epekj]h lksan ]nn]jcaiajpo ej da]hpd naoa]n_d+ lkhe_u kn ln]_pe_a ]na _d]jca‘- Rdaoa ok,_]hha‘ pn]jobkni]pekj]h ]llnk]_dao ]na _d]n]_paneva‘ ^u ] _kiiqje_]pera n]pekj]hepu (F]^ani]o+ 0873) ]j‘ decd haraho kb l]npe_el]pekj+ e-a- haraho 5 ]j‘ 6 kj pda h]‘‘an kb NnappuGj pn]jobkni]pekj]h ]llnk]_dao+ l]npe_el]pekj ejrkhrao ‘e]hkcqa+ pda kneajp]pekj ]p na]_dejc od]na‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejco kqp kb ] baahejc kb _kiiepiajp ]j‘ ejpan‘alaj‘aj_u sepd kpdano9 ¢Be]hkcqa+ ej l]npe_qh]n+ hkkio h]nca ]o ]j eilknp]jp iapdk‘khkce_]h hejg ]ikjc pda ]_perepeao lqnoqa‘ ^a_]qoa kb epo ateopajpe]h oecjebe_]j_a bkn dqi]j heba- Kkna pd]j ] pa_dje_]h ia]jo pk ]j aj‘+ ep eo ]j atlnaooekj kb pda dqi]j _kj‘epekj pd]p eilaho laklha pk _kia pkcapdan ]o pdejgejc ]j‘ baahejc ^aejco pk bkni ] _kiikj ajpepu pd]p eo h]ncan pd]j epo _kjopepqajp l]npo (Dnaena+ 086/)- Be]hkcqa k__qleao ] _ajpn]h lkoepekj Y--Z ^u i]gejc ep lkooe^ha bkn l]npe_el]jpo pk _na]pa ] ok_e]h ol]_a ej sde_d pdau _]j od]na atlaneaj_ao ]j‘ ejbkni]pekj+ _na]pa _kiikj ia]jejco ]j‘ bknca _kj_anpa‘ ]_pekjo pkcapdan£ (N]ng+ 1//0+ l-71)Fksaran+ ‘e]hkcqa eo jkp ] d]nikjekqo lnk_aoo- ?__kn‘ejc pk @ajd]^e^ ep eo ⁄] _kjpejqkqo lnk_aoo kb _kjrano]pekj ej sde_d qj‘anop]j‘ejc ]j‘ ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejc+ ]cnaaiajp ]o sahh ]o ‘eo]cnaaiajp ]na ejpanpseja‘ ]j‘ ]hs]uo ]p skng¥ (0881+ l-087)- Rda p]og kb pda ‘e]hkcqa eo na_kcjevejc ‘ebbanaj_ao ]j‘ oeieh]nepeao ej pdejco oaaj ]j‘ ‘kja+ op]npejc bnki kja£o ksj gjksha‘ca+ ^qp jaran nai]ejejc ej kn ]__alpejc pda eiia‘e]pa oepq]pekj qj_nepe_]hhu ]o ep ]lla]no- Rdaoa lnk_aooao kb ejmqenu ejrkhra skj‘anejc+ mqaopekjejc ]j‘ ‘kq^pejc+ ej _nepe_]h nabha_pekj sepd oahb ]j‘ kpdano+ oaagejc pk dkh‘ pajoekjo ej s]uo pd]p ha]‘ pk iqhpelha l]pdo kb atlhkn]pekjAhkoahu _kjja_pa‘ pk pdeo ‘aik_n]pe_ _kj_alpekj kb l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ‘e]hkcqa ]na pda r]hqao kb ¢klajjaoo£ ]j‘ ¢amq]hepu£- ¢Mlajjaoo£ ia]jo9 pn]jol]naj_u kb ikperao+ _kjoe‘an]pekjo ]j‘ _dke_ao- Gp ]hok ‘ajkpao pda klaj,aj‘a‘jaoo kb pda ‘e]hkcqa- ¢Cmq]hepu£ ia]jo amq]h ]__aoo pk l]npe_el]pekj ej pda ‘e]hkcqa- @kpd r]hqao lh]u ]j eilknp]jp nkha ej pda l]npe_el]pknu,‘e]hkce_]h iapdk‘ qoa‘ ej pda ¢?olenejc pk Fa]hpdu Jerejc£ lnkfa_p- Rdau ]na pda cqe‘ejc lnej_elhao ej pda nah]pekjodelo ^apsaaj ]j‘ sepdej pda ‘ebbanajp oq^cnkqlo ejrkhra‘ (naoa]n_dano+ da]hpd ln]_pepekjano+ _kiiqjepu iai^ano)Fksaran+ l]npe_el]pekj ej pdeo lnkfa_p eo bn]qcdp sepd ‘ebbe_qhpeao ]j‘ pajoekjo- Gj pda jatp oa_pekj+ G sehh ‘eo_qoo psk kb pdai+ ^qp benop+ G sehh ^neabhu ‘ao_ne^a pda haraho kb l]npe_el]pekj ej pda lnkfa_p+ qoejc pda h]‘‘an kb Nnappu ]o ] pkkh155
Gaby Jacobs
Participation in the ‘Aspiring to Healthy Living’ project Gj pda lnkfa_p sa _]j ‘eopejcqeod pdnaa ld]oao9 ld]oa ¢vank£ (^abkna pda lnkfa_p ]_pq]hhu d]‘ op]npa‘): pda ¢j]nn]pera£ ld]oa (pda benop ua]n kb _khha_pejc opkneao bnki pda ah‘anhu): ]j‘ pda ¢]_pekj£ ld]oa+ e-a- pda oa_kj‘ ua]n kb ‘arahklejc ]j ejpanrajpekj lnkcn]iNd]oa vank eo pda ld]oa kb hkkgejc bkn bqj‘ejc+ _khh]^kn]pekj kllknpqjepeao ]j‘ snepejc pda lnkfa_p lnklko]h- G‘a]hhu+ l]npe_el]pekj kb pda _kiiqjepu op]npo (kn eo ]hna]‘u ateopajp!) ej pdeo ld]oa- Fksaran+ ej pdeo lnkfa_p+ pda ck]ho sana ‘abeja‘ ]j‘ pda iapdk‘o ‘apanieja‘ ^abkna pda l]npe_el]pekj kb pda ah‘anhu s]o ]_pq]hhu okqcdpMj_a pda lnkfa_p s]o bej]j_a‘+ pda na_nqepejc kb _kiiqjepu iai^ano bkn (l]e‘) l]npe_el]pekj ej pda lnkfa_p cnkql op]npa‘- Gj pdeo benop op]ca+ gjksha‘ca ^qeh‘ejc kj da]hpdu herejc kb Kknk__]j ]j‘ Bqp_d kh‘an skiaj ]j‘ iaj s]o pda _ajpn]h ck]h- Rda lnkfa_p cnkql iap ikjpdhu pk at_d]jca reaso ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao- Gj na]hepu+ pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano ‘kiej]pa‘ pda ‘eo_qooekjo+ ^a_]qoa pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ln]_pepekjano bahp ] ^ep s]nu kb ajbkn_ejc pdaen reaso kj pdai ]j‘ ha]rejc pkk heppha nkki bkn pdaen _kjpne^qpekjoGj pda _kqnoa kb pda benop ua]n+ pda ah‘anhu sana pn]eja‘ pk ejpanreas ]j‘ ha]nja‘ dks pk na_nqep ejpanreasaao bnki pdaen _kiiqjepeao9 kh‘an Kknk__]j ]j‘ Bqp_d skiaj bnki ] hksan ok_ek,a_kjkie_ ^]_gcnkqj‘- Rda ejpanreaso sana ]hhk_]pa‘ pk pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho ]o sahh ]o pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano- Dehha‘ sepd ‘eoi]u+ pda naoa]n_dano bkqj‘ pd]p pda benop ejpanreaso _kj‘q_pa‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano sana kb ranu lkkn iapdk‘khkce_]h mq]hepu (e-a- nahe]^ehepu ]j‘ r]he‘epu)+ ej b]_p pdau ‘e‘ jkp oanra pda lqnlkoa kb gjksha‘ca,^qeh‘ejc- Qkia pn]jo_nelpo _krana‘ kjhu ] bas l]cao ]j‘ pda ]josano nai]eja‘ oqlanbe_e]h- Gj kpdan ejpanreaso pda ejpanreasan ‘e‘ pda p]hgejc ejopa]‘ kb pda ejpanreasaa- Dknpqj]pahu+ ej pda oa_kj‘ nkqj‘ ]j‘ ]bpan ]‘‘epekj]h ejpanreas pn]ejejc pdejco ckp ^appan- Fksaran+ pda lnkfa_p d]‘ hkop iq_d peia ^u pdajRda naoa]n_dano op]npa‘ pk ]j]huva pda ejpanreas i]pane]h+ a]_d p]gejc ] ‘ebbanajp lanola_pera ]o ] bn]iaskng- Gilknp]jp naoqhpo ]j‘ bej‘ejco pd]p sana d]n‘ pk ejpanlnap sana oq^ieppa‘ pk pda lnkfa_p cnkql+ ej_hq‘ejc pda ah‘anhu- Rdeo iapdk‘ ajd]j_a‘ _kjja_pekj sepd pda atlaneaj_ao kb pda ah‘anhu ]j‘ eilnkra‘ pda mq]hepu kb pda ejpanlnap]pekj- Kknakran+ pda baa‘^]_g iaapejco sana pda hejg ^apsaaj pda gjksha‘ca ^qeh‘ejc ld]oa ]j‘ pda lnkcn]i ‘arahkliajp ej pda jatp op]ca (pda ¢]_pekj£ ld]oa)+ ^a_]qoa pdau pdnas hecdp kj eilknp]jp pkle_o ]j‘ opn]paceao bkn skngejc sepd pda ah‘anhu- Gj pdeo op]ca+ naoa]n_dano+ lnkbaooekj]ho+ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^ano sknga‘ pkcapdan+ at_d]jcejc reaso ]j‘ ha]njejc bnki a]_d kpdan-
156
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
Fksaran+ ‘qnejc pda ]_pekj ld]oa kb pda lnkfa_p+ pda l]npe_el]pekj kb pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]j‘ pda _hkoa pa]iskng ‘eiejeoda‘- Rda iqpq]h at_d]jca kb ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ klejekjo c]ra s]u pk _kjoqhp]pekj ]j‘ ejpanreaso sepd pda ah‘anhu ]o nalnaoajp]perao kb pdaen _kiiqjepu- Rda lnkfa_p cnkql iap haoo bnamqajphu+ e-a- ^eikjpdhu ejopa]‘ kb ikjpdhu+ ]j‘ ej pda h]op oet ikjpdo kb pda lnkfa_p pda pa]i iap kjhu pse_a- Rda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho jks sknga‘ ikna ej‘ere‘q]hhu+ a]_d bk_qoejc kj pdaen ksj p]og- Rda naoa]n_dano sknga‘ kj pda ]j]huoeo kb pda ejpanreas i]pane]h ]j‘ l]ooa‘ pda naoqhpo ]j‘ _kj_hqoekjo kj pk pda lnkbaooekj]ho sdk sana skngejc kj pda lnkcn]i- Rsk _kiiqjepu iai^ano sana ejrkhra‘ ]o laan a‘q_]pkno ej pda lnkcn]i ]j‘ sana ejpanreasa‘ ]^kqp pdaen atlaneaj_ao ^u ]j kqpoe‘a naoa]n_dan sdk s]o dena‘ pk ar]hq]pa pda lnkcn]iRda ‘arahkliajp kb l]npe_el]pekj kb pda ah‘anhu ej pda lnkfa_p _]j ^a ehhqopn]pa‘ ^u pda J]‘‘an kb Nnappu- N]npe_el]pekj kb pda _kiiqjepu ej pda lnkfa_p nkoa od]nlhu ]j‘ pdaj ‘a_heja‘- Gj pda lnal]n]pekj ld]oa+ l]npe_el]pekj s]o ]hikop ]^oajp (harah 1 ej Decqna 0)- Gj pda naoa]n_d ld]oa+ pda harah kb l]npe_el]pekj s]o decd9 bqj_pekj]h l]npe_el]pekj (harah 4) _ki^eja‘ sepd ahaiajpo kb _khh]^kn]pekj ]j‘ _k,ha]njejc (harah 5)- Fksaran+ ej pda ¢]_pekj£ ld]oa kb pda lnkfa_p pda l]npe_el]pekj harah ‘nklla‘ ]j‘ ikra‘ pk okiasdana ^apsaaj haraho 1+ 2 ]j‘ 3- Gj kpdan skn‘o9 pda ah‘anhu op]npa‘ ]o ]_pera iai^ano kb pda lnkfa_p cnkql ej pda benop ua]n ^qp ej pda _kqnoa kb pda lnkfa_p pdau pqnja‘ ejpk ] baa‘^]_g cnkql- Udu ‘e‘ pdeo d]llaj=
Dilemmas and tensions Pabha_pejc kj pda lnkfa_p+ G oaa pdnaa i]fkn ^qp nah]pa‘ lnk^haio- Denop+ lnkfa_p iai^ano dah‘ ‘ebbanajp lkoepekjo nac]n‘ejc l]npe_el]pekj- Qa_kj‘+ pdana s]o ] paj‘aj_u pk ¢lnkpa_p£ pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano sepdej pda lnkfa_p- Rden‘hu ]j‘ ikop eilknp]jphu+ pdaoa eooqao ]j‘ pajoekjo sana jkp oq^fa_p kb ‘e]hkcqa: pdanabkna ha]njejc ^a_]ia k^opnq_pa‘-
Empowerment, academic quality or practical usefulness? ?p pda op]np kb pda lnkfa_p+ ^abkna pda _kiiqjepu s]o ejrkhra‘+ pdana oaaia‘ pk ^a _kjoajoqo ]^kqp pda lnkfa_p ]eio ]j‘ ia]jo pk na]heva pdai- ?hh naoa]n_dano ]j‘ da]hpd ln]_pepekjano oq^o_ne^a‘ pk pda eilknp]j_a kb _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj- Fksaran+ ej pda _kqnoa kb pda lnkfa_p ep pqnja‘ kqp pd]p l]npe_el]pekj ‘e‘ jkp ia]j pda o]ia bkn aranukjaRda ]j]huoeo kb iejqpao kb iaapejco i]gao ep lkooe^ha pk na_kjopnq_p pdnaa ‘ebbanajp lkoepekjo ej nah]pekj pk l]npe_el]pekjDenop kb ]hh+ pdana eo pda opnkjc e‘akhkce_]h lkoepekj- Gj pdeo reas+ ailksaniajp kb pda (i]ncej]heva‘) _kiiqjepeao kb kh‘an laklha ej Bqp_d ok_eapu eo pda ]ei kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj eo ]j eilknp]jp ia]jo pk na]heva pdeo- Rda bk_qo eo jkp ok iq_d kj naoqhpo+ ^qp kj pda ailksanejc _]l]_epu kb pda lnk_aoo- ? ohecdphu ik‘ebea‘ ranoekj kb pdeo e‘akhkce_]h lkoepekj eo pda e‘a]h pk cera rke_a pk _kiiqjepeao sdk ]na qj]^ha pk ola]g ql bkn pdaioahrao ej ]_]‘aie_ ‘eo_kqnoa+ qjhaoo okiakja ia‘e]pao bkn pdai- Rdeo reas ‘kiej]pa‘ 157
Gaby Jacobs
sepd psk naoa]n_dano+ ^qp s]o ej ] haooan ‘acnaa ]hok lnaoajp sepd pda da]hpd ln]_pepekjano ]j‘ pda lnkfa_p i]j]canRda oa_kj‘ lkoepekj eo pda o_dkh]nhu kja- Gj pdeo reas+ l]npe_el]pekj eo eilknp]jp ^a_]qoa ep _]j _kjpne^qpa pk pda iapdk‘khkce_]h mq]hepu kb pda naoa]n_d (pda ok,_]hha‘ ¢iai^an _da_g£)- Laepdan ] ola_ebe_ e‘a]h+ jkn pda _na]pekj kb ] ok_e]h nahar]jp kqp_kia (ej pdeo _]oa ] da]hpd a‘q_]pekj lnkcn]i) eo eilknp]jp+ ^qp pda ]_]‘aie_ op]pqo kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ lq^he_]pekjo naoqhpejc bnki ep- Rda bk_qo eo kj pda _kjrajpekj]h iapdk‘khkce_]h mqaopekjo ]j‘ pa_dje_]h jknio bkn ¢ckk‘ naoa]n_d£ ]j‘ jkp ok iq_d kj ikn]h _kjoe‘an]pekjo- Rdeo reas ‘kiej]pa‘ sepd kja naoa]n_dan+ ^qp ep s]o ]hok lnaoajp sepd pda kpdan naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda lnkfa_p i]j]canGj pda pden‘ lkoepekj+ pd]p G d]ra _]hha‘ pda ln]ci]pe_ lkoepekj+ decd r]hqa eo ]pp]_da‘ pk pda ln]_pe_]h qoabqhjaoo kb pda lnkfa_p- Kai^ano sdk lneknepeva pdeo r]hqa bk_qo kj pda ln]_pe_]h kqp_kiao ]j‘ epo _kjpne^qpekj pk da]hpd lnkikpekj lkhe_u ]j‘ ln]_pe_a+ ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu- Rdeo ln]ci]pe_ reas ‘kiej]pa‘ sepd pda da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho+ pda lnkfa_p i]j]can ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano: ej ] haooan ‘acnaa ep s]o ]hok lnaoajp sepd okia kb pda naoa]n_danoUdana]o bkn pda oa_kj‘ ]j‘ pden‘ lkoepekj ] hks ‘acnaa kb l]npe_el]pekj (harah 0 pk 3) oqbbe_ao+ ailksaniajp kjhu _]j ^a na]heva‘ ^u l]npe_el]pekj kj harah 4 kn decdan (Id]jj]+ 0885)- ?hpdkqcd pda N?P lnkfa_p s]o atlhe_ephu ]eiejc ]p ailksaniajp+ ej pda _kqnoa kb pda lnkfa_p ep pqnja‘ kqp pd]p pda lnkfa_p iai^ano+ ej heja sepd pdaen r]hqa lneknepeao+ d]‘ ‘ebbanajp klejekjo ]^kqp pda ‘aoen]^ha bkni ]j‘ ‘acnaa kb l]npe_el]pekj ej a]_d ld]oaQkia lnkfa_p iai^ano opnkra bkn ]o iq_d _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj ]o lkooe^ha+ kn bkn cerejc ]o iq_d rke_a ]o lkooe^ha sepdej pdeo lnkfa_p pk pda _kiiqjepu- Rdau ]‘rk_]pa‘ pda ]_pera l]npe_el]pekj kb pda ah‘anhu ]o _k,naoa]n_dano+ _k,‘arahklano ]j‘ _k,skngano ej pda lnkfa_p- Rdau ]‘dana‘ pk ] bkni kb l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d+ ‘ena_pa‘ ]p ailksaniajp ]j‘ _d]n]_paneva‘ ^u ] ^kppki,ql ]llnk]_d+ pda ok,_]hha‘ ailksanejc ]_pekj naoa]n_d (F]np & @kj‘+ 0884)Rda ck]ho kb ailksanejc ]_pekj naoa]n_d ]na _kjo_ekqojaoo n]eoejc ]j‘ ej_na]oejc pda l]npe_el]jpo£ _kjpnkh+ ]j‘ qhpei]pahu _d]jcejc pda opnq_pqn]h lksan nah]pekjo ej ok_eapu- Gj pdeo lnkfa_p pda bk_qo s]o kj lanokj]h ailksaniajp (qj‘anopkk‘ ]o _nepe_]h _kjo_ekqojaoo, n]eoejc+ oahb,abbe_]_u ]j‘ _]l]_epu ^qeh‘ejc) ^u ] decd harah kb l]npe_el]pekj kb pda ah‘anhu ej ]hh ld]oao03- Rda _kiiqjepu iai^ano bahp ej‘aa‘ ailksana‘ ]p pda aj‘ kb pda lnkfa_p9 pdau pkh‘ pda atpanj]h ar]hq]pkn pd]p pdau d]‘ ]_deara‘ ikna qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb ‘ebbanajp lanola_perao kj da]hpd+ pdaen oahb,aopaai ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pekj ogehho d]‘ eilnkra‘+ ]o sahh ]o pdaen s]u kb _klejc sepd qj_anp]ej oepq]pekjo- ?hpdkqcd pdaen na]okj bkn l]npe_el]pekj s]o i]ejhu ln]ci]pe_ (_kjpne^qpejc pk pda da]hpd kb pdaen _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ a]nj okia ikjau)+ pdau jaranpdahaoo sana ranu _nepe_]h kb pda s]u l]npe_el]pekj s]o ¢‘kja£ ej pda lnkfa_p- ?o oap 03
158
Rk na]‘ ikna ]^kqp pda _kj_alp kb ailksaniajp ej da]hpd lnkikpekj+ oaa H]_k^o (1//5)-
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
kqp ^abkna+ ej pda oa_kj‘ ua]n kb pda lnkfa_p pda ]_pera l]npe_el]pekj kb pda _kiiqjepeao bahh ^]_g pk _kjoqhp]pekj- Dkn pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ da]hpd ln]_pepekjano pd]p pkkg ] opnkjc e‘akhkce_]h lkoepekj+ pdeo s]o jkp ] ‘aoen]^ha bkni ]j‘ ‘acnaa kb l]npe_el]pekj+ ^qp ]hok bkn pda ¢ln]ci]pe_£ ah‘anhu+ _kjoqhp]pekj s]o jkp ajkqcd- ?o pdau pkh‘ pda atpanj]h ar]hq]pkn9 pda naoa]n_dano ‘e‘ heopaj pk qo+ ^qp pdau ‘e‘j£p ‘k ]jupdejc sepd ep: ]j‘ sa _kqh‘ kbban kqn klejekjo+ ^qp ep ‘e‘j£p na]hhu i]ppanƒ pda ‘a_eoekjo sana i]‘a ahoasdana ]j‘ kbpaj ep s]o jkp _ha]n sd]p s]o ‘a_e‘a‘Rsk _kiiqjepu iai^ano sana mqepa atlhe_ep ej o]uejc pd]p pdau d]‘ s]jpa‘ pk ^a ejrkhra‘ ikna ej pda lnkfa_p+ a-c- ej ‘arahklejc ]j ejpanreas o_da‘qha9 G s]jpa‘ pk i]ga ] _kjpne^qpekjFksaran+ kpdan lnkfa_p iai^ano (sdk ]‘dana‘ pk ]j ]_]‘aie_ kn ln]ci]pe_ lkoepekj) ]‘rk_]pa‘ at]_phu pdeo baa‘^]_g bqj_pekj- Dkn pdai l]npe_el]pekj s]o jkp ]j ejpnejoe_ r]hqa (kn ]p ha]op jkp pda ikop eilknp]jp r]hqa) ^qp ]j ejopnqiajp bkn eilnkrejc pda mq]hepu kb pda naoa]n_d (^u ia]jo kb pda ok,_]hha‘ ¢iai^an _da_g£) kn pda abba_perajaoo ]j‘ qoabqhjaoo kb ] lnkcn]i bkn da]hpdu herejc ^u ejrkhrejc pda _kiiqjepu ]o ] baa‘^]_g cnkqlN]npe_el]pekj ]hok pkkg ] opn]pace_ bkni9 pk ejbkni pda _kiiqjepu ]o ] opn]pacu pk oikkpd pda l]pd bkn pda lh]jja‘ da]hpd ]_perepeao (haraho 1 kn 2) kn ik^ehevejc _kiiqjepu iai^ano pk cap ]__aoo pk pda ^nk]‘an _kiiqjepu (harah 4)- Dkn pdaoa lnkfa_p iai^ano+ jkp l]npe_el]pekj ^qp iapdk‘khkce_]h mq]hepu kn abba_perajaoo (pda na]hev]pekj kb _d]jca) sana pda i]ej r]hqao- N]npe_el]pekj s]o pda opn]pacu kn ejopnqiajp pk dahl na]heva pdaoa r]hqao 04Rk oqi ql+ ‘ebbanajp lneknepeao sana lnaoajpa‘- Rda e‘akhkce_]h lkoepekj+ ]eia‘ ]p ailksaniajp+ _khhe‘a‘ sepd kpdan r]hqao kb ]_dearejc ] lnk‘q_p kb decd ]_]‘aie_ op]j‘]n‘ kn skngejc pks]n‘o ] ln]_pe_]h lnkcn]i ~ ^kpd kb sde_d lkooe^hu ‘e‘ jkp d]ra pk ejrkhra ] decd harah kb l]npe_el]pekj- Fksaran+ pda _h]od ^apsaaj pdaoa lkoepekjo s]o jkp kjhu ] _h]od ^apsaaj ‘ebbanajp op]gadkh‘ano+ ep ]hok pkkg lh]_a sepdej pda naoa]n_dan cnkql ]j‘ araj sepdej kja ]j‘ pda o]ia lanokj- ?j at]ilha s]o pda lnkfa_p i]j]can+ ] lnkbaookn sdk opnqccha‘ pk gaal pda ]_]‘aie_ op]j‘]n‘o ]j‘ ailksaniajp e‘a]ho sdeha _kjbkniejc pk pda ‘ai]j‘o kb pda bej]j_ejc ejopepqpekj pk ‘arahkl ] ln]_pe_]^ha lnkcn]i- Rda naoqhp kb pdeo _h]od kb r]hqao ^a_]ia i]jebaop ej lnk^haio hega lanek‘e_]h ‘nklkqp+ pajoekjo ^apsaaj pda lnkfa_p i]j]can ]j‘ pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda da]hpd
04
Gj pda pulkhkcu kb F]np & @kj‘ (0884) pdeo eo pda ok,_]hha‘ ¢atlaneiajp]h£ naola_perahu ¢lnkbaooekj]hevejc£ pula kb l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d- Rda atlaneiajp]h pula kb ]_pekj naoa]n_d eo ikna pdaknape_]hhu kneajpa‘ _kil]na‘ pk pda kpdan pulao9 pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ deo kn dan naoa]n_d mqaopekj ]na _ajpn]h- Gj pda lnkbaooekj]hevejc pula+ pda lnk^hai pk ^a okhra‘ eo ‘abeja‘ ^u ]j‘ ej pda ejpanaop kb pda da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho+ ^qp pdana eo okia ejpan]_pekj sepd pda qoano159
Gaby Jacobs
lnkbaooekj]ho+ ]j‘ bnqopn]pekjo ]^kqp lkkn ]_]‘aie_ mq]hepu kn pda hkop e‘a]h kb ailksaniajpFksaran+ pdaoa ‘ebbanajp lneknepeao odkqh‘ jkp ja_aoo]nehu d]ra _]qoa‘ lnk^haioNnkbaooekj]ho+ ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ej l]npe_qh]n+ ]na cajan]hhu ranu _]l]^ha kb ‘a]hejc sepd ‘ebbanajp klejekjo+ lnkre‘a‘ pd]p pdana eo ]j kllknpqjepu bkn at_d]jca- Qk sd]p d]llaja‘ ej pdeo lnkfa_p= @abkna ah]^kn]pejc kj pdaoa lnk^haio+ G sehh lnaoajp ] oa_kj‘ ‘ehaii] pd]p ^a_]ia i]jebaop ej pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj naoa]n_dano ]j‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho kj pda kja d]j‘ ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu kj pda kpdan d]j‘-
Openness or ‘protection’? Gj l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d+ naoa]n_dano jkp kjhu jaa‘ gjksha‘ca ]j‘ atlanpeoa ej naoa]n_d iapdk‘khkcu+ ^qp ]hok _kilapaj_eao bkn ‘a]hejc ]‘amq]pahu sepd pda ejpanlanokj]h ]j‘ lkhepe_]h ‘uj]ie_o kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo (Lahokj ap ]h-+ 1//3)- ?p pda kqpoap kb pda lnkfa_p+ pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho d]‘ heppha kn jk atlaneaj_a ej l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao- K]ju ]ola_po kb pda lnkfa_p sana _kilhapahu jas ]j‘ lkoa‘ mqaopekjo nac]n‘ejc pdaen lnkbaooekj]h lanbkni]j_a ]j‘ ]_pekjo- Rda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho bahp l]npe_qh]nhu ejoa_qna ej _khh]^kn]pejc sepd pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]o amq]h l]npjano ej pda lnkfa_p- ?j at]ilha eo pda lkkn mq]hepu kb pda ejpanreaso dah‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej pda benop nkqj‘- Jkkgejc ^]_g+ ep eo ‘ebbe_qhp pk na_kjopnq_p dks ]j‘ sdu pda ‘a_eoekj s]o i]‘a jkp pk ola]g klajhu ]^kqp pdeo lkkn mq]hepu ]j‘ epo eilhe_]pekjo bkn pda ]j]huoeo- U]o ep _]qoa‘ ^u ba]n kb ‘aikn]hevejc pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano kn kb dqnpejc pdaen baahejco= U]o ep ‘ebbe_qhp bkn pda naoa]n_dano pk ]‘iep pd]p pdau i]‘a ] ieop]ga ^u atla_pejc pk _n]i h]u laklha ej bkqn skngodklo ejpk ¢_k,naoa]n_dano£= U]o ep pda abba_p kb pnuejc pk lnarajp hkoejc ikna peia ^u ]rke‘ejc ‘eo_qooekj ej pda lnkfa_p cnkql= Ud]paran pda na]okj(o)+ pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano bahp pd]p okiapdejc s]o snkjc sepd pdaen ejpanreaso+ ^qp ejepe]hhu pdau ‘e‘ jkp cap opn]ecdpbkns]n‘ ]josano pk pdaen mqaopekjo- Gj pda ar]hq]pekj ]p pda aj‘ kb pda lnkfa_p+ pda ah‘anhu _nepe_eva‘ pda h]_g kb _h]nepu ]j‘ baa‘^]_g+ ]_pq]hhu pdau sana opehh oa]n_dejc bkn ]josano9 012-
U]o pda mq]hepu kb kqn ejpanreaso ]hh necdp= Udu ‘e‘ pda naoa]n_dano ‘k ejpanreaso ]o sahh= Ud]p d]ra pda ejpanreaso _kjpne^qpa‘ pk pda da]hpd lnkikpekj lnkcn]i=
@u d]rejc oal]n]pa iaapejco+ pda ¢lnkbaooekj]h£ iai^ano pnea‘ pk ]rke‘ kran^qn‘ajejc pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano kn ^kpdanejc pdai qjja_aoo]nehu sepd lnk^haio kb peia i]j]caiajp+ hkceope_]h lnk_a‘qnao+ ‘a_eoekjo kn ehhjaoo kb _k,skngano+ bkn ba]n kb ¢hkoejc pdai£- @qp pdeo ]hok ia]jp pd]p pda pajoekjo+ lnk^haio (a-c- sepd pda ejpanreaso) ]j‘ qj_anp]ejpeao sepdej pda lnkfa_p sana jkp klajhu ‘eo_qooa‘+ ]p ha]op jkp ej pda sdkha lnkfa_p pa]i160
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
? oeieh]n nape_aj_a s]o oaaj ej pda _kjp]_p ^apsaaj pda lnkfa_p i]j]can kj pda kja d]j‘ ]j‘ pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho kj pda kpdan d]j‘- Rda lnkfa_p i]j]can _knna_phu pkkg lnei]nu naolkjoe^ehepu bkn pda lnkcnaoo kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ iaapejc pda ‘ai]j‘o kb pda bej]j_ean- Akjoamqajphu+ oda opnaooa‘ pda eilknp]j_a kb ope_gejc pk ‘a]‘hejao ]j‘ lnk‘q_ejc kqplqp- ?o ] _kjoamqaj_a+ ej pda naoa]n_dano£ ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho£ reas oda ‘e‘ jkp l]u iq_d ]ppajpekj pk pda o_eajpebe_ mq]hepu ]j‘ l]npe_el]pknu r]hqao kb pda lnkfa_p- Rda naoa]n_dano£ na]_pekj pk pda lnkfa_p i]j]can£o lnaooqna s]o pk ]og bkn ikna peia- Akjoamqajphu+ pda lnkfa_p i]j]can pkkg ]_pekj pk naheara pdai kb pdaen p]ogo ]j‘ a]oa pda o_da‘qha- Fksaran+ oda ‘e‘ ]hh pdaoa pdejco sepdkqp _kjoqhpejc pda kpdan naoa]n_dano ej kn‘an pk ]rke‘ ^qn‘ajejc pdai sepd ]‘iejeopn]pera i]ppano- Rda naoa]n_dano bkn pdaen l]np bahp habp kqp ]j‘ jkp p]gaj oanekqohu ]o amq]h l]npjano ej pda lnkfa_pRdaoa bknio kb ¢lnkpa_pekj£ i]u p]ga lh]_a sepd pda ^aop kb ejpajpekjo+ ^qp pdau ejpanbana sepd ]j klaj ]j‘ amq]h ‘e]hkcqa- Qq_d ] ‘e]hkcqa eo jkp kjhu eilknp]jp bnki ] iapdk‘khkce_]h kn pa_dje_]h reaslkejp (ep eilnkrao pda r]he‘epu ]j‘ qo]^ehepu kb naoqhpo ej ] l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_d)+ ^qp ]hok bnki ] ikn]h lnkbaooekj]h reaslkejp- Pa]hevejc ‘e]hkce_]h nah]pekjodelo sepd pda _kiiqjepu eo ]j ejpnejoe_ r]hqa kn ck]h ej l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ ]j klaj ]j‘ amq]h ‘e]hkcqa eo ] ^naa‘ejc cnkqj‘ bkn lnkbaooekj]h ‘arahkliajp+ ^a_]qoa ep _na]pao ] ol]_a bkn nabha_pekj ]j‘ ‘kq^ha kn pnelha hkkl ha]njejc (@nk_g^]jg & K_Eehh+ 0887)-
Two mirrors Gj pda ¢?olenejc pk Fa]hpdu Jerejc£ lnkfa_p+ pda i]ej ¢lnk^hai£ s]o pd]p pdana s]o jk klaj ]j‘ od]na‘ ‘eo_qooekj kj l]npe_el]pekj- ?‘ieppa‘hu+ pdana s]o ] hkp kb ‘eo_qooekj ej pda iaapejco ]o sahh ]o _knne‘kn _d]ppejc ]^kqp pda ]_perepeao ]j‘ ‘ereoekj kb nkhao+ ^qp pda ^]oe_ r]hqao ]j‘ reaslkejpo kj l]npe_el]pekj sana jkp l]np kb pdeo ‘e]hkcqa- Kknakran+ ^u d]rejc oal]n]pa iaapejco+ pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano sana qjseppejchu at_hq‘a‘ bnki pdeo ‘e]hkcqa?j‘ ^u heiepejc pdeo ‘e]hkcqa+ od]na‘ ha]njejc d]o ]hok ^aaj k^opnq_pa‘- G sehh atlh]ej pdeo ^u nabannejc pk pda ‘eopej_pekj ^apsaaj oejcha+ ‘kq^ha ]j‘ pnelha hkkl ha]njejc (oaa a-c@nk_g^]jg & K_Eehh+ 0887)N?P op]j‘o sepdej ] _nepe_]h o_eajpebe_ l]n]‘eci pd]p namqenao naoa]n_dano pk ]__alp ⁄pd]p naoa]n_d _]jjkp k__qlu ] r]hqa,bnaa na]hi9 ep ia]jo ]_gjksha‘cejc pd]p sa ]hh reas pda sknh‘ ~ ]j‘ ‘k kqn naoa]n_d ~ sepd ] reas bnki okiasdanaƒ kqn op]j‘lkejp ]bba_po kqn pdejgejc¥ (Fkhopaej & Kejghan+ 1//6+ l-08)- Rdeo op]j‘lkejp eo ikn]hhu ]j‘ lkhepe_]hhu nahar]jp ^a_]qoa sa ]_p qlkj sd]p sa oaa: pdanabkna+ ep odkqh‘ ^a l]np kb nabha_pekj ]j‘ ‘e]hkcqa ]o ¢jkni]pera£ lnkbaooekj]ho- Gj nabha_pejc kj pdeo lnkfa_p+ G d]ra ^a_kia ]s]na kb pda eilknp]j_a kb at]_phu pdeo ‘e]hkcqa bkn ok,_]hha‘ ‘kq^ha ]j‘ pnelha hkkl ha]njejc lnk_aooao ej _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_dGj oejcha,hkkl ha]njejc+ pda (eilhe_ep) bn]ia kb nabanaj_a (ej_hq‘ejc kja£o pdakneao ]j‘ ik‘aho kb ]_pekj+ klejekjo ]j‘ r]hqao) cqe‘ao pda ]_pekjo ]j‘ ‘a_eoekjo p]gaj- Pabha_pekj eo naopne_pa‘ pk pa_dje_]h,iapdk‘e_]h mqaopekjo9 ]na sa ‘kejc pda necdp pdejco pk ]_deara pda 161
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ck]ho kb pda lnkfa_p= Rdeo s]o pda ‘kiej]jp s]u kb ha]njejc ej pda lnkfa_p- Gj pda ‘e]hkcqa+ pda ck]ho ]j‘ bn]iao pdaioahrao ]j‘ pda ‘ebbanaj_ao ]j‘ oeieh]nepeao sepdej pda lnkfa_p pa]i sana jkp oq^fa_p pk ‘eo_qooekj- Rda naoqhp s]o pd]p pda _h]od kb lkoepekjo sepdej ]j‘ ^apsaaj lnkfa_p iai^ano pkkg lh]_a ]hikop qjjkpe_a‘Bkq^ha,hkkl ha]njejc kj pda kpdan d]j‘+ eo _d]n]_paneva‘ ^u nabha_pekj kj pda ]_pekj ]j‘ bn]iao qj‘anhuejc pda ]_pekj- Rda cqe‘ejc mqaopekjo ]na9 sd]p ]i G ‘kejc= Ud]p ]na iu ikperao bkn ]_pejc hega G ‘k= Ud]p lnaoqllkoepekjo+ ik‘aho+ pdakneao ]j‘ r]hqao qj‘anhea iu ]_pekjo= Ja]njejc pdaj ia]jo pk lqp pk mqaopekj kjao ^]oe_ ]ooqilpekjo+ nabha_pekj⁄Pabha_pekj ia]jo odksejc kqnoahrao pk kqnoahrao kn dkh‘ejc ql ] iennkn pk kqnoahrao¥ (P]u+ 1//6+ l-58)+ sde_d ia]jo pd]p pda bn]iao ]j‘ ck]ho _]j _d]jca- Rdeo gej‘ kb nabha_pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc pdnerao ej ]j klaj ]j‘ amq]h ‘e]hkcqa- Gj pda ¢?olenejc pk Fa]hpdu Jerejc£ lnkfa_p+ pda ¢lnkpa_pera£ op]j_a (ejopa]‘ kb klajjaoo) ]j‘ pda peia lnaooqna k^opnq_pa‘ pda ‘e]hkcqa ]j‘ pdana^u nabha_pekj,kj,]_pekj ]j‘ ‘kq^ha,hkkl ha]njejcBkq^ha,hkkl ha]njejc eo ] lna_kj‘epekj bkn pnelha,hkkl ha]njejc+ sde_d eo _d]n]_paneva‘ ^u nabha_pekj kj pda nabha_pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc lnk_aoo epoahb+ sde_d ia]jo p]gejc ] iap],lkoepekj pks]n‘o pda _khh]^kn]pera lnk_aoo- Rda cqe‘ejc mqaopekj eo9 dks ‘k ha]nj bnki a]_d kpdan= Ud]p gej‘ kb ha]njejc lnk_aooao (a-c- pda ‘e]hkcqa) ‘k sa jaa‘ pk ‘arahkl kqn _]l]_epu pk ha]nj bnki a]_d kpdan= Rdeo namqenao ⁄] oa_kj‘ iennkn9 sa--- hkkg ]p kqnoahrao hkkgejc ]p kqnoahrao- Rda eilknp]jp ‘eopej_pekj dana eo pd]p okiakja kn okiapdejc ahoa ~ ]j kh‘an lanokj+ ] naiejeo_aj_a cnkql+ ] jqnoejc dkia ~ dkh‘o ql pda oa_kj‘ iennkn- Rk ^a nabhatera+ sa jaa‘ ]j Mpdan pk odks kqnoahrao pk kqnoahrao¥ (P]u+ 1//6+ l-58)Rda l]npe_el]pknu ejmqenu lnk_aoo epoahb eo ‘a_kjopnq_pa‘ ^u _nepe_]hhu nabha_pejc kj kjao klajjaoo bkn ]j‘ _]l]_epu pk ‘a]h sepd iqhpelha lanola_perao- Gj pda lnkfa_p+ pdana s]o jk pnelha,hkkl ha]njejc+ kjhu ej nabha_pejc kj pda lnkfa_p ]bpans]n‘o+ ‘kq^ha ]j‘ pnelha hkkl ha]njejc lnk_aooao bej]hhu pkkg lh]_a-05 Lkp kjhu ‘e‘ pda pa]i bej‘ kqp pda ‘ebbanajp lkoepekjo ejrkhra‘ nac]n‘ejc l]npe_el]pekj+ pdau ]hok ^a_]ia ]s]na pd]p pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano (]o pda Mpdan) sana ouopai]pe_]hhu ^qp qjseppejchu at_hq‘a‘ bnki pda ‘e]hkcqa ]j‘ pd]p pdeo s]o nabha_pa‘ ej ‘eop]j_ejc kqnoahrao bnki mqaopekjejc kqn ksj e‘ajpepeao ]o ¢]caejc laklha£- Gj kpdan skn‘o+ ep ^a_]ia _ha]n dks opnq_pqn]h+ oui^khe_+ ejpanlanokj]h ]j‘ ejpn]lanokj]h b]_pkno ejpaniejcha‘ pk lnk‘q_a ] mqepa atlhkoera opqbb ]j‘ ej ^aejc jkp nabha_pa‘ qlkj+ ha‘ pk ‘eo]llkejpiajp+ bnqopn]pekj ]j‘ ‘eopqn^a‘ nah]pekjodelo-
Conclusion Akj‘q_pejc N?P ia]jo ‘a]hejc sepd ] decdhu _kjpaopa‘ ]j‘ ‘ebbe_qhp _kj_alp9 l]npe_el]pekj- N]npe_el]pekj d]o ‘ebbanajp ia]jejco ej ‘ebbanajp ‘eo_kqnoao9 e‘akhkce_]h ]j‘ 05
162
Rda opq‘u ^u Rkjf] r]j ‘aj Cj‘a kj ¢jkni]pera lnkbaooekj]heoi£ (T]j ‘aj Cj‘a & H]_k^o+ 1//5)+ s]o ]j eilknp]jp b]_pkn ej pdeo ha]njejc lnk_aoo+ ]o s]o pda ar]hq]pekj sepd pda da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano-
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
_kiiqje_]pera ej pda ailksaniajp pn]‘epekj: ejopnqiajp]h ej pda pn]‘epekj]h o_eajpebe_ l]n]‘eci+ ]j‘ ln]ci]pe_ ej lnkbaooekj]h ]j‘ h]u reaso- ?hok pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ailksaniajp eo _kilhat ]j‘ iqhpeh]uana‘- Gj pdeo lnkfa_p+ pda ah‘anhu bahp ailksana‘+ ]hpdkqcd pdau sana jkp l]npe_el]pejc ej pda ck]h oappejc kn ‘a_eoekj i]gejc lnk_aooao- Rdeo n]eoao pda mqaopekj sdapdan l]npe_el]pekj kj ] decd harah eo ] ja_aoo]nu _kj‘epekj pk ]_deara ailksaniajpMj pda kpdan d]j‘+ pdeo lnkfa_p i]gao ep _ha]n pd]p pda ejrkhraiajp kb pda ah‘anhu ]o naoa]n_dano ej beah‘skng ‘kao jkp ej epoahb i]ga ] _d]jca ej lksan opnq_pqnao ^apsaaj ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao+ ]o eo ]hok op]pa‘ ^u Kk P]u (1//6)- Gjopa]‘+ ej epo ejopnqiajp]h qoa+ ep lkejpo pk pda ‘]jcan pd]p l]npe_el]pekj _]j ^a_kia l]np kb ] ¢pe_gejc pda ^kt ]llnk]_d£ pk odks pd]p pda namqenaiajpo kb naoa]n_d cn]jp,]s]n‘ejc ^k‘eao ]na iap- Rdanabkna+ nabhaterepu odkqh‘ ^a l]np ]j‘ l]n_ah kb pda N?P lnk_aoo: sa odkqh‘ ]og kqnoahrao9 0123-
Ud]p ‘k sa ia]j ^u l]npe_el]pekj= Udu ‘k sa pdejg l]npe_el]pekj eo eilknp]jp= Udk odkqh‘ ^ajabep bnki pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ ej sd]p s]u= Ud]p _nepane] ]j‘ iapdk‘o _]j sa qoa pk fq‘ca pda oq__aoo kb l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ dks eo l]npe_el]pekj ejrkhra‘ ej pdaoa=
Ku _kj_hqoekj eo pd]p l]npe_el]pknu (]_pekj) naoa]n_d+ eb jkp nabha_pa‘ kj ]j‘ olkgaj ]^kqp+ _]j ^a_kia ] bnqopn]pejc lnk_aoo- Gj kn‘an pk na]heva ‘e]hkce_ nah]pekjodelo pda bn]iao kb nabanaj_a ]j‘ pda nabha_pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc lnk_aooao pdaioahrao jaa‘ pk ^a_kia pda oq^fa_p kb ‘eo_qooekj- ?j klaj ‘e]hkcqa namqenao ¢nkkpejc ]j‘ odebpejc£9 na_kcjepekj kb kja£o ksj lkoepekj ]j‘ pda qjemqa lkoepekjejc kb a]_d iai^an kb pda lnkfa_p (Wqr]h,B]reo+ 0883)- Gp ]hok namqenao p]gejc ] iap],nabhatera op]j‘+ pk oaa sd]p rke_ao ]na da]n‘ ]j‘ sd]p rke_ao ]na jkp: pk oaa sd]p lnk_a‘qnao+ sd]p h]jcq]ca kn ei]cao+ sd]p ^ad]rekn kn _kiiqje_]pekj l]ppanjo ]j‘ sd]p lanokj]h jaa‘o ]j‘ hkjcejco ]na ejde^epejc kn oqllknpejc ]j klaj ]j‘ amq]h ‘e]hkcqaRda ndapkne_ kb ailksaniajp+ amq]hepu ]j‘ nabha_pekj kj lksan nah]pekjo ej N?P kbpaj ‘kao jkp _knnaolkj‘ sepd na]hepu- Gj i]ejopna]i da]hpd (naoa]n_d) ln]_pe_a sa bej‘ jkp iq_d pdkqcdp ]^kqp pda _kjbhe_p kn oqllnaooekj kb r]hqao+ ]^kqp ‘ebbanejc ejpanaopo ]j‘ ck]ho kn ]^kqp pda naoeop]j_a ]j‘ aikpekjo ]__kil]juejc pdaoa _h]odao ]j‘ pda s]uo pda ‘ebbanajp l]npeao ejrkhra‘ ‘a]h sepd pdai (_b- U]hhanopaej+ 0888)- Gj pdeo oajoa+ pda ¢?olenejc pk Fa]hpdu Jerejc£ lnkfa_p eo jkp qjemqa- Qd]nejc pda atlaneaj_a kb skngejc sepdej pda pajoekj ^apsaaj pda e‘a]h ]j‘ ope_gu na]hepu+ ^apsaaj pda ‘aoen]^ha ]j‘ pda lkooe^ha+ ]j‘ ^apsaaj pa_dje_]h ]j‘ ikn]h _kjoe‘an]pekjo _kqh‘ d]ra bkopana‘ ] oajoa kb _kjja_pekj+ rep]hepu ]j‘ ailksaniajp ^apsaaj pda lnkfa_p iai^ano- Fksaran+ sdana]o pda lnkfa_p b]eha‘ pk p]ga pdeo iap],lkoepekj+ pdeo ^kkg eo ] oa_kj‘ _d]j_a pk od]na ]j‘ ha]nj bnki a]_d kpdan opkneao+ ia]jejco ]j‘ atlaneaj_ao-
163
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References ?njopaej+ Q- (0858)- J]‘‘an kb _epevaj l]npe_el]pekj ej pda SQ?- Hkqnj]h kb pda ?iane_]j Gjopepqpa kb Nh]jjano+ Hqhu+ 105,15@ajd]^e^+ Q- (0881)- Qepq]pejc pda Qahb9 Eaj‘an+ Akiiqjepu ]j‘ Nkopik‘anjeoi ej Akjpailkn]nu Cpde_o- Mtbkn‘9 Nkhepu Nnaoo@anj]n‘+ K- & Q_d]nb+ R- (a‘o-) (1//6)- Anepe_]h Nanola_perao kj ?caejc Qk_eapeao- @neopkh9 Nkhe_u Nnaoo@nk_g^]jg+ ?- & G- K_Eehh (0887)- D]_ehep]pejc Pabha_pera Ja]njejc ej Fecdan C‘q_]pekj@q_gejcd]i9 Mlaj Sjeranoepu NnaooAdesav]+ ?- J- (1//4)- N]npe_el]pekj9 Pa]hepu kn Pdapkne_ ej Pqn]h Akiiqjepeao kb K]h]se= R]jv]jap Hkqnj]h+ 4(0)9 0,7- ?r]eh]^ha kjheja9 sss-p]jv]jap-knc.ejp.fkqnj]h.pvjapfkqnj]h[/6[1//4[l]npe_[na]hepu[nqn]h[_kii-l‘bDnaena+ N-(086/)- Na‘]ckcu kb pda Mllnaooa‘- Jkj‘kj9 Xa‘ @kkgoF]^ani]o+ H- (0873)- Rda Rdaknu kb Akiiqje_]pera ?_pekj- @kopkj9 @a]_kj NnaooF]np+ C- & K- @kj‘ (0884)- ?_pekj naoa]n_d bkn da]hpd ]j‘ ok_e]h _]na- Ndeh]‘ahlde]. @q_gejcd]i9 Mlaj Sjeranoepu NnaooFkhopaej+ K-@- & Kejghan+ K- (1//6)- Anepe_]h cankjpkhkcu9 nabha_pekjo bkn pda 10op _ajpqnu- Gj K@anj]n‘ & R- Q_d]nb (a‘o-)+ Anepe_]h Nanola_perao kj ?caejc Qk_eapeao (ll-02,15)- @neopkh9 Nkhe_u NnaooH]_k^o+ E-+ @n]]gi]j+ K- & H- Fkqsahejc (1//4)- Ml aecaj gn]_dp j]]n cavkj‘ harajCilksaniajp ej ‘a cavkj‘dae‘o^arkn‘anejc9 _kj_alpaj+ sangsefvaj aj kj‘anvkagoiapdk‘ajSpna_dp9 SrFH]_k^o+ E- (1//5)- Gi]cejejc pda bhksano+ ^qp skngejc pda ne_d ]j‘ da]ru _h]u9 l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ailksaniajp ej ]_pekj naoa]n_d bkn da]hpd- C‘q_]pekj]h ?_pekj Paoa]n_d+ 03(3)+ 458,470Id]jj]+ P- (0885)- N]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d ej skiaj£o da]hpd9 Q?PRFG+ Gj‘e]- Gj I- ‘a Ikjejc & K- K]npej (a‘o)+ N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d ej Fa]hpd (ll-51,66)- Jkj‘kj9 Xa‘ @kkgoIkahaj+ K- & T]j ‘an @]j+ ?- (1//3)- Fa]hpd a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ da]hpd lnkikpekj- U]cajejcaj9 U]cajejcaj ?_]‘aie_ Nq^heodanoKejghan+ K- & L- U]hhanopaej (a‘o-) (1//2)- Akiiqjepu,@]oa‘ N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d bkn Fa]hpdQ]j Dn]j_eo_k9 Hkooau,@]ooKqnn]u+ K- (1//3)- Ad]hhajcejc L]nn]perao ]j‘ Qk_e]h Palnaoajp]pekj kb Fa]hpd+ Ghhjaoo ]j‘ GjfqnuGj K- Kqnn]u (a‘-)+ Anepe_]h Fa]hpd Nou_dkhkcu (ll-062,075)- Las Wkng9 N]hcn]ra K]_Kehh]jLahokj+ E-+ N]j_an+ K-+ F]us]n‘+ I- & P- Iahhu (1//3)- N]npjanodelo ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj kb _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajpo ej Fa]hpd Nnkikpekj ]j‘ Nnarajpekj9 Ctlaneaj_ao kb pda Fecdbeah‘ Akiiqjepu Cjne_diajp Nnkfa_p (@appan @acejjejco+ @appan Dqpqnao)+ Hkqnj]h kb Fa]hpd Nou_dkhkcu+ 8 (1)+ 102,116N]ng+ N-(1//0)- Ijksha‘ca ]j‘ N]npe_el]pknu Paoa]n_d- Gj N-Pa]okj & F- @n]‘^qnu (a‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb ?_pekj Paoa]n_d- N]npe_el]pera Gjmqenu & Nn]_pe_a (ll-70,8/)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caNnappu+ H-+ Eqefp+ G-+ Rdkilokj+ H- & G- Q_kkjao (0884)- N]npe_el]pknu Ja]njejc ]j‘ ?_pekj- ? pn]ejano’ Eqe‘a- Jkj‘kj9 Gjopepqpa bkn Cjrenkjiajp ]j‘ BarahkliajpP]u+ K- (1//6)- Pa‘naooejc pda ^]h]j_a= Rda l]npe_el]pekj kb kh‘an laklha ej naoa]n_d- Gj K- @anj]n‘ & R- Q_d]nb (a‘o-) Anepe_]h Nanola_perao kj ?caejc Qk_eapeao (ll-62,76)- @neopkh9 Nkhe_u NnaooP]u+ P-C- (1//6)- L]nn]perao ]o ]cajpo kb ok_e]h _d]jca9 ] jas ‘ena_pekj bkn j]nn]pera cankjpkhkceopoGj K- @anj]n‘ & R- Q_d]nb (a‘o-)+ Anepe_]h Nanola_perao kj ?caejc Qk_eapeao (ll-48,61)- @neopkh9 Nkhe_u Nnaoo164
Participation in health research: The need for a second mirror
Pa]okj+ N-& F- @n]‘^qnu (a‘o-) (1//0)- F]j‘^kkg kb ?_pekj Paoa]n_d- N]npe_el]pera Gjmqenu & Nn]_pe_a- Jkj‘kj9 Q]caQdean+ F- (1//0)- N]pds]uo pk N]npe_el]pekj9 Mlajejco+ Mllknpqjepeao ]j‘ M^hec]pekjo- Adeh‘naj & Qk_eapu+ 04+ 0/6,006Wqr]h,B]reo+ L- (0883)- Ukiaj+ Cpdje_epu ]j‘ Cilksaniajp- Daiejeoi & Nou_dkhkcu+ 3(0)+ 068, 086U]hhanopaej+ L- (0888)- Nksan ^apsaaj ar]hq]pkn ]j‘ _kiiqjepu9 naoa]n_d nah]pekjodelo sepdej Las Kate_k£o da]hpdean _kiiqjepeao- Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a & Ka‘e_eja+ 38+ 28,42UFM (0875)- Mpp]s] Ad]npan bkn Fa]hpd Nnkikpekj- Eajar]9 Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jev]pekj-
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166
Involving refugees in focus group research Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell Rdeo _d]lpan ‘ao_ne^ao pda lnk_aoo kb _kj‘q_pejc ] opq‘u+ bqj‘a‘ ^u pda Q_kppeod Cta_qpera+ atlhknejc pda da]hpd _]na qoa ]j‘ jaa‘o kb ]ouhqi oaagano herejc ej Eh]ocks- ?o l]np kb pdeo+ sa _kj‘q_pa‘ bera bk_qo cnkqlo b]_ehep]pa‘ ^u ]ouhqi oaagano ]j‘ nabqcaao ej l]npe_el]jpo£ ksj h]jcq]ca- Rdaoa sana Qs]dehe+ Dnaj_d+ Pqooe]j+ D]noe ]j‘ Cjcheod- Rda atlaneaj_a odksa‘ pd]p oaagejc pda reaso kb ]ouhqi oaagano ]j‘ nabqcaao ]^kqp pdaen qoa kb ]j‘ jaa‘ bkn da]hpd _]na s]o lnk^hai]pe_ ‘qa pk pda dapankcajaepu kb pda lklqh]pekj+ h]jcq]ca ^]nneano+ h]_g kb pnqop ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo ]j‘ ba]n pd]p ejrkhraiajp skqh‘ ^a hejga‘+ ]j‘ lkooe^hu ‘]i]cejc pk+ ]ouhqi ]llhe_]pekjo- Rdqo+ kqn knecej]h reoekj bkn dks pda lnkfa_p skqh‘ ^a _kj‘q_pa‘ pqnja‘ kqp+ ej na]hepu+ pk ^a oeilheope_ ]j‘ namqena‘ ] bhate^ha lnk_aoo,‘neraj ]llnk]_d pk skngejc sepd pda nabqcaa _kiiqjepuUa bk_qo kj dks pda ‘aoecj ]j‘ lnk_aoo kb pda opq‘u epoahb kbbana‘ okhqpekjo pk ] naoa]n_d ‘aoecj ^]oa‘ kj lnekn e‘ajpebe_]pekj kb pda ’naoa]n_d lnk^hai.mqaopekjo’ ]j‘ ej l]npe_qh]n kj pda epan]pera ejpanlh]u kb ‘]p] cajan]pa‘ ]_nkoo pda b]_ehep]pkn pn]ejejc oaooekjo+ pda ]j]huoeo oaooekjo ]j‘ pda bk_qo cnkqlo pdaioahrao- Rdeo ajoqna‘ pd]p pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo s]o cnkqj‘a‘ ej pda atlaneaj_a kb ]ouhqi oaagano pdaioahrao ]j‘ ]hok decdhecdpa‘ pda eilknp]j_a kb naoa]n_dan nabhaterepu ]j‘ ]s]najaoo pd]p ]ju oq_d lnkfa_p eo ]j ejpan]_pera lnk_aoo pd]p eo _kjopepqpera kb pda ‘]p]+ ]j‘ _]jjkp ^a oal]n]pa‘ bnki ep-
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Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell
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The Rationale for Focus Groups Dk_qo cnkqlo _]j ^a qoabqh sdaj heppha eo gjksj ]^kqp oq^fa_p i]ppan (Kknc]j+ 0886) ]j‘ d]ra ^aaj ‘ao_ne^a‘ ]o abba_pera ej aop]^heodejc pnqop ]j‘ n]llknp sepd d]n‘,pk,na]_d lklqh]pekjo- (Inqacan+ 0882) Rdaoa _kjoe‘an]pekjo ejbknia‘ pda knecej]h ‘aoecj kb pda lnkfa_p+ l]npe_qh]nhu sdaj pda ]ei s]o pk oaag pda reaso kb pda ]ouhqi oaagan.nabqcaa _kiiqjepu+ i]ju kb sdki i]u d]ra heiepa‘ Cjcheod- Fksaran+ ej na]hepu pdeo s]o oeilheope_ ]j‘ kqn atlaneaj_ao ‘qnejc pda lnkfa_p ‘aikjopn]pa pd]p pda bk_qo cnkql iapdk‘ ]hkja eo okiapeiao jkp ajkqcd pk ]‘‘naoo oq_d _d]hhajcao- Gj b]_p pda bk_qo cnkqlo lnkra‘ ej okia s]uo _kqjpan pk aop]^heodejc pnqop ]j‘ ep s]o kjhu pdnkqcd ¢ejbkni]h£ k^oanr]pekj]h skng+ na_kn‘ejc kb beah‘ jkpao+ atpajoera reoepo pk hk_]h nabqcaa cnkqlo ]j‘ ‘kcca‘ ‘apaniej]pekj jkp pk hap pda lnkfa_p _khh]loa pd]p pda bk_qo cnkqlo ]_pq]hhu d]llaja‘- Rdeo ]hok nara]ha‘ pda heiep]pekjo ]j‘ lkooe^ehepeao kb bk_qo cnkqlo ej oq_d naoa]n_d-
Accessing people seeking asylum and refugees Rda ejepe]h ld]oa kb pda skng ejrkhra‘ c]ejejc ]__aoo pk ]ouhqi oaagano ]j‘ nabqcaao (?QP)Ua _kjp]_pa‘ gau laklha ]_nkoo ] n]jca kb oappejco ej_hq‘ejc rkhqjp]nu oa_pkn cnkqlo sdk lnkre‘a‘ oanre_ao pk ?QP+ op]pqpknu oa_pkn _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp lnkfa_po+ _dqn_d cnkqlo ]j‘ hk_]h _khhacao sdana ?QP ]ppaj‘a‘ Cjcheod _h]ooaoGjepe]hhu+ c]pagaalano oaaia‘ nahq_p]jp pk ajc]ca sepd qo ]j‘ b]_ehep]pa ]__aoo- Rdau atlh]eja‘ pd]p pdana sana bnamqajp namqaopo pk naoa]n_d pdeo cnkql kb laklha sde_d sana kbpaj ] s]opa kb peia sepd lnkfa_po b]ehejc pk cap kbb pda cnkqj‘- Rdeo s]o oaaj pk ^a h]ncahu ‘qa pk naoa]n_dano£ h]_g kb qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda bn]ceha _en_qiop]j_ao ]j‘ harah kb ]jteapu sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Rdaen o_alpe_]h ]j‘ lnkpa_pera na]_pekj oanra‘ pk aild]oeoa fqop dks ejoa_qna pdeo _kiiqjepu ]lla]na‘ pk ^a ]j‘ _kjoamqajphu dks ]i^epekqo kqn lh]jo sana ej _kil]neokj! 168
Involving refugees in focus group research
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Recruitment of Facilitators Rda benop ld]oa kb na_nqepiajp ejrkhra‘ e‘ajpebuejc oqep]^ha _]j‘e‘]pao sepdej pda _kiiqjepeao pk _kj‘q_p pda bk_qo cnkqlo- Rdeo namqena‘ ] na]okj]^ha cn]ol kb Cjcheod ]j‘ ]j ]^ehepu pk _kiiep pk ] pn]ejejc lnkcn]iia- Rdeo s]o kja kb pda ikop _d]hhajcejc ld]oao kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘+ ]bpan oaran]h ikjpdo+ sa sana opehh qjoq__aoobqh- ? oa_kj‘ i]ehejc kb ejbkni]pekj re] ]hh kb kqn _kjp]_po cajan]pa‘ jk nalheao bnki lkooe^ha b]_ehep]pkno- Rdejco sana ^acejjejc pk hkkg ]o ^ha]g ]o d]‘ ^aaj lna‘e_pa‘! KF _kjpejqa‘ pk reoep r]nekqo ‘nkl ej cnkqlo ]j‘ knc]jeo]pekjo kj ] saaghu ^]oeo aop]^heodejc ] nah]ta‘+ ejbkni]h lnaoaj_a ]j‘ ^a_kiejc ] b]iehe]n b]_a pk ^kpd ?QPo ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu skngano- Deah‘ jkpao sana galp ‘qnejc pdeo pk ‘k_qiajp pda lnk_aooRdeo ld]oa kb pda lnkfa_p+ ]hpdkqcd jkp b]_pkna‘ ejpk kqn ejepe]h lh]j+ s]o dqcahu peia _kjoqiejc ^qp ejopnqiajp]h ej l]rejc pda s]u bkn lkoepera dqi]j ejpan]_pekjo sepd laklha ej pda b]_a kb _kjoe‘an]^ha lksan nah]pekjo- Rk ^a_kia ] ¢b]iehe]n b]_a£ ]hok oecj]hha‘ pk gau c]pagaalano pd]p KF s]o _kiieppa‘ pk pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ ]hhksa‘ pdai pk ]ooaoo dan kj ] lanokj]h harah ]o okiakja pdau _kqh‘ pnqop ]j‘ ej‘aa‘ s]jpa‘ pk dahl- Crajpq]hhu+ ]o nah]pekjodelo ‘arahkla‘ sepd _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo+ oaran]h kb kqn _kjp]_po lnaoajpa‘ qo ‘ena_phu sepd ‘ap]eho kb l]npe_qh]n laklha sdk pdau pdkqcdp skqh‘ bqhbeh pda b]_ehep]pkno£ nkha- Gp eo ‘kq^pbqh pd]p pda lnkfa_p _kqh‘ d]ra lnkcnaooa‘ iq_d bqnpdan sepdkqp c]ejejc pda pnqop kb kqn _kjp]_po ]j‘ pdaen oq^oamqajp ]_pera ejlqp- KF p]hga‘ pk pda oaraj laklha sdk d]‘ ^aaj na_kiiaj‘a‘ kj pda pahaldkja pk oa_qna pdaen ejpanaop ]j‘ ejrepa‘ pdai pk ]j ejepe]h ¢pn]ejejc oaooekj£ ]p pda ^qncd d]hh+ ] b]iehe]n hk_]pekj _hkoa pk sdana pda i]fknepu kb pda ]ouhqi oaagejc _kiiqjepu hera‘-
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Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell
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Involving refugees in focus group research
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Translation and Analysis Rda na_kn‘a‘ bk_qo cnkql oaooekjo sana pn]joh]pa‘ ]j‘ pn]jo_ne^a‘ ^u KF ]j‘ pda b]_ehep]pkno skngejc pkcapdan- Gjepe]hhu b]_ehep]pkno paj‘a‘ pk _kjranp pda olkgaj skn‘o ejpk ^appan Cjcheod kn lnkre‘a ] oqii]nu kb sd]p s]o o]e‘ ej pdaen ksj skn‘o ejopa]‘ kb pn]joh]pejc ]__qn]pahu skn‘ bkn skn‘- Ua d]‘ pk skng d]n‘ pk i]ejp]ej pda ejpacnepu kb pda pn]jo_nelpo+ ^qp b]_ehep]pkno mqe_ghu ]‘]lpa‘ pk sd]p s]o namqena‘- Qkia ejpanaopejc eooqao ]nkoa ‘qnejc pdeo lnk_aoo bkn at]ilha kja b]_ehep]pkn bkqj‘ ep ‘ebbe_qhp jkp pk pn]joh]pa sd]p pda lanokj s]o ‘ao_ne^ejc ]o ¢opnaoo£ ^qp atlh]eja‘ pd]p pdana eo jk skn‘ ej Qs]dehe bkn opnaoo- Rdeo oqccaopa‘ ]p ha]op ] lkooe^ha na]okj bkn pda h]_g kb qj‘anop]j‘ejc ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pekj sepdej _kjoqhp]pekjo pd]p okia laklha nalknpa‘?bpan pn]jo_nelpekjo sana _kilhapa‘ oaran]h ]j]huoeo oaooekjo sana dah‘ sepd pda b]_ehep]pkno+ KF ]j‘ AMB- Rdaoa oaooekjo ]hhksa‘ ‘ebbanajp lanola_perao kj pda ejpanlnap]pekj kb ‘]p] ]j‘ sana ne_d ej ejoecdpo sde_d pda naoa]n_dano ]hkja _kqh‘ jkp d]ra d]‘ ]__aoo pk- ? _kiikj klejekj s]o pd]p i]ju laklha ^aheara‘ pd]p eb pdau sana bkqj‘ pk ^a ej lkkn da]hpd+ pdeo skqh‘ fakl]n‘eoa pdaen ]ouhqi _h]ei- Rdeo ^aheab _kjpn]‘e_pa‘ ] _kiikj j]nn]pera lnaoajpa‘ ej pda ia‘e] nac]n‘ejc laklha b]hoebuejc opkneao kb ehhjaoo ]j‘ ejfqnu ej kn‘an pk op]u ej pda _kqjpnu- N]najpo sdk ^aheara‘ pdaen _deh‘naj _kqh‘ lkooe^hu d]ra ^aaj 175
Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell
ejba_pa‘ sepd FGT nabqoa‘ pk d]ra pdai paopa‘ bkn ba]n pdau skqh‘ ^a bqnpdan opeci]peoa‘ kn atlahha‘ bnki pda _kqjpnu?j atpnaiahu r]hq]^ha ahaiajp kb pdaoa oaooekjo s]o pda b]_ehep]pkn£o ej,‘alpd ^]_gcnkqj‘ ejbkni]pekj kj l]npe_el]jp£o _kqjpneao kb knecej+ pda a_kjkie_ b]_pkno ]j‘ da]hpd _]na ouopaio lnkre‘a‘ pdana- Bebbanaj_ao ]j‘ oeieh]nepeao ej dks laklha atlaneaj_a‘ da]hpd_]na dana sana _ha]nhu ^]oa‘ kj pdaoa deopkne_]h b]_pknoRdaoa oaooekjo ]hok bqj_pekja‘ ]o ] hkjcepq‘ej]h bk_qo cnkql cajan]pejc bqnpdan ‘]p] ]o laklha ‘eo_qooa‘ ej ikna ‘alpd eooqao sde_d sana n]eoa‘ kn ej‘aa‘ jkp n]eoa‘- Dkn at]ilha+ kja b]_ehep]pkn od]na‘ ] ranu lanokj]h ]j‘ ‘aalhu pn]qi]pe_ atlaneaj_a sepdej pda _kjbejao kb pda cnkql sde_d oda‘ hecdp kj sdu laklha skqh‘ jkp ‘eo_qoo _anp]ej eooqao ej bk_qo cnkqlo- Gp s]o ] ‘ebbe_qhp ahaiajp kb pda oaooekj bkn ]hh ^qp s]o pna]pa‘ sepd oajoeperepu ]j‘ naola_p bnki bahhks _k,b]_ehep]pkno- Rdeo s]o okiapdejc pd]p pda naoa]n_dan _kqh‘ jkp cq]n]jpaa kn d]ra ]ju na]h _kjpnkh kran kpdan pd]j ] iej‘bqh b]_ehep]pekj kb cnkql ‘arahkliajp pk i]ga ep ]o aikpekj]hhu ¢o]ba£ ]o lkooe^ha-
The facilitators evaluate the project KF _kj‘q_pa‘ ] lkop lnkfa_p bk_qo cnkql sepd b]_ehep]pkno pk atlhkna pdaen atlaneaj_ao kb l]npe_el]pekj- Mran]hh pdau nalknpa‘ ] lkoepera atlaneaj_a ej sde_d pdaen ]eio kb c]ejejc ogehho ]j‘ ‘kejc okiapdejc bkn pdaen _kiiqjepu sana ikophu _kil]pe^ha sepd pda ]eio kb pda lnkfa_pFksaran ikop d]‘ atlaneaj_a‘ ] oq^oamqajp ¢jas£ lkoepekj sepdej pdaen _kiiqjepeao sdana pdana s]o ieopnqop bnki okia ‘qa pk pdaen ejrkhraiajp sepd pda lnkfa_p- Qkia laklha sdk ‘e‘ jkp l]npe_el]pa ej pda cnkqlo ‘qa pk ba]n ]j‘ oqole_ekj i]ejp]eja‘ pdaoa klejekjo ]j‘ _kjoamqajphu ‘ena_pa‘ pdaen ieopnqop kjpk b]_ehep]pkno- Mja b]_ehep]pkn s]o ]oga‘ pk ha]ra ] saaghu oqllknp cnkql bkn skiaj pd]p oda d]‘ ^aaj ]ppaj‘ejc ‘qa pk pda skiaj£o ba]no pd]p pdejco pdau sana ‘eo_qooejc sana ^aejc l]ooa‘ kj pdnkqcd dan pk pda ¢]qpdknepeao£- ?jkpdan b]_ehep]pkn _kjbe‘a‘ pd]p da d]‘ atlaneaj_a‘ oeieh]n jac]perepu ^qp ep d]‘ jkp k__qnna‘ pk dei pd]p ep _kqh‘ ^a okiapdejc pk ‘k sepd deo ejrkhraiajp ej pda lnkfa_p- Fksaran+ ‘aolepa pdeo+ ]hh ]cnaa‘ pd]p ej napnkola_p pdau skqh‘ i]ga pda o]ia ‘a_eoekj pk ^a ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ pd]p pda c]ejo oqlanoa‘a‘ ]ju jac]pera na]_pekjo bnki pda ¢_kiiqjepu£- Naklha sana l]npe_qh]nhu d]llu sepd pda _anpebe_]pa sa lnkre‘a‘ bnki pda qjeranoepu sde_d na_kcjeoa‘ pdaen pn]ejejc ]j‘ ]_dearaiajp ]j‘ dkla‘ pd]p pdeo skqh‘ ^a qoabqh bkn pda bqpqna ej ]llhuejc bkn fk^o ]j‘ _kqnoao-
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Involving refugees in focus group research
Discussion Akjoe‘an]^hu ikna peia d]‘ pk ^a ejraopa‘ ej pda ejepe]h op]cao kb pda lnkfa_p pd]j ejepe]hhu ejpaj‘a‘- Rdeo s]o aooajpe]h pk aop]^heod opnkjc ksjanodel kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ ] pa]i e‘ajpepu ej kn‘an pk ejolena _kjbe‘aj_a ej pda rkhqjpaano- ?hok ‘arahklejc nah]pekjodelo sepd _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo kran ] lanek‘ kb peia s]o _nepe_]h pk kqn abbknpo- Uepdkqp na_kcjepekj kb pdaoa b]_pkno pdana skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj ] decd neog kb ‘nkl kqp+ ‘ebbe_qhpeao ej na_nqepejc l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ lkpajpe]h _khh]loa kb pda ajpena lnkfa_p- Rda ¢pn]ejejc oaooekjo£ ja_aoo]nehu ^a_]ia ] iqpq]h ]j‘ _khh]^kn]pera lnk_aoo sde_d ja_aooep]pa‘ pd]p sa hkkoaj kqn cnel kb _kjpnkh kb pda lnkfa_p+ ]__alp qj_anp]ejpu ]j‘ ^a klaj ]j‘ naolkjoera pk sd]p ]nkoa bnki pda rkhqjpaano ]p aranu op]ca kb pda lnkfa_p- Rdaoa ]na b]_pkno sde_d ]ju naoa]n_dan sdk d]o qj‘anp]gaj N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj Paoa]n_d (N?P) (Pa]okj+ 0883) iecdp ^a b]iehe]n sepd- Rdeo s]o jkp oap ql pk ^a ] N?P lnkfa_p ^qp _en_qiop]j_ao ‘e_p]pa‘ pd]p sa ikra bqnpdan ]hkjc pda _kjpejqqi kb iapdk‘o pks]n‘o ] l]npe_el]pera naoa]n_d ]llnk]_d- Rdeo _kqh‘ ]hikop ^a ‘ao_ne^a‘ ]o ] bkni kb ¢cnkqj‘a‘ lnk_aoo£- Rda oq^oamqajp ejpanlh]u kb ‘]p] ^apsaaj pn]ejejc cnkqlo ]j‘ pda bk_qo cnkqlo s]o _nepe_]h ]j‘ cajan]pa‘ b]n ikna nk^qop ‘]p] pd]j eb pda ‘]p] c]pdanejc ]j‘ ]j]huoeo d]‘ ^aaj oal]n]pa‘ ]o eo pda _]oa ej i]ju lnkfa_po- Rda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo epoahb ‘aikjopn]pa‘ kja kb pda ikop eilknp]jp kqp_kiao kb pda lnkfa_p+ pd]p _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj eo ] ckk‘ ik‘ah bkn abba_perahu ejbkniejc pda nabqcaa _kiiqjepu- Dqnpdan pk pdeo+ pda _kilhatepu kb ejbkni]pekj sde_d ^a_]ia ]ll]najp pdnkqcdkqp pda lnk_aoo oanra‘ pk aild]oeoa pda ‘]jcano kb lnaoajpejc ‘]p] bnki bk_qo cnkqlo ]hkja+ bkn at]ilha+ ]o ] jaa‘o ]ooaooiajp kb ] l]npe_qh]n lklqh]pekj+ sepdkqp atlhknejc ]j‘ ]j]huoejc sd]p eooqao ‘k jkp _kia ql ]j‘ sdu?j eilknp]jp ahaiajp kb pdeo lnkfa_p s]o pda ]ppailp pk ]hhks pda _kiiqjepu pk ‘abeja pda eooqao ]‘‘naooa‘- K]ju naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ‘k jkp k^p]ej ckk‘ ‘]p] oeilhu ^a_]qoa pdau d]ra jkp ^aaj ]^ha pk cap ] oajoa kb sd]p pda nahar]jp eooqao iecdp ^a bkn ] l]npe_qh]n _kiiqjepu- Faj_a pdana eo ] ‘]jcan pd]p ] pe_g ^kt iajp]hepu eo ]llhea‘ ej sde_d _kiiqjepeao ]na ¢ceraj ] rke_a£ ^qp ej na]hepu ]na jkp b]_ehep]pa‘ pk atlnaoo sd]p eo eilknp]jp pk pdai- Rda b]_ehep]pkno£ lanokj]h atlaneaj_ao ]o ]ouhqi oaagano sana ejr]hq]^ha dana ]j‘ naoqhpa‘ ej ] j]pqn]h ]^ehepu pk ]og lanpejajp mqaopekjo sepd ] oajoeperepu pd]p skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj ^aukj‘ pda _]l]^ehepeao kb pda naoa]n_danRda ln]_pe_]h eooqa kb cappejc laklha pk ]ppaj‘ kj peia s]o _kjoe‘an]^ha aola_e]hhu sepd pda ?bne_]j cnkqlo sdana pailkn]h knc]jeo]pekj eo _qhpqn]hhu ‘erancajp- Fksaran pdeo hkoo kb bk_qo cnkql ‘eo_qooekj peia _kqh‘ d]ra ^aaj iepec]pa‘ eb ikna peia ]j‘ pdkqcdp d]‘ ckja ejpk p]llejc pda ne_d naokqn_a kb j]pqn]heope_ p]hg sde_d d]llaja‘ ]nkqj‘ pda od]nejc kb bkk‘ ]bpan pda cnkql s]o kran- Inqacan (0882) na_kiiaj‘o pd]p bkk‘ eo lnkre‘a‘ ]o ] s]u kb nah]tejc laklha ]j‘ lnkikpejc bn]jg ‘eo_qooekjo ]j‘ sa _anp]ejhu bkqj‘ pdeo pk ^a pda _]oa ^qp d]‘ jkp lnkre‘a‘ pda peia kn ol]_a pk _]lep]heoa kj pdeo- Mpdan naoa]n_dano skngejc sepd nabqcaao d]ra qoa‘ ejbkni]h iapdk‘o kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj oq_d ]o ej‘ere‘q]h _d]po ]p ok_e]h arajpo ]j‘ ej l]npe_el]jpo ksj dkiao oq__aoobqhhu ]bpan ^aejc qj]^ha pk oap ql bk_qo cnkqlo- (Jelokj+ 1//2) ?hpdkqcd sa oq__aa‘a‘ ej oappejc ql bk_qo cnkqlo pk ckk‘ abba_p+ kqn atlaneaj_ao kb pdaen heiep]pekjo+ ]j‘ pda eilknp]j_a kb kqn ejbkni]h k^oanr]pekj]h 177
Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell
skng skqh‘ oqllknp pdeo ]o ]j abba_pera ]j‘ ]llnklne]pa s]u pk _kj‘q_p naoa]n_d ej pdeo beah‘Gp eo eilknp]jp pk aild]oeoa+ pk pdkoa sdk ]na op]npejc kqp kj nabqcaa naoa]n_d+ pd]p ‘eranoepu ej skngejc sepd oq_d cnkqlo eo dqca- Qk ‘kj£p ^a oqnlneoa‘ eb ukq atlaneaj_a oeieh]n eooqao pk pdkoa ‘ao_ne^a‘ dana ]j‘ ej‘aa‘ ^a kj pda hkkg,kqp bkn pdai+ ^qp ‘kj£p ]ooqia pdau sehh ]hh d]llaj aepdanQkia apde_]h eooqao ]na n]eoa‘ ]nkqj‘ pda harah kb oqllknp sde_d odkqh‘ ^a lnkre‘a‘ bkn rkhqjpaano ]j‘ naoa]n_dano ej lnkfa_po kb pdeo j]pqna- Tkhqjpaano odkqh‘ ^a i]‘a ]s]na kb pda lkooe^ha lepb]hho kb ^a_kiejc ejrkhra‘ ej lnkfa_po+ sde_d ]na dah‘ ej oqole_ekj ^u pda se‘an _kiiqjepu- ?hok+ pda p]og kb oappejc ql ]j‘ nqjjejc bk_qo cnkqlo+ ]hpdkqcd ajfku]^ha+ s]o opnaoobqh aola_e]hhu bkn rkhqjpaano sdk sana ej atpnaiahu ‘ebbe_qhp ]j‘ qj_anp]ej _en_qiop]j_ao aepdan ]o nabqcaao kn ckejc pdnkqcd ]j ]ouhqi ]llhe_]pekjJegaseoa pdaoa ]na ‘ebbe_qhp _kj‘epekjo bkn ] hkja naoa]n_dan ]j‘ oqllknp ]j‘ ‘a^neabejc peia bnki _khha]cqao eo aooajpe]h- Faj_a+ ep eo eilknp]jp pk ajoqna bnki pda snepejc kb pda lnklko]h op]ca+ pk epo ar]hq]pekj ]j‘ ^aukj‘+ pd]p ]hh l]npe_el]jpo£ ejpanaopo+ ej_hq‘ejc naoa]n_dano+ ]na naola_pa‘ ]j‘ ajoqna‘ pdnkqcd pda _]nabqh ]jpe_el]pekj kb ]‘amq]pa naokqn_ejc- Rda _kjoamqaj_ao kb b]ehejc pk ]ppaj‘ pk pdeo ]na ^nkgaj ikn]ha+ ieopnqop ]j‘ ] s]opa kb lkpajpe]hRda lnkfa_p oqbbana‘ bnki ] h]_g kb bkhhks kj bqj‘ejc pk lnkikpa oqbbe_eajp ‘eooaiej]pekj kb pda naoqhpo kb pda lnkfa_p sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Rdeo _kqh‘ d]ra iepec]pa‘ pk ] _anp]ej atpajp pda ]bpan abba_po pd]p b]_ehep]pkno atlaneaj_a‘ sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Fksaran+ hejgo sana i]‘a ejbkni]hhu sepd pda hk_]h Nq^he_ Gjrkhraiajp Mbbe_an sdkoa p]og s]o pk ejrkhra i]ncej]heoa‘ oa_pekjo kb _kiiqjepu ej ejbkni]pekj c]pdanejc ]j‘ ]_perepeao- Qaran]h b]_ehep]pkno ^a_]ia ejrkhra‘ sepd lnkfa_po ej sde_d pdau sana ]^ha pk qoa pdaen ogehho ]j‘ gjksha‘ca c]eja‘ bnki pda bk_qo cnkqlo pk ckk‘ abba_p baa‘ejc ^]_g ^kpd naoqhpo kb cnkqlo ]j‘ pda oq__aoobqh bkni]p bkn c]pdanejc ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ a‘q_]pejc _kiiqjepu ]^kqp eilknp]jp i]ppano oq_d ]o da]hpd- ?jkpdan b]_ehep]pkn ^a_]ia ejolena‘ pk _]il]ecj bkn jqnoanu lnkreoekj bkn ?QP b]ieheao- Rdaoa ]_perepeao sana ]ncq]^hu ikna abba_pera pd]j pda kbbe_e]h oq^ieooekj kb ] naoa]n_d nalknp pk pda Q_kppeod Cta_qpera ]j‘ daj_a oeieh]n naoa]n_d lnkfa_po odkqh‘ d]ra ^kpd pda bqj‘ejc ]j‘ ejpajpekj pk d]njaoo ajancu ]j‘ atlhkna pda lkpajpe]h kb ik^eheoejc pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ aj]^hejc pdai pk lqp ejpk ]_pekj lkooe^ha _d]jcao oqccaopa‘ ^u naoqhpo-
Conclusion ?hpdkqcd ajpnu pk pdeo cnkql kb laklha s]o ‘ebbe_qhp ep eo eilknp]jp jkp pk qj‘anaopei]pa pda ‘uj]ie_ ajancu ]j‘ ikper]pekj pd]p _]j ateop l]npe_qh]nhu sepdej ]ouhqi oaagan.nabqcaa ¢_kiiqjepeao£ sde_d i]ga ep ]j e‘a]h oappejc bkn ] bqhhu bqj‘a‘ N?P ]llnk]_d qoejc aepdan bk_qo cnkqlo kn ikna ejbkni]h iapdk‘o- Fksaran+ pdeo _kiao sepd ] opnkjc _]ra]p pd]p+ sde_daran iapdk‘ eo qoa‘+ ] _na]pera ]j‘ bhate^ha ]llnk]_d sdana 178
Involving refugees in focus group research
lnk_aoo eo _hkoahu nah]pa‘ pk kqp_kiao eo pda ^]oeo bkn oq__aoo ]j‘ odkqh‘ naiej‘ qo ]o naoa]n_dano pd]p pdana eo jk oq_d pdejc ]o lqna ‘]p] ¢kqp pdana£ pk ^a bkqj‘ kn ] lqna ¢_kiiqjepu£ pk ^a ajc]ca‘ sepd-
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Maria Higgins and Catherine O’Donnell
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The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig Rdeo _d]lpan pahho pda opknu kb skngejc sepd pda ej‘ecajkqo ?^knecej]h _kiiqjepu kb okqpd saop Qu‘jau pk aop]^heod ] ^enpd _kdknp opq‘u kb Gj‘ecajkqo ejb]jpo- Gp eo gjksj ]o pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p- Rda _kdknp eo i]‘a ql kb 048 Gj‘ecajkqo ^]^eao ]j‘ pdaen ikpdano- Rda lnkfa_p ]eio pk ‘ao_ne^a pda ejb]jpo£ da]hpd+ ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ qoa kb da]hpd oanre_ao ‘qnejc pda benop psahra ikjpdo kb pdaen herao- Rdeo skng _]jjkp ^a ‘kja sepdkqp pda oqllknp ]j‘ ]_pera l]npe_el]pekj kb pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Gj e‘ajpebuejc ]j‘ skngejc sepd pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu ]p ha]op oaraj cnkqlo sana e‘ajpebea‘ sepd gau ejpanaop ej pdeo skng- Rdeo _d]lpan ‘ao_ne^ao pda n]jca kb opn]paceao pd]p pda naoa]n_d pa]i qoa‘ pk skng sepd+ ajc]ca+ ]j‘ i]ejp]ej ejrkhraiajp kran peiaRdana ]na psk p]ga dkia haookjo bnki pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p pd]p ]na nahar]jp pk _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ ej‘ecajkqo da]hpd naoa]n_d- Rda benop eo peia- Paoa]n_dano benop ^a_]ia ejrkhra‘ ej pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu ej 0886- Rda benop naoqhpo bnki Eq‘]c] sehh op]np _kiejc pdnkqcd ej 1//6 ~ paj ua]no h]pan- Lkja kb pd]p peia d]o ^aaj s]opa‘- Gp d]o ^aaj olajp ai^a‘‘ejc pda naoa]n_d ej pda _kiiqjepu naoqhpejc ej ] opnkjc oajoa kb ksjanodel- Rda oa_kj‘ haookj nah]pao pk pda r]hqao pd]p qj‘anlej ]j‘ oqop]ej pda lnkfa_p9 pnqop+ naola_p+ na_elnk_epu+ klaj _kiiqje_]pekj ]j‘ op]uejc _kjja_pa‘- Rdaoa r]hqao _]j kjhu ^a aop]^heoda‘ kran peia ]j‘+ kj_a aop]^heoda‘+ _]jjkp ^a p]gaj bkn cn]jpa‘- ?o naoa]n_dano+ kqn _d]hhajca eo pk jqnpqna ]j‘ ajd]j_a pdaoa r]hqao ]o sa skng sepd pda Eq‘]c] ikpdano ]j‘ ^]^eao-
Gp eoj£p kbpaj pd]p lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d sepdej ] panpe]nu+ ]_]‘aie_ oappejc _]j lnkbaoo ] ‘ena_p hejg sepd pda o]ha kb bnkvaj _de_gajo ^qp oq_d eo pda ¢_h]ei pk b]ia£ kb pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p- Gp eo ] hkjc opknu ol]jjejc paj ua]no ^qp kja sde_d d]o ha‘ pk pda aop]^heodiajp kb ]j ?^knecej]h dkia reoepejc pa]i ej pda A]il^ahhpksj ]na] (] h]nca o]pahhepa _epu kj pda qn^]j bnejca kb okqpd saop Qu‘jau+ ?qopn]he]) ]j‘ pda na_nqepiajp kb ] _kdknp kb ]hikop 05/ Gj‘ecajkqo06 ^]^eao sdkoa da]hpd ]j‘ ]__aoo pk da]hpd oanre_ao eo ^aejc opq‘ea‘ ej pda benop hkjcepq‘ej]h opq‘u kb Gj‘ecajkqo ejb]jpo qj‘anp]gaj kj pda a]op _k]op kb ?qopn]he]Rda opq‘u eo gjksj ]o pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p-
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Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
Rdeo _d]lpan pahho pda Eq‘]c] opknu9 u]njo kj pda ran]j‘]: a]nhu ‘na]io ]j‘ o_daiao: ejepe]h odknp pani bqj‘ejc bkn dkia reoepejc ]j‘ bej]hhu+ ] oq__aoobqh lnklko]h sde_d ha‘ pk LFKPA (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh) bqj‘ejc- Nerkp]h pk pda opknu eo pda s]u sa d]ra sknga‘ ej l]npjanodel sepd pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu sde_d ej_hq‘ao ] jqi^an kb cnkqlo , ]hh kb sde_d lh]u ] ranu eilknp]jp l]np ej pda oq__aoo kb kqn naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- Rdaoa op]gadkh‘an cnkqlo+ ]j‘ kqn opn]paceao bkn skngejc sepd a]_d kb pdai pk ajoqna nk^qop naoqhpo ]j‘ ] oq__aoobqh opq‘u+ ]na e‘ajpebea‘ ]j‘ ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej pda bkhhksejc ‘eo_qooekj-
Background Rda opknu ^ac]j ej 0886- ?p pd]p peia+ naoa]n_dano bnki pda Sjeranoepu kb Las Qkqpd U]hao (SLQU) o]p sepd ?^knecej]h da]hpd skngano (?FUo) kj pda ran]j‘] kb A]il^ahhpksj£o ?^knecej]h Akiiqjepu Akjpnkhha‘ Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ Rd]n]s]h ?^knecej]h Aknlkn]pekj- Mran i]ju ikjpdo pdau p]hga‘ ]^kqp pda da]hpd lnk^haio b]_a‘ ^u pda ]na]£o Gj‘ecajkqo b]ieheao ]j‘ ]^kqp s]uo pk eilnkra pda da]hpd kb Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘naj ej pda ]na]- Rda ?FUo sana _kj_anja‘ ]p pda ‘ebbe_qhpeao ej lnkre‘ejc ]__aoo pk _qhpqn]hhu ]llnklne]pa+ kqpna]_d oanre_ao pk ikpdano sepd ^]^eao kj_a pdau d]‘ habp dkolep]h- Rdau sana _kj_anja‘ ]^kqp pda eil]_p kb TXNXNW RJINF’, kj pda da]hpd+ ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ _]l]_epu pk ha]nj kb hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘naj- Rda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ?FUo ]hok na]heva‘ pd]p pda knecejo kb TXNXNW RJINF jaa‘a‘ pk ^a ]‘‘naooa‘ a]nhu ej heba ]j‘ jkp ]o _deh‘naj ajpana‘ o_dkkh- Ua ]hh ‘na]ia‘ kb aop]^heodejc ] dkia reoepejc oanre_a pk lnkre‘a oqllknp pk Gj‘ecajkqo b]ieheao sepd ukqjc _deh‘najAn Aboriginal community controlled health service (ACCHS) is a primary health care service initiated by local Indigenous communities to deliver holistic and culturally appropriate care to people within their communities. Indigenous communities around Australia have been establishing such services since the early 1970s in response to a range of barriers limiting access by Indigenous people to mainstream primary health care services and, as an expression of self-determination. There is currently a network of approximately one hundred ACCHS across Australia providing culturally and clinically appropriate health care to Indigenous clients. Board members are elected from the local Indigenous community (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation).
Gp eo kja pdejc pk p]hg ]j‘ ‘na]i9 ep eo mqepa ]jkpdan pk pqnj pdkoa ‘na]io ejpk na]hepu- ?o sa olkga pk iai^ano kb pda Rd]n]s]h @k]n‘+ hk_]h ah‘ano+ ikpdan sepd ukqjc _deh‘naj ]j‘ pda ?FUo ep s]o k^rekqo pd]p pdana s]o ] cna]p ‘a]h kb _kj_anj pd]p ] dkia reoepejc lnkcn]i bqj‘a‘ ^u pda op]pa ckranjiajp i]u jkp ^a sah_kia ej pda _kiiqjepu- K]ju ba]na‘ ep pk ^a ] lkpajpe]h rade_ha bkn ]hhksejc sahb]na kbbe_ano pk p]ga pdaen _deh‘naj- Rdeo s]o ] i]fkn eooqa sepd opnkjc deopkne_]h lna_a‘aj_a- Rk ]ooaoo pda ba]oe^ehepu kb pda e‘a] naoa]n_dano bnki pda Aajpna bkn Fa]hpd Cmqepu+ Rn]ejejc+ Paoa]n_d+ ]j‘ Cr]hq]pekj (AFCRPC)+ ej 07
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The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
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The Gudaga study ? ^]nnean pk atpaj‘ejc pda ?^knecej]h Fkia Teoepejc Qanre_a d]o ^aaj pda h]_g kb ale‘aiekhkce_]h ‘]p] kj pda da]hpd ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a jaa‘o kb pda ]na]£o Gj‘ecajkqo ejb]jpo- Uepdkqp pdeo ailene_]h are‘aj_a ep d]o ^aaj ‘ebbe_qhp pk ]‘rk_]pa abba_perahu bkn oanre_ao bkn Gj‘ecajkqo b]ieheao ej pda ]na]Baikcn]lde_]hhu+ pda ]na] eo qjemqa ej ] jqi^an kb s]uo- Rda A]il^ahhpksj nacekj d]o+ bkn at]ilha+ kja kb pda h]ncaop Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekjo ej LQU _kilneoejc 2+5/1 laklha9 1-3% kb pda nacekj]h lklqh]pekj kb 04/+/// ]j‘ 4-0% kb pda op]pa Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj (Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ 1//4)- Rda ]na]£o Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj d]o ] jqi^an kb ‘abejejc _d]n]_paneope_o- Gp eo ] nah]perahu ukqjc lklqh]pekj- Gj 1//0+ 36% kb pda ]na]£o Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj s]o ]ca‘ haoo pd]j 04 ua]no _kil]na‘ pk 16-/% kb pda ]na]£o lklqh]pekj (Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ 1//4)- Rda Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj d]o ] cajan]hhu hksan ok_eka_kjkie_ op]pqo pd]j pda jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj- Rdeo eo nabha_pa‘ ej nalknp kb hksan dkqoadkh‘ ej_kiao+ decdan qjailhkuiajp+ decdan n]pao kb ej_kilhapa o_dkkhejc+ ]j‘ lq^he_ dkqoejc paj]j_u pd]j pda jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj (Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ 1//4)- Dkn at]ilha+ _hkoa pk bkqn kqp kb paj kb pda nacekj£o Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj hera ej lq^he_ dkqoejc _kil]na‘ pk kja ej paj kb pda ]na]£o cajan]h lklqh]pekj (Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ 1//4)Gj a]opanj ?qopn]he]+ pdana eo heppha ejbkni]pekj kj pda da]hpd op]pqo kb Gj‘ecajkqo ^]^eao ej ]j qn^]j oappejc- Paoa]n_d lq^heoda‘ ahoasdana d]o nala]pa‘hu ‘aikjopn]pa‘ lkknan da]hpd bkn Gj‘ecajkqo laklha _kil]na‘ pk pda cajan]h ?qopn]he]j lklqh]pekj- Rdeo eo nabha_pa‘ ej ] hksan heba atla_p]j_u+ ] cna]pan ^qn‘aj kb ‘eoa]oa ]j‘ ] decdan dkolep]h oal]n]pekj n]pa (?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o ]j‘ ?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na+ 1//0: Pa]‘+ Ee^^ejo+ Qp]jhau+ Kkne_d+ 0883)- Akil]na‘ sepd jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘naj kb pda o]ia ]ca+ Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘naj ]ca‘ haoo pd]j 01 ikjpdo d]ra hksan ^enpd saecdpo (?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na+ 1//1)+ ohksan cnkspd (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd 08
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Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
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pk aop]^heod dks sahh Gj‘ecajkqo ejb]jpo ]na e‘ajpebea‘ pdnkqcd da]hpd oanre_ao: pk ‘ao_ne^a pda k^opapne_ kqp_kiao ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a qoa bkn ikpdano kb Gj‘ecajkqo ejb]jpo: pk ‘ao_ne^a pda da]hpd+ ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a qoa kb Gj‘ecajkqo ejb]jpo ]ca‘ /,01 ikjpdo: ]j‘ pk e‘ajpebu eooqao l]npe_el]pejc ikpdano skqh‘ hega ]‘‘naooa‘ pk eilnkra pda da]hpd ]j‘ sahh^aejc kb pdaioahrao ]j‘ pdaen b]ieheao-
Rdaoa ]eio ]na klan]pekj]heoa‘ ej pdnaa s]uo- Denophu+ sa oqnrau ]hh ikpdano ]‘ieppa‘ pk pda i]panjepu s]n‘ kb A]il^ahhpksj Fkolep]h bkhhksejc pda ^enpd kb pdaen _deh‘ pk e‘ajpebu ^]^eao sepd ]j Gj‘ecajkqo ikpdan kn b]pdan- Rdeo ejbkni]pekj sehh ^a qoa‘ pk atpn]_p nkqpeja ]jpaj]p]h ‘]p] pk _kil]na ikpdano kb Gj‘ecajkqo ^]^eao sepd ikpdano kb jkj, Gj‘ecajkqo ^]^eao (?eio 0 ]j‘ 1)- Kkpdano kb Gj‘ecajkqo ^]^eao ]na ejrepa‘ pk l]npe_el]pa ej pda opq‘u- Qa_kj‘hu+ sa reoep pda ikpdano ]j‘ pdaen ^]^eao ]p 1,2 saago+ oet ]j‘ psahra ikjpdo+ pk _kilhapa ] jqi^an kb ]jpdnklkiapne_ ia]oqnao (hajcpd+ da]‘ _en_qibanaj_a ]j‘ saecdp) ]j‘ ] mqaopekjj]ena kj da]hpd op]pqo ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a qoa (‘n]sj lnei]nehu 184
The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
bnki pda LQU Adeh‘ Fa]hpd Qqnrau ]j‘ pda U? ?^knecej]h Adeh‘ Fa]hpd Qqnrau)- ?p 01 ikjpdo ]hh l]npe_el]pejc ^]^eao ]na at]ieja‘ ^u ] l]a‘e]pne_ naceopn]n (?ei 2)- Dej]hhu sa ]na ‘k_qiajpejc pda opkneao kb ikpdano£ atlaneaj_ao qoejc ]r]eh]^ha da]hpd oanre_ao (?ei 3)Akhha_pejc pda opkneao sehh lnkre‘a ] mq]hep]pera _kilkjajp pk pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ _]lpqna ] ne_djaoo ok kbpaj hkop ej d]n‘ jqi^ano-
Grounding the research in the community Udapdan pda naoa]n_dano sana ]s]na kb ep kn jkp+ pda ua]no olajp p]hgejc ]j‘ ‘na]iejc kj Rd]n]s]h£o ran]j‘] ^qehp ] olenep kb amq]hepu+ naola_p ]j‘ na_elnk_epu ^apsaaj pdaioahrao ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu£o ikpdano+ ah‘ano ]j‘ da]hpd skngano- Gp s]o eilan]pera pdaoa r]hqao nai]eja‘ ej lh]_a ]o sa ikra‘ pdnkqcd aranu opal kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo ej_hq‘ejc pda ^qeh‘ejc kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i+ e‘ajpebuejc pda _kiiqjepu sa skqh‘ skng sepd ]j‘ pdaj skngejc sepd pda r]nekqo cnkqlo pd]p i]ga ql pd]p _kiiqjepu- Ua _kjpejqa‘ pk op]u ejrkhra‘ ej pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ejraop peia ‘qnejc pda aop]^heodiajp ]j‘ eilhaiajp]pekj kb pda lnkfa_p-
Building the research team Gj gaalejc sepd pda lnkfa_p£o apdko ep s]o eilknp]jp pda naoa]n_d pa]i ej_hq‘a Gj‘ecajkqo ]_]‘aie_o+ sepd opnkjc naoa]n_d ^]_gcnkqj‘o ]j‘ pda ja_aoo]nu pa_dje_]h atlanpeoa+ ]o sahh ]o iai^ano kb pda hk_]h _kiiqjepu- Sjbknpqj]pahu jaepdan s]o na]‘ehu ]r]eh]^ha- Gj _kjpn]op pk _kqjpneao oq_d ]o Las Xa]h]j‘ ]j‘ A]j]‘] pdana eo ] odknp]ca kb ogehha‘ Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd naoa]n_dano ej ?qopn]he] ]o d]o ^aaj na_kcjeoa‘ ^u+ bkn at]ilha+ Faj‘anokj+ Qeiikjo+ @kqnga+ Kqen (1//1)- ?p pda peia kb ejopec]pejc pdeo lnkfa_p pdana sana jk Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd naoa]n_dano ]p SLQU sepd ]j ejpanaop ej lq^he_ da]hpdDknpqj]pahu+ ‘qnejc pda a]nhu ‘]uo kb pda aop]^heodejc pda lnkfa_p+ psk ]_]‘aie_o fkeja‘ SLQU ]j‘ aop]^heoda‘ Kqnq K]nne Gj‘ecajkqo Fa]hpd Sjep ]j‘ ^kpd sana ejrepa‘ pk fkej pda naoa]n_d pa]i- Laepdan kb pdaoa naoa]n_dano sana bnki pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Rdau+ hega pda kpdan (jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo) naoa]n_dano+ d]‘ pk a]nj pda naola_p kb pdkoa sepd sdki sa sana skngejc- AFCRPC£o hkjcop]j‘ejc nah]pekjodel sepd pda hk_]h _kiiqjepu dahla‘ pdeo lnk_aoo ^qp ep s]o jkp ajkqcd- Rda Gj‘ecajkqo naoa]n_dano ]_perahu okqcdp pk a]nj pda naola_p ej heppha s]uo ~ ^u pn]rahhejc hkjc ‘eop]j_ao pk ]ppaj‘ _kiiqjepu iaapejco+ ]j‘ ^u olaj‘ejc peia p]hgejc sepd ]j‘ ajc]cejc gau Gj‘ecajkqo ha]‘anoDkni]heoejc _kiiqjepu ejlqp s]o amq]hhu lnk^hai]pe_ ]j‘ ]p peiao bn]qcdp- Craj ok+ ] i]fkn b]_pkn pd]p b]_ehep]pa‘ pdeo ejlqp s]o pda ]_pera ejpanaop p]gaj ^u oaran]h kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i ej _kj_anjo kb pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]‘rk_]pejc bkn oanre_ao kran oaran]h ua]noGj ]‘‘epekj+ _kjoe‘an]^ha peia s]o ejraopa‘ ej jackpe]pejc ]j‘ p]hgejc sepd hk_]h ?FUo ]j‘ i]j]cano aj_kqn]cejc pdai pk ^a_kia ejrkhra‘ ej pda naoa]n_d- Rda jackpe]pekjo sana oq__aoobqh ]j‘+ ]o sehh ^a ‘eo_qooa‘+ Rd]n]s]h£o ACM+ ]j‘ psk kb pda ikop oajekn Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd skngano bnki pda hk_]h ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a ]cnaa‘ pk ^a l]np kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i- Rda naoa]n_d pa]i eo _kiieppa‘ pk skngejc sepd a]_d kb pdaoa da]hpd skngano pk ajoqna pdaen ajc]caiajp eo kjckejc185
Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
Identifying the Gudaga community ? ^]oe_ lnaieoa kb pda opq‘u eo pd]p aranu b]_ap kb pda naoa]n_d jaa‘a‘ pk ^a ksja‘ ^u pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Rd]p ksjanodel _]jjkp ^a ]j ]^opn]_p _kj_alp- Gp d]o pk ^a na]hUdaj ‘apaniejejc sd]p oq_d ejrkhraiajp skqh‘ ia]j ej na]hepu sa na]heoa‘ sa d]‘ pk ]og kqnoahrao ] n]pdan ^]oe_ mqaopekj9 ⁄sd]p eo pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu=¥ Ua gjas pdana ]na i]ju ‘ebbanajp cnkqlo pd]p i]ga ql pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu ej okqpd saop Qu‘jau ]j‘ pd]p ejrkhrejc pdeo _kiiqjepu skqh‘ ia]j e‘ajpebuejc ]j‘ skngejc ]_nkoo ] ola_pnqi kb knc]jeo]pekjo ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]ho- Ua ]hok gjas sa _kqh‘ jkp ]ooqia ]ju kb pda cnkqlo skqh‘ s]jp pk ^a ejrkhra‘ ej kqn skngUa d]ra e‘ajpebea‘ ]p ha]op bkqn cnkqlo bnki pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu sepd sdki sa skng- Rdau ej_hq‘a9 0123-
pda Eq‘]c] ikpdano ]j‘ pdaen ^]^eao: pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu kb A]il^ahhpksj: pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na skngano: ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd knc]jeo]pekjo-
Rdana eo ]hok opnkjc Gj‘ecajkqo nalnaoajp]pekj kj pdnaa kpdan cnkqlo pd]p ]na l]np kb pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p- Rdaoa pdnaa cnkqlo ]na9 012-
lnkfa_p i]j]caiajp cnkqlo: i]ejopna]i ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ da]hpd knc]jeo]pekjo: ]j‘ kpdan naoa]n_d ]_perepeao ej pda nacekj pd]p d]ra oeieh]n ]eio-
Rda nah]pekjodel kb pdaoa oaraj cnkqlo sepd pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p eo ‘ale_pa‘ ej Decqna Mja ^ahks- ?o pda bkhhksejc ‘eo_qooekj sehh ‘aikjopn]pa+ ‘ebbanajp opn]paceao ]na namqena‘ pk skng ]j‘ i]ejp]ej _kjp]_p sepd a]_d kb pdaoa cnkqloDecqna 0odkso pda atpajp pk sde_d sa ‘abeja ¢_kiiqjepu£- Rda pani eo+ k^rekqohu+ jkp heiepa‘ pk pda cakcn]lde_]h ^kqj‘]neao pd]p ]na pda A]il^ahhpksj Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepuP]pdan sa d]ra hkkga‘ pk _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ]j‘ ‘abeja‘ ¢_kiiqjepu£ ^nk]‘hu ]o ]hh pdkoa sdk sehh ^a ]bba_pa‘ ^u pda naoa]n_d naoqhpo sde_d ej_hq‘ao h]u naoe‘ajpo kb pda hk_]h ]na] ]o sahh ]o ln]_pepekjano+ oanre_a ]caj_eao ]j‘ lkhe_ui]gano (Enaaj ]j‘ Kan_an+ 1//0)-
186
The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
The local Indigenous community
Local Indigenous healthcare workers
Gudaga mothers and babies
Indigenous health organizations: Tharawal; AH&MRC
Project management groups: Gudaga Steering Committee; Macarthur working group; Mothers’ group
The Gudaga project
Other research activities in the region
Mainstream Organisations: UNSW through CHETRE & Muru Marri; Sydney South West Area Health Service
Figure 1: The Gudaga Community.
Working with the Gudaga community Rda o_kla ]j‘ j]pqna kb pdaoa oaraj cnkqlo eo at_alpekj]hhu ^nk]‘- C]_d namqenao ‘ebbanajp opn]paceao bkn pdai pk ^a ajc]ca‘ bqhhu ej pda lnkfa_p- Ua d]ra olajp _kjoe‘an]^ha peia ]j‘ ajancu e‘ajpebuejc ejjkr]pera opn]paceao pk skng sepd a]_d cnkql-
Gudaga mothers and their babies Rda Eq‘]c] ikpdano ]na pda huj_dlej kb pdeo lnkfa_p- Uepdkqp pdai+ ]j‘ pdaen hkjc pani _kiiepiajp pk pda lnkfa_p+ ep skqh‘ ^a eilkooe^ha pk i]ejp]ej pda _kdknp kran peia- Lkp oqnlneoejchu+ pda skiaj _kia bnki ] ranu ‘eranoa _nkoo,oa_pekj kb pda _kiiqjepu- Qkia kb pdai ]na ukqjc paaj]cano sepd pdaen benop ^]^u+ kpdano ]na kh‘an skiaj sdk ]hna]‘u d]ra pdnaa kn bkqn _deh‘naj- Qkia hera ej atpnaia lkranpu sdeha kpdano ]na bej]j_e]hhu oa_qna- ? bas hera ej nabqcao ]j‘ d]ra ] ‘ebbanajp ]‘‘naoo aranu peia sa reoep pdai sdeha kpdano hera ej ranu op]^ha ]j‘ _kibknp]^ha dkiao- Qkia d]ra ] deopknu kb ‘kiaope_ rekhaj_a+ nacqh]n _kjp]_p sepd ehhe_ep ‘nqco ]j‘.kn iajp]h da]hpd _kj_anjo ]j‘ rqhjan]^ha hebaopuhaoUa d]ra ^aaj skngejc sepd pda ikpdano bkn ]hikop psk ua]no jks ]j‘ kran pdeo peia sa d]ra k^oanra‘ ] cnksejc _kiiepiajp pks]n‘ pda lnkfa_p- Rdeo eo are‘ajp ej ] jqi^an kb s]uo- Oqepa nacqh]nhu+ ikpdano sdk ikra ]s]u i]ga _kjp]_p ]j‘ hap qo gjks pdaen jas _kjp]_p ‘ap]eho kn reoep pda Nnkfa_p Mbbe_ano sdaj pdau _kia ^]_g pk pda ]na] reoepejc bneaj‘o ]j‘ nah]perao- Rdeo ejepe]pera kb pda ikpdano eo ajoqnejc pd]p ]ppnepekj eo iejei]h- Rdana eo ]hok ] oajoa kb ajpdqoe]oi ]ikjcop pda ikpdano- K]ju ]llna_e]pa pda lkpajpe]h qoa kb pda 187
Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
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The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
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The local Indigenous community ? opnajcpd kb _kdknp opq‘u ‘aoecj eo pda ]^ehepu pk lnkikpa pda naoa]n_d sepdej pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Ua d]ra lqp ej lh]_a ] jqi^an kb opn]paceao pk aj_kqn]ca reoe^ehepu kb pda lnkfa_p- Rdaoa ej_hq‘a pda _dke_a kb hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo ikpdano pk skng kj pda lnkfa_p+ kllknpqjepeao pk fkej ] ¢ikpdano£ cnkql£ pd]p eo galp ejbknia‘ ]^kqp pda lnkfa_p+ ]j‘ pda qoa kb ] lnkfa_p j]ia ]j‘ hkck pd]p ]na na_kcjev]^ha sepdej pda _kiiqjepuUa _kjoe‘ana‘ ep eilan]pera pd]p pda Nnkfa_p Mbbe_an lkoepekjo ^a behha‘ ^u hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo ikpdano- Ua d]ra ailhkua‘ psk Nnkfa_p Mbbe_ano- @kpd d]ra ukqjc _deh‘naj ]j‘ ]na ranu sahh gjksj sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Ua ]na _anp]ej pdaen opnkjc hejgo pk pda _kiiqjepu ]na i]gejc ] oecjebe_]jp _kjpne^qpekj pk pda oq__aoo kb pda lnkfa_p- Rda na_nqepiajp kb pda lnkfa_p kbbe_ano lh]_a‘ ] decd lneknepu kj Gj‘ecajeapu+ ^aejc ] ikpdan ]j‘ ^aejc l]np kb pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Qpnkjc naoa]n_d atlaneaj_a s]o jkp _kjoe‘ana‘ aooajpe]h- Ua d]ra pn]eja‘ a]_d lnkfa_p kbbe_an ej ] jqi^an kb ola_ebe_ ]na]o ej_hq‘ejc ejpanreasejc pa_djemqao+ _kjbhe_p naokhqpekj+ pda eilknp]j_a bkn _kjbe‘ajpe]hepu+ _kiiqje_]pekj ogehho+ ]j‘ ‘]p] i]j]caiajp pk ]ooeop pdai ej pdaen skng- Ua d]ra ] _]l]_epu ^qeh‘ejc lnkcn]i ej lh]_a pk ^qeh‘ pdaen lnkfa_p ogehhoRda lnkfa_p£o j]ia eo ¢Eq‘]c]£ sde_d ia]jo ¢da]hpdu ^]^u£- Rda j]ia+ oqccaopa‘ ^u hk_]h ?FUo+ _kiao bnki pda hk_]h Rd]n]s]h h]jcq]ca- Mj_a sa d]‘ ] j]ia sa sana gaaj pk d]ra ] hkck ‘aoecja‘ bkn qo- Dej‘ejc okiakja lnkbe_eajp ej Gj‘ecajkqo ]np ]j‘ hkck ‘aoecj s]oj£p a]ou ^qp sa arajpq]hhu bkqj‘ ] ukqjc i]j sdk lqp pkcapdan okia ]np skng bkn qoUdaj sa odksa‘ deo skng pk ] cnkql kb ikpdano pdau eiia‘e]pahu ]oga‘ eb pda skng d]‘ ^aaj ‘aoecja‘ ^u ] ski]j- Dkn pdaoa skiaj+ ep s]o eilan]pera ]ju ]npskng _kj_anjejc ikpdano ]j‘ ^]^eao ^a ‘aoecja‘ ^u ] ski]j- Rda oa]n_d _kjpejqa‘- ?bpan ] jqi^an kb saago kqn Nnkfa_p Mbbe_an bej]hhu bkqj‘ ] hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo iqi sdk _na]pa‘ ] skj‘anbqh hkck ba]pqnejc Gj‘ecajkqo ]np pd]p eo ne_d ej i]panj]h._deh‘ oui^kheoi (becqna 1)- Rdeo peia pda ikpdano sana ‘ahecdpa‘ sepd dan skng ]j‘ aj‘knoa‘ ep ]o pda lnkfa_p hkck-
Figure 2: The ‘Gudaga’ project logo.
189
Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
Ua sana l]npe_qh]nhu gaaj pk ej_knlkn]pa Gj‘ecajkqo ]np ejpk pda lnkfa_p- Rda e‘a] eo ej gaalejc sepd kqn ]ppailpo pk skng sepd pda _kiiqjepu- @qp ep eo iq_d ikna pd]j pd]pDkn qo+ pda ej_hqoekj kb Gj‘ecajkqo ]np eo na_kcjepekj kb pda _qhpqn]h ‘eopej_perajaoo kb Gj‘ecajkqo laklhao ]j‘ pdaen necdp pk ajfku pd]p ‘eopej_perajaoo (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5)Rda hkck eo qoa‘ atpajoerahu pdnkqcdkqp pda lnkfa_p- Gp eo+ bkn at]ilha+ ba]pqna‘ kj ]hh lnkikpekj]h i]pane]h ej_hq‘ejc lkopano ]j‘ ^nk_dqnao pd]p ejbkni pda _kiiqjepu kb pda lnkfa_p- Rda lkopano ]na lnkiejajphu ‘eolh]ua‘ ]p pda hk_]h dkolep]h ]j‘ Rd]n]s]h ]j‘ ^nk_dqnao ]na ‘eopne^qpa‘ ]p pda kbbe_ao kb hk_]h cajan]h ln]_pepekjano+ Rd]n]s]h+ ]j‘ ceraj kqp ^u iai^ano kb pda ?^knecej]h Fkia Teoepejc Qanre_a- Rda hkck eo ]hok ba]pqna‘ kj pda odenpo sknj ^u op]bb ]j‘ pda cebpo sa cera pda ikpdano ]j‘ ^]^eao- Ua ]jpe_el]pa ia]oqnao oq_d ]o pdaoa sehh ajcaj‘an ] oajoa kb lnkfa_p ksjanodel sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Rda Eq‘]c] ikpdano ej l]npe_qh]n ]hna]‘u e‘ajpebu opnkjchu sepd pda hkck ]j‘ d]ra lne‘a ej ep ]j‘ pda lnkfa_p ep oui^khevao-
Local Indigenous healthcare professionals Uepdej pda nacekj pdana ]na ] jqi^an kb Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho sdk ]na naolkjoe^ha bkn pda da]hpd ]j‘ sahb]na kb Gj‘ecajkqo ^]^eao ]j‘ pdaen b]ieheao- Qkia ]na ailhkua‘ ^u Rd]n]s]h sdeha kpdano skng bkn pda hk_]h ]na] da]hpd oanre_a+ aepdan ej ?^knecej]h Fa]hpd kn ]o l]np kb pda ?^knecej]h Fkia Teoepejc Qanre_a- Ua d]ra ]ppailpa‘ pk ejrkhra pdaoa da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho ej pda lnkfa_p kj ] nacqh]n ^]oeo- ?hh pda da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho na_aera pda lnkfa_p£o ikjpdhu jasohappan ]j‘ ] jqi^an ]na iai^ano kb pda K]_]npdqn Ukngejc Enkql sde_d iaapo ikjpdhuMqn atlaneaj_a eo pd]p iqhpelha _kiiqje_]pekj opn]paceao ]na jaa‘a‘ pk ajoqna Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho+ ej l]npe_qh]n+ ]na ]s]na kb ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ sd]p pda lnkfa_p eo ‘kejc ]j‘ pda eilhe_]pekjo kb r]nekqo _kjopn]ejpo kj sd]p pda lnkfa_p _]j ]j‘ _]jjkp ‘kC]nhu kj ej pda heba kb pda lnkfa_p sa bkqj‘ kqnoahrao nala]pa‘hu naiej‘ejc pda hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho kb sd]p sa _kqh‘ ]j‘ _kqh‘ jkp ‘k- Rdana sana peiao sdaj lkooe^ha ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejco _kqh‘ d]ra ]neoaj ]o pdau ]ppailpa‘ pk qj‘anop]j‘ pd]p pda lnkfa_p s]o jkp ]^ha pk ]_perahu oqllknp ]j‘ lnkikpa pdaen skng+ jkn _kqh‘ sa lnkre‘a pdai sepd pda j]iao kb l]npe_el]pejc ikpdano- Ua olajp ] hkp kb peia skngejc sepd pda da]hpd_]na skngano+ atlh]ejejc sdu sa _kqh‘j£p qj‘anp]ga ola_ebe_ namqaopo- Mlaj _kiiqje_]pekj ]j‘ peia naoqhpa‘ ej ] naokhqpekj kb pda eooqa ]j‘ ep d]o jkp ^aaj lnk^hai ]o pda lnkfa_p d]o lnkcnaooa‘?jkpdan eooqa nah]pa‘ pk pda jkj,ejpanrajpekjeop j]pqna kb pda lnkfa_p+ ]j‘ _kiejc pk qj‘anop]j‘ sd]p pdeo ]_pq]hhu ia]jp- ?o pda lnkfa_p oaago pk ‘ao_ne^a qoa kb da]hpd _]na+ sa _]jjkp ]_perahu ejpanraja ej pda lnkreoekj kb da]hpd _]na bkn pda lnkfa_p£o ikpdano ]j‘ ^]^eao- Rdana d]ra ^aaj peiao sdaj pda lnkfa_p kbbe_ano d]ra ^aaj ]oga‘ mqaopekjo kb ] ia‘e_]h j]pqna ‘qnejc dkia reoepo- Rda lnkfa_p kbbe_ano ‘kj£p ]josan mqaopekjo kb pdeo j]pqna- Rdana ]na oaran]h na]okjo bkn pdeo opn]pacu- Laepdan kb pda lnkfa_p kbbe_ano ]na 190
The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
ia‘e_]hhu pn]eja‘ ]j‘ ]na jkp ej ] lkoepekj pk lnkre‘a ]ju ]‘re_a- Craj eb pda lnkfa_p kbbe_ano sana da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho ep eo kqpoe‘a pda o_kla kb pdeo opuha kb opq‘u bkn pdai pk lnkre‘a ]‘re_a- Mqn opn]pacu eo pk naban pda ikpdan pk Rd]n]s]h Ka‘e_]h Qanre_a kn pda ?^knecej]h dkia reoepejc pa]i ]j‘ bkn pda ikpdan pk skng sepd kpdan Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na skngano pk k^p]ej pda _]na jaa‘a‘-
Indigenous health organisations Dkni]h _kjp]_p sepd Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd knc]jeo]pekjo a]nhu ej pda naoa]n_d ‘aoecj lnk_aoo eo na_kiiaj‘a‘ ^kpd ejpanj]pekj]hhu (Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jeo]pekj) ]j‘ j]pekj]hhu (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//1: L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5)- Dkn qo+ pdeo d]o ia]jp ajc]cejc ]j‘ skngejc sepd psk Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd knc]jeo]pekjoDkn _kjoqhp]pekj kj da]hpd i]ppano ]bba_pejc Gj‘ecajkqo laklhao+ nalnaoajp]pera ^k‘eao ej ?qopn]he] d]ra aop]^heoda‘ pd]p pda lnei]nu lkejp kb _kjp]_p odkqh‘ ^a pda hk_]h ?^knecej]h Akiiqjepu Akjpnkhha‘ Fa]hpd Qanre_a (?AAFQ) (L]pekj]h ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Goh]j‘an Fa]hpd Mnc]jeo]pekj+ 0878)- Mqn hk_]h ?AAFQ eo Rd]n]s]h ?^knecej]h Aknlkn]pekj sde_d ej_hq‘ao pda hk_]h ?^knecej]h Fa]hpd Qanre_a- Gp eo+ kb _kqnoa+ ] bk_]h lkejp kb pda ]na]£o hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Gp d]o ] decd lnkbeha sepdej pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ epo ejrkhraiajp ej Eq‘]c] eo bqj‘]iajp]h pk pda lnkfa_p£o oq__aooDnki pda kqpoap pda op]bb ]p Rd]n]s]h d]o lh]ua‘ ] gau nkha ej pda lnkfa_p- Rda Aknlkn]pekj£o ACM eo ]j ]ook_e]pa ejraopec]pkn pk pda lnkfa_p- Rda lnkfa_p£o ikjpdhu ^qhhapejo ]na p]^ha‘ ]p a]_d @k]n‘ iaapejc ]j‘ iai^ano kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i iaap sepd pda @k]n‘ kj ] oaie,nacqh]n ^]oeo pk gaal pdai ejbknia‘ kb pda lnkfa_p£o lnkcnaoo- Udanaran lkooe^ha+ lnkfa_p op]bb ]ppaj‘ arajpo dkopa‘ ^u Rd]n]s]hRda oa_kj‘ Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd knc]jeo]pekj sa skng sepd eo pda ?^knecej]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh- Rdeo ejrkhraiajp eo ej heja sepd ]hh ?qopn]he]j ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d lnkfa_po skngejc sepd Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao- Cpde_o ]llnkr]h s]o okqcdp bnki pda Akqj_eh ]p pda ranu kqpoap kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ sa ]‘dana opne_phu pk pda Akqj_eh£o ]jjq]h nalknpejc namqenaiajpo-
Project management groups Rdnaa cnkqlo d]ra ^aaj aop]^heoda‘ pk ]ooeop ej i]j]cejc pda lnkfa_p- Rdaoa ej_hq‘a ] opaanejc _kiieppaa+ ] skngejc cnkql ]o sahh ]o ] cn]oonkkpo cnkql i]‘a ql kb ikpdano ]j‘ cn]j‘ikpdano bnki pda hk_]h _kiiqjepuRda ikpdano£ cnkql iaapo kj ]j FI MTH ^]oeo ]p Rd]n]s]h- Gp eo ] ranu ejbkni]h c]pdanejc kb ikpdano ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnkfa_p ]o sahh ]o kh‘an skiaj sdk d]ra ]j ejpanaop ej pda skng sa ]na ‘kejc- Ua lnkre‘a ] hecdp hqj_d bkn pda ikpdano ]j‘ olaj‘ peia _d]ppejc _]oq]hhu sepd pdai ]^kqp pda lnkfa_p9 pda oknpo kb pdejco sa ]na jkpe_ejc+ ]ju ‘ebbe_qhpeao sa ]na 191
Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
atlaneaj_ejc ej ]__aooejc ]j‘ nap]ejejc ikpdano- Udeha pda e‘a] kb oq_d ] cnkql okqj‘o dahlbqh pda cnkql d]o+ qjbknpqj]pahu+ okiasd]p kb ] _damqana‘ deopknu- Ua d]ra d]‘ ‘ebbe_qhpu knc]jeoejc ep pk iaap nacqh]nhu ]o sahh ]o ajpdqoejc oqbbe_eajp jqi^ano kb ikpdano pk ^a ]_perahu ejrkhra‘$ Ua nai]ej _kiieppa‘ pk pdeo e‘a] bkn sa _kjoe‘an pdeo cnkql pk ^a ranu eilknp]jp- Ua ]na hkkgejc bkn s]uo pk cajan]pa ajpdqoe]oi bkn pda e‘a] ]j‘ lh]j pk pnu _ki^ejejc kqn iaapejc peia ]nkqj‘ kllknpqjepeao bkn pda skiaj pk ejpan]_p ]j‘ ok_e]heoa ]o ] cnkql sepd pda lnkfa_p lnkre‘ejc pa]._kbbaa ]j‘ ^eo_qepo kn ] hecdp hqj_d bkn ]hh pdkoa ]ppaj‘ejc- ?o pda bej‘ejco ^acej pk aianca sa s]jp pk ‘eo_qoo pdai benop sepd pda ikpdano ]j‘ pk heopaj pk pdaen pdkqcdpo ]j‘ e‘a]o kb pda eilhe_]pekjo kb pda bej‘ejco bkn pdaioahrao+ pda ^nk]‘an Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu ]j‘ pda lnkreoekj kb da]hpd oanre_aoGj ]‘‘epekj pk pda ikpdano£ cnkql psk _kiieppaao d]ra ^aaj aop]^heoda‘ pk lnkre‘a ‘ena_pekj ]j‘ ]‘re_a pk pda lnkfa_p9 pda Eq‘]c] opaanejc _kiieppaa (i]‘a ql kb pda lnkfa_p£o _deab ]j‘ ]ook_e]pa ejraopec]pkno) ]j‘ pda K]_]npdqn skngejc cnkql (i]‘a ql kb hk_]h da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho ‘ena_phu ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnkfa_p oq_d ]o pda dkolep]h£o i]panjepu s]n‘ ‘ena_pkn kb jqnoejc+ iai^ano kb pda ?^knecej]h dkia reoepejc pa]i ]j‘ pda l]a‘e]pne_e]j _kj‘q_pejc pda ‘arahkliajp]h ]ooaooiajpo)- Rdaoa psk lnkre‘a pda ^aop kllknpqjepu bkn hk_]h Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho pk ^a ]_perahu ejrkhra‘ ej pda lnkfa_p- Ua d]ra ajoqna‘ ]hh nahar]jp Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho ej pda nacekj ]na kj kja kn kpdan kb pdaoa _kiieppaao- Rdaoa _kiieppaao ]hok cera pdai ]j kllknpqjepu pk iaap pkcapdan pk ‘eo_qoo pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ eooqao kb _kiikj _kj_anjRda Eq‘]c] opaanejc _kiieppaa+ i]‘a ql kb pda opq‘u£o _deab ]j‘ ]ook_e]pa ejraopec]pkno+ iaapo mq]npanhu- Rda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ]na fkeja‘ ^u pda lnkre‘ano kb Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd oanre_ao bnki pda hk_]h ]na] da]hpd oanre_a- Rdeo cnkql cerao kran]hh ‘ena_pekj+ ]‘re_a ]j‘ oqllknp pk pda lnkfa_p- Rda opaanejc _kiieppaa iaapo ]p Rd]n]s]h ]j‘ eo _d]ena‘ ^u Rd]n]s]h£o ACMRda K]_]npdqn skngejc cnkql iaapo ikjpdhu- Rdeo cnkql lnkre‘ao ] rajqa bkn ejbkni]pekj at_d]jca ]^kqp r]nekqo ]_perepeao ej pda nacekj kb nahar]j_a pk pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p- Rda cnkql _kilneoao ] jqi^an kb nahar]jp Gj‘ecajkqo da]hpd_]na lnkbaooekj]ho ej_hq‘ejc nalnaoajp]perao bnki pda ?^knecej]h Fkia Teoepejc Qanre_a+ Rd]n]s]h+ i]panjepu s]n‘ op]bb ]j‘ ] dkolep]h l]a‘e]pne_e]j- Gp eo ranu klan]pekj]h ej panio kb pda eooqao ep _kjoe‘ano ]j‘ ]‘re_a ep lnkre‘ao-
Other research activities in the region Udaj pda lh]jjejc bkn pdeo lnkfa_p ^ac]j paj ua]no ]ck pdana s]o heppha+ eb ]ju Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘ da]hpd naoa]n_d ]_perepu ej pda nacekj- Dknpqj]pahu pdeo eo jk hkjcan pda _]oa ]j‘ pdana ]na jks psk kpdan naoa]n_d lnkfa_po qj‘ans]u ej pda nacekj- Rda Q]ba Ikkne Ie‘o lnkfa_p eo ] pdnaa ua]n lnkfa_p nqj ^u Rda Eaknca Gjopepqpa ]j‘ Wkknk]jc E]n]jc9 Q_dkkh kb Fa]hpd Qpq‘eao ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Qu‘jau- Gp ]eio pk ‘arahkl ] o_dkkh+ b]iehu ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ ejpanrajpekj ]nkqj‘ Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘ o]bapu (Rda Eaknca Gjopepqpa+ 1//4)- ? oa_kj‘ 192
The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
lnkfa_p eo op]pase‘a ej j]pqna pdkqcd sehh na_nqep okia l]npe_el]jpo pdnkqcd Rd]n]s]h- Rda Qpq‘u kb Cjrenkjiajp kb ?^knecej]h Paoeheaj_a ]j‘ Adeh‘ Fa]hpd (QC?PAF) eo ^]oa‘ ]p pda Q]t Gjopepqpa ]j‘ lh]jo pk bkhhks ]llnktei]pahu 1/// qn^]j Gj‘ecajkqo _deh‘naj bnki 7// b]ieheao ]_nkoo LQU pk atlhkna pda ‘apaniej]jpo kb da]hpd ]j‘ pk pne]h opn]paceao pk eilnkra da]hpd kqp_kiao (Rda Q]t Gjopepqpa+ 1//5)Rda Uaopanj ?qopn]he] Adeh‘ Fa]hpd Qpq‘u (Xq^ne_g+ J]snaj_a+ Qeh^qnj+ @h]en+ Kehnku+ Uehgao+ C]‘ao+ B£?jpkeja+ Pa]‘+ Godecq_de+ Bkuha+ 1//3) ]j‘ pda L]pekj]h Jkjcepq‘ej]h Qpq‘u kb Gj‘ecajkqo Adeh‘naj (Naji]j+ 1//5) ]na psk ]‘‘epekj]h opq‘eao sde_d+ pdkqcd jkp hk_]hhu ^]oa‘+ ejbkni kqn naoa]n_dUa ]na ‘arahklejc opn]paceao pk ejpan]_p sepd pdaoa lnkfa_po ]j‘ d]ra kjckejc lh]jo pk od]na kqn atlaneaj_ao ]j‘ opq‘u bej‘ejco-
Mainstream organisations Dej]hhu+ sa skng sepd psk knc]jeo]pekjo9 kja ]_]‘aie_ ej bk_qo+ pda kpdan da]hpd- Rda lnkfa_p£o ]_]‘aie_ ^]oa eo SLQU sde_d ej_hq‘ao AFCRPC ]j‘ pda Kqnq K]nne Gj‘ecajkqo Fa]hpd Sjep- AFCRPC+ sde_d eo l]np kb pda Sjeranoepu£o Aajpna bkn Nnei]nu Fa]hpd A]na ]j‘ Cmqepu+ eo ] naoa]n_d ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj _ajpna hk_]pa‘ ej okqpd saop Qu‘jau sepd ] bk_qo kj ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca‘ _kiiqjepeao- ?o d]o ^aaj ‘eo_qooa‘+ AFCRPC naoa]n_dano d]ra ] hkjc ]ook_e]pekj sepd hk_]h ?FUo ]j‘ Rd]n]s]h op]bb ]j‘ d]ra hkjc ]‘rk_]pa‘ bkn ^appan da]hpd oanre_ao bkn pda ]na]£o Gj‘ecajkqo b]ieheao- ?o pda lnkfa_p£o ]qole_ejc ^k‘u AFCRPC eo Eq‘]c]£o ¢dkia£Rda lnkfa_p d]o ]hok ‘n]sj qlkj Kqnq K]nne£o lnkbaooekj]h op]bb sepd psk kb pda Sjep£o iai^ano skngejc ]o _deab ejraopec]pkno kj pda lnkfa_p- Rdau ^nejc pk pda lnkfa_p+ jkp kjhu pda lnkbaooekj]h neckqn atla_pa‘ kb ]_]‘aie_ op]bb+ ^qp Gj‘ecajkqo danep]ca ]j‘ _qhpqna sde_d ]‘‘o ]qpdajpe_epu ]j‘ _na‘e^ehepu pk pda lnkfa_pMqn hk_]h ]na] da]hpd oanre_a (Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a) d]o ^aaj at_alpekj]h ej pda oqllknp ep d]o lnkre‘a‘ pda lnkfa_p9 kbbe_a ol]_a ]p A]il^ahhpksj dkolep]h+ pda qoa kb ] _]n bkn pda dkia reoepo ]j‘ ]__aoo pk pda l]a‘e]pne_e]jo bkn pda 01 ikjpd da]hpd ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ]ooaooiajpo- Uepdkqp pdeo ¢ej gej‘£ oqllknp pda lnkfa_p skqh‘ opnqccha bej]j_e]hhu-
The take home lessons Rda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p d]o ^acqj sahh- Ua bejeoda‘ na_nqepejc ej ?lneh 1//6 sepd 048 ^]^eao ej pda _kdknp+ ]ppnepekj d]o ^aaj iejei]h ]j‘ pda ikpdano ]na gaaj pk l]npe_el]pa- Rdana eo ] opnkjc oajoa kb ksjanodel kb pda lnkfa_p ]ikjcop pda Eq‘]c] ikpdano ]o sahh ]o sepdej 193
Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
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The Gudaga Project: Researching with our local Aboriginal community
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References ?haoo]j‘ne+ J-K-+ Ad]i^ano+ F-K-+ E]nbeah‘+ A-+ Tqgkre_d+ Q-+ Pa]‘+ ?-U-+ (0888)- Aqiqh]pera Kknp]hepu ej _deh‘naj ]ca‘ 0 pk 5 ua]no ^knj ej Uaopanj ?qopn]he] bnki 087/,78- ?n_derao kb Beoa]oao kb Adeh‘dkk‘+ 7/+04,1/?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o ]j‘ ?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na (1//0)- Rda da]hpd ]j‘ sahb]na kb ?qopn]he]£o ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an laklhao- A]j^ann]9 ?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na (1//1)- ?qopn]he]£o Fa]hpd 1//1- A]j^ann]9 ?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na@kosahh+ H-+ & Leajdquo+ R- (0884)- Mjoap kb kpepeo ia‘e] ej pda benop aecdp saago kb heba ej ?^knecej]h ]j‘ jkj,?^knecej]h ejb]jpo- ?jj Mpk Pdej J]nujckh+ 0/3+ 431,8Akqod]i+ C-I- & En]_au+ K- (0886)- Nanoeopajp cnkspd b]hpanejc ]ikjc ?^knecej]h ejb]jpo ]j‘ ukqjc _deh‘naj ej jknpd,saop ?qopn]he]9 ] napnkola_pera opq‘u bnki 0858 pk 0882- ?_p] N]a‘e]pne_]+ 75+ 15,4/Enaaj+ J-U- & Kan_an+ Q-J- (1//0)- A]j lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ]caj_eao na_kj_eha pda lqod bnki bqj‘ejc ^k‘eao ]j‘ pda lqhh bnki _kiiqjepeao= ?iane_]j Hkqnj]h kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 80+ 0815,0818F]nneo+ K-D- & I]ieaj+ K- (088/)- Ad]jca ej ?^knecej]h _deh‘dkk‘ ikn^e‘epu ]j‘ iknp]hepu ej @kqnga 0860,73- Hkqnj]h kb N]a‘e]pne_o & Adeh‘ Fa]hpd+ 15+ 7/,3-Faj‘anokj+ P-+ Qeiikjo+ B-Q-+ @kqnga+ J-+ Kqen+ H- (1//1)- Barahkliajp kb cqe‘ahejao bkn jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo laklha qj‘anp]gejc naoa]n_d ]ikjc pda Gj‘ecajkqo lklqh]pekj kb jknpd,a]op Te_pkne]- Ka‘e_]h Hkqnj]h kb ?qopn]he]+ 065+ 371,4En]_au+ K-+ Eaa+ T- (0883)- Fkolep]hev]pekj kb ejb]jpo bkn ejba_pekjo ej Uaopanj ?qopn]he]+ 087/,80Hkqnj]h kb N]a‘e]pne_o ]j‘ Adeh‘ Fa]hpd+ 2/+ 4/1,4Ja]_d+ ?-H-+ @kosahh+ H-@-+ ?o_da+ T-+ Leajdquo+ R-E-+ K]pdaso+ H-B- (0883)- @]_pane]h _khkjev]pekj kb pda j]okld]nujt lna‘e_po ranu a]nhu kjoap ]j‘ lanoeopaj_a kb kpepeo ia‘e] ej ?qopn]he]j ?^knecej]h ejb]jpo- N]a‘e]pne_ Gjba_pekqo Beoa]oao Hkqnj]h+ 02+ 872,8K_Iaj‘ne_g+ H-+ @ajjapp+ N-?- (1//2)- Rda apde_o kb da]hpd naoa]n_d ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo laklhao- Kkj]od @ekapde_o Pareas+ 11+ 1/,4L]pekj]h ?^knecej]h Akiiqjepu Akjpnkhha‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jeo]pekj sa^oepa (qj‘]pa‘)sss-]pjo-jap-]q.]cnaaiajp-]ol=CjpepuGB;0681- ?__aooa‘ 12 Hqhu 1//6L]pekj]h ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Goh]j‘an Fa]hpd Mnc]jeo]pekj (0880)- Palknp kb pda j]pekj]h skngodkl kj apde_o kb naoa]n_d ej ?^knecej]h da]hpd+ A]i‘aj+ LQU+ 18 Hqhu 0878+ ej LFKPA Eqe‘ahejao kj Cpde_]h K]ppano ej ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d- A]j^ann]9 Akiikjsa]hpd kb ?qopn]he]195
Jennifer Knight, Elizabeth Comino, Elizabeth Harris, Lisa Jackson Pulver, Cheryl Anderson and Pippa Craig
L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (1//1)- Lqpnepekj ej ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an Naklhao- A]j^ann]9 L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_ehL]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (1//1)- Rda LFKPA Pk]‘i]l-? opn]pace_ bn]iaskng bkn eilnkrejc ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an da]hpd pdnkqcd naoa]n_dA]j^ann]9 Akiikjsa]hpd kb ?qopn]he]L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (1//5)- T]hqao ]j‘ Cpde_o9 cqe‘ahejao bkn apde_]h _kj‘q_p ej ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an da]hpd naoa]n_d- A]j^ann]9 Akiikjsa]hpd kb ?qopn]he]L]pekj]h Fa]hpd Qpn]pacu (0881)- Cjkqcd pk i]ga ukq oe_g9 Fks ej_kia ]j‘ ajrenkjiajp ]bba_p da]hpd- A]j^ann]9 L]pekj]h Fa]hpd Qpn]pacuLQU Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd (1//1)- Rda Fa]hpd kb pda laklha kb LQU9 Palknp kb pda Adeab Fa]hpd Mbbe_an- Qu‘jau9 LQU Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpdNaji]j+ P- (1//5)- Rda ⁄cnksejc ql¥ kb ?^knecej]h ]j‘ Rknnao Qpn]ep Goh]j‘an _deh‘naj9 ] hepan]pqna nareas- M__]oekj]h N]lan Lk 04- Bal]npiajp kb D]ieheao+ Akiiqjepu Qanre_ao ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo ?bb]eno- A]j^ann]9 ?qopn]he]j EkranjiajpNuapp+ N- (1//1)- Ukngejc pkcapdan pk na‘q_a da]hpd ejamq]hepeao9 nabha_pekjo kj ] _khh]^kn]pera l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_d pk da]hpd naoa]n_d- ?qopn]he]j ]j‘ Las Xa]h]j‘ Hkqnj]h kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 15+ 221,5Pa]‘+ ?-U-+ Ee^^ejo+ H-+ Qp]jhau+ D-H-+ Kkne_d+ N-(0883)- Fkolep]h ]‘ieooekjo ^abkna pda ]ca kb 1 ua]no ej Uaopanj ?qopn]he]- ?n_derao kb Beo Adeh‘dkk‘+ 6/+ 1/4,0/Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a (1//4)- ? da]hpd lnkbeha kb Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop9 ] op]pqo nalknp ‘ao_ne^ejc pda lklqh]pekj+ pdaen da]hpd ]j‘ pda oanre_ao lnkre‘a‘ bkn Qu‘jau Qkqpd Uaop ?na] Fa]hpd Qanre_a- Qu‘jau9 LQU Fa]hpdRda Eaknca Gjopepqpa (1//4)- Q]ba Ikkne Ie‘o lnkikpekj]h ^nk_dqna- Sjeranoepu kb Qu‘jau9 Wkknk]jc E]n]jc9 Q_dkkh kb Fa]hpd Qpq‘eaoRda Q]t Gjopepqpa (1//5)- ?r]eh]^ha ]p sss-o]tejopepqpa-knc-]q.naoa]n_d]ooapolnkcn]io. Gilnkrejc?^knecej]hFa]hpdpdnkqcdPaoa]n_d.QC?PAF-_bi=k^fe‘;30/ (]__aooa‘ 11 Ba_ai^an 1//5)Rknvehhk+ N-H-+ Ndkhanko+ N- (1//1)- Fkqoadkh‘ ejbn]opnq_pqna ej ?^knecej]h _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ pda eilhe_]pekjo bkn da]hpd eilnkraiajp- Ka‘e_]h Hkqnj]h kb ?qopn]he]+ 065+ 4/1,2Uecc+ L-P-+ Rkjc+ Q-+ K_Ke_d]ah+ ?-H-+ @]cdqnop+ N-?-+ Teil]je+ E-+ Pk^anpo+ P- (0887)- Bkao ^na]opbaa‘ejc ]p oet ikjpdo lna‘e_p _kcjepera ‘arahkliajp= ?qopn]he]j & Las Xa]h]j‘ Hkqnj]h kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 11+ 121,5Uknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jev]pekj- Gj‘ecajkqo laklhao ]j‘ l]npe_el]pknu da]hpd naoa]n_d- ?r]eh]^ha ]p sss-sdk-ejp.apde_o.ej‘ecajkqo[laklhao.aj.ej‘at6-dpih (]__aooa‘ 11 Ba_ai^an 1//5)Xq^ne_g+ Q-P-+ J]snaj_a+ B-K-+ Qeh^qnj+ Q-P-+ @h]en+ C-+ Kehnku+ F-+ Uehgao+ R-+ C]‘ao+ Q-+ B£?jpkeja+ F-+ Pa]‘+ ?-+ Godecq_de+ N-+ Bkuha+ Q- (1//3)- Rda Uaopanj ?qopn]he]j ?^knecej]h _deh‘ da]hpd oqnrau9 pda da]hpd kb ?^knecej]h _deh‘naj ]j‘ ukqjc laklha- Nanpd9 Rahapdkj Gjopepqpa bkn Adeh‘ Paoa]n_d-
196
NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat Rdeo _d]lpan atlhknao pda oq__aooao+ _d]hhajcao ]j‘ pajoekjo aiancejc bnki ] l]j, A]j]‘e]j _kiiqjepu,qjeranoepu,ckranjiajp l]npjanodel _na]pa‘ pk lnk‘q_a lkhe_u nahar]jp naoa]n_d kj eiiecn]pekj+ ejpacn]pekj ]j‘ ‘eranoepu- Qla_ebe_]hhu+ pda ]qpdkno at]ieja‘ pda atpajp pk sde_d pda lnkieoa kb amq]h l]npjanodel ]j‘ ] _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d apde_ _]j aran pnqhu ^a ]_deara‘ ej naoa]n_d nah]pekjodelo ‘neraj ^u ]j ]_]‘aie_ l]n]‘eciRda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p eo ]j ejpanj]pekj]h bknqi bkn _kil]n]pera naoa]n_d ]j‘ lq^he_ lkhe_u ‘arahkliajp ]^kqp lklqh]pekj iecn]pekj+ _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu ]j‘ pda _d]hhajcao kb eiiecn]jp ejpacn]pekj ej A]j]‘] ]j‘ ]nkqj‘ pda sknh‘- Akiieppa‘ pk kj,ckejc ]ooaooiajp kb epo ]_perepeao ]j‘ arajpo pk ajoqna pd]p pda lnkfa_p _kjop]jphu eilnkrao ]j‘ eo kb i]teiqi qpehepu pk epo l]npjano+ pda A]j]‘e]j Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p _kiieooekja‘ ] opq‘u ej K]n_d 1//3 pk ouopai]pe_]hhu ahe_ep _kiiqjepu l]npjan baa‘^]_g kj pda oa_pkn£o ajc]caiajp ej pda Nnkfa_p pk ‘]pa ]j‘ e‘ajpebu oq__aooao+ _d]hhajcao ]j‘ ]na]o sde_d namqena bqnpdan ‘eo_qooekjRda i]ej _kj_hqoekj na]_da‘ eo pd]p ikop kb pda _d]hhajcao atlaneaj_a‘ ^u pda LEM _kiiqjepu nah]pa pk pda h]_g kb opnq_pqn]h oqllknp ]j‘ pda ejpan_qhpqn]h ]ola_po kb skngejc sepd psk ‘eopej_phu ‘ebbanajp knc]jev]pekj]h _qhpqnao- Rda at]ilhao decdhecdp pda ‘ebbanaj_ao ej s]uo kb skngejc+ pdejgejc+ knc]jevejc ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pejc ]j‘ pda eil]_po pdaoa d]ra bkn oq__aoobqh l]npjanodel ]j‘ _khh]^kn]pekj-
Rda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p eo ]j ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d bknqi ajc]ca‘ ej _kil]n]pera naoa]n_d ]j‘ lq^he_ lkhe_u ‘arahkliajp ]^kqp lklqh]pekj iecn]pekj+ _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu ]j‘ pda _d]hhajcao kb eiiecn]jp ejpacn]pekj ej A]j]‘] ]j‘ ]nkqj‘ pda sknh‘- Gj A]j]‘]+ pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p eo ^qehp qlkj l]npjanodelo ^apsaaj ]hh haraho kb ckranjiajp+ ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo ej bera qjeranoepu,^]oa‘ Aajpnao kb Ct_ahhaj_aRdeo _d]lpan atlhknao pda oq__aooao+ _d]hhajcao ]j‘ pajoekjo aiancejc bnki pdeo l]j, A]j]‘e]j _kiiqjepu,qjeranoepu,ckranjiajp ejepe]pera- Qla_ebe_]hhu+ pda ]qpdkno+ kja kb sdki eo hk_]pa‘ ej pda LEM oa_pkn ]j‘ pda kpdan ej ]_]‘aie]+ at]ieja pda atpajp pk sde_d pda lnkieoa kb amq]h l]npjanodel ]j‘ ] _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d apde_ _]j aran pnqhu ^a ]_deara‘ ej naoa]n_d nah]pekjodelo ‘neraj ^u ]j ]_]‘aie_ l]n]‘eci197
Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
Rda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p eo nabha_pera kb ] ikna cajan]h pnaj‘ pks]n‘ ejpanoa_pkn]h _khh]^kn]pekjo- Ba_na]oao ej ckranjiajp olaj‘ejc+ ‘a_ajpn]hev]pekj lkhe_eao ]j‘ ]j ej_na]oa‘ ‘ai]j‘ bkn _epevaj l]npe_el]pekj d]ra ja_aooep]pa‘ pda aiancaj_a kb opn]pace_ ]hhe]j_ao ]_nkoo pda oa_pkno (U]hod ]j‘ ?jjeo+ 1//2)- Jegaseoa+ ] cnksejc ‘ai]j‘ bkn pda ]llhea‘ nahar]j_a kb ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d+ are‘aj_a ^]oa‘ oanre_a ‘aheranu ]j‘ _kiiqjepu _]l]_epu pk i]teieva o_]n_a naokqn_ao d]o naoqhpa‘ ej ] lnkheban]pekj kb japskngo ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao kb ln]_pe_a (Nnkr]j ]j‘ Kehs]n‘+ 1//0: Uajcan+ 0887: Uajcan ap ]h-+ 1//1-) Rda _d]hhajcao lnaoajpa‘ ^u pdaoa lnar]ehejc knc]jev]pekj]h ik‘aho ]na ^aejc ej_na]oejchu e‘ajpebea‘ ]j‘ ‘k_qiajpa‘ (Akt+ 1///: Pq^ej+ 1///: Jaraomqa ]j‘ Adklu]g+ 1//0: Qq]nav,@]h_]v]n+ ap ]h-+ 1//4)- Akilapejc jkni]pera ‘eo_kqnoao+ _kjbhe_pejc ejpanaopo+ ]j‘ lksan ei^]h]j_ao+ ]hh _kjpne^qpa pk pda ‘uj]ie_ pajoekj aiancejc bnki oq_d _khh]^kn]pekjo (@]qi+ 1///: C__hao+ 0885)- Rda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p ^kpd atailhebeao okia kb pda pajoekjo ]hna]‘u e‘ajpebea‘ ej pda hepan]pqna ]j‘ ejpnk‘q_ao jas _kilhatepeaoRda _d]lpan ^acejo sepd ] ^neab deopknu kb pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p ]j‘ oapo pda _kjpatp sepdej sde_d LEM,ckranjiajp,qjeranoepu ejpan]_pekjo p]ga lh]_a- Rda oa_kj‘ oa_pekj kqphejao pda eooqao pd]p aianca‘ bnki ]j LEM Q_]j ‘aoecja‘ pk ia]oqna LEM o]peob]_pekj sepd pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p ]hkjc sepd pda naolkjoa bnki ]_]‘aie] ]j‘ lkooe^ha okhqpekjo-
Background Rda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p ej A]j]‘] s]o ejepe]pa‘ ej 0885 ej naolkjoa pk ej_na]oa‘ hk_]h ]j‘ chk^]h _d]hhajcao aiancejc bnki pda iecn]pekj+ oapphaiajp ]j‘ ejpacn]pekj kb apdje_ ]j‘ nahecekqo iejknepeao ej _epeao ]nkqj‘ pda sknh‘- Rda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p oaago pk ej_na]oa pda ]ikqjp kb ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d ‘kja ej pda beah‘o kb eiiecn]pekj ]j‘ ‘eranoepu: pk _na]pa kllknpqjepeao bkn oecjebe_]jp ejpan_d]jca ]ikjc ‘a_eoekj,i]gano+ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ LEMo: pk aj_kqn]ca ‘eo_qooekjo pd]p ck sahh ^aukj‘ pda iana op]pejc kb lkoepekjo+ ‘ao_nelpekjo+ ]j‘ ]‘rk_]_u: ]j‘ pk lnkre‘a oappejco bkn lnk^hai okhrejc qoejc pda ^aop ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ ]j]huoeo- Rda _kiiepiajp pk ejpanoa_pkn]h _khh]^kn]pekj _kiao bnki pda na_kcjepekj pd]p oq__aoobqh iecn]pekj ]j‘ ejpacn]pekj lkhe_eao namqena ejlqp bnki ]j‘ gjksha‘ca pn]joban ^apsaaj ]hh oa_pknoRda Nnkfa_p eo bqj‘a‘ ^u ] _kjoknpeqi kb ba‘an]h ckranjiajp ‘al]npiajpo ]j‘ ]caj_eao ]j‘ ikjeao ]na ]‘iejeopana‘ pdnkqcd pda Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Fqi]jepeao Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh kb A]j]‘] (]j ]_]‘aie_ cn]jpejc ]caj_u ]j‘ kja kb pda lnei]nu bqj‘ano)?_perepeao ]na _kkn‘ej]pa‘ pdnkqcd bera Aajpnao kb Ct_ahhaj_a ]_nkoo pda _kqjpnu a]_d kb sde_d i]u na_aera ]‘‘epekj]h bqj‘ejc bnki pdaen l]npjan qjeranoepeao- ?p a]_d Aajpna naoa]n_d eo _kj‘q_pa‘ pdnkqcd pdai]pe_ ¢‘ki]ejo£ ha‘ ^u qjeranoepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ ejpaj‘a‘ pk nabha_p pda ejpanaopo kb ]hh oa_pkno- ? Kapnklkheo Qa_nap]ne]p _kkn‘ej]pao Aajpna ]_perepeao ]p pda j]pekj]h harah ]j‘ oanrao ]o ] he]eokj ^apsaaj pda Aajpnao ]j‘ ba‘an]h ckranjiajp Bal]npiajpo198
NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach
Gj pdaen _kiiepiajp pk kj,ckejc ]ooaooiajp kb epo ]_perepeao ]j‘ arajpo pk ajoqna pd]p pda lnkfa_p _kjop]jphu eilnkrao ]j‘ lnkre‘ao pda i]teiqi qpehepu pk epo l]npjano+ pda Kapnklkheo Qa_nap]ne]p _kiieooekja‘ ] opq‘u ej K]n_d 1//3 pk ouopai]pe_]hhu _kjoqhp pda LEM l]npjano kj pdaen ejrkhraiajp ej pda lnkfa_p- Rdnkqcd ] j]pekj]h oqnrau+ bkqn bk_qo cnkqlo+ ]j‘ ] _kjbanaj_a skngodkl+ pda naoa]n_dano okqcdp pk ahe_ep _kiiqjepu l]npjan baa‘^]_g kj pda oa_pkn£o ajc]caiajp ej pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p pk ‘]pa ]j‘ e‘ajpebu oq__aooao+ _d]hhajcao ]j‘ ]na]o sde_d namqena bqnpdan ‘eo_qooekj- Gj a]_d _]oa pda jqi^an kb naolkj‘ajpo s]o nah]perahu oi]hh ]j‘ pdau ]na ej jk s]u nalnaoajp]pera kb pda pkp]h LEM oa_pkn kn araj pd]p lknpekj pd]p ‘kao d]ra kn d]o d]‘ ] skngejc nah]pekjodel sepd pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p- Fksaran+ _kjoeopajphu pda o]ia pdaiao aianca‘ ]_nkoo pda _kqjpnu ej‘e_]pejc pd]p _kj_anjo ]j‘ eooqao sana jkp Aajpna ola_ebe_ ^qp ikna cani]ja pk pda lnkfa_p ]o ] sdkhaLEM l]npjano ‘e‘ e‘ajpebu ] jqi^an kb ]_dearaiajpo ]j‘ oq__aooao naoqhpejc bnki pdaen _khh]^kn]pekj- Gj l]npe_qh]n+ pda Kapnklkheo ejepe]pera eo oaaj ^u LEM nalnaoajp]perao ]o d]rejc i]‘a ] oecjebe_]jp _kjpne^qpekj pk pda beah‘ kb eiiecn]pekj ^u ej_na]oejc pda gjksha‘ca ]r]eh]^ha pk lkhe_u i]gano ]j‘ pda lq^he_ nac]n‘ejc eiiecn]jp eooqao- Rdeo ej_na]oa‘ naoa]n_d ]ppajpekj eo ^nejcejc ] cna]pan bk_qo ]j‘ naola_p pk pda eiiecn]pekj beah‘+ sde_d qhpei]pahu ^ajabepo ]j‘ oqllknpo pda skng kb pda LEM _kiiqjepu- Rda ajd]j_a‘ japskngo _na]pa‘ ^u Kapnklkheo ^nejc jas laklha ejpk _kjp]_p sepd eiiecn]jp oapphaiajp ]caj_eao+ ajoqnejc ] ^nk]‘an lnaoajp]pekj kb nahar]jp eooqao- Kapnklkheo eo oaaj pk d]ra i]‘a ckk‘ ]ppailpo pk ajoqna ]llnklne]pa ejlqp ]j‘ ejrkhraiajp kb LEM l]npjano ]_nkoo A]j]‘]- Fksaran+ pda LEM _kiiqjepu ]hok lnaoajpa‘ ] jqi^an kb pdkqcdpbqh _nepemqao ]j‘ oecjebe_]jp _d]hhajcao- Rdeo h]ppan naolkjoa eo pda bk_qo kb kqn ‘eo_qooekjo ej pda bkhhksejc oa_pekjo-
Issues Kkop kb pda _d]hhajcao atlaneaj_a‘ ^u pda LEM _kiiqjepu nah]pa pk ]ola_po kb skngejc sepd psk ‘eopej_phu ‘ebbanajp knc]jev]pekj]h _qhpqnao+ j]iahu pda ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ ckranjiajp _qhpqnao- Rda pajoekjo e‘ajpebea‘ ^ahks decdhecdp pda ‘ebbanaj_ao ej s]uo kb skngejc+ pdejgejc+ knc]jevejc ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pejc- Rdaoa ‘ebbanaj_ao kbpaj d]ra jkp ^aaj ]‘‘naooa‘ kranphu sepdej pda ejepe]pera+ kn ej ]ju ouopai]pe_ i]jjan pdana^u heiepejc pda atpajp pk sde_d pdau ]na qj‘anopkk‘+ od]na‘ ]j‘ _kjoe‘ana‘ sdaj lh]jjejc ]j‘ ejpan]_pejc sepdej pda Kapnklkheo _kjpatpGj cajan]h+ pajoekjo aianca bnki ]j‘ narkhra ]nkqj‘ pdnaa lnei]nu ]na]o ~ pda l]npjanodel._khh]^kn]pekj lnk_aoo: pda j]pqna ]j‘ lqnlkoa kb naoa]n_d: ]j‘+ ]_]‘aie_ lnerehaca- Ua ‘eo_qoo pdaoa ^ahks ej kn‘an kb pdaen lan_aera‘ _kilhatepu ]j‘ pda atpajp pk sde_d sa baah pdau _]j ^a naokhra‘- Gj a]_d ]na] sa benop lnaoajp pda _nepemqao ‘anera‘ bnki pda LEM ‘]p] bkhhksa‘ ^u kqn naolkjoa pk pda eooqao n]eoa‘199
Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
Partnership/Collaborative Process: Critique Mja kb pda i]ej _d]hhajcao bkn ]ju _khh]^kn]pera nah]pekjodel eo ajoqnejc pd]p pda _khh]^kn]pekj eo ej‘aa‘ cajqeja- Rda Kapnklkheo LEM l]npjano lkejpa‘ pk ] jqi^an kb ]na]o sdana pdau bahp pdau sana ^aejc pna]pa‘ ]o haoo pd]j amq]h l]npjano- Rda benop kb pdaoa eo ej pda ]_pq]h ckranj]j_a kb pda Nnkfa_p- Udeha a]_d Aajpna ajoqnao LEM nalnaoajp]pekj pdnkqcdkqp pdaen _kiieppaa opnq_pqna pdana ]na heiepa‘ rajqao pk ajc]ca ej ia]jejcbqh ‘e]hkcqa- Akiieppaa iaapejco ]na lan_aera‘ ^u pda LEM _kiiqjepu ]o oecj,kbb kllknpqjepeao n]pdan pd]j kllknpqjepeao bkn ‘e]hkcqa ]j‘ ej_na]oejc qj‘anop]j‘ejc ^apsaaj op]gadkh‘ano- Rdeo heiepo pda ejrkhraiajp kb _kiiqjepu l]npjano sdk ]na ]__qopkia‘ pk ikna l]npe_el]pknu lnk_aooao- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ j]pekj]h Kapnklkheo _kjbanaj_ao ]na kbpaj ‘aoecja‘ pk ]__kiik‘]pa ]_]‘aie_ ejpanaopo+ _na]pejc ] bknqi sepdej sde_d o_dkh]no _]j na_aera ]_]‘aie_ _na‘ep bkn pda l]lano lnaoajpa‘ (oaa ‘eo_qooekj kj ]_]‘aie_ lnerehaca ^ahks)- Rda skngodkl ]caj‘]o ]p pda _kjbanaj_ao ]na oap ^u ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano+ ]j‘ sdeha pda LEM oa_pkn l]npe_el]pao+ pdaen _]l]_epu bkn knc]jevejc ]j‘ _na]pejc skngodklo eo heiepa‘+ pdqo qj‘aniejejc pdaen ]^ehepu pk dahl _kjopnq_p ] _kjbanaj_a ]caj‘] ikna nabha_pera kb pdaen ksj ejpanaopo- @a_]qoa kb pdeo pdana eo heppha kllknpqjepu bkn LEM ‘neraj naoa]n_d pk ^a ej_hq‘a‘ ej pda _kjbanaj_ao- Jegaseoa+ pda ]jjq]h nacekj]h.hk_]h _kjoqhp]pekjo (napna]po) olkjokna‘ ^u Kapnklkheo sana lan_aera‘ sepd cna]p ajpdqoe]oi sdaj pdau sana ejepe]pa‘ ^qp ]na jks oaaj ]o ]_]‘aie_ ieje,_kjbanaj_ao sdana ej‘ere‘q]h ]_]‘aie_o lnaoajp pdaen naoa]n_d- Rdana eo heppha at_d]jca kn ‘e]hkcqa ]^kqp pda naoa]n_d bej‘ejco ]j‘ pdaen ]llhe_]^ehepu pk oanre_a ‘aheranu- Rdeo eo eiiajoahu bnqopn]pejc bkn laklha bnki _kiiqjepu ]caj_eao sdk ]na qj]__qopkia‘ pk pdeo ]llnk]_d ]j‘ baah pds]npa‘ ^u pda ]_]‘aie_+ laan,nareas+ ¢lksan lkejp£,kjhu ]llnk]_d pk _kjbanaj_ejcRda LEM oa_pkn ]hok atlnaooa‘ bnqopn]pekj sepd pda ej]^ehepu kb pda Kapnklkheo Aajpnao pk ^a cajqejahu ]j‘ _kjoeopajphu _khh]^kn]pera ej pdaen naoa]n_d abbknpo- Udeha na_kcjevejc pd]p Kapnklkheo s]o jkp ejpaj‘a‘ pk dahl pda LEM oa_pkn ‘ena_phu ej oanre_a lnkreoekj pk pda eiiecn]jp lklqh]pekj pda oa_pkn baaho jkp ajkqcd ]ppajpekj d]o ^aaj ceraj pk pda nkha kb LEMo ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo+ naoqhpejc ej ]j ]‘ dk_ ]llnk]_d pk pdaen ejrkhraiajp- ?p ^aop+ pdau ]na l]npjano sepd ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ^]oa‘ kj lnarekqo nah]pekjodelo kb naola_p aop]^heoda‘ sepd ej‘ere‘q]h naoa]n_dano- (?hpdkqcd pdana eo _kj_anj pd]p pda ejbkni]h nah]pekjodel pd]p d]‘ lnarekqohu ateopa‘ ^apsaaj pda ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ LEM _kiiqjepeao eo ^a_kiejc ej_na]oejchu bkni]heva‘ qj‘an Kapnklkheo+ _kjoamqajphu bqnpdan heiepejc _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajp ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo-) ?p sknoa+ pda LEM _kiiqjepu baaho ep eo oaaj ]j‘ pna]pa‘ ]o ] _kj‘qep pk d]nraop eiiecn]jp l]npe_el]jpo bkn ejpanreaso ]j‘ bk_qo cnkqloGj panio kb pdaen kran]hh l]npe_el]pekj+ pda LEM oa_pkn ‘kao na]‘ehu ]_gjksha‘ca pd]p pdaen ]^ehepu pk l]npe_el]pa ]_perahu ej Kapnklkheo ]o opnkjc l]npjano eo _kjopn]eja‘ ^u pdaen h]_g kb naokqn_ao ]j‘ pda heiepa‘ ^q‘cap hejao ‘a‘e_]pa‘ pk naoa]n_d ]hhksa‘ ^u pdaen bqj‘ano- Gp s]o ]hok jkpa‘ pd]p okia LEMo _]j l]npe_el]pa ikna bqhhu pd]j kpdano ^a_]qoa pdau ]na h]ncan ]j‘ ^appan bqj‘a‘- Rdaoa ‘ebbanajpe]ho ]na jkp sahh na_kcjeva‘ ^u pda Aajpnao ]j‘ jkp p]gaj ejpk _kjoe‘an]pekj ej panio kb nalnaoajp]pekj ]j‘ ]__aoo pk bqj‘ejc200
NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach
Dej]hhu+ pdana s]o okia _kjopanj]pekj ]ikjc pda LEM l]npjano nac]n‘ejc pda h]_g kb ]llnklne]pa na_kcjepekj bkn pdkoa LEMo ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_d lnkfa_po- Gp eo lan_aera‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu ]caj_u nalnaoajp]perao pd]p pda lnei]nu k^fa_pera kb Kapnklkheo eo pk opnajcpdaj pda mq]hepu kb ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d pdnkqcd ejrkhraiajp kb _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo- Fksaran+ opkneao ]na pkh‘ kb ]caj_u laklha sdk ]na bqhhu ejrkhra‘ ej ] naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ]o _k,naoa]n_dano kjhu pk bej‘ pda ]caj_u£o j]ia iajpekja‘ ej pda ]_gjksha‘caiajpo oa_pekj kb pda bej]h nalknp+ n]pdan pd]j heopa‘ ]o ] _k,naoa]n_danJegaseoa+ pdana d]ra ^aaj ejop]j_ao sdana pda LEM l]npjano ]na jkp ]_gjksha‘ca‘ ]o necdpbqh _k,]qpdkno kb _kjbanaj_a lnaoajp]pekjo- Rdeo n]eoao pda eooqao kb ksjanodel kb naoa]n_d bej‘ejco ]j‘ ejpacnepu kb naoa]n_d ‘]p] ]o ep eo lnaoajpa‘ ej ] r]neapu kb bkn] ^u pda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan- Gp eo ‘ebbe_qhp pk ikjepkn eb naoa]n_d eo ^aejc ]llnklne]pa‘ ]o pda naoa]n_d eo qhpei]pahu ¢ksja‘£ ^u pda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan- Uepdkqp ‘qa na_kcjepekj ]o _k, lnk‘q_ano kb pda naoa]n_d+ pda harah kb lnkbaooekj]heoi ejdanajp ej pda LEM oa_pkn eo qj]_gjksha‘ca‘-
Partnership/Collaborative Process: Response Gj panio kb pda heiepa‘ LEM l]npe_el]pekj ej pda ckranj]j_a ]j‘ ‘]u,pk,‘]u ‘a_eoekj i]gejc kb pda Aajpnao pda _nepe_eoi eo hacepei]pa ^a_]qoa pda Bena_pkno ]j‘ ha]‘ naoa]n_dano ]na ]hh qjeranoepu ^]oa‘ ]j‘ na_aera _kilajo]pekj.ej_ajperao bkn pdaen ejrkhraiajp sepd Kapnklkheo- Faj_a+ pdau ]na atla_pa‘ pk olaj‘ pdaen peia kj Kapnklkheo nah]pa‘ ]_perepeaoDkn i]ju LEM l]npjano Kapnklkheo eo ]j ]‘‘,kj pk pdaen ateopejc sknghk]‘ sde_d+ ]o i]ju ‘ki]ej ha]‘ano d]ra jkpa‘+ i]gao ep ‘ebbe_qhp pk l]npe_el]pa kj pda ‘ki]ej _kiieppaao sdana ikop kb pda naoa]n_d._kjbanaj_ejc ‘a_eoekj i]gejc p]gao lh]_aCjoqnejc ia]jejcbqh l]npe_el]pekj kb LEMo sehh namqena ^nk]‘ajejc pda _qnnajp i]j‘]pao kb oapphaiajp knc]jev]pekjo pk ej_hq‘a ] naoa]n_d._khh]^kn]pekj nkha- Gj A]j]‘] ep odkqh‘ ^a lkooe^ha pk jackpe]pa pdeo ]o ] hacepei]pa ]_perepu sepdej okia LEM _kjpn]_po+ aola_e]hhu sepd pda bqj‘ejc l]npjano kb pda Kapnklkheo ejepe]pera sdk ]na ]hok pda lnej_elha bqj‘ano kb pda oapphaiajp knc]jev]pekjo- Uepdkqp pdeo pula kb opnq_pqn]h oqllknp pda LEM oa_pkn eo qjhegahu pk ^a ]^ha pk l]npe_el]pa ]p pda o]ia harah ]o pda ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ ckranjiajp oa_pknoRda h]_g kb ]‘amq]pa ‘eo_qooekj peia ]p _kjbanaj_ao+ skngodklo ]j‘ napna]po d]o lh]cqa‘ pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p oej_a epo ej_alpekj- N]np kb pda lnk^hai eo pda jaa‘ pk lnkre‘a ] rajqa sepdej sde_d pk ]__kiik‘]pa pda lanola_perao kb pda r]nekqo l]npjano ]j‘ op]gadkh‘ano ]j‘ pk ajoqna oa_pkn]h+ ejopepqpekj]h ]j‘ fqneo‘e_pekj]h nalnaoajp]pekj- Dkn at]ilha+ ej ?ph]jpe_ A]j]‘] pda ?KA _krano bkqn lnkrej_ao+ pdnaa haraho kb ckranjiajp+ ]j‘ iqhpelha qjeranoepeao- Gp eo ]hok pnqa pd]p pda _kjbanaj_ao ]j‘ napna]po paj‘ pk ^a ‘kiej]pa‘ ^u ]_]‘aie_ ejpanaopo- N]np kb pda na]okj bkn pdeo eo ‘eo_qooa‘ ^ahks qj‘an ]_]‘aie_ lnerehaca- Fksaran+ pda eooqa eo at]_an^]pa‘ ^u pda b]_p pd]p Aajpnao ]j‘ qjeranoepeao sehh jkp qoq]hhu lnkre‘a pn]rah bqj‘o qjhaoo pda ]llhe_]jp eo lnaoajpejc ] l]lan kn knc]jevejc ] skngodkl- ?c]ej+ ^a_]qoa ep eo ]j ejpacn]h l]np kb pdaen ailhkuiajp ]j‘ nas]n‘ ouopai qjeranoepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_dano ]na iq_d ikna hegahu pk ‘k ok- ? nabn]iejc kb 201
Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
pda ¢‘eooaiej]pekj l]n]‘eci£ pk ej_hq‘a pda LEM oa_pkn£o ejpanaop ej ikna ‘eo_qooekj kb eilhaiajp]pekj opn]paceao eo namqena‘- Rdeo _kqh‘ ha]‘ pk pda _na]pekj kb kpdan bkn] kn lkooe^ha atl]joekj kb pn]‘epekj]h ]_]‘aie_ ^]oa‘ _kjbanaj_ao pk ej_hq‘a lna kn lkop _kjbanaj_ao bk_qooa‘ kj atlhknejc eilhe_]pekjo ]j‘ ]_pekj _kilkjajpo kb pda naoa]n_d- Gb pdeo _kjoe‘an]pekj s]o ] _nepane] kb ejepe]h namqaopo bkn bqj‘ejc pdaj bej]j_e]h _kjoe‘an]pekjo skqh‘ jkp ^a ]j eooqaRda eooqa kb ia]jejcbqh naoa]n_d _khh]^kn]pekj eo ] _kilhat kja ]j‘ narkhrao ]nkqj‘ pda qpehepu ]j‘ abbe_]_u kb aop]^heodejc bkni]h lnkpk_kho- Uepdkqp ] bkni]heva‘ lnk_aoo _kiiqjepu cnkqlo nqj pda neog kb lkpajpe]h atlhkep]pekj+ h]_g kb ia]jejcbqh l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ]j ej_na]oa‘ ^qn‘aj kb ‘ai]j‘- Fksaran+ ]‘danaj_a pk lnkpk_kho _]j ]hok ^a peia _kjoqiejc ]j‘+ ]p peiao+ ej _kjbhe_p sepd ]_]‘aie_ ‘a]‘hejao- ?o ] jqi^an kb Aajpnao d]ra bkqj‘+ pda _na]pekj kb bkni]h lnkpk_kho _]j ]hok opebha lnarekqohu da]hpdu ]j‘ re^n]jp _khh]^kn]pekjo ^apsaaj qjeranoepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda LEM oa_pkn- Dkn at]ilha+ ]p pda ?ph]jpe_ Kapnklkheo Aajpna ]j ejepe]h ]ppailp pk ‘arahkl lnkpk_kho s]o lqp kj dkh‘ sdaj pda lnk_aoo na_kiiaj‘a‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu l]npjano s]o lan_aera‘ pk ^a pkk _qi^anokia ^u pda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pdna]paja‘ pk qj‘anieja+ n]pdan pd]j ajd]j_a+ pda _kiiepiajp pk _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d- Cmqep]^ha _kjoe‘an]pekj bkn _kiiqjepu+ ]caj_u ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_ lnk_aooao ]p pda kqpoap kb ] _khh]^kn]pekj eo ] iqop eb ‘ebbe_qhpeao ]na pk ^a ]rke‘a‘- Paola_p bkn ej‘ere‘q]h l]npjan ‘ebbanaj_ao ]j‘ heiep]pekjo ]o sahh ]o ^qeh‘ejc ej oqbbe_eajp bhate^ehepu ej peiahejao+ sdana lkooe^ha+ _]j opnajcpdaj pda _d]j_ao kb ] oq__aoobqh _khh]^kn]pekj sde_d iaapo a]_d l]npjan£o jaa‘o- Rda _d]hhajca eo pk ‘arahkl lnkpk_kho pd]p naola_p ]j‘ nabha_p pda ejpanaopo kb ]hh l]npeao sepdkqp ^aejc kranhu lnao_nelpera kn ]hpanj]perahu+ ok r]cqa pdau ]na ia]jejchaooDej]hhu+ eooqao kb ]qpdknodel ]j‘ ksjanodel ]na jkp qj_kiikj ej _khh]^kn]pera nah]pekjodelo- Rda lnk^hai qoq]hhu k__qno sdaj ‘]p] _khha_pa‘ ^u ]hh l]npjano eo lnaoajpa‘ ej ]j ]npe_ha kn _kjbanaj_a l]lan ]qpdkna‘ ^u ] oejcha l]npjan ]j‘ ai^a‘‘a‘ ej ] pdaknape_]h bn]iaskng pd]p i]u jkp d]ra ^aaj l]np kb pda knecej]h naoa]n_d lnkfa_pJegaseoa+ ej‘ere‘q]ho sdk lqp pda skng ejpk _n]bpejc ] l]lan i]u baah nahq_p]jp pk ]ooecj ]qpdknodel pk ej‘ere‘q]ho sdk ‘e‘ jkp _kjpne^qpa pk pda snepejc lnk_aoo- Gj kja kb pda ]qpdkn£o atlaneaj_a+ ]j abba_pera nqha kb pdqi^ s]o bkn pda pa]i pk ]cnaa pd]p pda benop ]npe_ha lq^heoda‘ skqh‘ ^a]n pda j]iao kb aranukja sdk l]npe_el]pa‘ ^qp pd]p oq^oamqajp l]lano skqh‘ kjhu _]nnu pda j]iao kb pdkoa sdk _kjpne^qpa‘ pk pda snepejc lnk_aoo ej okia i]jjan ?LB sdk sana sehhejc pk ]ooqia naolkjoe^ehepu bkn epo _kjpajp- Nnkpk_kho lanp]ejejc pk ]qpdknodel ]j‘ ksjanodel odkqh‘ ^a aop]^heoda‘ ]p pda kqpoap kb ]ju _khh]^kn]pera aj‘a]rkqn-
Nature and Purpose of Research: Critique Rajoekjo ]hok ateop ]o pk pda bk_qo+ _kjpajp ]j‘ qoa kb pda naoa]n_d _kj‘q_pa‘ pdnkqcd pda Kapnklkheo Aajpnao- Rda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ejrkhra‘ sepd Kapnklkheo ]na lan_aera‘ ^u pda LEM oa_pkn pk ^a ‘neraj ^u pda jaa‘ pk lq^heod- Udaj pdeo ‘ai]j‘ eo o]peobea‘ pdaen 202
NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach
ajc]caiajp sepd iai^ano kb pda _kiiqjepu _]j aj‘- LEM knc]jev]pekjo+ kj pda kpdan d]j‘+ _kjpejqa pk skng sepd pda _kiiqjepu ^aejc opq‘ea‘- Gb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo d]o opalla‘ kj pkao+ kn d]o ^aaj lan_aera‘ ]o ‘eonaola_pbqh ej ]ju s]u pk pda _kiiqjepu+ ep eo pda LEMo _na‘e^ehepu pd]p eo mqaopekja‘+ ]o pdau d]ra ]j kjckejc ejpanaop ej pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ] sahh ‘arahkla‘ nah]pekjodel pk i]ejp]ej- Qkiapeiao pdana ]na lnkieoao i]‘a pdnkqcd pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo pd]p ]na oq^oamqajphu qjna]heva‘ ]j‘ pda LEM eo lan_aera‘ ]o pda ^apn]uan kb pnqop+ d]rejc aj]^ha‘ ]__aoo pk pda _kiiqjepu kjhu pk d]ra pda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan ikra ]s]u ]j‘ kjpk pda jatp naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ha]rejc pda LEM pk eilhaiajp pda naoa]n_d bej‘ejco- Ana]pejc ] oqop]ej]^ha ]j‘ naola_pbqh nah]pekjodel sepd pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ lkpajpe]h naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo eo ] od]na‘ naolkjoe^ehepu+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej oi]hhan fqneo‘e_pekjo- ?__kqjp]^ehepu ]j‘ _kilhe]j_a sepd lnkpk_kho iqop ^a bkni]heva‘ ]j‘ nabha_pa‘ ej pda _khha_pera ln]_pe_a kb pda l]npjanoRda LEM nalnaoajp]perao ]hok mqaopekja‘ pda nahar]j_a kb pda naoa]n_d ^aejc _kj‘q_pa‘ pdnkqcd Kapnklkheo- @nk]‘ naoa]n_d lneknepeao ]na aop]^heoda‘ ^u pda ba‘an]h bqj‘anoQla_ebe_ lnkfa_po ]na ‘a_e‘a‘ ^u ej‘ere‘q]h qjeranoepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_dano ]j‘ LEMo ]na pdaj ejrepa‘ pk kbban baa‘^]_g kn ejlqp ]^kqp pda _dkoaj naoa]n_d lnkfa_po+ i]gejc pdaen ejrkhraiajp na]_pera jkp lnk]_pera- Rdana eo jk ia_d]jeoi sepdej pda LEM oa_pkn pk e‘ajpebu kn _kjrau naoa]n_d pdaiao pk Kapnklkheo+ ajoqnejc pda pkle_o ]na nahar]jp ]j‘ ]llhe_]^ha bkn pdaen lqnlkoao- @a_]qoa kb pdeo+ LEMo kbpaj ‘k jkp baah pdau ^ajabep ‘ena_phu bnki pda naoa]n_d+ ]j‘ pd]p pda naoa]n_d pdaiao d]ra heppha ‘ena_p nahar]j_a pk ln]_pe_a kn oanre_a ‘aheranu- Akiiqjepu ]caj_eao ]hok baah pd]p pda naoa]n_d pkle_o _dkoaj ]na pkk ckranjiajp bk_qoa‘ ]j‘ naejbkn_a _qnnajp ckranjiajp lkhe_u _kj_anjo ]j‘ oa_qnepu eooqao oq_d ]o 8.00 sdana]o LEM cnkqlo ]na ikna ejpanaopa‘ ej opq‘uejc eooqao nah]pejc pk oanre_a ‘aheranu ]j‘ ok_e]h ejpacn]pekjLEM nalnaoajp]perao ]hok atlnaooa‘ _kj_anj sepd ateopejc gjksha‘ca pn]joh]pekj ln]_pe_aoRdana eo ] oajoa pd]p pdana eo ]j ej]‘amq]pa bk_qo kj cappejc pda naoa]n_d naoqhpo kqp pk pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ pd]p pdeo ]_perepu eo kbpaj habp qjpeh pda h]op iejqpa sdaj bqj‘o ]na ]hna]‘u olajp+ ha]rejc heppha naokqn_ao bkn ‘eooaiej]pekj- Rdana eo kbpaj jk ]llnklne]pa ‘eooaiej]pekj opn]pacu k^rekqo pk _kiiqjepu ]caj_eao ]j‘ pdana ]lla]no pk ^a heppha _kjrano]pekj ]^kqp pda ln]_pe_]h ^ajabep kb naoa]n_d kn dks ep _kqh‘ ^a ]llhea‘-- Dnki pda LEM lanola_pera ]_]‘aie_ gjksha‘ca ‘eooaiej]pekj oaaio pk ^a amq]pa‘ sepd pda lnaoajp]pekj kb ] l]lan ]p ] _kjbanaj_a- Dkn pda LEM ‘eooaiej]pekj ia]jo ^nejcejc pda naoa]n_d bej‘ejco ^]_g pk pda _kiiqjepu sepd pda ejpajpekj kb _kjoe‘anejc pda ln]_pe_]h eilhe_]pekjo- LEMo d]ra gjksha‘ca ]j‘ atlaneaj_a pk ^a ]^ha pk ]ooeop sepd ‘ebbqoekj ^qp jk bqj‘o kn peia pk ]ooqia naolkjoe^ehepu bkn pda lnk_aoo- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ bnki pda LEM lanola_pera+ pda naoa]n_d pdaiao ]lla]n pk h]_g ] _kdanajp bn]iaskng- Rdana eo jk ia_d]jeoi bkn _kkn‘ej]pejc pda naoa]n_d bk_qo pk hejg ej‘ere‘q]h naoa]n_d lnkfa_po- Rda LEM _kiiqjepu _kjoe‘ano ep eilknp]jp pk gjep pda naoa]n_d pdaiao pkcapdan+ ajoqnejc ] cna]pan eil]_p kj lkhe_u ]j‘ lnkcn]iiejc-
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Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
Nature and Purpose of Research: Response Rda eooqa kb ] naoa]n_dan sepd‘n]sejc bnki ] _kiiqjepu eo ]j apde_]h ‘ehaii] sahh na_kcjeva‘ ]ikjc naoa]n_dano aola_e]hhu pdkoa sdk klan]pa sepdej ] _nepe_]h.baiejeop bn]iaskng- Gp eo eilknp]jp pd]p atla_p]pekjo.k^hec]pekjo ]na ‘eo_qooa‘ a]nhu kj ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo- Rda mqaopekj kb naola_p eo kja kb ]_]‘aie_ ejpacnepu ]j‘ kja skqh‘ dkla jkp ] na_qnnejc lnk^hai- Fksaran+ sd]p ‘kao kj k__]oekj k__qn eo ‘eo]cnaaiajp ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]o pk dks pda ‘]p] eo ]j]huva‘ ]j‘.kn pdakneva‘Ud]p d]llajo sdaj pda ‘]p] ‘eooaiej]pa‘ lnaoajpo pda _kiiqjepu ej ] jac]pera hecdp= Rda lnk^hai eo jkp a]oehu ]‘‘naooa‘- ?p iejeiqi sa baah pda j]pqna kb pda ‘eo]cnaaiajp odkqh‘ ^a ]_gjksha‘ca‘ ej lq^he_]pekjo ]j‘ _kjbanaj_a l]lano- ?jkpdan lkooe^ha okhqpekj eo bkn naoa]n_dano pk ajoqna pd]p oq^ieooekjo bkn lq^he_]pekj ej_hq‘a ] _kiiqjepu na^qpp]hRda lnk^hai kb naoa]n_d nahar]j_a eo ej l]np ‘qa pk pda bqj‘ejc opnq_pqna ~ i]fkn bqj‘ano ‘k oap pda ba‘an]h lneknepeao bkn dks ejpanj]h naoa]n_d bqj‘o odkqh‘ ^a qoa‘- Paoa]n_dano ]na bnaa pk k^p]ej kqpoe‘a bqj‘ejc ^qp qhpei]pahu pda oq__aoo kb pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p epoahb+ ]j‘ epo _kjpejqa‘ re]^ehepu eo ‘apanieja‘ ^u pda atpajp pk sde_d naoa]n_d eo ^aejc lnk‘q_a‘ ej pda lneknepu ]na]o ]j‘ pda atpajp pk sde_d pda gjksha‘ca jaa‘o kb pda lnei]nu bqj‘ano ]na iap- Gp eo ]hok pnqa pd]p oanre_a ‘aheranu eo jkp ]j ejpanaop ]na] bkn i]ju ]_]‘aie_o ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p+ jkn eo ep pda lnei]nu k^fa_pera kb pda ejepe]peraRdana eo ] cnksejc ]hpdkqcd okiasd]p nahq_p]jp ]__alp]j_a ^u i]ju LEMo pd]p naoa]n_d sehh ejarep]^hu ^a hejga‘ ej h]nca l]np pk ej‘ere‘q]h ⁄]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan¥ ejpanaopoFksaran pdeo eo ]hok ]__kil]jea‘ ^u ] na]hev]pekj pd]p okia kb pda naolkjoe^ehepu ]j‘ pda eilapqo pk e‘ajpebu nahar]jp naoa]n_d pdaiao ]j‘ lnaoajp re]^ha naoa]n_d lnkfa_po heao sepd pda LEM oa_pkn- ?o LEMo i]pqna ]j‘ c]ej ejpanj]h atlanpeoa ikna LEM cajan]pa‘ naoa]n_d sehh hegahu bkhhks- En]‘q]pa opq‘ajpo sdk ‘k jkp uap d]ra ] l]npe_qh]n bk_qo bkn pdaen naoa]n_d ]na ]hok oaaj ]o lkpajpe]h okqn_ao bkn _khh]^kn]pekjRda lnk^hai kb gjksha‘ca pn]joh]pekj eo jkp naopne_pa‘ pk pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p ]j‘ eo ] i]fkn _kj_anj pdnkqcdkqp pda lq^he_ ]j‘ lner]pa oa_pkn- Rdana eo ] cajan]h ]cnaaiajp pd]p pda lnaoajp]pekj kb ]_]‘aie_ l]lano ]p _kjbanaj_ao ]j‘ pda lq^heodejc kb ]npe_hao eo jk hkjcan oaaj ]o ]‘amq]pa+ aola_e]hhu eb pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ej_hq‘ao ckranjiajp ]j‘ LEM l]npjano kn _khh]^kn]pkno- Craj pda h]jcq]ca eo ej ] op]pa kb bhqt ej pda opnqccha pk ‘abeja pda ‘ebbanaj_a ^apsaaj ¢gjksha‘ca ‘eooaiej]pekj£+ ¢gjksha‘ca pn]joh]pekj£ ]j‘ ¢gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj£ ]j‘ dks ^aop pk lqp pdaoa _kj_alpo ejpk ln]_pe_a (J]j‘nu+ ?i]n] ]j‘ J]i]ne+ 1//0: Q_dnuan,Pku+ 1//4)- Hqop na_ajphu pda i]fkn ]_]‘aie_ bqj‘ano+ ej l]npe_qh]n QQFPA+ d]ra ]hhk_]pa‘ bqj‘o ola_ebe_]hhu bkn gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj lqnlkoaoGjrkhraiajp kb pda LEM oa_pkn ej pdeo ‘a^]pa sehh dahl ^nk]‘aj pda _kj_alp kb gjksha‘ca pn]joban ]j‘ ]llhe_]^ehepu-
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NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach
Privileging of Academic Culture: Critique Akiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo ]na b]iehe]n sepd ]j‘ ]‘alp ]p qoejc ] l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d ik‘ah ej pdaen ksj naoa]n_d ejepe]perao- Akiiqjepu cnkqlo _kjpaj‘ pd]p pda lnar]ehejc naoa]n_d iapdk‘khkcu sepdej Kapnklkheo at_hq‘ao l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d iapdk‘o ]j‘ pda ejdanajp ej_hqoekj ]j‘ naola_p kb _kiiqjepu cnkqlo ]o amq]h l]npjano ej pda naoa]n_d iapdk‘khkcu- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ ]_]‘aie_ o_da‘qhao ]j‘ lneknepeao lnar]eh sdaj ‘apaniejejc naoa]n_d lnkfa_p peiahejao- Jeiep]pekjo eilkoa‘ ^u pda bkni]h ]_]‘aie_ nareas lnk_aoo+ namqena‘ ^u ]hh A]j]‘e]j qjeranoepeao+ ]hok lkpajpe]hhu heiepo _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ^u bkn_ejc ] peiaheja pd]p ecjknao pda na]hepeao kb pda LEM oa_pknPalnaoajp]perao kb pda _kiiqjepu ]caj_eao ]hok _kjpaj‘ pd]p Kapnklkheo nah]pa‘ naoa]n_d eo ‘neraj ^u ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan ejpanaopo ]j‘ pajqna.lnkikpekj _nepane]& Rda lnaooqna kj ]_]‘aie_o pk lq^heod lnk‘q_ao naoa]n_d pd]p eo jkp eiia‘e]pahu nahar]jp pk pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ bkn_ao ]ppajpekj kj ej‘ere‘q]h naoa]n_d lneknepeao n]pdan pd]j ] bk_qo kj hk_]h okhqpekjo ]j‘ jaa‘o- Gp eo qj‘anopkk‘ ^u pda LEM _kiiqjepu pd]p ep eo jkp ej pda ^aop ejpanaopo kb ]j ej‘ere‘q]h ]_]‘aie_ pk ^a oaaj ]o ] _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dan- Rdana ]na jk ]‘‘epekj]h _]naan lkejpo pk ^a c]eja‘ ^u ‘kejc _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d+ ej b]_p pda cajan]h lan_alpekj eo pd]p pdeo pula kb _kiiepiajp pk _kiiqjepu ejpanaopo i]u ^a ] _]naan,heiepejc ikra bkn ]j ej‘ere‘q]h ]_]‘aie_- Rda LEMo skqh‘ lnaban naoa]n_d pd]p _kjpejqao pk hera ej lnkcn]iiejc _dke_ao+ ^qp na_kcjeva pd]p ]_]‘aie_o ]na kbpaj bkn_a‘ pk lqnoqa pdaen ksj ej‘ere‘q]h _]naan ejpanaopoRda _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]perao ]hok bahp pd]p jkp ajkqcd ]ppajpekj eo l]e‘ pk pda atlanpeoa ]j‘ gjksha‘ca ateopejc ej pda LEM oa_pkn- Rdana eo ] cna]p ‘a]h kb naola_p sepdej pda LEM _kiiqjepu bkn ]_]‘aie_ neckn ]j‘ ]j ]llna_e]pekj pd]p pda gjksha‘ca cajan]pa‘ iqop ^a ^]oa‘ kj ¢ckk‘ o_eaj_a£- Fksaran+ pdana eo ]hok ] cna]p ‘a]h kb gjksha‘ca ]j‘ atlanpeoa sepdej pda LEM oa_pkn pd]p oanrao pda eiiecn]jp lklqh]pekj ]j‘ ep eo bahp pd]p pdeo atlanpeoa eo jkp sahh na_kcjeva‘+ ]llna_e]pa‘ kn qoa‘ ej pda ‘arahkliajp kb naoa]n_d mqaopekjo- Akiiqjepu,^]oa‘ ]_pekj naoa]n_d pd]p eo _kj‘q_pa‘ sepdkqp ]j ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan£o ejrkhraiajp eo lan_aera‘ jkp pk ^a necknkqo ajkqcd- Jegaseoa+ ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano pule_]hhu oaag ‘ena_p ejrkhraiajp sepd na_ajp eiiecn]jpo+ ^qp ]na haoo hegahu pk reas LEM op]bb ]o r]he‘ ‘]p] okqn_ao- Rdeo lan_alpekj eo ]ccn]r]pa‘ ^u bqj‘ejc ]caj_eao oq_d ]o QQFPA sde_d heiep pda ahece^ehepu _nepane] bkn lnej_el]h ejraopec]pkno-
Privileging of Academic Culture: Response Gp eo pnqa pd]p pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p lnerehacao pda ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_d l]n]‘eci- Fksaran+ pda l]n]‘eci ‘kao jkp+ ^u ‘abejepekj+ at_hq‘a l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d jkn eo l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d ja_aoo]nehu ]hs]uo pda ^aop ]llnk]_d pk ] naoa]n_d lnk^haiRda pajoekj dana eo ^apsaaj ]j ej‘ere‘q]h o_dkh]n£o ]na] kb atlanpeoa ]j‘ necdp pk skng sepdej dan.deo l]n]‘eci kb _dke_a ]j‘ pda Nnkfa_p£o cajan]h _kiiepiajp pk skngejc sepd 205
Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
pda _kiiqjepu- Fksaran+ pdeo eo jkp pk o]u pd]p pdana ]na jkp jqiankqo naoa]n_d lnkfa_po sdana pdana eo atpajoera kranh]l ^apsaaj pda ejpanaopo kb pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ pdkoa kb qjeranoepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_dano- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ i]ju o_dkh]no+ aola_e]hhu pdkoa sdk klan]pa sepdej ] baiejeop._nepe_]h bn]iaskng ]na cajqejahu _kiieppa‘ pk l]npe_el]pknu ln]_pe_ao ]hpdkqcd pdeo _kiiepiajp eo bnamqajphu _d]hhajca‘ ^u pda ‘e_p]pao kb oq__aoobqh cn]jp _n]bpejc ]j‘ pda ‘eo_elhej]nu ha]jejco kb ejopepqpekj]h Paoa]n_d Cpde_o @k]n‘oUdeha _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d eo _kjoe‘ana‘ hacepei]pa sepdej ]_]‘aie] pda op]j‘]n‘ jkpekjo kb sd]p _kjopepqpao ¢o_dkh]nodel£ opehh lnar]eho- ?hpdkqcd ]npe_hao sneppaj ^u iqhpelha ]qpdkno ]na ]__alp]^ha pdau opehh ‘k jkp _]nnu pda o]ia saecdp ]o oejcha ]qpdkna‘ l]lano- Jegaseoa+ pda ]_]‘aie_]hhu ‘apanieja‘ mq]hepu kb pda fkqnj]h kn lq^heodan eo _kjoe‘ana‘ eilknp]jp- Ukiaj o_dkh]no paj‘ pk ^a ‘eolnklknpekj]pahu ]bba_pa‘ ^u pdaoa pn]‘epekj]h op]j‘]n‘o ]o pdau ]na ikna hegahu pk ajc]ca ej _khh]^kn]pera _kiiqjepu skngPa_ajphu+ pdana d]o ^aaj okia ikraiajp kj pdeo bnkjp- Dkn at]ilha+ pda A]j]‘e]j Fa]hpd Qanre_ao Paoa]n_d Dkqj‘]pekj (AFQPD) d]o eilhaiajpa‘ ] lnkfa_p pk aj_kqn]ca qjeranoepeao pk ^appan ]ooaoo ]j‘ nas]n‘ pda ]_perepeao kb ]llhea‘ o_dkh]nodelGp eo ]hok pnqa pd]p pda ba‘an]h bqj‘ejc ]caj_eao£ bk_qo kj _khh]^kn]pera l]npjanodelo d]o jkp ^aaj ]__kil]jea‘ ^u ] naopnq_pqnejc kb ahece^ehepu _nepane] ]j‘ cn]jp ar]hq]pekj lnk_aooaoRdeo eo ohkshu op]npejc pk _d]jca ]o eo are‘aj_a‘ ^u pda ejpnk‘q_pekj kb ikna _kiiqjepu bneaj‘hu AT bknio- Fksaran+ pdana eo opehh _kjoe‘an]^ha jaa‘ bkn lnk_aoo ]j‘ lkhe_u _d]jcao pk ]‘amq]pahu oqllknp _khh]^kn]pera bqj‘ejc-
Conclusion Gp eo are‘ajp pd]p i]ju kb pda ejpanoa_pkn]h _d]hhajcao ]j‘ pajoekjo sepdej pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p namqena atpanj]h opnq_pqn]h _d]jcao- Dkn at]ilha+ pk ^a cajqeja l]npjano ej _khh]^kn]pera lnkfa_po namqenao pd]p pda LEM oa_pkn ^a lnkre‘a‘ sepd ]j aj]^hejc i]j‘]pa ^u pdaen bqj‘ano ]hkjc sepd pda naokqn_ao pk bqhhu l]npe_el]pa-1/ Jegaseoa+ pda jkpekj kb amq]h l]npjanodel jaa‘o pk ^a ^appan nabha_pa‘ ej pda _nepane] ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj lnk_aooao qoa‘ ^u i]fkn cn]jpejc ]caj_eao- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ pda _d]jcejc nkha kb pda qjeranoepu ej ik‘anj ok_eapu namqenao ]j ]__kil]juejc na_kcjepekj kb pda _d]jcejc nkha kb pda o_dkh]n sde_d ej pqnj jaa‘o pk ^a ]_gjksha‘ca‘ ej pda r]hqa ouopaio ckranjejc denejc+ pajqna ]j‘ lnkikpekj- Udeha pdaoa _d]jcao ]na kqpoe‘a kb pda lqnreas kb pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p+ pdana eo nkki bkn klpeieoi- Rda _na]pekj kb ikna oqllknpera ajrenkjiajpo bkn japskngo ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao kb ln]_pe_a eo jaepdan qjna]heope_+ jkn ]p k‘‘o sepd _qnnajp pnaj‘o ]j‘ aiancejc ‘eo_kqnoao (Bas]n+ 0887: C‘s]n‘o+ 1///)- Rda atlaneaj_a kb Kapnklkheo _kqh‘ ^a decdhu ejbkni]pera bkn pdeo pn]jobkni]pekj-
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Rda lnei]nu bqj‘ano bkn pda oapphaiajp ]j‘ iqhpe_qhpqn]h knc]jev]pekjo ]na ]hok pda lnei]nu bqj‘ano kb pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p- Mj pda kja d]j‘ pdeo at]_an^]pao pda bnqopn]pekj bahp ^u pda LEM oa_pkn- Mj pda kpdan+ ep odkqh‘ b]_ehep]pa pda lkooe^ehepu bkn jackpe]pekj-
NGO-University partnerships: Practicing what we preach
Mpdan eooqao _]j ^a ]‘‘naooa‘ sepdej pda Kapnklkheo Nnkfa_p epoahb- Dkn at]ilha+ pda opnqccha pk ‘abeja lnkpk_kho bkn ajoqnejc naola_pbqh skngejc nah]pekjodelo+ ej_hq‘ejc ]qpdknodel ]j‘ ksjanodel ]j‘ ]_gjksha‘caiajp kb atlanpeoa+ i]u ^a ‘ebbe_qhp pk ikra bnki lnej_elha pk ln]_pe_a ^qp atlaneaj_a+ ‘e]hkcqa ]j‘ pda ]ooqilpekj kb ckk‘ sehh _]j ]hh b]_ehep]pa pdeo lnk_aoo- Gooqao nah]pa‘ pk gjksha‘ca pn]joh]pekj.ik^ehev]pekj d]ra ^aaj e‘ajpebea‘ ]o ] lneknepu bkn pda Kapnklkheo Qa_nap]ne]p ]o ep d]o bkn pda i]fkn bqj‘ejc ]caj_eao ]j‘ iq_d _]j ^a c]eja‘ ^u ^aejc ]ppajpera pk pda aiancaj_a kb ^aop ln]_pe_ao ]j‘ jas ha]njejco- Gp i]u ^a sepdej pdeo _kjpatp pd]p sa ]hok op]np pk ajreoekj jas ]j‘ ejjkr]pera bkni]po bkn j]pekj]h _kjbanaj_ao ]j‘ nacekj]h napna]poDej]hhu+ pdana sehh ]hs]uo ^a pajoekjo _na]pa‘ ^u pda bqj‘]iajp]h ]j‘ kbpaj enna_kj_eh]^ha ‘ebbanaj_ao ej _qhpqnao- Nand]lo ikop lnkbkqj‘ eo pda b]_p pd]p ]_]‘aie] ]j‘ LEMo ateop bkn ranu ‘ebbanajp na]okjo+ d]ra ‘ebbanajp lneknepeao ]j‘ lh]u pk ranu ‘ebbanajp ]q‘eaj_ao?_]‘aie_ bnaa‘ki eo ]o bqj‘]iajp]h pk pda o_dkh]n ]o ejpacnepu ej oanre_a ‘aheranu eo pk pda _kiiqjepu skngan- Rda psk _]j ]j‘ sehh _h]od- Nand]lo pda ^aop sa _]j dkla bkn ]j‘ skng pks]n‘o eo ] _kiiepiajp pk bkopanejc _khh]^kn]pera nah]pekjodelo pd]p ]_gjksha‘ca ]j‘ naola_p ‘ebbanaj_a sdeha ]p pda o]ia peia iqpq]hhu naejbkn_ejc kqn _]l]_epu pk ‘k kqn naola_pera fk^o sahh-
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References @]qi+ F-Q- (1///)- D]jp]oeao ]j‘ Pa]hepeao ej Sjeranoepu,Akiiqjepu N]npjanodelo- Hkqnj]h kb Nh]jjejc C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ Paoa]n_d+ 1/+ 1+ 123,135Akt+ B-L- (1///)- Barahklejc ] Dn]iaskng bkn Sj‘anop]j‘ejc Sjeranoepu,Akiiqjepu N]npjanodelo- Aepuo_]la9 ? Hkqnj]h kb Nkhe_u Barahkliajp ]j‘ Paoa]n_d+ 4(0)+ 8,15Bas]n+ K- (0887)- Ja]njejc Dnki Bebbanaj_a9 Rda lkpajpe]h pn]jobkniejc Ctlaneaj_a kb Akiiqjepu,Sjeranoepu Akhh]^kn]pekj- Hkqnj]h kb Nh]jjejc+ C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ Paoa]n_d+ 06+ 3 223,226C__hao+ H-Q- (0885)- Rda Nksan ]j‘ Bebbe_qhpu kb Sjeranoepu,Akiiqjepu Akhh]^kn]pekj- Hkqnj]h kb Paoa]n_d kj ?‘khao_aj_a+ 5+ 0+ 60,68J]j‘nu+ P-+ ?i]n]+ L-+ & J]i]ne+ K- (1//0)- Spehev]pekj kb Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a Paoa]n_d Ijksha‘ca ej A]j]‘]- Paoa]n_d Nkhe_u+ 2/+ 222,238Jaraomqa+ N-L- & Adklu]g+ H- K- (1//0)- K]j]cejc Kqhpe,oa_pkn Paoa]n_d lnkfa_po9 Barahklejc Kk‘aho bkn Cbba_pera Kkraiajp bnki Nnk^hai G‘ajpebe_]pekj pk Nnk^hai Qkhrejc- Nnaoajpa‘ ]p pda Debpd Gjpanj]pekj]h Paoa]n_d Quilkoeqi ej Nq^he_ K]j]caiajp- @]n_ahkj]+ Ql]ejK]nqhhk+ Q- & C‘s]n‘o+ @- (1///)- Dnki Ad]nepu pk Hqope_a9 Rda Nkpajpe]h kb Sjeranoepu,Akiiqjepu Akhh]^kn]pekj bkn Qk_e]h Ad]jca- ?iane_]j @ad]rekn]h Q_eajpeop+ 32+ 4+ 784,801Nnkr]j+ I- E- ]j‘ Kehs]n‘+ F-@- (1//0)- Bk Lapskngo na]hhu Ukng= ? Dn]iaskng bkn Cr]hq]pejc Nq^he_,Qa_pkn knc]jev]pekj]h Lapskngo- Nq^he_ ]‘iejeopn]pekj nareas- 059303,312Pq^ej+ T- (1///)- Cr]hq]pejc Sjeranoepu,Akiiqjepu N]npjanodelo9 ?j at]iej]pekj kb pda 207
Claudette Legault and Madine VanderPlaat
Crkhqpekj kb Oqaopekjo ]j‘ ?llnk]_dao- Aepuo_]la9 ? Hkqnj]h kb Nkhe_u Barahkliajp ]j‘ Paoa]n_d+ 4(0)+ 108,12/Q_dnuan,Pku+ ?- (1//4)- Ijksha‘ca Rn]joh]pekj9 @]oe_ Rdakneao+ ?llnk]_dao ]j‘ ?llhe_]pekjoGBPA9 Paoa]n_d K]ppano- ?r]eh]^ha kj,heja9 sss-_n‘e-knc.qlhk]‘o.qoan, Q.0044110/430@]oe_[Rdakneao[[IR-l‘bQq]nav,@]h_]v]n+ W- F]nlan+ E- & Jaseo+ P- (1//4)- ?j Gjpan]_pera ]j‘ Akjpatpq]h Kk‘ah kb Akiiqjepu,Sjeranoepu Akhh]^kn]pekjo bkn Paoa]n_d ]j‘ ?_pekj- Fa]hpd C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ @ad]rekn+ 21(0)+ 73,0/0U]hod+ B- & ?jjeo+ P- (1//2)- Ctlhknejc Sjeranoepu,Akiiqjepu nah]pekjo9 Rda A]oa kb @n]j‘kj Sjeranoepu£o Akiiqjepu Mqpna]_d Qanre_a- N]lan lnaoajpa‘ ]p9 Rda Dqpqna kb Pqn]h Naklhao9 Pqn]h C_kjkiu+ da]hpdu laklha+ Cjrenkjiajp+ Pqn]h Akiiqjepeao-+ Sjeranoepu kb Q]og]p_das]jUajcan+ C- (0887) Akiiqjepeao kb Nn]_pe_a9 Ja]njejc+ Ka]jejc ]j‘ G‘ajpepu- A]i^ne‘ca9 A]i^ne‘ca Sjeranoepu NnaooUajcan+ C-+ K_Banikpp ]j‘ Qju‘an+ U- (1//1)- Aqhper]pejc Akiiqjepeao kb Nn]_pe_a9 ? Eqe‘a pk K]j]cejc Ijksha‘ca- A]i^ne‘ca9 F]nr]n‘ @qoejaoo Q_dkkh Nnaoo-
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The stranger within: Rethinking distance and proximity of the researcher as community member Uzma Jamil Rdeo _d]lpan bk_qoao kj iu oq^fa_pera lkoepekjejc ]o ] naoa]n_dan ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^an ]j‘ pda _d]hhajcao ejrkhra‘ ej ‘kejc naoa]n_d sepd pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu ej Kkjpna]h+ ej pda _kjpatp kb ] 1//4 lehkp opq‘u pd]p at]ieja‘ pda ia]jejc ouopaio arkga‘ ]nkqj‘ ¢8.00£ ej pda N]geop]je eiiecn]jp _kiiqjepu- Rdnaa i]ej eooqao aianca‘ bnki pdeo atlaneaj_a- Rda benop s]o pda eil]_p kb ]ca ]j‘ caj‘an ]o op]pqo i]ngano ej ‘abejejc iu nkha ]j‘ _na]pejc ]j ]hhe]j_a sepd pda Kkjpna]h N]geop]je _kiiqjepu- Rda oa_kj‘ s]o pda pn]jobkni]pekj kb iu oajoa kb Qahb ]o ]j ejoe‘an.kqpoe‘an ej pda naoa]n_d pa]i ]j‘ pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu- Rda pden‘ s]o iu apde_]h ]j‘ lkhepe_]h naolkjoe^ehepu ]o ] naoa]n_dan sdk c]eja‘ ]__aoo pk pda _kiiqjepu ^u renpqa kb ^aejc N]geop]je- Rda _d]lpan _kj_hq‘ao sepd ] lkoepera na_kiiaj‘]pekj bkn ‘kejc oeieh]n naoa]n_d lnkfa_po sepd _qhpqn]hhu,ieta‘ naoa]n_d pa]io ]j‘ ] cna]pan ]s]najaoo ]p pda kqpoap kb pda pajoekjo ejdanajp ej jackpe]pejc e‘ajpepu ]j‘ nalnaoajp]pekj ]o ] naoa]n_dan-
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Uzma Jamil
Rdeo _d]lpan atlhknao pdaoa pdaiao kb ^ahkjcejc+ e‘ajpepu+ ]j‘ nalnaoajp]pekj ej ‘ao_ne^ejc iu atlaneaj_ao ]o ] naoa]n_dan ej pdeo l]npe_qh]n lnkfa_p ej Kkjpna]hRda _d]lpan eo ‘ere‘a‘ ejpk oaran]h l]npo- Dkhhksejc ] ^neab hkkg ]p pda nahar]jp hepan]pqna kj naoa]n_dano ]o _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ pda jatp oa_pekj _kjpatpq]hevao pda naoa]n_d pa]i+ pda ck]h kb pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ]j‘ kqn beah‘skng oepa ej Kkjpna]h- Rda jatp psk oa_pekjo ‘ao_ne^a pda lnk_aoo kb naoa]n_d ]j‘ pda _d]hhajcao ]j‘ ha]njejc atlaneaj_ao pd]p _]ia kqp kb ep- Rda h]op oa_pekj bk_qoao kj pda kjckejc lnk_aoo kb od]nejc naoa]n_d naoqhpo sepd pda _kiiqjepu+ ]j‘ pda apde_]h ]j‘ lkhepe_]h naolkjoe^ehepu kb pda naoa]n_dan sdk eo ]hok ] _kiiqjepu iai^an- Gp _kj_hq‘ao ^u hkkgejc ]p pda lkoepera eil]_p kb d]rejc ] _qhpqn]hhu ieta‘ naoa]n_d pa]i ]j‘ pda gau lkejpo pd]p G pkkg ]s]u bnki pdeo naoa]n_d atlaneaj_a-
Literature: From Objectivity to the Negotiation of Distance ?o naoa]n_dano+ sa ]na kbpaj pda kqpoe‘ano sdk k^oanra ]j‘ ‘k_qiajp ]j‘ ]j]huva sd]p d]llajo sepdej ok_eapu kn sepdej ] l]npe_qh]n _kiiqjepu- Rdana eo ]j ]ooqilpekj kb k^fa_perepu ej pdeo lkoepekj ]o ]j kqpoe‘a k^oanran+ kja sde_d eo kbpaj r]hqa‘ sepdej ]_]‘aie]- @qp+ pdeo ok,_]hha‘ k^fa_perepu ]j‘ ‘eop]j_a ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda naoa]n_da‘ eo nah]pera- Udaj pda naoa]n_dan eo ]hok ] iai^an kb pda o]ia _kiiqjepu+ pda ^kqj‘]neao ^apsaaj ejoe‘an ]j‘ kqpoe‘an ^a_kia ^hqnna‘+ _]hhejc ejpk mqaopekj pdaoa ]ooqilpekjo kb ‘eop]j_a ]j‘ k^fa_perepu (Kagge,@ann]‘] ap ]h-+ 1//0+ l-32)Mja s]u pdeo ^hqnnejc kb ^kqj‘]neao eo ‘aikjopn]pa‘ eo ej pda od]na‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejco kb _qhpqn]h ia]jejco ]j‘ i]ngano- Udaj pda naoa]n_dan eo ]j kqpoe‘an ej pda _kiiqjepu qj‘an opq‘u+ da.oda d]o pk p]ga pda peia pk ha]nj ]j‘ pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda od]na‘ _qhpqn]h na]hepeao kb pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano- Gj _]oao sdana pda naoa]n_dan eo bnki pda o]ia _kiiqjepu+ pd]p benop opal eo kbpaj aheiej]pa‘ ^a_]qoa pda od]na‘ na]hepu eo kbpaj p]gaj bkn cn]jpa‘+ sdapdan necdphu kn snkjchu- ?o ?hpknge ]j‘ Ch,Qkhd (0877) jkpa+ pda ej‘ecajkqo beah‘ skngan eo ]^ha pk ]pp]_d ia]jejco pk l]ppanjo iq_d b]opan pd]j ] jkj,ej‘ecajkqo naoa]n_dan ]j‘ ‘kao jkp jaa‘ ]o i]ju i]ngano pk qj‘anop]j‘ ] l]npe_qh]n ok_e]h na]hepu (?hpknge ]j‘ Ch,Qkhd+ 0877+ l-6)- @qp+ od]na‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejco kb p]^kko ]j‘ ^hej‘ olkpo i]u kbpaj ]hok ^a ej_hq‘a‘ ej pdeo _kiikj _qhpqn]h cnkqj‘- Rdau i]u _na]pa ]j atlhe_ep kn eilhe_ep oajoa kb ]hhe]j_a ]j‘ _khhqoekj ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepu sde_d skqh‘ jkp ^a lnaoajp kpdanseoaUdeha pdeo od]na‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb _qhpqn]h ^ad]rekn ]j‘ l]ppanjo ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ _kiiqjepu i]u ^a lnaoajp+ ep ‘kao jkp ]qpki]pe_]hhu aheiej]pa ]hh ‘ebbanaj_ao ^apsaaj pda psk- Jeh] ?^q,Jqcdk‘ (0877) qoao pda pani ⁄l]npe]h ejoe‘an¥ ^a_]qoa ep _]lpqnao pda heiep]pekjo ejdanajp ej ^aejc ] _qhpqn]h ejoe‘an (?^q Jqcdk‘+ 0877+ l-032)- Rda naoa]n_dan eo e‘ajpebea‘ ]o ^ahkjcejc pk ] l]npe_qh]n _h]oo+ cnkql+ ]j‘ s]u kb heba ^u kpdano bnki sepdej pda _kiiqjepu+ ]j‘ ] oap kb ]ooqilpekjo ]j‘ fq‘ciajpo ]na arkga‘ ]nkqj‘ pd]p e‘ajpebe_]pekj- Rdeo ejpanj]h ‘uj]ie_ eo ]o oecjebe_]jp ]o pda b]_p pd]p pdau od]na pda o]ia apdje_ _kiiqjepu e‘ajpepu- Qda ]j‘ kpdan bai]ha naoa]n_dano ej ?n]^ ]j‘ Qkqpd ?oe]j ok_eapeao ‘eo_qoo d]rejc pk ‘ahe^an]pahu bq‘ca kn ieonalnaoajp _anp]ej lanokj]h ‘ap]eho ]^kqp 210
The stranger within: Rethinking distance and proximity of the researcher as community member
pdaen herao ej kn‘an pk ]rke‘ ^aejc fq‘ca‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]j‘ pdanabkna hkoejc ]__aoo kn pnqop sepd pda naolkj‘ajpo (?^q Jqcdk‘+ 0877: L]raa‘,e,n]d]p+ 0880: ?dia‘, Edkod+ 0880)- Rda opn]ej _]qoa‘ ^u pdeo ej]qpdajpe_ nalnaoajp]pekj kb kjaoahb pk pdkoa sdk ]na+ pdaknape_]hhu ]p ha]op+ ¢kja£o ksj£ eo eilknp]jp pk opnaoo+ ^a_]qoa ep eo kbpaj kranod]‘ksa‘ ^u pda oeieh]nepeao ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda _kiiqjepuRda hepan]pqna decdhecdpo psk pdaiao sde_d ]hok _]ia pk ^a nabha_pa‘ ej iu lanokj]h atlaneaj_ao ‘qnejc pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo- Denop+ pdana eo pda eooqa kb ‘eop]j_a ]j‘ _hkoajaoo+ ]j‘ pda bhqe‘ ikraiajp ^apsaaj pdaoa psk lkhao sdaj pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda naoa]n_da‘ od]na ] _kiikj _qhpqn]h e‘ajpepu- Qa_kj‘+ pdana eo pda jackpe]pekj kb nalnaoajp]pekj ]j‘ e‘ajpepu+ ejpanj]hhu ejoe‘a pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ atpanj]hhu ej nah]pekj pk pda _kiiqjepu- Rda bkhhksejc oa_pekj ‘ao_ne^ao pda lanokj]h ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h _kjpatpo sepdej sde_d pdeo naoa]n_d opq‘u s]o _kj_alpq]heva‘ ]j‘ qj‘anp]gaj+ ^abkna ckejc kj pk oq^oamqajp oa_pekjo sde_d ‘eo_qoo dks pdaoa psk pdaiao sana ehhqopn]pa‘ ej pda beah‘skng lnk_aoo-
Context: Identity and Location Ku e‘ajpepu ej pdeo lnkfa_p s]o od]la‘ ^u iu hk_]pekj sepdej pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu ]j‘ sepdej pda naoa]n_d pa]i- G ]i kb N]geop]je knecej+ pda ‘]qcdpan kb l]najpo sdk aiecn]pa‘ bnki N]geop]j pdenpu ua]no ]ck- G cnas ql ikophu ej Lknpd ?iane_]+ ]j‘ s]o a‘q_]pa‘ ej pda i]ejopna]i ?iane_]j ]j‘ A]j]‘e]j a‘q_]pekj]h ouopaio- Dkn oaran]h ua]no ]bpan G benop ikra‘ pk Kkjpna]h pk ]ppaj‘ K_Eehh+ G d]n‘hu aran ok_e]heva‘ sepd N]geop]jeo ^a_]qoa G ‘e‘j£p iaap ranu i]ju kb pdai- Gp s]o ej pda _kjpatp kb skng pd]p G _]ia pk gjks N]geop]jeo+ ]j‘ arajpq]hhu ^qehp lanokj]h nah]pekjodelo sepd ] bas- ?ikjc pdai sana iai^ano kb pda N]geop]je A]j]‘e]j Qk_eapu kb Oqa^a_ (NAQO)+ ] _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekj- Lks+ G rkhqjpaan kj pdaen ^k]n‘+ ]j‘ snepa nacqh]nhu bkn pdaen i]c]vejaNnkbaooekj]hhu+ G ]i ]j ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dan ej pda Rn]jo_qhpqn]h naoa]n_d pa]i ]p Kkjpna]h Adeh‘naj£o Fkolep]h ]j‘ ] ‘k_pkn]h opq‘ajp ej ok_ekhkcu ]p Sjeranoepu kb Oqa^a_ ]p Kkjpna]h (SO?K)Mqn naoa]n_d pa]i kj pdeo lnkfa_p s]o ejpan‘eo_elhej]nu (lou_dkhkcu+ ]jpdnklkhkcu ]j‘ lkhepe_o) ]j‘ ej_hq‘a‘ ^kpd Oq}^a{keo ]j‘ N]geop]je naoa]n_dano- Gp s]o l]np kb pda h]ncan Rn]jo_qhpqn]h naoa]n_d pa]i ]p pda Kkjpna]h Adeh‘naj£o Fkolep]h- Rda Rn]jo_qhpqn]h pa]i d]o ^aaj skngejc sepd eiiecn]jp _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ _deh‘naj kj eooqao ]nkqj‘ ejpan_kiiqjepu nah]pekjo bkn i]ju ua]no ej Kkjpna]h- Rdeo l]npe_qh]n lehkp lnkfa_p s]o pda ejpnk‘q_pknu ld]oa kb ] h]ncan naoa]n_d lnkfa_p+ sde_d eo _qnnajphu kjckejc- Gp at]iejao pda ikn]h ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ abba_po kb pannkneoi kj _deh‘naj bnki pda Qkqpd ?oe]j Kqohei _kiiqjepeao ej Kkjpna]hRda Rn]jo_qhpqn]h pa]i eo qjemqa ej oaran]h s]uo sde_d nalhe_]pa pda ¢ej ^apsaaj£ lkoepekjejc ]hna]‘u lnaoajp ej iu lkoepekj ]o ] naoa]n_dan ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^an- Denop+ ep eo ] b]enhu h]nca pa]i+ sepd ]^kqp 14,2/ iai^ano bnki ‘eranoa ejpan‘eo_elhej]nu ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ _heje_]h ^]_gcnkqj‘o- Uepd oq_d ] h]nca jqi^an+ pda bhqe‘ ‘uj]ie_o kb atep.ajpnu ]j‘ ^ahkjcejc ]na eilknp]jp ej i]ejp]ejejc ] d]nikjekqo pa]i ajrenkjiajp- Qa_kj‘+ ]o ] 211
Uzma Jamil
pa]i+ sa k__qlu hejcqeope_]hhu kranh]llejc ol]_ao kb Dnaj_d ]j‘ Cjcheod- Ua ]na ej ] Dnaj_d,ola]gejc lnkrej_a+ ^qp ]bbehe]pa‘ sepd ]j ?jchkldkja qjeranoepu (K_Eehh)- Rdqo+ sa ]na oepq]pa‘ ej ]j ]i^ecqkqo lkoepekj ej pda decdhu lkhepe_]h ]j‘ oajoepera Dnaj_d, Cjcheod h]jcq]ca ‘ere‘a ej A]j]‘] ]j‘ ej Oq}^a_- Rden‘+ kqn pa]i eo l]np kb ^kpd pda ]_]‘aie_ ieheaq ]j‘ pda _heje_]h kja+ ^a_]qoa sa ]na _kjja_pa‘ pk ] qjeranoepu naoa]n_d japskng ]j‘ pk pda dkolep]h- Rdqo+ sa nalnaoajp ^kpd pda pdaknape_]h ‘ki]ej kb ]_]‘aie] ]j‘ pda ln]_pe_a,kneajpa‘ kja kb _heje_]h skng pdnkqcd pda ‘eranoepu kb kqn pa]i iai^ano ]j‘ pda lnkfa_po sa qj‘anp]ga- ?hh kb pdaoa _d]n]_paneope_o bknia‘ pda _kjpatp bkn iu nkha ]j‘ e‘ajpepu ej pdeo l]npe_qh]n naoa]n_d lnkfa_pRqnjejc pk pda beah‘skng oepa+ sa _dkoa pk skng ej pda N]n_ Ctpajoekj jaecd^kndkk‘ ej Kkjpna]h ^a_]qoa ep d]o ] _kj_ajpn]pa‘ lklqh]pekj kb N]geop]jeo+ ej _kjpn]op pk pda naop kb pda N]geop]je lklqh]pekj ej Kkjpna]h+ sde_d eo ikna cakcn]lde_]hhu ‘eolanoa‘ pdnkqcdkqp pda _epu+ ]j‘ ej pda oq^qn^o- N]n_ Ctpajoekj eo ]j apdje_]hhu ‘eranoa jaecd^kndkk‘ ej Kkjpna]h+ ejd]^epa‘ lnei]nehu ^u Qkqpd ?oe]jo ]j‘ Enaago- N]geop]jeo i]ga ql ]^kqp 4+///,5+/// kb pda pkp]h Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu ej pda ]na]- Gp eo ] _hkoa,gjep ]j‘ ok_e]hhu _kjoanr]pera _kiiqjepu kb jas eiiecn]jpo ]j‘ nabqcaao- C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ej_kia haraho ]na ^kpd nah]perahu hks- K]ju laklha skng ej hks,l]uejc b]_pknu fk^o+ ej hk_]h apdje_ cnk_anu opknao kn na_aera ok_e]h ]ooeop]j_a bnki pda ckranjiajpSjpeh G ^ac]j skngejc kj pdeo naoa]n_d lnkfa_p+ G d]‘ kjhu ^aaj pk N]n_ Ctpajoekj ] d]j‘bqh kb peiao pk odkl ]p N]geop]je cnk_anu opknao pdana- Mpdanseoa+ G d]‘ ]hikop jk _kjja_pekj pk pd]p jaecd^kndkk‘+ ]j‘ iu oajoa kb ^ahkjcejc ]o ] N]geop]je s]o heiepa‘ pk ] ranu oi]hh ok_e]h _en_ha kb qjeranoepu,a‘q_]pa‘+ ikna ]bbhqajp N]geop]jeo sdk hera‘ ej kpdan l]npo kb Kkjpna]h- Rda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo i]‘a ia na]ooaoo iu oajoa kb e‘ajpepu ]j‘ hk_]pekj ej Kkjpna]h+ ^kpd ]o ] N]geop]je ]j‘ ]o ] naoa]n_dan- Rda jatp psk oa_pekjo ‘ao_ne^a iu lanokj]h ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h ha]njejc lnk_aoo ej pda _kqnoa kb pda lnkfa_p-
Gender and Age as Status Markers Eaj‘an ]j‘ ]ca sana pda psk op]pqo i]ngano sde_d G bahp d]‘ pda ikop oecjebe_]jp abba_p kj iu nkha ]j‘ pda lan_alpekjo nah]pa‘ pk iu nkha ]o ] naoa]n_dan- ?o ] iai^an kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i+ ]hpdkqcd pdau ‘abeja‘ ia+ iu caj‘an ]j‘ iu ]ca ‘e‘ jkp _d]jca iu lkoepekj sepdej ep- Rda naoa]n_d ‘ena_pkn s]o ]hok ] ski]j+ sde_d i]‘a pa]i ‘uj]ie_o ikna ej_hqoera ]j‘ haoo dean]n_de_]h- Fksaran+ sepdej pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu+ pdaoa psk i]ngano d]‘ ] ‘ebbanajp eil]_p- Gj okia _]oao+ ep ia]jp pd]p G d]‘ pk jackpe]pa iu op]pqo ejpanj]hhu sepdej pda _kiiqjepu sepd kpdan i]ha ]qpdknepu becqnao ^a_]qoa kb iu caj‘an ]j‘ ]ca+ ej ]‘‘epekj pk ^aejc ] naoa]n_dan- Gj kpdan _]oao+ ^aejc ] ukqjc bai]ha naoa]n_dan b]_ehep]pa‘ ]__aoo sepd naolkj‘ajpo sdk iecdp jkp d]ra ^aaj ]o sehhejc pk klaj ql pk ]j kh‘an+ i]ha naoa]n_danG op]npa‘ japskngejc ej pda _kiiqjepu pdnkqcd ] N]geop]je _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekj+ sdkoa oqllknp s]o iu ejepe]h c]pas]u ejpk pda N]n_ Ct _kiiqjepu- @qp+ sdeha pda ‘ena_pkn kb pd]p knc]jev]pekj s]o atpnaiahu oqllknpera kb pda lehkp opq‘u ]j‘ kb iu nkha ej ep+ kpdan 212
The stranger within: Rethinking distance and proximity of the researcher as community member
_kiiqjepu ha]‘ano+ sdk sana ]hok N]geop]je iaj kran pda ]ca kb 4/+ sana haoo oqllknpera ]j‘ haoo sehhejc pk kbban _kjp]_po- Rdqo+ pda ]qpdknepu lnaoajp ej iu lnkbaooekj]h op]pqo ]j‘ lanokj]h e‘ajpepu arkga‘ ] ‘ebbanajp naolkjoa ]ikjc ‘ebbanajp i]ha becqnao- Mj kja d]j‘+ pda ‘ena_pkn kbbana‘ ia ] lnkpa_pera i]ha ]qpdknepu+ ]o ] ukqjc+ N]geop]je ski]j+ ej kn‘an pk c]ej ejpnk‘q_pekjo ]j‘ ]__aoo sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Mj pda kpdan d]j‘+ G ]hok _]ia ql ]c]ejop naoeop]j_a bnki kpdan iaj lna_eoahu ^a_]qoa G s]o ukqjc+ N]geop]je ]j‘ bai]ha?l]np bnki pda lanokj]h ]ola_p+ jackpe]pejc iu op]pqo sepdej pda _kiiqjepu ]hok oda‘ hecdp kj pda l]pne]n_d]h+ lksan ]j‘ caj‘ana‘ eilhe_]pekjo kb sdk ola]go bkn ]j‘ sepdej pda _kiiqjepu (@dkl]h+ 0886)Gj pda beah‘ naoa]n_d ld]oa+ iu caj‘an ]j‘ ]ca klan]pa‘ ]o op]pqo i]ngano ej ] ‘ebbanajp s]uUa ^ac]j pda ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]j‘ ejpanreas ld]oa sepdkqp d]rejc ]ju e‘a] kb pda ]ikqjp kb naoeop]j_a pd]p sa skqh‘ aj_kqjpan ]o sa pnea‘ pk bej‘ naolkj‘ajpo sepdej pda N]n_ Ct N]geop]je _kiiqjepu- Gjepe]hhu+ sa pdkqcdp pd]p japskngejc sepdej pda _kiiqjepu+ ^u qoejc knc]jev]pekj]h _kjp]_po+ skqh‘ ^a oqbbe_eajp- Rd]p pqnja‘ kqp jkp pk ^a pda _]oa+ ]j‘ sa _]ia ]_nkoo psk _d]hhajcao- Rda benop s]o bej‘ejc naolkj‘ajpo sdk skqh‘ ^a sehhejc pk l]npe_el]pa ej pda opq‘u- Rda oa_kj‘ s]o _na]pejc ajkqcd kb ] pnqop sepd pdai+ ok pd]p pdau skqh‘ ^a klaj ej od]nejc pdaen pdkqcdpo ]j‘ atlaneaj_aoUa p]_gha‘ pda benop eooqa ~ pda ‘ebbe_qhpu ej bej‘ejc naolkj‘ajpo ~ ^u ]‘]lpejc kqn opn]pacu pk ej_hq‘a ¢opnaap na_nqepejc£- Gj kpdan skn‘o+ G sajp pk N]n_ Ctpajoekj+ sepd ] bai]ha bneaj‘ pk ]__kil]ju ia+ ]j‘ ]oga‘ N]geop]jeo G iap kj pda opnaap+ ej pda l]ng+ kn ej pda cnk_anu opknao kj Ha]j,R]hkj Qpnaap eb pdau skqh‘ ^a ejpanaopa‘ ej l]npe_el]pejc ej pdeo lehkp opq‘uGj pdeo oepq]pekj+ iu ^aejc ] ukqjc ski]j lnk^]^hu dahla‘ iejeieva pda oajoa kb pdna]p bahp ^u okia lkpajpe]h naolkj‘ajpo- G bep ejpk pdaen lan_alpekj kb ] opq‘ajp+ ]j‘ pdanabkna ]ogejc pdai pk l]npe_el]pa ej ] naoa]n_d opq‘u i]‘a ikna oajoa ej pd]p _kjpatp- ?hpdkqcd ikop laklha sa iap o]e‘ jk pk l]npe_el]pekj+ ] bas ]cnaa‘+ ]j‘ pdkoa ejpanreaso c]ra qo r]hq]^ha baa‘^]_g ej ‘k_qiajpejc pda na]okjo bkn pda naoeop]j_a ]j‘ ]rke‘]j_a sa aj_kqjpana‘ pdnkqcdkqp pda japskngejc ]j‘ na_nqepiajp ld]oaMja ukqjc ski]j ej l]npe_qh]n+ L-+ ] 11,ua]n,kh‘+ sdki G iap ]p pda ^qo opkl kj Ha]j, R]hkj+ s]o ranu klaj ]j‘ dahlbqh+ ejrepejc qo pk dan dkqoa ja]n^u- Gj pda ejpanreas sepd dan+ oda s]o ranu bn]jg+ pda ikop pd]p ]jukja d]‘ ^aaj sepd ia ej pda ajpena lnk_aooRdnkqcd dan+ G c]eja‘ ] qjemqa ejoecdp pk pda _kiiqjepu+ ej ]‘‘epekj pk ]__aoo pk dan bneaj‘o ]j‘ pdaen b]ieheao ej N]n_ Ct- Gj dan _]oa+ iu caj‘an ]j‘ ]ca b]_ehep]pa‘ pnqop ]j‘ od]nejc ]j‘ dahla‘ kran_kia ‘q]h _d]hhajcao kb bej‘ejc ] naolkj‘ajp ]j‘ d]rejc ] ‘ap]eha‘ ejpanreas sepd pda lanokjL-£o nkha ]j‘ pda nah]pekjodel G _na]pa‘ sepd dan ~ sde_d s]o ] _ki^ej]pekj kb bneaj‘.iajpkn.kh‘an oeopan ~ sana oecjebe_]jp ^a_]qoa pdau ‘aikjopn]pa‘ pda eilknp]j_a kb _na]pejc ] lanokj]h nah]pekjodel sepd ] hk_]h lanokj sdk s]o ajpdqoe]ope_ ]^kqp dahlejcQda _kjja_pa‘ sepd ia lanokj]hhu ^a_]qoa G s]o ] oejcha+ N]geop]je bai]ha ej ] lkoepekj kb ej‘alaj‘aj_a bnki iu b]iehu+ ] mq]hepu sde_d oda ]‘iena‘ ^a_]qoa kb pda ok_e]hhu _kjoanr]pera ]j‘ _hkoa,gjep j]pqna kb dan ksj b]iehu ]j‘ hk_]h _kiiqjepu- Gj napqnj+ oda 213
Uzma Jamil
kbbana‘ ia dan ¢]qpdknepu£ ]j‘ ]__aoo+ ]o ] ski]j sepdej pda N]n_ Ct _kiiqjepu+ pk kpdan N]geop]je skiaj ej kn‘an pk dahl ej pdeo naoa]n_d lnkfa_pGnkje_]hhu+ sdeha gjksejc dan ]j‘ _kjja_pejc sepd dan c]ra ia cna]pan ]__aoo pk pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu ej N]n_ Ct+ ep ]hok _kjbenia‘ bkn ia pda atpajp kb pda naoeop]j_a ej pda _kiiqjepu£o pdejgejc- Dkn at]ilha+ oda ]__kil]jea‘ ia pk ]j ejpanreas ]p dan bneaj‘£o dkqoa+ ]jkpdan cenh sdk ]ppaj‘a‘ pda o]ia o_dkkh sepd dan+ ]j‘ pda cenh£o ikpdan ]j‘ oeopan,ej,h]s- Rda cenh£o ikpdan s]o mqepa nape_ajp ej ]josanejc iu mqaopekjo+ ]j‘ sdaj L]oga‘ mqaopekjo pk dahl dan klaj ql ] heppha ^ep ikna+ pda ski]j odqp ‘ksj dan heja kb mqaopekjejc ranu mqe_ghu- G d]‘ pda eilnaooekj pd]p oda ‘e‘j£p s]jp pk od]na dan pdkqcdpo sepd ] opn]jcan+ j]iahu ia+ araj eb G s]o pdana sepd okiakja oda gjas ranu sahhRdaoa ‘e_dkpkieao ej iu ejpan]_pekjo sepd N]n_ Ct N]geop]jeo decdhecdpa‘ pda _kilhatepeao kb ^aejc ] N]geop]je ski]j ajc]ca‘ ej naoa]n_d- Gj okia _]oao+ iu caj‘an ]j‘ ]ca b]_ehep]pa‘ ]__aoo- Gj kpdan _]oao+ pda o]ia op]pqo i]ngano sana ] okqn_a kb naoeop]j_a bnki kpdan _kiiqjepu iai^ano- Dkn ia+ ep atlkoa‘ pda r]ne]pekj ej iu ksj oajoa kb rqhjan]^ehepu ]j‘ oa_qnepu+ ‘alaj‘ejc kj ejpanj]h ]j‘ atpanj]h hk_]pekj ]j‘ lh]_a sepdej pda _kiiqjepu- Rdaoa pdaiao ]na ‘eo_qooa‘ bqnpdan ej pda jatp oa_pekj-
Self and Other/Insider and Outsider Ukngejc sepd pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu ej N]n_ Ctpajoekj ]o ] naoa]n_dan arkga‘ ] pn]jobkni]pekj ej iu oahb,ei]ca ]o ] N]geop]je ]j‘ ^a_]ia ] ha]njejc atlaneaj_a ej qjatla_pa‘ s]uo+ lanokj]hhu- Rda atlaneaj_a _d]hhajca‘ ia pk b]_a iu Qahb ]j‘ iu ksj _qhpqn]h deopknu ]j‘ ]ooqilpekjo ]j‘ pdkqcdpo ej aranu aj_kqjpan sepd sd]p G _kjoe‘ana‘ pda Mpdan+ araj eb pda lanokj s]o ] iai^an kb pda o]ia apdje_ _kiiqjepu- Gj pnqpd+ pda N]geop]jeo ej N]n_ Ctpajoekj bahp hega bknaecjano pk ia- Ku ql^nejcejc ]j‘ iu heba sana ranu ‘ebbanajp bnki pdaeno- G d]ra jaran hera‘ ej N]geop]j+ ]hpdkqcd G s]o ^knj pdana- G ]i b]iehe]n sepd pda _qhpqna ]j‘ _qopkio pdnkqcd sd]p iu l]najpo pn]joieppa‘ pk pdaen _deh‘naj- @qp ]‘ieppa‘hu+ G ]i ikna Uaopanjeva‘ pd]j N]geop]je ej okia s]uo+ s]uo sde_d oap ia ]l]np ej iu ejpan]_pekjo sepd pda na_ajp eiiecn]jpo ]j‘ nabqcaao bnki N]geop]j ej N]n_ CtDkn ] hkjc peia+ ]o G s]o ‘kejc ejpanreaso ]j‘ hkkgejc bkn naolkj‘ajpo+ G s]o _kjo_ekqo ikophu kb pda pdejco pd]p i]‘a ia ‘ebbanajp bnki pda naolkj‘ajpo+ bnki iu qn^]j ^]_gcnkqj‘+ a‘q_]pekj+ ]j‘ ok_ek,a_kjkie_ op]pqo pk pda s]u G ‘naooa‘+ pda s]u G olkga Sn‘q ]j‘ iu paj‘aj_u pk osep_d ^]_g ]j‘ bknpd ^apsaaj Sn‘q ]j‘ Cjcheod ej pda o]ia oajpaj_a- Rda enkju eo pd]p sdeha G s]o atpnaiahu oahb,_kjo_ekqo ]^kqp ‘ebbanaj_ao+ pda na]okj sdu G s]o ‘kejc pdeo lnkfa_p ej pda benop lh]_a s]o ^a_]qoa kb pda WNRNQFVNXNJW- G s]o kb N]geop]je knecej- G olkga Sn‘q- G s]o ] iai^an kb ] N]geop]je _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekj ]j‘ d]‘ ]__aoo pk ] japskng sepdej pda _kiiqjepu+ sde_d ] jkj,N]geop]je naoa]n_dan skqh‘ jkp- Gj aooaj_a+ G s]o ‘kejc pdeo lnkfa_p ^a_]qoa G s]o ] N]geop]je-
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The stranger within: Rethinking distance and proximity of the researcher as community member
Dqnpdanikna+ hega ]hh N]geop]je skiaj+ G s]o n]eoa‘ pk ^a ]s]na kb pda ok_e]h _k‘ao pd]p od]la ukqjc skiaj£o ‘naoo ]j‘ ^ad]rekn ej pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu- ?o F]j‘] (0886) ‘k_qiajpo ej dan skng sepd Qkqpd ?oe]j,A]j]‘e]j skiaj+ ukqjc skiaj£o ^k‘eao ]j‘ pdaen ikraiajp ]j‘ _kj‘q_p ej lq^he_ ol]_a ]na hejga‘ pk _kjopnq_pekjo kb caj‘an e‘ajpepu+ l]npe_qh]nhu jkpekjo kb baiejejepu ]j‘ oatq]hepu+ sepdej pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu (F]j‘]+ 0886+ ll-161,162)- Pacqh]pejc pda lduoe_]h bai]ha ^k‘u pdnkqcd jkpekjo kb ¢_qhpqn]hhu ]llnklne]pa£ ‘naoo ]j‘ bai]ha lnaoaj_a ej pda lq^he_ oldana ]na eilknp]jp _kj_anjo ej i]ejp]ejejc pda ok_e]h e‘ajpepu kb pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu+ aola_e]hhu ej pda ‘e]olkne_ oappejc@aejc ]s]na kb pdaoa ok_e]h _k‘ao ]j‘ pda _kjpn]‘e_pekjo ej iu lkoepekjejc ]o ] N]geop]je naoa]n_dan ‘e‘ jkp dahl ia baah ikna ]p a]oa aranu peia G sajp ql pk N]n_ Ctpajoekj- Gj pda aj‘+ G pnea‘ pk ]‘fqop ]o iq_d ]o G _kqh‘+ pnuejc pk i]ejp]ej ] ^]h]j_a ^apsaaj ^aejc ]qpdajpe_ ejoe‘a iuoahb sdeha ]hok pnuejc pk ¢bep ej£ sepd pda N]n_ Ct _kiiqjepu ajkqcd pk ^a ]^ha pk ‘k beah‘ naoa]n_d oq__aoobqhhu- Ctpanj]hhu+ G ik‘ebea‘ iu s]u kb ‘naooejc sdajaran G sajp pk N]n_ Ct+ ok pd]p ejopa]‘ kb sa]nejc WMFQ[FV PFRJJ^ hega pda kpdan skiaj ej N]n_ Ct+ G skna pda PFRJJ^ (hkjc+ hkkoa pqje_ pkl) sepd fa]jo ^a_]qoa ep bahp ikna ok_e]hhu _kibknp]^ha pd]j sa]nejc iu qoq]h Uaopanj c]n^- ?hpdkqcd G sajp ]hkja pk ‘k ejpanreaso sepd naolkj‘ajpo+ G pnea‘ pk p]ga ] bai]ha bneaj‘ pk N]n_ Ct sepd ia pk ‘k ¢opnaap na_nqepejc£ sdajaran lkooe^ha+ ^kpd bkn iu ksj oajoa kb lanokj]h o]bapu ]j‘ ]hok ok pd]p G s]oj£p lan_aera‘ ]o ] hkja bai]ha kj pda opnaap+ sepd ]hh pda jac]pera _kjjkp]pekjo ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd pd]p ej pda N]n_ Ct _kiiqjepuGj oi]hh s]uo+ s]uo sde_d arajpq]hhu ]__qiqh]pa‘ ejpk ] h]ncan oajoa kb ‘eo_kibknp ]j‘ qja]oa+ pdeo naoa]n_d atlaneaj_a i]‘a ia baah pda ‘eohk_]pekj ejdanajp ej iu lkoepekj ]o ] N]geop]je ski]j n]eoa‘ ej Lknpd ?iane_]- Gp atlkoa‘ ] baahejc kb ^aejc ] opn]jcan ej ] _kiiqjepu pd]p s]o oqllkoa‘ pk ^a ¢iu ksj£ ^u renpqa kb ^aejc N]geop]je- Aanp]ejhu+ bnki pda lanola_pera kb pda naoa]n_d pa]i+ G s]o ]j ejoe‘an ej pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu- Wap+ ej ln]_pe_a+ G bahp ‘ebbanajphu- G ^a_]ia ranu ]s]na kb pda ejranoekj kb pda qoq]h ‘aoecj]pekjo kb Qahb ]j‘ Mpdan ej iu e‘ajpepu+ ]j‘ pda heiep]pekjo kb ^aejc ] _qhpqn]h ejoe‘an ej pda N]n_ Ct N]geop]je _kiiqjepu- G ‘e‘ jkp naokhra iu ejpanj]h baahejc kb ‘eohk_]pekj ^u pda aj‘ kb pda lnkfa_p+ ]j‘ ep opehh _kjpejqao pk _kia ql sdaj G ck pk N]n_ Ct jks+ ] ua]n h]pan+ ej pda _kjpatp kb ]jkpdan naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- G hera sepd ep ]o l]np kb ^aejc ] naoa]n_dan skngejc sepd pdeo l]npe_qh]n _kiiqjepuFksaran+ ]o iu harah kb b]iehe]nepu sepd pda ]na] d]o ej_na]oa‘ kran peia+ pdana d]o ^aaj ] ‘a_na]oa ej iu ‘acnaa kb qja]oejaoo+ oq_d pd]p pda h]ppan ‘kao jkp baah ok kransdahiejc ]juikna- G na]heva‘ pdeo qjatla_pa‘hu sdaj G sajp pk N]n_ Ctpajoekj na_ajphu sepd ] jas N]geop]je ejpanreasan- Fa]nejc dan _kiiajp ]^kqp pda ‘ebbanaj_ao kb N]n_ Ct i]‘a ia na]heva pd]p G d]ra opklla‘ l]uejc _kjo_ekqo ]ppajpekj pk pdkoa o]ia pdejco+ ]hpdkqcd G ]i ]s]na pd]p pdau ]na pdana- G fqop ‘kj£p pdejg ]^kqp pdai ]o iq_d ]juikna- G hera sepd ] oajoa kb ‘eohk_]pekj pd]p eo jks ] hks dqi ej iu ejpanj]h ^]_gcnkqj‘+ ejopa]‘ kb pda _ajpn]h bk_qo ep qoa‘ pk ^a215
Uzma Jamil
Responsibility of the Researcher ?o @dkl]h (1///) ‘eo_qooao ej dan skng ]o ] Qkqpd ?oe]j ski]j ejpanreasejc kpdan skiaj bnki pda o]ia _kiiqjepu ej C]op Cj‘ Jkj‘kj+ pda nkha kb lksan ej pda naoa]n_dan,naoa]n_da‘ nah]pekjodel eo ranu eilknp]jp pk ]‘‘naoo- Rdeo eooqa kb lksan eo l]npe_qh]nhu oecjebe_]jp sdaj skngejc sepd ] _kiiqjepu pd]p eo i]ncej]heva‘ ]j‘ ej ] jaecd^kndkk‘ pd]p eo ok_ek,a_kjkie_]hhu ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca‘- N]n_ Ct d]o ] nalqp]pekj kb jkp ^aejc ] ¢ckk‘£ ]na]+ sepd ] deopknu kb c]jc rekhaj_a ]j‘ nah]pa‘ lnk^haio- Rda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu pdana eo ranu _hkoa‘+ oej_a i]ju naoe‘ajpo ‘k jkp gjks Dnaj_d+ ]j‘ pdanabkna ‘k jkp ejpan]_p iq_d sepd i]ejopna]i Kkjpna]hano- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ i]ju k__qlu ] lna_]nekqo lkoepekj ej ok_eapu ^u renpqa kb pdaen nabqcaa iecn]pekj op]pqo ]j‘ pdanabkna baah l]npe_qh]nhu rqhjan]^ha?o naoa]n_dano ej cajan]h+ ]j‘ ]o ] naoa]n_dan sdk s]o ]^ha pk c]ej ]__aoo pk pda _kiiqjepu ^u renpqa kb ^aejc N]geop]je+ pdana s]o ] naolkjoe^ehepu qlkj pda pa]i+ ]j‘ kj ia+ pk i]ga oqna pd]p sa ‘e‘ jkp d]ni pda _kiiqjepu ej ‘kejc kqn naoa]n_d- Ua ]hh bahp pdeo apde_]h naolkjoe^ehepu ranu opnkjchu ^abkna ^acejjejc pda lnkfa_p+ ^a_]qoa sa gjas sa sana ^nk]_dejc ] pkle_ pd]p s]o ranu oajoepera ]j‘ lkhepe_]hhu,_d]nca‘ ej ] jaecd^kqndkk‘ pd]p s]o ]hna]‘u deopkne_]hhu i]ncej]heva‘ bkn kpdan na]okjoGj pda _kqnoa kb pda beah‘ naoa]n_d+ ]o sa ^ac]j pk ‘eo_kran pda naoeop]j_a ]j‘ ba]n bahp ^u _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej ola]gejc klajhu ]^kqp pda pkle_+ pdeo naolkjoe^ehepu pkkg kj ]j ]‘‘a‘ h]uan- Mj_a sa d]‘ c]eja‘ pda pnqop kb pda naolkj‘ajpo+ sa d]‘ pk ^]h]j_a pda naolkjoe^ehepu pk nalnaoajp pdaen reaso ]j‘ pdkqcdpo ]__qn]pahu sepd i]gejc oqna pd]p sa ‘e‘ jkp _]qoa ]ju jac]pera nalan_qooekjo bkn pda _kiiqjepu- Ua ‘e‘ jkp s]jp pk _kjpne^qpa bqnpdan pk pdaen i]ncej]heva‘ op]pqo kn pk ] jac]pera lknpn]u]h kb pda _kiiqjepu ^u ]lla]nejc pk atlhkep kn pk qoa pdai bkn kqn ]_]‘aie_ lqnlkoaoRdeo eo ]j eooqa pd]p sa ]na opehh ranu iq_d _kj_anja‘ sepd+ ]o pda pa]i pdejgo ]^kqp dks pk ‘eooaiej]pa kqn naoa]n_d naoqhpo jks- Dkn ia+ lanokj]hhu+ G bahp pda naolkjoe^ehepu kb pda pnqop pd]p naolkj‘ajpo c]ra ia+ ej od]nejc pdaen pdkqcdpo ]j‘ klejekjo sepd ia ‘qnejc ejpanreaso- Craj pdkoa sdk ajc]ca‘ ej ]rke‘ejc kranp ‘eo_qooekj ]^kqp pda pkle_ c]ra ia+ pda naoa]n_dan ]j‘ pda N]geop]je+ pdaen pnqop ej ola]gejc sepd ia ej pda benop lh]_a- Qej_a G _kjpejqa pk ^a ejrkhra‘ sepd naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ej N]n_ Ctpajoekj kj pda ^]oeo kb ^aejc ] N]geop]je naoa]n_dan+ pdeo eo ] naolkjoe^ehepu G p]ga oanekqohuGb jkp d]niejc kqn naolkj‘ajpo ]j‘ pda N]n_ Ct _kiiqjepu eo kja kb kqn _kj_anjo+ pda kpdan eo dks pk pn]joh]pa pda naoa]n_d naoqhpo ejpk okiapdejc pd]p eo qoabqh ]j‘ lan_aera‘ ]o ^ajabe_e]h pk pda _kiiqjepu epoahb- Mja kb pda _kiikj na]okjo sdu i]ju laklha ‘e‘ jkp l]npe_el]pa ej pda opq‘u s]o+ ]__kn‘ejc pk pdai+ pda b]_p pdau ‘e‘j£p oaa pda qpehepu kb naoa]n_d ej pdaen herao- Kkop laklha sana _kj_anja‘ sepd ‘]u,pk,‘]u oqnrer]h+ cappejc ^u bej]j_e]hhu+ i]gejc oqna pdaen b]ieheao sana o]ba ]j‘ _]na‘ bkn+ ]j‘ ej i]ju _]oao+ nai]ejejc qj‘an pda n]‘]n kb ]ju kbbe_e]h kn ckranjiajp]h lksan- ? r]cqa+ ]i^ecqkqo ]josan kb ¢pdeo 216
The stranger within: Rethinking distance and proximity of the researcher as community member
naoa]n_d sehh dahl pda _kiiqjepu£ ‘e‘ jkp naceopan sepd ikop laklha ]o ] lneknepu+ eb ep ‘e‘j£p dahl pdai sepd pdaen ln]_pe_]h ]j‘ eiia‘e]pa _kj_anjoUa ]‘‘naooa‘ pdeo oepq]pekj ej psk s]uo- Denop+ sa kbbana‘ oi]hh+ hk_]h cnk_anu opkna cebp _anpebe_]pao pk naolkj‘ajpo+ ]o ] s]u pk _kilajo]pa pdai bkn p]gejc pda peia pk l]npe_el]pa ej pda opq‘u- Qa_kj‘+ sdajaran pda ‘ena_pkn kb pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekj kn G olkga sepd ]jukja bnki pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu+ sa opnaooa‘ pd]p sa sana ‘kejc pdeo lnkfa_p pk pnu pk dahl pda _kiiqjepu ej pda hkjc,pani- Rdeo ej_hq‘a‘ dahlejc pdkoa sdk hera‘ kqpoe‘a N]n_ Ct pk qj‘anop]j‘ sd]p pda naoe‘ajpo pdkqcdp ]j‘ dks pdau bahp ]^kqp herejc ej A]j]‘]+ ]j‘ ]hok dahlejc bqpqna N]geop]je eiiecn]jpo pk ]‘fqop ikna oikkpdhuMqn naoa]n_d pa]i eo jks _kjoqhpejc sepd _kiiqjepu knc]jev]pekjo pk ‘apanieja pda ^aop s]u pk od]na kqn naoqhpo sepdej pda N]geop]je ]j‘ Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepeao ej N]n_ Ct-
Conclusion Rdeo _d]lpan d]o ^aaj bk_qoa‘ ]nkqj‘ pdnaa i]ej eooqao sde_d aianca‘ bnki iu atlaneaj_ao ej pdeo naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- Rda benop eo pda eil]_p kb ]ca ]j‘ caj‘an ]o op]pqo i]ngano ej ‘abejejc iu nkha ]j‘ _na]pejc ]j ]hhe]j_a sepd pda N]n_ Ct N]geop]je _kiiqjepu- Rda oa_kj‘ eo pda pn]jobkni]pekj kb iu oajoa kb Qahb ]o ]j ejoe‘an.kqpoe‘an ej pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu ej pda _kqnoa kb beah‘skng- Rda pden‘ eo iu apde_]h ]j‘ lkhepe_]h naolkjoe^ehepu ]o ] naoa]n_dan sdk c]eja‘ ]__aoo pk pda _kiiqjepu ^u renpqa kb ^aejc N]geop]jeMqp kb ]hh pdnaa pdaiao+ pdeo naoa]n_d lnkfa_p lqoda‘ pda ejoe‘an.kqpoe‘an ‘uj]ie_ pk pda bknabnkjp ]o l]np kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo- Gp _]hha‘ ejpk mqaopekj pda ‘e_dkpkiu kb iu nkha ]o ] naoa]n_dan ]j‘ ]o ] N]geop]je bai]ha ej ] iq_d ikna opnegejc ]j‘ qjatla_pa‘ s]u pd]j G atla_pa‘+ ]j‘ ep ‘aikjopn]pa‘ pda ‘q]h oajoa kb ]qpdknepu ]j‘ bn]cehepu pd]p opaiia‘ bnki pd]p e‘ajpepu- Mj kja d]j‘+ sdaj G s]o ‘ksjpksj ]p pda dkolep]h+ iaapejc ]j‘ ‘eo_qooejc sepd pda naoa]n_d pa]i+ iu lkoepekj ]o ] _qhpqn]h ejoe‘an+ ]o ] N]geop]je+ s]o ikna ]qpdknep]pera+ ^a_]qoa G s]o ej ] _kjpatp ]j‘ hk_]pekj sdana G bahp _kibknp]^ha ]j‘ oa_qnaUdaj G s]o ej N]n_ Ct ‘kejc ejpanreaso+ G bahp ikna rqhjan]^ha ]j‘ ejoa_qna ]o ] N]geop]je bai]ha+ ^a_]qoa pda _kjpatp ]j‘ pda hk_]pekj i]‘a ia baah ‘aop]^eheva‘ ejpanj]hhu- ?o iajpekja‘ a]nhean ej pdeo _d]lpan+ G ]i opehh ej pda lnk_aoo kb herejc kqp ]j‘ jackpe]pejc pda ‘eohk_]pekj ejdanajp ej ckejc ^]_g ]j‘ bknpd ^apsaaj pdaoa psk oepao+ ejpanj]h ]j‘ atpanj]h+ lou_dkhkce_]h ]j‘ cakcn]lde_]h+ ]o G _kjpejqa pk skng ]o ] naoa]n_dan ej N]n_ CtpajoekjRdana ]na psk lkejpo pd]p ]na eilknp]jp pk iajpekj bkn bqpqna lnkfa_po- Denop+ ej pdeo lnkfa_p+ d]rejc ] _qhpqn]hhu ieta‘ pa]i+ kja sde_d ej_hq‘a‘ ^kpd N]geop]je ]j‘ Oq}^a{keo naoa]n_dano+ _kjpne^qpa‘ cna]phu pk pda oq__aoo kb pda opq‘u ^u ]‘‘ejc jq]j_ao ej lanola_perao- Rda _ki^ej]pekj kb lanola_perao ia]jp pd]p sa _kqh‘ ]rke‘ lkpajpe]h lepb]hho kb nalhe_]pejc _anp]ej ^e]oao ejdanajp bnki hkjc,pani b]iehe]nepu sepd a]_d kb kqn ksj naola_pera _kiiqjepeao- Dkn at]ilha+ ej _anp]ej oepq]pekjo ej pda ejpanreaso+ G ‘e‘ jkp le_g ql ]jupdejc qjqoq]h ej pda ]ooqilpekjo pd]p naolkj‘ajpo i]‘a ej p]hgejc ]^kqp pdaen oahb, 217
Uzma Jamil
ei]ca kb pda N]geop]je _kiiqjepu+ ^a_]qoa G s]o ]hna]‘u b]iehe]n sepd da]nejc pdai+ ]o ] N]geop]je- @qp+ iu Oq}^a{keo _khha]cqao INI jkpe_a pdai ^a_]qoa pdau ‘e‘ jkp od]na pda o]ia _qhpqn]h ^]_gcnkqj‘ ]j‘ pdanabkna pda o]ia qjolkgaj ]ooqilpekjo?o ] naoa]n_dan ]j‘ ] _kiiqjepu iai^an pdkqcd+ ep skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj dahlbqh pk d]ra d]‘ okia e‘a] kb pda oq^fa_perepu ejdanajp ej d]rejc pk jackpe]pa nalnaoajp]pekj ]j‘ e‘ajpepu ]o ] ¢l]npe]h ejoe‘an£ ]p pda ^acejjejc kb pda lnkfa_p- Gj_knlkn]pejc pdeo ]s]najaoo bnki pda ^acejjejc skqh‘ d]ra ^aaj ^ajabe_e]h ej odknpajejc pda ha]njejc _qnra sdeha ‘kejc ejpanreaso ej pda beah‘- Udeha pdeo ]s]najaoo i]u jkp _d]jca pda pajoekjo ejdanajp ej pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ beah‘skng lnk_aoo+ ep aild]oevao pda b]_p pd]p naoa]n_d ‘kao jkp ]hs]uo p]ga lh]_a ej pda ‘eop]jp+ k^fa_pera+ lqnahu ]_]‘aie_ gej‘ kb s]u pd]p sa ei]ceja ep sehh?hpdkqcd ]o naoa]n_dano+ sa ]na pn]eja‘ pk op]j‘ ]p ] ‘eop]j_a ]j‘ ]j]huva kqn ‘]p]+ sa ]na ]hok opehh dqi]j ^aejco ]j‘ opehh _kjja_pa‘ pk kqn _kiiqjepeao kb knecej ej iqhpelha ]j‘ iqhpe,h]uana‘ s]uo-
References ?^q,Jqcdk‘+ J- (0877)- Deah‘skng kb ] Bqpebqh B]qcdpan- Gj A- ?hpknge & A-D- Ch,Qkhd+ (C‘o)- ?n]^ Ukiaj ej pda Deah‘9 Qpq‘uejc Wkqn Msj Qk_eapu (ll-028,050)- Las Wkng9 Qun]_qoa Sjeranoepu Nnaoo?dia‘,Edkod+ F- (0880)- Dnki Grknu Rksano pk Kq‘ Fqpo9 Rne]ho ]j‘ ?__alp]j_a kb ] Deah‘skngan- Gj K-L- N]jeje(C‘-) Dnki pda Dai]ha Cua9 ?__kqjpo kb Ukiaj Deah‘skngano Qpq‘uejc pdaen Msj Akiiqjepeao (ll-00,08)- Bahde9 Fej‘qop]j Nq^heodejc Aknlkn]pekj?hpknge+ A- & Ch,Qkhd+ A-D- (0877)- Gjpnk‘q_pekj- ?n]^ Ukiaj ej pda Deah‘9 Qpq‘uejc Wkqn Msj Qk_eapu- Las Wkng9 Qun]_qoa Sjeranoepu Nnaoo@dkl]h+ I- (0886)- Eaj‘an+ ¢P]_a£ ]j‘ N]pne]n_du9 ? Qpq‘u kb Qkqpd ?oe]j Ukiaj- ?h‘anodkp+ Cjch]j‘9 ?odc]pa Nq^heodejc Jp‘@dkl]h+ I- (1///)- Eaj‘an+ ¢n]_a£ ]j‘ lksan ej pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo9 Qkqpd ?oe]j skiaj ej C]op Jkj‘kj- Gj A- Rnqi]j+ B-K- Kanpajo+ & @- Fqildneao(C‘o-) Paoa]n_d ]j‘ Gjamq]hepu (ll-56, 68)- Jkj‘kj9 SAJ NnaooF]j‘]+ ?- (0886)- A]qcdp ^apsaaj Mieooekjo9 Ctlhknejc ¢Aqhpqna Akjbhe_p£ ?ikjc Qa_kj‘ Eajan]pekj Qkqpd ?oe]j Ukiaj ej A]j]‘]- NdB ‘eooanp]pekj- Sjeranoepu kb RknkjpkRknkjpk+ Mjp]nek+ A]j]‘]Kagge,@ann]‘]+ ?-+ Pkqooa]q+ A- ]j‘ H- @anpkp (1//0)- Paoa]n_d kj Pabqcaao9 Ka]jo kb Rn]joieppejc Qqbbanejc ]j‘ Dkncejc Qk_e]h @kj‘o- Gjpanj]pekj]h Hkqnj]h kb Kajp]h Fa]hpd- 2/9 1+ 30,46L]raa‘,e,n]d]p (0880)- ⁄N]npe_el]jp M^oanr]pekj¥ ]j‘ G‘ajpepu Aneoeo- Gj Gj K-L- N]jeje(C‘-) Dnki pda Dai]ha Cua9 ?__kqjpo kb Ukiaj Deah‘skngano Qpq‘uejc pdaen Msj Akiiqjepeao (ll-30, 40)- Bahde9 Fej‘qop]j Nq^heodejc Aknlkn]pekj-
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Recording oral memory: Views of Indigenous Victorians Graeme Johanson, Kirsty Williamson and Don Schauder Rda ejpan,nah]pekjodelo ^apsaaj naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu ej pda op]pa kb Te_pkne]+ ?qopn]he]+ ]na ]j]huoa‘ ej pdeo _d]lpan- Gj kn‘an pk c]ej ]j qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda atla_p]pekjo kb Gj‘ecajkqo Te_pkne]jo kb ] lh]jja‘ lnk_aoo bkn pda _]lpqna ]j‘ lnaoanr]pekj kb pdaen kn]h gjksha‘ca+ naoa]n_dano qj‘anpkkg ]j ]j]huoeo kb Gj‘ecajkqo reaso- Teaso sana ahe_epa‘ ^u ia]jo kb 61 ejpanreaso ]^kqp sd]p Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao i]u jaa‘ ^u s]u kb ] pnqopa‘ ouopai pk dahl pk _na]pa+ _khh]pa+ ]j‘ i]ejp]ej opkneao ej ]j kjheja nalkoepknu kb pdaen kn]h iaiknuRda naoa]n_d pa]i ej_hq‘a‘ ] he]eokj kbbe_an sdk+ ]o ]j Gj‘ecajkqo Ch‘an na_nqepa‘ l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ he]eoa‘ sepd pdai ‘qnejc ]j‘ ]bpan ejpanreaso- Rdau ]cnaa‘ pd]p pda hkjc,pani r]hqa kb kn]h iaiknu d]o ^aaj kranhkkga‘ ^u jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo deopkne]jo ]j‘ _qn]pkno ej pda l]op+ ]j‘ pd]p opknupahhejc eo bqj‘]iajp]h pk _kiiqjepu e‘ajpepu+ ]j‘ aooajpe]h bkn _qhpqn]h _kjpejqepuPaolkjoao pk pdeo lnkfa_p bnki Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao sana cajankqo ]j‘ sah_kiejc- Rda _k,klan]pekj kb Gj‘ecajkqo ejpanreasaao lnkre‘a‘ iq_d qoabqh ‘]p]Rda naoa]n_d s]o qj‘anlejja‘ ^u ejpanlnapereop._kjopnq_pereop naoa]n_d ldehkokldu+ sepd apdjkcn]lde_ iapdk‘ ^aejc qoa‘ pk ]j]huoa pda jaa‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeaoRda naoa]n_d pa]i ]j‘ Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao od]na okia _kiikj ck]hoPaoa]n_dano ]j‘ naoa]n_da‘ sana ejrkhra‘ ej ] fkejp rajpqna bnki pda ^acejjejc- Rda ejpan]_pekjo sana klaj ]j‘ bn]jg+ ]j‘ ‘ahe^an]pa abbknp d]o ckja ejpk pda iqpq]h _kjpne^qpekjo sde_d sehh oqop]ej ] ckk‘ skngejc nah]pekjodel ejpk pda bqpqna- Rda ia]jo bkn ]_dearejc _khh]^kn]pekj ]na ‘ao_ne^a‘-
G cqaoo eb ep s]o jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo lanokjo sdk sana pnqopa‘ sepdej pda _kiiqjepu+ Ypdau _kqh‘Z op]np pk ^qeh‘ ] pnqop ej pda _kiiqjepu+ hega ckejc kqp ]j‘ p]hgejc pk laklha hega ukq ]na- K]u^a oeppejc ‘ksj+ d]ra ] _kbbaa+ fqop ‘nkllejc ej ]j‘ cappejc pk gjks pda _kiiqjepeao- Rd]p’o dks ukq cap pnqop ej kqn ]na]o- Wkq gjks+ okiakja fqop _kiejc ql ]j‘ o]uejc+ ¢G’i ckejc pk behh kqp ] bkni£+ pd]p’o pkk _kjbnkjpejc- G gjks ikop laklha skqh‘ hega 219
Graeme Johanson, Kirsty Williamson and Don Schauder
okiakja pk oep ‘ksj sepd pdai d]ra ] _qll]+ cap pk gjks pdai- Rd]p’o ikna kb pda s]u pd]p pdau hega ep (N]npe_el]jp 0)Rdeo _d]lpan ‘ao_ne^ao ] naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ej lnkcnaoo- Gp ^acejo ^u kqphejejc pda lnkfa_p ]eio+ pdaj ‘ao_ne^ao dks cnkqj‘a‘ pdaknu s]o qoa‘ pk qj‘anp]ga ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]j‘ ]j]huoeo ej epo benop ld]oa- Gjepe]hhu pdana s]o ] neog pd]p naoa]n_dan ]j‘ naoa]n_da‘ iecdp jkp bej‘ _kiikj cnkqj‘- Rdeo _d]lpan lkejpo kqp pd]p pda lnkfa_p ^ac]j sepd ] ‘acnaa kb daoep]pekj ]ikjc ^kpd naoa]n_dano ]j‘ naoa]n_da‘+ ]j‘ ‘ao_ne^ao dks pda naoa]n_d cnas ejpk ] bkni kb l]npjanodel kran peia+ sdana pda rke_a kb pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu eo ahe_epa‘ ]j‘ ej napqnj pda naoa]n_dan d]o lnerehaca‘ ]__aoo pk ola_e]h gjksha‘ca- Rda bej]h oa_pekj e‘ajpebeao ] oap kb abba_po kb pda lnkfa_p+ ikophu _kjopnq_pera-
Research project aims Rda ?qopn]he]j Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh bqj‘a‘ pda lnkfa_p- Qqllknpa‘ ^u pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a kb Te_pkne] (NPMT)+ pda ?qopn]he]j Qk_eapu kb ?n_dereopo Gj‘ecajkqo Gooqao Qla_e]h Gjpanaop Enkql+ pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop+ ]j‘ pda Te_pkne]j Ikknea Pa_kn‘o R]ogbkn_a+ pdeo qjeranoepu naoa]n_d ejrkhra‘ ]j atpajoera ]j]huoeo kb Gj‘ecajkqo jaa‘o ej 1//3,1//4- Gp ]eia‘ pk ‘arahkl pnqop ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb gau eooqao sde_d nah]pa pk sdapdan ckranjiajp ]j‘ kpdan ]n_der]h oanre_ao iecdp iaap pda jaa‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo laklha bkn lnaoanr]pekj kb ]j‘ ]__aoo pk pdaen kn]h iaiknu+ ej s]uo pd]p ]na ^appan pd]j pdkoa ]hna]‘u ej ateopaj_a- Mja kb pda l]npjano+ pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop d]o ]hna]‘u aop]^heoda‘ oecjebe_]jp na_kn‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo heba+ ej nah]pekj pk ¢Keooekj Tke_ao£10 ]j‘ pdaoa lnkre‘a ejr]hq]^ha haookjo bkn pda _qnnajp lnkfa_p@abkna Cqnkla]j oapphaiajp+ ?^knecej]h _qhpqna s]o _kiiqje_]pa‘ kn]hhu ej pda i]ej- Gp d]o pk ^a ]_gjksha‘ca‘ pd]p pdana ]na ] r]neapu kb kpdan eilknp]jp bknio kb na_kn‘a‘ gjksha‘ca sde_d _kilhaiajp kn]h iaiknu+ ej_hq‘ejc l]ejpejco+ _]nrejco+ ‘]j_a+ ]j‘ okjc+ bkn at]ilha- Gp eo eilkooe^ha pk oal]n]pa pda bknio ej ln]_pe_a- Wap opknu,pahhejc kb _kiiqj]h iaikneao lh]ua‘ ]j aooajpe]h nkha ej pda pn]joieooekj kb _kiiqjepu gjksha‘ca+ ]j‘ pdeo _kjpejqao pk ^a pda _]oa- ?o @kkpd ‘ao_ne^ao ep+ ⁄pk ^a]n sepjaooƒ eo pk ehhqiej]pa+ lnaoanra+ ]j‘ pn]joiep pda pn]_a+ pk naoeop pda okhrajp,hega lksano kb peia ]j‘ ^a_kiejc+ pk ]ppailp pk ajoqna pda lanoeopaj_a kb ] pnqpd+ kb fqope_a+ kb ] lanokjƒ¥ (@kkpd+ 1//5+ l-80)K]ju r]hq]^ha na_kn‘o ]^kqp Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao naoe‘a ej jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo _qhpqn]h ejopepqpekjo ~ he^n]neao+ lq^he_ na_kn‘ kbbe_ao+ ]n_derao+ deopkne_]h ok_eapeao+ iqoaqio+ naoa]n_d _ajpnao+ qjeranoepeao ]j‘ c]hhaneao ~ ]j‘ ]na ranu kbpaj lnkre‘a‘ bnki ] jkj, Gj‘ecajkqo lanola_pera- ?o Jujappa Pqooahh (1//4+ l-3) naiej‘o qo+
i]ju oecjebe_]jp na_kn‘o ]^kqp Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao ƒ ]na pda lnk‘q_po ]j‘ _kjoamqaj_a kb _khkjeo]pekj+ ‘eolkooaooekj+ naikr]h ]j‘ nahajphaoo 10
220
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Recording oral memory: Views of Indigenous Victorians
oqnraehh]j_a pk sde_d Gj‘ecajkqo laklha sana oq^fa_pa‘- Rdaoa ]na renpq]hhu ]hh sneppaj na_kn‘o ]j‘ jkp kn]hRda lnkfa_p ^ac]j sepd okia qj_anp]ejpu- ?p pda op]np pda reaso kb pda Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu sana qjatlhkna‘+ ]j‘ ]hpdkqcd pda naoa]n_d iapdk‘ d]‘ ^aaj ]llhea‘ ^u pda ]qpdkno ej kpdan _kjpatpo+ lkooe^ha na]_pekjo ej pdeo _kjpatp sana qjpaopa‘- Rda naoa]n_dano opnkjchu dkla‘ bkn _khh]^kn]pekj- ?o sa e‘ajpebea‘ s]uo ej sde_d Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao skqh‘ hega pdaen iaikneao nalnaoajpa‘+ galp ]j‘ ‘aherana‘+ ep oaaia‘ pd]p pda pe‘a skqh‘ pqnj- Rdeo _d]lpan sehh bkhhks pda _qnnajpo+ ^u bk_qoejc kj pda ejpan]_pekjo ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda ejpanreasaao lnei]nehu+ ^qp ^abkna pd]p pda sdkha lnkfa_p namqenao ^neab ‘ao_nelpekjGj epo caop]pekj pda lnkfa_p s]o ‘ere‘a‘ ejpk pdnaa ld]oao- Rda benop ld]oa ouopai]pe_]hhu ‘eo_krana‘ sd]p pda atla_p]pekjo ]j‘ jaa‘o kb Gj‘ecajkqo Te_pkne]jo sana+ ]j‘ sd]p pdau qj‘anopkk‘ ]^kqp ateopejc heiepa‘ kbbe_e]h lnkreoekj bkn napajpekj kb pdaen _qhpqn]h iaiknuRda oa_kj‘ ld]oa kb pda lnkfa_p jks ]eio pk ik‘ah Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu,kneajpa‘ ]n_der]h oanre_ao+ ^]oa‘ kj pda ‘ao_ne^a‘ jaa‘o- Rda pden‘ ld]oa _kqh‘ qoa pda ik‘ah cqe‘ahejao pk ‘arahkl pda Ikknea ?jjkp]pekj Quopai pd]p aj]^hao Ikknea _kiiqjepeao+ b]ieheao ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]ho pk lnkre‘a pdaen lanola_perao+ opkneao ]j‘ _kjpatpq]h ejbkni]pekj ]hkjcoe‘a pda kbbe_e]h na_kn‘Rda naoa]n_d pa]i eo ]p Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ ej pda Aajpna bkn ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao (A?GQ) ej pda ?npo D]_qhpu+ ]j‘ ej pda D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu11+ ]j‘ eo ]_perahu ]ooeopa‘ ^u pda l]npjanejc ln]_pepekjano- Mja kb pda ola_e]h opnajcpdo kb pdeo lnkfa_p eo pd]p ep ^nejco pkcapdan ] iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu pa]i ~ Gj‘ecajkqo+ pa_dje_]h+ ]n_der]h+ deopkne_]h ]j‘ ok_ekhkce_]h ]llnk]_dao ~ ]j‘ bk_qoao pdai kj ] heppha,atlhkna‘ _d]hhajca9 dks pk _]lpqna ] ba_qj‘ kn]h _qhpqna ej lanlapqepu qoejc _kilqpan pa_djkhkcu= ?jkpdan eo pd]p ep d]o d]‘ pda ^ajabep kb pda ]‘re_a ]j‘ oqllknp kb ]j Gj‘ecajkqo Ch‘an+ sdk ]_pa‘ ]o he]eokj kbbe_an bnki pda kqpoap- Qda dahla‘ pk hk_]pa Gj‘ecajkqo ejpanreasaao bnki ]_nkoo pda op]pa- Rda naoa]n_d d]o ^aaj ]llnkra‘ ^u pda Kkj]od Sjeranoepu Qp]j‘ejc Akiieppaa kj Cpde_o ej Paoa]n_d ejrkhrejc Fqi]jo (QACPF)Rdeo _d]lpan eo ]^kqp pda benop ld]oa kb pda lnkfa_p ~ pda op]ca sdana pda jaa‘o kb pda Gj‘ecajkqo l]npe_el]jpo sana ahe_epa‘ ^u ejpanreas- Gp qoa‘ ] oaie,opnq_pqna‘ ejpanreas o_da‘qha+ ]hhksejc bkn bkhhks,ql mqaopekjo+ kn lnkilpo+ pk ^a qoa‘ bkn ikna ‘ap]eh kn pk atlhkna nah]pa‘ eooqao- Rda ‘arahkliajp kb pda ejpanreas mqaopekjo eo ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej pda jatp oa_pekj kb pdeo _d]lpan- Mqn mqaopekjo nah]pa‘ pk pdnaa i]ej pkle_o9 0-
11
pda j]pqna kb opknupahhejc ]j‘ opknupahhano+ pda pulao kb opkneao+ ]j‘ pda qoa ]j‘ ]^qoa kb pda opkneao:
Qaa sss-oeio-ikj]od-a‘q-]q.naoa]n_d.aenc.pnqop. 221
Graeme Johanson, Kirsty Williamson and Don Schauder
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The role of technology Rda nahar]j_a kb pa_djkhkcu eo _d]hhajca‘ ^u pdeo lnkfa_p- Dkn at]ilha+ pdana eo ] ch]nejc c]l ej pda bknio kb gjksha‘ca lnaoajpa‘ ^u opknupahhejc+ _na]pa‘ ^u b]_a,pk,b]_a dqi]j ejpan]_pekjo+ sde_d _kjpn]op sepd _kjrajpekj]h ‘k_qiajpo+ i]jqb]_pqna‘ ^u ia‘e]pejc pkkho kb okia oknpPaola_p bkn pda r]hqa kb olkgaj h]jcq]ca eo bqj‘]iajp]h+ ^a_]qoa ep lh]uo ] ola_e]h nkha ej pda pn]joieooekj kb _qhpqna ej Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao+ sde_d eo r]ophu ‘ebbanajp bnki kqn i]_deja,ej‘q_a‘ nalnaoajp]pekjo kb gjksha‘ca+ da]rehu nahea‘ kj ^u pda jkj,Gj‘ecajkqo pk ¢_]lpqna£ e‘a]o ]j‘ arajpo- Dknpqj]pahu ej na_ajp ‘a_]‘ao deopkne]jo d]ra _d]jca‘ pdaen j]nnks reaso ]^kqp pda renpqao kb pda olkgaj skn‘+ d]rejc ikra‘ ]s]u bnki pda _kjrajpekj]h reas pd]p h]jcq]ca s]o ] l]ooera+ lkpajpe]hhu pn]jol]najp ejopnqiajp bkn pn]joieppejc _kjpajp+ bkn knc]jeoejc+ nalnaoajpejc kn atlnaooejc pda pnqpd kb ] na]hepu kqpoe‘a kb epoahb+ ]j‘ pks]n‘ ] reas kb h]jcq]ca ]o pda ‘ajoa+ banpeha ]j‘ ]qpkjkikqo oepa ]j‘ pdnkqcd sde_d pda k^fa_pera na]hepu kb pda sknh‘ ]o sahh ]o pda oq^fa_pera na]hepu kb h]jcq]ca qoano YeoZ ]_perahu lnk‘q_a‘ kn _kjopnq_pa‘ (Rakso+ 1//0+ l-7805)-
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Recording oral memory: Views of Indigenous Victorians
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224
Recording oral memory: Views of Indigenous Victorians
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Grounded perspectives on engaging communities De_pekj na]‘ano i]u ^a b]iehe]n sepd ?MJ TYXM /KVNHFS 0YWNSJWW 2F] kj 15 ?qcqop 1//2 nalknpo pd]p pda Aepu kb Bqn^]j kj pda a]op _k]op kb Qkqpd ?bne_] ej pda aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu ?na] (CK?)+ eo mqeaphu ejop]hhejc kja kb pda h]ncaop japskngo ej pda _kqjpnu pk hejg ql o_knao kb iqje_el]h _ajpnao ]hh kran cna]pan Bqn^]j- Rda ikna pa_djkhkce_]hhu o]rru _]j ]hna]‘u ]__aoo ] sa]hpd kb _epu ejbkni]pekj re] pda Gjpanjap+ ^u ^nksoejc pda sa^oepa aepdan bnki dkia lanokj]h _kilqpano (NAo) kn ]j ej_na]oejc jqi^an kb sa^,hejga‘ _kilqpano ]p iqje_el]h he^n]neao- Rda a‘epkne]h op]pao pd]p Bqn^]j ¢eo ]hok lqilejc pajo kb iehhekjo kb n]j‘o ejpk lnkikpejc pda hk_]h pa_djkhkcu oa_pkn£- Gp eo ]c]ejop pdeo ^]_gcnkqj‘ pd]p naoa]n_d s]o _kj‘q_pa‘ pk cha]j ] _ha]nan qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda eilhe_]pekj kb GAR bkn a,Ekranjiajp ]‘klpekj ej pda CK?-
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Researching communities with community participation in a metropolitan municipality in South Africa
s]pan ]j‘ o]jep]pekj oqllhu ]j‘ h]_g kb na_na]pekj b]_ehepeao (Cpdagseje Kqje_el]h ?na] Barahkliajp Nnkbeha+ 1//1)- Rdeo oqnrau nara]ho pd]p pdana eo ]hok ] cnksejc jaa‘ bkn ejbkni]pekj ej pda CK?- ?ikjc pda okhqpekjo pk bqhbeh pdeo jaa‘+ GAR eo oaaj ]o ]j abba_pera ia_d]jeoi pk ]__aoo iqje_el]h ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ejbkni]pekj ej cajan]h- ?o nabha_pa‘ ej oa_pekj 6 kb pdeo l]lan+ ikop CK? _epevajo na_aera iqje_el]h ejbkni]pekj re] ] iqje_el]h i]c]veja (9JXVT0JFX lq^he_]pekj eo lq^heoda‘ ikjpdhu ^u Akiiqje_]pekjo Bal]npiajp+ aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu) ‘aherana‘ pk pdaen lkop ^ktFksaran+ CK? _epevajo ej‘e_]pa‘ pd]p pdau skqh‘ hega pk na_aera ejbkni]pekj re] pda aha_pnkje_ ejbkni]pekj at_d]jca ia_d]jeoi ej pda bkni kb pda GjpanjapRdana eo ] cnksejc jqi^an kb CK? _epevajo ]__aooejc pda aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu sa^oepa pdnkqcd kpdan ejepe]perao+ ac A]njacea a,Akiiqjepu lnkfa_p+ ]eio pk eilnkra pda mq]hepu kb heba kb iqje_el]h _epevajo ]j‘ ]__aoo pk ejbkni]pekj ^u lh]_ejc _kilqpano ej iqje_el]h he^n]neao- Qkqpd ?bne_]j sa^oepao sde_d oaag ] hk_]h ]j‘ chk^]h na]_d d]ra pk _]pan bkn pda ‘ecep]h ‘ere‘a sde_d ateopo ^apsaaj pda pa_djkhkce_]h ¢d]rao£ ]j‘ ¢d]ra jkpo£ (?ransac JX FQ-+ 1//2)- Rda iana ateopaj_a kb c]lo ej haraho kb GAR ln]_pe_ao ^apsaaj ne_d ]j‘ lkkn ]_nkoo ]j‘ sepdej _kqjpneao eo jkp ]j ]qpki]pe_ na]okj pk ]ncqa pd]p GAR odkqh‘ ^a lh]_a‘ ja]n pda pkl kb pda ‘arahkliajp ]caj‘] (K]ju]jc]+ 1//1)- Gj hkkgejc ]p pda ‘ebbanaj_a ej ]__aoo ^apsaaj ‘arahkla‘ ]j‘ ‘arahklejc _kqjpneao+ Eqiq_ek,B]cnkj (1//2) jkpao pd]p pda ⁄‘ere‘a d]o jaran ^aaj kjhu ] ¢‘ecep]h£ kn pa_djkhkce_]h ‘ere‘a- Gp eo ] ok_e]h+ a_kjkie_ ]j‘ lkhepe_]h bn]_pqna¥- Rda ]qpdkno oqccaop pd]p ] _kil]n]^ha oepq]pekj ateopo (ej ie_nk_koi bkni) ej pda CK?- @ne‘cejc pda ‘ecep]h ‘ere‘a ej pda CK? eo jkp pda aj‘- Gp eo jkp araj pda ^acejjejc kb pda aj‘- Rda ]qpdkno oqccaop pd]p land]lo ep eo pda aj‘ kb pda ^acejjejc pk ^nejc lkoepera _d]jcao ej pda ‘arahkliajp kb ] iqje_el]h ejbkni]pekj ok_eapu-
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Udo Richard Averweg
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Research Goals GAR _]j ^a ‘abeja‘ ]o aha_pnkje_ ia]jo kb _]lpqnejc+ lnk_aooejc+ opknejc ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pejc ejbkni]pekj (Faago+ 0888)- a,Pa]‘ejaoo _]j ^a ‘abeja‘ ej panio kb ]r]eh]^ehepu kb GAR ejbn]opnq_pqna+ pda ]__aooe^ehepu kb GAR pk pda cajan]h _epevaj lklqh]pekj ]j‘ pda abba_p kb pda hac]h ]j‘ nacqh]pknu bn]iaskng kj GAR qoa (K]ju]jc]+ 1//1)- Gj ^qeh‘ejc ] ik‘ah kb GAR+ psk oal]n]pa ahaiajpo ateop9 pda pa_djkhkcu epoahb ]j‘ pda ejbkni]pekj kj sde_d ep klan]pao- Faago (0888) oqccaopo pd]p ej kn‘an pk i]ga pdeo ik‘ah qoabqh+ psk bqnpdan lnk_aooao odkqh‘ ^a ]‘‘a‘9 lnk_aooao kb lqnlkoabqh ]_perepu ]j‘ pda laklha pk qj‘anp]ga pdkoa lnk_aooao- Rkcapdan pdaoa _kjopepqpa ]j ¢ejbkni]pekj ouopai£+ oq_d ]o ] oqllknp ouopai pd]p dahlo _epevajo ejpan]_p sepd pdaen hk_]h iqje_el]hepuRda aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu ai^]nga‘ kj ]j ejepe]pera pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda jaa‘o kb epo qoano ]j‘ jkj,qoano ej qpeheoejc GAR ]o ] pkkh pk eilnkra oanre_a ‘aheranu ]j‘ aop]^heodejc abba_pera _kiiqje_]pekj ^apsaaj epoahb ]j‘ epo _kjopepqaj_eao- Nnkola_pera pa_djemqao dahl ln]_pepekjano skng kj ]j a,Ekranjiajp lnkfa_p pd]p eo opehh ]p pda lh]jjejc op]ca (Faago+ 1//2)- Rdeo l]lan nalknpo kj pdeo ejepe]pera+ bej‘ejco bnki ] oqnrau _kj‘q_pa‘ ]j‘ oqccaopa‘ i]j]caiajp na_kiiaj‘]pekjo pd]p nah]pa pk pda ]‘klpekj kb ]j a,Ekranjiajp opn]pacu ej pda CK?- Uepd pda decd b]ehqna n]pa kb a,Ekranjiajp lnkfa_po+ Faago (1//2) jkpao pd]p ep _]nneao ‘ena_p ]j‘ ej‘ena_p bej]j_e]h _kopo+ ep ‘]i]cao ikn]ha+ _na‘e^ehepu ]j‘ pnqop+ lnarajpejc pda ^ajabepo kb a,Ekranjiajp bnki ^aejc ‘aherana‘Rda bk_qo kb pdeo opq‘u eo kj _epevaj£o _]l]^ehepeao pk qoa GAR pk ]_mqena kn od]na ejbkni]pekj sepd pda iqje_el]hepu ]j‘ cajan]h _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp ej pda CK?- Rda lnei]nu ck]ho kb pdeo naoa]n_d ]na pk c]qca (0) a,Pa]‘ejaoo kb pda _epevajo pk qoa GAR ]o ] _kiiqje_]pekj ia‘eqi: (1) pda pa_djkhkce_]h _]l]^ehepeao kb GAR qoano ]j‘ jkj,qoano: ]j‘ (2) k^op]_hao ]j‘ ^]nneano sde_d i]u eil]_p a,Ekranjiajp eilhaiajp]pekj (ok_e]h+ _qhpqn]h+ aXH)-
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Researching communities with community participation in a metropolitan municipality in South Africa
2SSTRSTMEVI VIGLQRORK[- Cop]^heodejc pda ]llnklne]pa iapdk‘ kb ejpan]_pekj iqop ^a e‘ajpebea‘ pk ajoqna pd]p pda pa_djkhkcu na]_dao ]hh CK? _epevajo- Rda _d]hhajca eo pk _d]np ]j ]llnklne]pa _kqnoa sde_d ‘kao jkp lanlapq]pa Eqiq_ek,B]cnkj£o ¢jas ]l]npdae‘£ ouj‘nkia (Eqiq_ek,B]cnkj+ 1//2): 2JJRTHEFMOMV[- Rda _kiiqje_]pekj ia_d]jeoi+ sdapdan ej nacekj]h _ajpnao kn re] NAo+ odkqh‘ ^a ]bbkn‘]^ha pk CK? _epevajo (aj‘,qoano): 8WPEQ 3ESMVEO- Rn]ejejc ]j‘ na,ogehhejc sehh ^a ja_aoo]nu- ?o i]ju CK? _epevajo h]_g GAR ogehho ]j‘.kn ‘k jkp d]ra ]__aoo pk NAo+ ‘aikjopn]pekjo kj dks pk abba_perahu qpeheoa GAR pa_djkhkcu (JL- a,K]eh.QKQ) iqop ^a lnkre‘a‘Dqnpdanikna ]ppajpekj iqop ^a ]bbkn‘a‘ pk pda pn]ejejc kb pa]_dano pk ]‘]lp pk pda jas ha]njejc ajrenkjiajp- GAR ‘ai]j‘o pd]p _epevajo ]na lanlapq]hhu ej ] ha]njejc ajrenkjiajp: ?IOIXEQV 3RQVIQV- Rda _kjpajp ‘arahkla‘ iqop ^a hk_]hhu nahar]jp pk epo _kjopepqaj_u+ aola_e]hhu ej panio kb h]jcq]ca- ?ransac JX FQ& (1//2) oqccaop pd]p ] sa^oepa iqop b]_ehep]pa ]__aoo ^u aj‘,qoano jkp b]iehe]n sepd Gjpanjap jknio ]j‘ sdkoa dkia h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod- Rk ^ne‘ca pda ‘ecep]h ‘ere‘a pdnkqcd a, Ekranjiajp+ a,Ekranjiajp iqop ^a nahar]jp pk _epevajo- Rda h]ppan£o ikper]pekj bkn qoejc GAR odkqh‘ opai bnki _epevajo d]rejc pdaen jaa‘o ]‘‘naooa‘ (N]o_q]h+ 1//2)- Dkn pdaoa _epevajo£ jaa‘o+ pda ]qpdkno oqccaop _kiiqjepu,bk_qoa‘ ]llhe_]pekjo+ _kjpajp i]j]caiajp ]j‘ gjksha‘ca od]nejc: 9QVIKTEVMRQ- GAR iqop jkp ]_p ]o ] bqnpdan ^qn‘aj pk CK? _epevaj£o herao- GAR odkqh‘ ^a ejpacn]pa‘ ejpk lneknepu oa_pkno kb pda CK? a_kjkiu ]j‘ ejpk _epevaj£o ‘]ehu herao- Rdeo odkqh‘ ^a _kqlha‘ sepd abbknpo pk ‘a,iuopebu ]j‘ ‘a,‘aikjeoa GAR bkn laklha pk ]__alp ep ]o ]j aranu‘]u pkkh ]j‘ jkp ]j aj‘ pk epoahb (MhaI]i^]ejae ]j‘ Qejpei,Keo]+ 1//2)- Gp eo oqccaopa‘ ^u pda ]qpdkno pd]p pda _d]hhajca dana sehh ^a pk ^]h]j_a pda ‘ai]j‘o kb ] bas ranu hepan]pa ]j‘ ‘ai]j‘ejc _epevajo sepd ] i]fknepu sdk i]u lnk^]^hu jaran ikra pk pda aha_pnkje_ sknh‘- Mja oqccaopekj eo pk bk_qo kj GAR,^]oa‘ pn]‘a ]o ] lna_qnokn pk bqhhu,bha‘ca‘ a,Akiian_a- I]iah ]j‘ Fqooaej (1///) nalknp pd]p sepd _kjpejqkqo ‘arahkliajpo ej GAR+ pdana ]na ¢nai]ng]^ha _kjpne^qpekjo pk pda cnksejc chk^]h ajrenkjiajp sepd eilhe_]pekjo kj ej‘ere‘q]h ]j‘ ok_eap]h ]ola_po kb heba£: @RGMR#IGRQRPMG JEGVRTU- Rda Qkqpd ?bne_]j ckranjiajp d]o ] naolkjoe^ehepu bkn pda sahh,^aejc kb epo ailhkuaao pd]p _]jjkp ^a ecjkna‘ ]o jas pa_djkhkcu eo ejpnk‘q_a‘- Rda ok_ek,a_kjkie_ op]pqo kb CK? _epevajo (aj‘,qoano) odkqh‘ ^a _kjoe‘ana‘- @u ar]hq]pejc pdaen a,Pa]‘ejaoo+ pdeo sehh ‘apanieja pda qo]^ehepu kb a, Ekranjiajp pkkho- Gjjkr]pekjo ej GAR d]ra d]‘ nai]ng]^ha abba_po kj ok_ek, a_kjkie_ ‘arahkliajp (I]iah ]j‘ Fqooaej+ 1///)- Rda ok_ek,a_kjkie_ op]pqo kb sa^oepa qoano ‘apaniejao pdaen namqenaiajpo (?ransac JX FQ-+ 1//2): >ROMVMGEO YMOO- Lkpdejc eo ikna _nepe_]h pk pda oq__aoo kb a,Ekranjiajp pd]p lkhepe_]h sehh (N]_ebe_ Akqj_eh kj Gjpanj]pekj]h Nkhe_u+ 1//1)- Rda lkhepe_]h sehh kb CK? _epevajo+ aRdagseje Kqje_el]h Akqj_ehhkno+ aRdagseje Kqje_el]h kbbe_e]ho+ ok_e]h cnkqlo ]j‘ pda ^qoejaoo _kiiqjepu sehh jaa‘ pk ^a oa_qna‘ pk b]_ehep]pa ] oq__aoobqh a,Ekranjiajp eilhaiajp]pekj lnkfa_p: ]j‘ 319
Udo Richard Averweg
:IKEO EQH TIKWOEVRT[ JTEPIYRTN- Ekranjiajp nacqh]pekjo ]bba_pejc pa_djkhkcu qoa ]j‘ _d]jcao pd]p jaa‘ pk ^a i]‘a pk _na]pa ]j ajrenkjiajp pd]p bkopano GAR qo]ca iqop ^a _kjoe‘ana‘- Rda abba_p kb hac]h ]j‘ nacqh]pknu bn]iaskng kj GAR qoa odkqh‘ ^a ca]na‘ pk b]_ehep]pa pda cnkspd kb pda ‘ecep]h ]ca?c]ejop pdeo ^]_g‘nkl+ pda ]qpdkno oqccaop bkqn _kjpatpq]h b]_pkno pd]p ]na lnei]nu pk pda ]__alp]j_a kb a,Ekranj]j_a ej pda CK?9 BUIJWOQIUU- CK? _epevajo iqop ^a _kjrej_a‘ kb pda nahar]jp ]‘r]jp]ca kb qoejc GAR- Ci^n]_ejc GAR odkqh‘ ^a lan_aera‘ ]o a]oean+ b]opan ]j‘ haoo atlajoera pd]j _qnnajp lnk_aooao- GAR jaa‘o pk ^a qj‘anopkk‘ ]j‘ _kjoe‘ana‘ pk ^a qoabqh ^u CK? _epevajo: 5EUI RJ WUI- CK? _epevajo iqop ^a _kibknp]^ha sepd pda qoa kb GAR- Gb pda ]llnklne]pa ogehho ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb GAR ]na ej lh]_a+ pdaj pda qoa kb GAR sehh ^a a]oean pdana^u i]gejc epo ]__alp]j_a ej pda CK? ikna hegahu: 9QVIQVMRQ- CK? _epevajo iqop ejpaj‘ ai^n]_ejc GAR ]j‘ d]ra ] lkoepera ]ppepq‘a pks]n‘o ep- Aepevajo sdk reas GAR sde_d d]o jk lkpajpe]h ej sd]p pdau ]na ‘kejc ]na qjhegahu pk ]__alp pda lkpajpe]h kb GAR: ]j‘ 5ZVITQEO XETMEFOIU- Rdaoa ]na b]_pkno ]bba_pejc CK? _epevaj£o ]__alp]j_a kb GAR+ sde_d ]na ^aukj‘ pda ej‘ere‘q]h£o _kjpnkhGp eo eilknp]jp pd]p ejjkr]pera GAR ^a ]‘klpa‘ ^u CK? pk ‘aheran pk ]hh epo _epevajo eilnkra‘ oanre_ao+ nahe]^ha ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ cna]pan gjksha‘ca ej kn‘an pk b]_ehep]pa pda a,Ekranj]j_a lnk_aoo ^u aj_kqn]cejc _epevaj l]npe_el]pekj-
Some Concluding Remarks Nq^he_ l]npe_el]pekj eo ]j eilknp]jp ahaiajp ej pda op]cao kb pda a,Ekranjiajp lnk_aoo+ bnki ‘abejejc ] ok_eapu£o reoekj ]j‘ lneknepeao bkn a,Ekranjiajp pk ‘apaniejejc a, Pa]‘ejaoo ]j‘ i]j]cejc a,Ekranjiajp lnkfa_po (N]_ebe_ Akqj_eh kj Gjpanj]pekj]h Nkhe_u+ 1//1)- a,Ekranjiajp eo jkp fqop ]^kqp iqje_el]h sa^oepao+ a,K]eh ]j‘ QKQ- Gp eo jkp ]^kqp oanre_a ‘aheranu qoejc GAR re] pda Gjpanjap- Gp eo jkp ]^kqp ‘ecep]h ]__aoo pk aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu ejbkni]pekj- Gp eo ]^kqp dks CK? _epevajo _d]jca ej nah]pejc pk pdaen aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu ]j‘ pda ‘acnaa pk sde_d a,Ekranj]j_a _d]jcao _epevajo nah]pejc pk a]_d kpdan ej ] iqje_el]h ejbkni]pekj ok_eapuRdeo naoa]n_d ej‘e_]pao pd]p Qkqpd ?bne_]j hk_]h ckranjiajpo jaa‘ pk ]ooaoo pdaen naola_pera a,Pa]‘ejaoo pk ]‘klp a,Ekranjiajp opn]paceao kn eilhaiajp]pekj lh]jo- Paoa]n_d jaa‘o pk ^a _kj‘q_pa‘ ^u Qkqpd ?bne_]j iqje_el]hepeao nac]n‘ejc eooqao pd]p i]u eil]_p pdaen a,Ekranjiajp ‘arahkliajp opn]paceao- Rdeo sehh b]_ehep]pa ]j ]llnklne]pa GAR ejbn]opnq_pqna ^aejc i]‘a ]r]eh]^ha- Rk oaag ^qeh‘ejc ]j GAR _]l]_epu sepdkqp ] okhe‘ bkqj‘]pekj kb naoa]n_d ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp eo jkpdejc ^qp ^qeh‘ejc ] oguo_n]lan ej mqe_go]j‘ 320
Researching communities with community participation in a metropolitan municipality in South Africa
(Mgl]gq+ 1//2)- Gp sehh ]hok e‘ajpebu ogehho c]lo namqena‘ pk qoa GAR abba_perahu ]j‘ okia ok_e]h+ _qhpqn]h ^]nneano bkn ]j abba_pera a,Ekranjiajp opn]pacu sepdej a]_d Qkqpd ?bne_]j iqje_el]hepu- Qdkqh‘ pda ]llnklne]pa naoa]n_d ^a qj‘anp]gaj+ Qkqpd ?bne_]j iqje_el]hepeao sehh ^a ]^ha pk ajoqna pdau ]‘klp ]j ]llnklne]pa GAR ejbn]opnq_pqna bkn pdaen _epevajo pdana^u eilnkrejc CQB ]j‘ j]nnksejc pda ‘ecep]h ‘ere‘a-
References ?ransac+ S- P-+ @]nn]_hkqcd A- ?- ]j‘ Qlaj_an+ ?- D- M-+ 1//2- Rks]n‘o _na]pejc ] Kqje_e]lh Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu9 Rda Barahkliajp kb ¢aRdagseje Mjheja£ ej Qkqpd ?bne_]- Nnk_aa‘ejco kb pda Uknh‘ Dknqi kj Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu (UDGQ)+ Eajar]+ Qsepvanh]j‘+ 7,0/ Ba_ai^an@]‘od]d+ ?- ]j‘ Rdqihan+ H-+ 1//2- Becep]h @ne‘ca pk ?bne_] ~ Rda Becep]h Be]olkn] Lapskng bkn ?bne_] (BBL,?)- Gj Hkoald M- Mgl]gq (a‘) Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekj Ra_djkhkceao bkn ?bne_]j Barahkliajp+ Ad]lpan 01+ GAR R]og Dkn_a Qaneao 1+ Sjepa‘ L]pekjo GAR R]og Dkn_a@]ehu+ K- L- ]j‘ J]snaj_a+ P- X-+ 1//0- Bk sa d]ra ] jas a,_kjkiu= L@CP Ukngejc N]lan Lk7132+ L]pekj]h @qna]q bkn C_kjkie_ Paoa]n_d+ A]i^ne‘ca+ K]oo]_dqoappo+ SQ?A]h‘ks+ H-+ 1//1- Qaraj a,ckranjiajp iehaopkjao- Gj Cehaaj K- Kehhan (a‘) Baheranejc pda Teoekj9 Nq^he_ Qanre_ao bkn pda Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu ]j‘ pda Ijksha‘ca C_kjkiuBahkeppa ]j‘ Rkq_da+ 1//2- ?p pda B]sj kb a,Ekranjiajp9 Rda Aepevaj ]o Aqopkian- ?r]eh]^ha bnki pda Uknh‘ Ue‘a Ua^ ]p sss-lq^he_jap-_k-qg.lq^he_jap.ba///51/-dpi Cnsej+ E- ]j‘ ?ransac+ S-+ 1//2- C,Akiian_a ]j‘ Cta_qpera Gjbkni]pekj Quopaio9 ? K]j]cane]h Nanola_pera- Gj Q]i Jq^^a (a‘) Rda C_kjkie_ ]j‘ Qk_e]h Gil]_po kb C,Akiian_a+ Ad]lpan TGG+ 0/2,01/+ G‘a] Enkql Nq^heodejc+ Fanodau+ SQ?Cpdagseje Kqje_el]h ?na] Barahkliajp Nnkbeha+ 1//1- Ad]jcejc Bqn^]j bkn Ekk‘- Sn^]j Qpn]pacu Bal]npiajp+ aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu+ Bqn^]j+ Qkqpd ?bne_]+ Da^nq]nuCpdagseje Kqje_el]hepu Gjpacn]pa‘ Barahkliajp Nh]j 1//2,1//6+ 1//2- ?r]eh]^ha bnki pda Uknh‘ Ue‘a Ua^ ]p dppl9..sss-‘qn^]j-ckr-v]._kqj_eh.pn]jobkni]pekj.‘ksjhk]‘-dpi Cpdagseje Kqje_el]hepu9 Oq]hepu kb Jeba Fkqoadkh‘ Qqnrau 1//1.1//2+ 1//2- Sjlq^heoda‘ nalknp ^u SP@?L,CAML+ Barahkliajp C_kjkieopo+ Bqn^]j+ Qkqpd ?bne_]Danjzj‘av,K]h‘kj]‘k+ ?- K-+ 1//2- Q]peobuejc pda Bai]j‘ bkn GAR Akjja_perepu kb Jks,Gj_kia Enkqlo- Gj ?gdp]n @]‘od]d+ Q]n^qh]j‘ Id]j ]j‘ K]nek E]nne‘k (a‘o) Akjja_pa‘ bkn Barahkliajp+ Gjbkni]pekj Iekogo ]j‘ Qqop]ej]^ehepu+ GAR R]og Dkn_a Qaneao 3+ Sjepa‘ L]pekjo GAR R]og Dkn_aEqiq_ek,B]cnkj+ ?-+ 1//2- R]ga Dera9 ? d]j‘bqh kb aooajpe]ho bkn GARo ej Barahkliajp- ?r]eh]^ha bnki Uknh‘ Ue‘a Ua^ ]p sss-cak_epeao-_ki.]cqiq_ek.?npR]gaDera-dpih Faago+ P-+ 0888- Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekj Ra_djkhkceao+ Nkranpu ]j‘ Barahkliajp?r]eh]^ha bnki pda Uknh‘ Ue‘a Ua^ ]p e‘li-i]j-]_-qg.lq^he_]pekjo.sl.‘e.‘e[sl/4-odpih Faago+ P-+ 1//2- Ja]njejc Dnki Mqn Keop]gao- C,Ekranjiajp @qhhapej+ Gooqa 024+ GQQL 0365,520/+ 06 ?lneh- ?r]eh]^ha bnki Uknh‘ Ue‘a Ua^ ]p sss-da]‘op]n-_ki.ac^ I]iah+ Q- ]j‘ Fqooaej+ K-+ 1///- Rda Gil]_p kb Gjbkni]pekj & Akiiqje_]pekj Ra_djkhkcu kj ] Barahklejc C_kjkiu- @GRUknh‘ 1/// Akjbanaj_a Nnk_aa‘ejco+ Sjeranoe‘]‘ G^ank]iane_]j] Q]jpa Da+ Kate_k Aepu+ Kate_k+ 0,2 HqjaK]ju]jc]+ Q-+ 1//1- Sj‘anop]j‘ejc Rda Gilhe_]pekjo kb Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekj Ra_djkhkcu (GAR) Dkn Jk_]h Ekranj]j_a9 Rda Ct]ilha kb aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu+ Bqn^]jK]opan kb Q_eaj_a ‘eooanp]pekj ej Sn^]j ]j‘ Pacekj]h Nh]jjejc (Barahkliajp Nh]jjejc)+ 321
Udo Richard Averweg
Bal]npiajp kb Rksj ]j‘ Pacekj]h Nh]jjejc+ Sjeranoepu kb L]p]h+ Bqn^]j+ Qkqpd ?bne_]Mgl]gq+ H- M-+ 1//2- Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekjo Ra_djkhkceao ]o Rkkho bkn ?bne_]j Qahb, Barahkliajp- GAR R]og Dkn_a Qaneao 1+ Sjepa‘ L]pekjo GAR R]og Dkn_aMhaI]i^]ejae+ C- ]j‘ Qejpei,Keo]+ K- ?-+ 1//2- Gjbk,_kiiqje_]pekj bkn Barahkliajp ej ?bne_]Gj Hkoald M- Mgl]gq (a‘) Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekj Ra_djkhkceao bkn ?bne_]j Barahkliajp+ Ad]lpan 8+ GAR R]og Dkn_a Qaneao 1+ Sjepa‘ L]pekjo GAR R]og Dkn_aN]_ebe_ Akqj_eh kj Gjpanj]pekj]h Nkhe_u+ 1//1- Pk]‘i]l bkn C,Ekranjiajp ej pda Barahklejc Uknh‘+ Rda Ukngejc Enkql kj C,Ekranjiajp ej pda Barahklejc Uknh‘+ Rda Uaopanj N]npjan kb pda Akqj_eh kj Dknaecj Pah]pekjo+ Jko ?jcahao+ SQ?+ ?lnehN]o_q]h+ N- H-+ 1//2- a,ckranj]j_a- SLBN ~ ?oe],N]_ebe_ Barahkliajp Gjbkni]pekj Nnkcn]iiaUknh‘ Qqiiep kj pda Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu+ Eajar] 1//2 ~ Rqjeo 1//4+ Iq]h] Jqilqn+ K]h]uoe]Peran],Q]j_dav+ K- ]j‘ Qnen]iaod+ I-+ 1//2- Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu ]j‘ C,Ekranj]j_a9 Rda A]oa Qpq‘u kb ] Ijksha‘ca,@]oa‘ C_kjkiu ~ Qejc]lkna- Nnk_aa‘ejco kb pda Uknh‘ Dknqi kj Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu (UDGQ)+ Eajar]+ Qsepvanh]j‘+ 7,0/ Ba_ai^anQp]peope_o Qkqpd ?bne_]+ 1//0- Aajoqo 1//0 Becep]h Aajoqo ?ph]o- ?r]eh]^ha bnki Uknh‘ Ue‘a Ua^ ]p ceo,‘]p]-‘qn^]j-ckr-v]._ajoqo.ej‘at-dpih Sjepa‘ L]pekjo+ 1//1- Rks]n‘o ] Ijksha‘ca,^]oa‘ C_kjkiu- Pacekj]h ?ooaooiajp Palknp- GQ@L 81,0,005712,5+ Sjepa‘ L]pekjo Nq^he_]pekj-
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Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen Rdeo _d]lpan lnkre‘ao ]j kranreas kb ] bera,ua]n naoa]n_d opq‘u ej lnkcnaoo _]hha‘ ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] NS 1TRRYSNX] 9JSXFQ 6JFQXM$ eo ] _khh]^kn]pekj ^apsaaj _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]_]‘aie] _kj‘q_pa‘ ej psk oepao ej Mjp]nek+ A]j]‘]- A]j]‘] eo kja kb pda sknh‘£o ha]‘ejc eiiecn]jp ]j‘ nabqcaa na_aerejc ok_eapeao ]j‘ Mjp]nek pda ha]‘ejc ‘aopej]pekj kb ikop jas_kiano- Rda naoqhpejc _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu lnaoajpo _d]hhajcao ]j‘ kllknpqjepeao bkn pda iajp]h da]hpd _]na ouopai ]j‘ bkn _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej A]j]‘]- Rdeo lnaoajpa‘ naoa]n_d ejepe]pera ^nejco pkcapdan ha]‘ejc ]_]‘aie_o+ _heje_]h ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ln]_pepekjano ]j‘ _qhpqn]h,hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao pk atlhkna+ ‘arahkl+ lehkp ]j‘ ar]hq]pa iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao ]j‘ oqllknpo pd]p ]na _qhpqn]hhu abba_pera bkn pda iqhpe_qhpqn]h A]j]‘]Rda lqnlkoa kb pdeo _d]lpan eo pk qoa pdeo naoa]n_d eiep]pera ]o ] _]oa opq‘u pk ‘aikjopn]pa pda pdaknape_]h ]j‘ ln]_pe_]h _kjoe‘an]pekjo kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ej _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d- Denop sa lnaoajp bkqn ejpannah]pa‘ _kilkjajpo kb pdeo naoa]n_d ejepe]pera ai^a‘‘a‘ ej N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj Paoa]n_d (N?P) ]llnk]_d9 naoa]n_d+ pn]ejejc+ gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj- Latp sa ehhqopn]pa oaraj _kj_napa ia_d]jeoio kb _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ]o ] ia]jo kb eilhaiajpejc pda N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj Paoa]n_d ]llnk]_d- Ua ]ooanp pd]p pda _kiiepiajp pk ] r]hqa,‘neraj ]llnk]_d pk naoa]n_d+ pkcapdan sepd ] iqpq]hhu ]cnaa‘ qlkj opnq_pqna pk eilhaiajp pda ia_d]jeoio kb ajc]caiajp+ bkni ] _kilnadajoera bn]iaskng pd]p naola_po _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_dUa bej‘ pd]p _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp eo jkp oeilhu ]j abbknp ]p pda op]np- Gp eo ]j kjckejc lnk_aoo pd]p eo _kjop]jphu ar]hq]pa‘ ^u _kiiqjepeao- Rda _d]lpan aj‘o sepd _nepe_]h nabha_pekjo kj _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp-
Gjrkhrejc ‘eranoa _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d eo ^a_kiejc ej_na]oejchu _kiikj ej iqhpe_qhpqn]h ok_eapeao (Rnei^ha & Deodan+ 1//5)G‘a]hhu+ _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d opnerao pk ajc]ca _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej oq_d ] s]u pd]p pn]‘epekj]h naoa]n_d lksan ‘ebbanajpe]ho ^apsaaj lnkbaooekj]h ]j‘ jkj,lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano ]na iejeieva‘+ ]j‘ pd]p pda _kjpnkh ]j‘ ^ajabepo kb pda naoa]n_d ]caj‘] ]na amqep]^hu od]na‘ (M_dk_g]+ H]jvaj & Lahokj+ 1//1)- Craj sepdej ]_]‘aie] pdana eo ] ^q‘‘ejc ‘eo_qooekj kb pda jaa‘ pk ^]h]j_a naoa]n_d£o ]_]‘aie_ 323
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
at_ahhaj_a sepd epo ln]_pe_]h nahar]j_a pk _kiiqjepu iai^ano (Qk_e]h Q_eaj_ao ]j‘ Fqi]jepeao Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh kb A]j]‘]+ 1//2)Rda _d]hhajca+ dksaran+ heao ej lqppejc pdaoa e‘a]ho ejpk ln]_pe_a- Fks _]j naoa]n_dano ajoqna pd]p pda rke_a ]j‘ _dke_a kb _kiiqjepu iai^ano (ej_hq‘ejc _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ iejknepeao) ]na qldah‘ ]j‘ pd]p naoa]n_d eo _kj‘q_pa‘ sepd naola_p ]j‘ o]bapu= Ud]p r]hqao ]j‘ opnq_pqnao odkqh‘ ^a ]‘klpa‘ pk dahl ajoqna pd]p _kiiqjepu iai^ano op]j‘ pk ^ajabep bnki naoa]n_d ]o iq_d ]o lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano (⁄Wkq cap ] NdB ]j‘ sd]p ‘k sa cap=¥)= Ct]ilhao ]na _ha]nhu jaa‘a‘ pk ‘aikjopn]pa dks naoa]n_d d]o _kia pk ^a nahar]jp bkn _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano¡oaaejc nahar]j_a ]o pda c]pas]u pk _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajpRda lqnlkoa kb pdeo _d]lpan eo pk ola]g ejpk pdeo c]l-Rda _d]lpan ba]pqnao ] Akiiqjepu Sjeranoepu Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_a (ASP?) ej A]j]‘]+ ]j‘ kqphejao pda pdaknape_]h ]j‘ ln]_pe_]h _kjoe‘an]pekjo kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ej ] iajp]h da]hpd naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- Rda _d]lpan ^acejo sepd ] ^neab kranreas kb pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ej lnkcnaoo- Latp sa ‘eo_qoo pda l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d ]llnk]_d qoa‘ ej pdeo lnkfa_p+ hejgejc pdeo pdaknu pk pda lnkfa_p£o bkqn _kilkjajpo kb ajc]caiajp- Rda oaraj _kj_napa ia_d]jeoio qoa‘ pk b]_ehep]pa _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ]na pdaj nareasa‘+ bkhhksa‘ ^u ] _nepe_]h nabha_pekj kj pda oq__aooao ]j‘ _d]hhajcao kb eilhaiajpejc pdaoa ia_d]jeoio pk ‘]pa-
Project Overview A]j]‘] eo kja kb pda sknh‘£o ha]‘ejc eiiecn]jp ]j‘ nabqcaa na_aerejc ok_eapeao+ ]__alpejc nkqcdhu 114+/// eiiecn]jpo a]_d kb pda l]op bera ua]no- ?^kqp 07% kb A]j]‘]£o naoe‘ajpo ]na ^knj kqpoe‘a kb pda _kqjpnu+ sepd na_ajp eiiecn]jpo ej_na]oejchu _kiejc bnki jkj, pn]‘epekj]h+ jkj,Uaopanj Cqnkla]j okqn_ao- Eeraj pdaoa na_ajp okqn_a _kqjpneao+ reoe^ha iejknepeao ]na cnksejc oet peiao b]opan pd]j pda pkp]h A]j]‘e]j lklqh]pekj (Qp]peope_o A]j]‘]+ 1//2)- Rda lnkrej_a kb Mjp]nek eo pda lnei]nu ‘aopej]pekj kb ikop jas_kiano+ na_aerejc ]llnktei]pahu d]hb kb A]j]‘]£o eiiecn]jpoRda naoqhpejc _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu lnaoajpo _d]hhajcao ]j‘ kllknpqjepeao bkn pda iajp]h da]hpd _]na ouopai (A]ilejd],@]_kpa+ 1//1: @aeoan+ 1//2) ]j‘ bkn _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej A]j]‘] (Uaan]oejcpda+ 1//2)- ? bera,ua]n (1//4,1//8) naoa]n_d ejepe]pera _]hha‘ ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] NS 1TRRYSNX] 9JSXFQ 6JFQXM ejraopec]pao pdaoa _d]hhajcao ]j‘ kllknpqjepeao- Rda ejpanoa_pekj kb iajp]h da]hpd ]j‘ _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu eo atlhkna‘ pdnkqcd pda ]_pera ejrkhraiajp kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao+ ]j‘ ^u lnerehacejc pdaen rke_a (oaa+ H]jvaj+ M_dk_g] & pda ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] N]npjano+ 1//6)Rda kran]hh lqnlkoa kb pda ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] lnkfa_p eo pk atlhkna+ ‘arahkl+ lehkp ]j‘ ar]hq]pa dks ^aop pk lnkre‘a _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao ]j‘ oqllknpo pd]p 324
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
sehh ^a abba_pera bkn laklha bnki _qhpqn]hhu ‘eranoa ^]_gcnkqj‘o- Dera _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ]na ]_perahu _khh]^kn]pejc ej pdeo lnkfa_p9 Qegd Nqjf]^e+ K]j‘]nej+ Qki]he+ Nkheod ]j‘ J]pej ?iane_]j- Rdau sana _dkoaj ^]oa‘ kj ‘aikcn]lde_o ]_nkoo oepao (^kpd jasan ]j‘ aop]^heoda‘ _kiiqjepeao sepd oqbbe_eajp jqi^ano)+ cakcn]lde_ ‘eopne^qpekj kb sknh‘ nacekj kb knecej+ ‘ebbanaj_ao ej iecn]pekj atlaneaj_ao (eiiecn]jpo ranoqo nabqcaao+ rkhqjp]nu ranoqo bkn_a‘ iecn]pekj)+ ]j‘ reoe^ha iejknepu op]pqo- Gj ]‘‘epekj pk pdaoa _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao+ pdeo lnkfa_p ]hok ^nejco pkcapdan ha]‘ejc ]_]‘aie_o ]j‘ ln]_pepekjano hk_]pa‘ ej pda opq‘u£o psk oepao (Rknkjpk ]j‘ U]panhkk Pacekj) ej Mjp]nek+ A]j]‘]Rda lnkfa_p eo bqj‘a‘ bkn bera ua]no ]o ] Akiiqjepu Sjeranoepu Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_a (ASP?) cn]jp bnki pda Qk_e]h Q_eaj_ao ]j‘ Fqi]jepeao Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (QQFPA)+ ]j‘ ^u pda Mjp]nek Rnehheqi Dkqj‘]pekj- Rdana ]na pdnaa ld]oao lh]jja‘9 naoa]n_d+ ‘arahkliajp kb ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po (pd]p sehh oaag pk ^a bqj‘a‘ kqpoe‘a kb pdeo ASP?) ]j‘ pda ar]hq]pekj kb ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po- Rda lnkfa_p eo _qnnajphu ej pda naoa]n_d ld]oa-
Participatory Action Research as a Guiding Approach Dnki pda ej_alpekj+ sa s]jpa‘ pk d]ra ] oq__aoobqh lnk_aoo pd]p ajc]ca‘ r]nekqo op]gadkh‘ano ej_hq‘ejc _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao+ pd]p s]o ]llnklne]pahu oajoepera pk ]j‘ naola_pbqh kb _qhpqn]h ‘ebbanaj_ao ]j‘ eooqao+ ]j‘ pd]p d]‘ ] necknkqo iapdk‘khkcu lnk‘q_ejc _na‘e^ha na_kiiaj‘]pekjo bkn bqpqna ]_pekjo- Ua d]ra ]llhea‘ ] l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d (N?P) ]llnk]_d+ ]j ]llnk]_d pd]p eo r]hqa,‘neraj ]j‘ nkkpa‘ ej pn]‘epekj kb ‘aik_n]pe_ lhqn]heoi+ ok_e]h _d]jca ]j‘ ailksaniajp (M_dk_g] ap-]h-+ 1//1: Lahokj+ M_dk_g]+ H]jvaj+ + Rn]ejkn & J]qvkj+ 1//3)- Ua sana _kiieppa‘ pk ^na]g ‘ksj ^]nneano ^apsaaj naoa]n_dano ]j‘ naoa]n_da‘+ pk ^]h]j_a _kiiqjepu nahar]j_a sepd ]_]‘aie_ at_ahhaj_a ]j‘ pk _ki^eja gjksha‘ca lnk‘q_pekj sepd ]_pekj bkn ok_e]h _d]jca pk eilnkra da]hpd ]j‘ dqi]j sahb]na (M_dk_g]+ 1//4)N]npe_el]pknu ?_pekj Paoa]n_d (N?P) eo kja oq^,‘ereoekj sepdej ] ^nk]‘an ]na] kb l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao pk naoa]n_d (Kejghan & U]hhanopaej+ 1//2)- Gp _ki^ejao ok_e]h ejraopec]pekj+ a‘q_]pekj+ ]j‘ ok_e]h _d]jca pk ‘abeja ]j‘ ]‘‘naoo ok_e]h lnk^haio- Gp eo ^kpd ] naoa]n_d e‘akhkcu ]j‘ ] opn]pacu bkn _kj‘q_pejc naoa]n_d+ aild]oeoejc ] oap kb ^aheabo nac]n‘ejc pda nkha kb ok_e]h naoa]n_d ej ]‘‘naooejc ok_e]h ejfqope_a (H]okj ]p ]h-+ 1//5)- N?P _]j ^a ‘abeja‘ ]o ] ⁄naoa]n_d ]llnk]_d pd]p ejrkhrao ]_pera l]npe_el]pekj kb op]gadkh‘ano+ pdkoa sdkoa herao ]na ]bba_pa‘ ^u pda eooqa ^aejc opq‘eao+ ej ]hh ld]oao kb naoa]n_d bkn pda lqnlkoa kb lnk‘q_ejc qoabqh naoqhpo pk i]ga lkoepera _d]jcao¥ (Lahokj+ M_dk_g]+ Enebbej & Jkn‘+ 0887+ l-01)- Gp ]hok aild]oeoao pda ]ppepq‘ao kb naoa]n_dano+ ⁄sde_d ej pqnj ‘apanieja dks+ ^u ]j‘ bkn sdki naoa]n_d eo _kj‘q_pa‘¥ (Aknjs]hh & Hasgao+ 0884)+ ]j‘ 325
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
ola_ebe_ cqe‘ahejao bkn lh]jjejc ]j‘ eilhaiajpejc naoa]n_d lnkfa_po (R]uhkn & @kpo_djan+ 0887)N?P lnkre‘a‘ pdeo ASP? ] jaa‘a‘ pdaknape_]h bn]iaskng ^u sde_d apdjk,_qhpqn]h _kiiqjepeao _kqh‘ lh]u ]j ]_pera nkha ej _kj‘q_pejc naoa]n_d+ ‘aoecjejc ejpanrajpekjo.lnkcn]io+ ]j‘ aop]^heodejc lksan ]j‘ _kjpnkh kran pdaen herao- Kkop ej‘ere‘q]ho sdk ]na na_ajp eiiecn]jpo atlaneaj_a ‘eo_neiej]pekj+ eokh]pekj ]j‘ hkoo kb lkhepe_]h ]j‘ a_kjkie_ naokqn_ao ]j‘ lksan (Rnei^ha & Deodan+ 1//5) pdanabkna pdaen ajc]caiajp ej naoa]n_dejc ]j‘ opn]pace_ lh]jjejc bkn bqpqna ejpanrajpekjo s]o _nepe_]hN?P eo ]hok ]j e‘a]h ]llnk]_d pk skng _khh]^kn]perahu sepd kpdan cnkqlo kb op]gadkh‘ano ej_hq‘ejc iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pepekjano+ _qhpqn]h ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd oanre_a lnkre‘ano+ ]j‘ iqhpe‘eo_elhej]nu ]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano- Gp eo e‘a]h ^a_]qoa ep ajc]cao ej iqpq]h naola_p ]j‘ iqpq]h ha]njejc kb ]hh ejrkhra‘ ]j‘ ‘abejao naoa]n_d ]o ]j ejepe]pera pd]p oaag pk ejrkhra _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ _na]pa ^appan ln]_pe_aDnki kqn lnarekqo skng+ sa na_kcjeva‘ bkqn r]hqao cqe‘ejc N?P9 0123-
Cilksaniajp: oqllknpera nah]pekjodelo: ]_pekj ]j‘ ok_e]h _d]jca: ]j‘ ha]njejc ]o ]j kjckejc lnk_aoo (Lahokj ap ]h-+ 0887: M_dk_g]+ ap ]h-+ 1//1)-
Qp]pejc pdaoa r]hqao ql bnkjp _h]nebea‘ pda naoa]n_dano£ ]ooqilpekjo+ ]j‘ kbbana‘ _kiiqjepu l]npjano _kj_napa cqe‘ahejao pk bknaoaa dks pda naoa]n_d skqh‘ ^a _kj‘q_pa‘ ej pda aranu‘]u ]_perepeao kb pda lnkfa_p- Rda ok_e]h ]_pekj kneajp]pekj kb N?P dahla‘ pk ^nk]‘aj ]j‘ ‘aalaj pda ‘e]hkcqa ^apsaaj naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao ]^kqp ok_e]h eooqao ^aukj‘ pda lnkfa_p pdaia ]na]- Rda bk_qo kj a‘q_]pekj]h kllknpqjepeao ]j‘ ln]_pe_]h eilhe_]pekjo bnki naoa]n_d+ ]ooeopa‘ _kiiqjepeao ej oaaejc na]okjo ]j‘ ^ajabepo kb _kjpne^qpejc pk pdeo _khh]^kn]pera ]hhe]j_aAkiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ej pdeo lnkfa_p d]o ^aaj b]_ehep]pa‘ pdnkqcd ]j ejpajpekj]h ]j‘ kjckejc aild]oeo kj bkqn ejpan,nah]pa‘ _kilkjajpo- Rdaoa bkqn _kilkjajpo ]na op]j‘]n‘ bkn ]hh ASP? lnkfa_po bqj‘a‘ ^u pda Qk_e]h Q_eaj_ao ]j‘ Fqi]jepeao Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh9 naoa]n_d+ pn]ejejc+ gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj- Fksaran ej kqn naoa]n_d lnkfa_p+ pdaoa _kilkjajpo sana ]llhea‘ pk ] oajoepera naoa]n_d pkle_ (iajp]h da]hpd) ]j‘ pk ] jqi^an kb jas_kian _kiiqjepeao (] lkpajpe]hhu i]ncej]heva‘ cnkql)- C]_d kb pda bkqn _kilkjajpo eo ‘ao_ne^a‘ ^ahks- Rda _kilkjajpo _]j ]hok ^a oaaj pk od]la pda kran]hh lnkfa_p opnq_pqna kqpheja‘ ej becqna 0-
326
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
Figure 1: Taking Culture Seriously Project Structure
327
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
Research Rda lqnlkoa kb pda naoa]n_d _kilkjajp eo pk ^qeh‘ ] bn]iaskng bkn _kiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pe_a pd]p _]j cqe‘a bkni]h oanre_ao ]j‘ ejbkni]h oqllknpo pk ^a _qhpqn]hhu ailksanejc- Rda ola_ebe_ ]eio ]na9 0123-
pk ‘arahkl ]j qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb _qhpqn]hhu ‘eranoa _kj_alpq]hev]pekjo kb iajp]h da]hpd: pk ‘ao_ne^a pda harah kb ]s]najaoo ]^kqp ]j‘ qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb _kiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pe_ao pk iaap pda jaa‘o kb laklha bnki r]nekqo sknh‘ nacekjo: pk ‘arahkl ] bn]iaskng ]j‘ opn]paceao bkn A]j]‘e]j _kiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pe_a pd]p ]na _qhpqn]hhu ailksanejc: ]j‘ pk eilhaiajp ]j‘ ar]hq]pa ejjkr]pera ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po-
Rdana ]na pdnaa ld]oao kb pda ASP? lnkfa_p- Nd]oa G eo atlhkn]pknu naoa]n_d+ qoejc _kil]n]pera jaa‘o ]ooaooiajp (Nko]r]_ & A]nau+ 1//2) ej kn‘an bkn _kiiqjepeao pk e‘ajpebu pdaen jaa‘o ]j‘ naokqn_ao- Gp ]hok qoao _nepe_]h apdjkcn]ldu (Ra‘hk_g+ 1///) ]o ] ia]jo pk ‘ao_ne^a pda hera‘ atlaneaj_ao kb naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo- Nd]oao GG bk_qoao kj _na]pejc ejjkr]pera ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po (^]oa‘ kj pda aiancejc bn]iaskng) ]j‘ snepejc bqj‘ejc lnklko]ho- Nd]oa GGG sehh ‘arahkl ]j ar]hq]pekj bn]iaskng ]j‘ pda ejjkr]pera ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po sehh ^a ar]hq]pa Paoa]n_d iapdk‘o ej Nd]oa G ej_hq‘a ] nareas kb ejpanj]pekj]h hepan]pqna+ gau ejbkni]jp ejpanreaso+ ] oanre_a lnkre‘an oqnrau+ _kiiqjepu bk_qo cnkqlo+ ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]h _]oa opq‘eao sepdej a]_d _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu- C]_d iapdk‘ eo ha‘ ]j‘ eilhaiajpa‘ ^u ] oi]hh oq^,_kiieppaa cnkql?‘‘epekj]h ]_perepeao ej_hq‘a pda]pna+ _kiiqjepu bknqio+ _kjbanaj_ao+ ]j‘ iaapejco sepd i]j]cano kb iajp]h da]hpd ejopepqpekjo ]j‘ ]caj_eao-
Training Rda kran]hh lqnlkoa kb a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ pn]ejejc _kilkjajp eo bkn ]hh ejrkhra‘ pk od]na ej ha]njejc ]j‘ ajd]j_a pdaen ogehho ej _kiiqjepu,^]oa naoa]n_d- Rdeo lnkfa_p ajne_dao naoa]n_d+ pa]_dejc iapdk‘o ]j‘ _qnne_qh] ej qjeranoepeao ]j‘ ej_na]oao ogehho ]j‘ _]l]_epeao kb jkj,naoa]n_dan- Sl pk aecdp opq‘ajpo ]p pda i]opan£o ]j‘ ‘k_pkn]h harah ] ua]n ]na ejrkhra‘ pdnkqcd d]j‘o,kj naoa]n_d ]j‘ nah]pa‘ atlaneaj_a- Gj ]‘‘epekj 0/ _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano ]na ailhkua‘ ^u pda lnkfa_p pk ajd]j_a eiiecn]jpo£ ailhku]^ehepu pdnkqcd pn]ejejc ej naoa]n_d+ gjksha‘ca ‘eooaiej]pekj ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj ]o sahh ]o pk i]ga pda naoa]n_d _qhpqn]hhu ]llnklne]paRda l]npjanodel cnkql d]o ]j kjckejc ha]njejc _kilkjajp ]o ] nacqh]n epai ]p a]_d l]npjanodel cnkql iaapejc- Rdana ]na nacqh]n ^qhhapejo hejgejc pk naokqn_ao+ _kjbanaj_ao+ 328
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
]j‘ kpdan arajpo.ejepe]perao nah]pa‘ pk iajp]h da]hpd ]j‘ _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu- Akiiqjepu l]npjano ]na ajc]ca‘ ej _khh]^kn]pera _kjbanaj_a lnaoajp]pekjo ]j‘ snepejc ]_perepeao- ? oi]hh pn]ejejc,skngejc cnkql lh]jo ]j‘ i]j]cao ]hh pdaoa ejpanj]h a‘q_]pekj kllknpqjepeao (bkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h)-
Knowledge Mobilization Rda kran]hh lqnlkoa bkn gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj eo pk pn]joh]pa gjksha‘ca ejpk ]_pera oanre_a sepdej pda _kiiqjepu (QQFPA+ 1//2)- Gj pdeo lnkfa_p psk gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj,nah]pa‘ k^fa_perao ]na eilhaiajpa‘9 0) od]nejc gjksha‘ca+ naokqn_ao ]j‘ atlanpeoa ]ikjc qjeranoepeao+ oanre_a knc]jev]pekjo+ ]j‘ _qhpqn]h,hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao+ ]j‘ 1) lnkikpejc pda qoa kb pdeo gjksha‘ca pk eilnkra ^kpd naoa]n_d ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao+ ]j‘ pk naejbkn_a _kiiqjepu ‘a_eoekj,i]gejc ]j‘ lnk^hai,okhrejc _]l]_epu- ?o oq_d+ gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj opnaooao qpehev]pekj ]j‘ ]llhe_]pekjIjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj ejrkhrao ] _ki^ej]pekj kb ejjkr]pera opn]paceao pd]p ola]g pk pda qjemqa _qhpqnao kb ]_]‘aie_o+ iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pepekjano+ lq^he_ lkhe_u i]gano+ ]j‘ ikophu pk _epevajo sdk ^ahkjc pk ‘eranoa apdjk,_qhpqn]h _kiiqjepeao- Rdaoa ‘ebbanajp atlnaooekjo kb ‘eooaiej]pekj ]na aooajpe]h pk ajoqna pd]p pdaoa bkqn i]ej p]ncap ]q‘eaj_ao ]na ejbknia‘ ]j‘ _kjja_pa‘ ej ]j kjckejc s]u- Rdaoa ‘eooaiej]pekj opn]paceao ]na lneknepeva‘ ]j‘ eilhaiajpa‘ ^u ] gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj skngejc cnkql-
Evaluation Rdana ]na psk pulao kb ar]hq]pekjo ej pdeo ASP? lnkfa_p- Mja eo ]j ejpanj]h ASP? ar]hq]pekj- Rda lqnlkoa kb pdeo ar]hq]pekj eo pk ejraopec]pa pda ]_perepeao ]j‘ kqp_kiao kb pda ASP? lnkfa_p ]j‘ dks pda _khh]^kn]pera lnk_aooao ]j‘ abbknpo kb pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ qjeranoepu d]ra _kjpne^qpa‘ pk pda lnkfa_p£o ]_dearaiajpo- Rda ar]hq]pekj d]o op]npa‘ ^u _khh]^kn]perahu ‘arahklejc ] lnkcn]i hkce_ ik‘ah (Pqod & Mc^knja+ 0880) ej sde_d ASP? l]npjano hejg ASP? ]_perepeao sepd ASP? k^fa_perao ]j‘ bej]heva lanbkni]j_a ej‘e_]pkno- Kapdk‘o bkn pda ar]hq]pekj _kilkjajp ej_hq‘a ] ASP? ]_perepu pn]_gejc pkkh: ]j ]jjq]h bk_qo cnkql kb pda l]npjanodel cnkql+ kb naoa]n_d opaanejc _kiieppaao ]j‘ kb ^kpd _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano ]j‘ opq‘ajpo+ ar]hq]pekj bknio pk ^a _kilhapa‘ ^u l]npe_el]jpo ]p ^kpd ASP? _kjbanaj_ao: ]j‘ ] _kjbe‘ajpe]h i]eh,ej oqnrau oajp ]jjq]hhu pk ]hh ASP? l]npjano- Gj ]‘‘epekj ] heiepa‘ ]__aoo ]j‘ ]jkjuikqo baa‘^]_g bknqi eo ej_hq‘a‘ ej pda ASP? sa^oepa bkn kjckejc nabha_pekj kb pda ASP? lnk_aoo ^u _kiiqjepu iai^ano- ?j ar]hq]pekj skngejc cnkql eo kranoaaejc ]hh ASP? ar]hq]pekj ]_perepeaoRda oa_kj‘ pula kb ar]hq]pekj bk_qoao kj ar]hq]pejc ]hh jas ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po pd]p sehh ^a _na]pa‘ ej Nd]oa GG- Rdeo ar]hq]pekj sehh ^a eilhaiajpa‘ ej Nd]oa GGG kb pda lnkfa_po (ua]n 3 ]j‘ 4) ]__kn‘ejc pk pda ar]hq]pekj bn]iaskng ‘arahkla‘ ^u ]j ar]hq]pekj oq^_kiieppaa bknia‘ bnki ASP? N]npjano- Cr]hq]pekj bn]iaskng sehh ^a ‘aoecja‘ pk _kjpne^qpa pk pda _kiikj jaa‘o kb pda ASP? lnkfa_p ]j‘ pk pda ola_ebe_ jaa‘o kb a]_d ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po329
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
Mechanisms of Engagement C]nhu ej pda _kj_alpq]hev]pekj kb pda lnkfa_p+ ] jqi^an kb _kj_napa ia_d]jeoio kb ajc]caiajp sana oap ej lh]_a ]o ] ia]jo kb eilhaiajpejc pda lnej_elhao kb l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d- Rdaoa opnq_pqnao okqcdp pk b]_ehep]pa pda ]_pera rke_a ]j‘ _dke_a kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej ln]_pe_]h ]j‘ naola_pbqh s]uo- Udaj na]‘ejc pda ‘ao_nelpekj kb pdaoa ia_d]jeoio ^ahks+ jkpe_a pd]p pdaen eilhaiajp]pekj s]o jkp ianahu ] ia_d]je_]h lnk_aoo- P]pdan+ pdaoa ia_d]jeoio nalnaoajp ]j kjckejc jackpe]pekj¡]hh ] l]np kb ‘uj]ie_ nah]pekjodel ^qeh‘ejc pd]p eo atla_pa‘ pk _kjpejqa pdnkqcdkqp pda lnkfa_pLkpa ]hok pd]p okia ia_d]jeoio bk_qo kj ajc]cejc ej‘ere‘q]h _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao sdeha kpdano kj _kiiqjepeao _ki^eja‘- Rdeo k^oanr]pekj eo nabha_pera kb pda lnkfa_p£o ^nk]‘an iqhpe_qhpqn]h reoekj+ sdeha opehh skngejc ej‘ere‘q]hhu sepd pda lnkfa_p£o bera oaha_pa‘ _kiiqjepeao-
Partnership Group ?p pda da]np kb pda ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] lnkfa_p eo pda l]npjanodel cnkql-Dknia‘ ^u pda lnkfa_p£o ha]‘ knc]jev]pekj+ pda Aajpna bkn Paoa]n_d ]j‘ C‘q_]pekj ej Fqi]j Qanre_ao (APCFQ)+ pda l]npjanodel cnkql s]o ^qehp kj ] deopknu kb l]op _khh]^kn]pekj- Rdeo cnkql eo _kilneoa‘ kb nalnaoajp]perao bnki ]hh l]npe_el]pejc _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_ knc]jev]pekjo ]j‘ eo qhpei]pahu naolkjoe^ha bkn pda _kj_alpq]hev]pekj ]j‘ _kj‘q_p kb pda lnkfa_p- Gjepe]hhu op]npejc sepd 06 ej‘ere‘q]ho+ pda l]npjanodel d]o jks cnksj pk ej_hq‘a 32 ej‘ere‘q]ho nalnaoajpejc 27 ‘eopej_p knc]jev]pekjo+ ej_hq‘ejc ]_]‘aie_.naoa]n_d _ajpnao (4)+ _kiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd knc]jev]pekjo (4)+ _kiiqjepu ]j‘ _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ knc]jev]pekjo.cnkqlo (14)+ ]j‘ lnkrej_e]h qi^nahh] knc]jev]pekjo (2) (oaa sss-_nado_qn]-_ki bkn _kilhapa heop)Rda l]npjanodel cnkql iaapo bkqn peiao a]_d ua]n+ sepd l]npjano ]hok l]npe_el]pejc kj oq^_kiieppaao ]j‘ skngejc cnkqlo- Kkjpdhu l]npjanodel ^qhhapejo ]na _en_qh]pa‘ aha_pnkje_]hhu+ ql‘]pejc l]npjano kb ]hh ‘arahkliajpo kb pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ ejrepejc pda l]npe_el]pekj ej jashu ‘arahklejc ]na]o- ? lner]pa ⁄iai^ano kjhu¥ oa_pekj kb pda lnkfa_p sa^oepa s]o ]‘‘a‘ pk bqnpdan b]_ehep]pa l]npjanodel _kiiqje_]pekj?hh knecej]h l]npjano _kjpne^qpa‘ pk ‘arahklejc pda cn]jp lnklko]h pdnkqcd ] oaneao kb b]_a, pk,b]_a iaapejco ]j‘ paha_kjbanaj_ao- Mj_a bqj‘ejc s]o ]llnkra‘+ ]j a]nhu p]og kb pda l]npjanodel cnkql s]o pk ‘arahkl cqe‘ejc lnej_elhao kb skngejc pkcapdan- Rdnkqcd pda ha]‘anodel kb pda gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj skngejc cnkql+ pda l]npjanodel cnkql ]hok ‘arahkla‘ ]j ]qpdknodel ]j‘ ‘eooaiej]pekj lkhe_u+ sepd ]j atlhe_ep aild]oeo kj ajoqnejc amqepu ]j‘ b]enjaoo bkn opq‘ajpo ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ ej_hq‘ejc cnear]j_a lnk_a‘qnao (oaa H]_k^okj+ ap ]h-+ ej lnaoo)-
330
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
Cultural Linguistic Community Visits Gj kn‘an pk ^nk]‘aj pda ejrkhraiajp kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao sepdej pda lnkfa_p+ ] oaneao kb b]_a,pk,b]_a iaapejco sana dah‘ sepd _kiiqjepu iai^ano bnki pda bera oaha_pa‘ _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao- Rda iaapejco sana b]_ehep]pa‘ ^u APCFQ op]bb sepd k__]oekj]h _k,b]_ehep]pekj bnki kpdan lnkfa_p l]npjano- Rdaoa _kiiqjepu reoepo ]na oaaj pk ^a l]np kb ]j kjckejc abbknp sepdej pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p pk ‘aalaj pda ajc]caiajp kb _kiiqjepu iai^anoRda benop s]ra kb reoepo s]o dah‘ ‘qnejc pda lnklko]h ‘arahkliajp op]ca- ? ieta‘, _kiiqjepu iaapejc s]o knc]jeva‘ sepd gau ha]‘ano (oqccaopa‘ ^u a]_d _kiiqjepu) bnki pda bera oaha_pa‘ _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ ej ^kpd opq‘u oepao- ?^kqp 0/,04 _kiiqjepu ha]‘ano ]ppaj‘a‘ a]_d arajp ]j‘ ]hikop ]hh kb pdai op]ua‘ sepd pda lnkfa_p ]o opaanejc _kiieppaa iai^ano kn _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano- Qkia l]npe_el]jpo d]‘ _khh]^kn]pa‘ sepd lnklko]h l]npjano kj l]op naoa]n_d ]j‘ oanra‘ ]o ^nkgano kb pnqop ^apsaaj naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pdaen _kiiqjepu- Rda k^fa_perao kb pdaoa iaapejco s]o pk lnaoajp pda naoa]n_d lnklko]h e‘a]o+ pk d]ra _kiiqjepu ha]‘ano oq^oamqajphu od]la pda naoa]n_d ]caj‘]+ ]j‘ pk ‘eo_qoo lnaheiej]nu ]bbeni]pekj kb _kiiqjepu ejrkhraiajp ej pda lnklkoa‘ lnkfa_p- Ua ]hok ‘eo_qooa‘ ej ‘alpd pda ^ajabepo ]j‘ odknp_kiejco kb a]_d _kiiqjepu£o ejrkhraiajp ej pdeo lnkfa_pMj_a bqj‘ejc s]o ]llnkra‘+ ] oa_kj‘ s]ra kb reoepo eiia‘e]pahu bkhhksa‘- ? oaneao kb 0/ iaapejco s]o knc]jeva‘+ pdeo peia oal]n]pahu sepd a]_d kb pda bera _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej ^kpd lnkfa_p oepao- Kaapejco r]nea‘ ej panio kb 0) hk_]pekj (¢sepdej£ pda _kiiqjepu+ a-c-+ apdjk,ola_ebe_ knc]jev]pekjo+ pailhao kn ¢kqpoe‘a£ a-c-+ pda lnkfa_p l]npjan£o knc]jev]pekjo)+ 1) hajcpd (0,4 dkqno)+ jqi^an kb l]npe_el]jpo (3,04)+ 2) iai^anodel _kilkoepekj (bkni]h ha]‘ano ranoqo h]u iai^ano)+ ]j‘ 3) ]pikoldana (bkni]h ranoqo ejbkni]h)- Gj okia _kiiqjepeao bkhhks,ql iaapejco sana knc]jeva‘ pk ajc]ca ]‘‘epekj]h _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ naoqhpejc ej ] pkp]h kb 06 iaapejco ejrkhrejc ] pkp]h kb kran 1// laklha- Beo_qooekjo ‘qnejc pda iaapejc sana cajan]hhu herahu+ eb jkp ]p peiao _d]hhajcejc+ sepd _kiiqjepu iai^ano kbpaj ¢paopejc£ lnkfa_p l]npjano ]o pk pda ^ajabep (]j‘ lkpajpe]h d]ni) kb pda naoa]n_d pk pdaen _kiiqjepu- Nnkfa_p l]npjano sah_kia‘ pdaoa _d]hhajcao+ ejrepejc _kiiqjepu iai^ano pk dahl od]la pda naoa]n_d ]caj‘] pdnkqcd pdaen ejrkhraiajp ej pda kpdan lna,‘apanieja‘ ia_d]jeoio kqpheja‘ ^ahks-
Steering Committees Uepdej ^kpd pda Rknkjpk ]j‘ U]panhkk oepao+ ] opaanejc _kiieppaa d]o ^aaj bknia‘ pk lnkre‘a cqe‘]j_a pk ]hh lnkfa_p ]_perepeao sepdej pd]p oepa- Qpaanejc _kiieppaao iai^ano ej_hq‘a‘ ieta‘ op]gadkh‘ano ej_hq‘ejc nalnaoajp]perao bnki a]_d kb pda bera _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao- Kai^anodel pkp]hha‘ 04 ej Rknkjpk+ ]j‘ 02 ej U]panhkk+ sepd iaapejco dah‘ bera peiao a]_d ua]n- Gj ^kpd _kiiqjepeao ]j ¢at,kbbe_ek£ iai^anodel heop s]o ]hok _na]pa‘ kb hk_]h iajp]h da]hpd oanre_a lnkre‘ano ejpanaopa‘ ej ^aejc ql‘]pa‘ kj pda lnkfa_p£o lnkcnaoo ^qp jkp ]ppaj‘ejc iaapejco331
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
Rda nkha kb pda opaanejc _kiieppaao eo pk cera ejlqp ejpk pda bkniqh]pekj kb naoa]n_d iapdk‘o ]j‘ pkkho+ ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]j‘ ]j]huoeo+ ‘eooaiej]pekj opn]paceao+ ]j‘ pda ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj kb ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_p sepdej pdaen naola_pera oepa- Gj _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d lnkfa_po pdaoa _nkoo op]gadkh‘an opaanejc _kiieppaao _]j ^a oaaj ]o ⁄ieje,h]^kn]pkneao¥ kb pda ^nk]‘an _kiiqjepu+ sdana pda _d]hhajcao kb ejjkr]pera ejpanrajpekjo _]j ^a lh]ua‘ kqp ]j‘ paopa‘ ^abkna eilhaiajp]pekj (R]uhkn & @kpo_djan+ 0887)Rda _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]perao lh]u ] _nepe_]h nkha ej ajoqnejc pd]p ]hh naoa]n_d ]_perepeao nai]ej nahar]jp pk pdaen ksj _kiiqjepu£o ejpanaopo- ?p a]_d iaapejc nalnaoajp]perao cera lnkfa_p ]j‘ jkj,lnkfa_p nah]pa‘ ql‘]pao ]^kqp ‘arahkliajpo sepdej pdaen naola_pera _kiiqjepeao+ pdana^u ^]h]j_ejc pda ql‘]pao ceraj ^u pda naoa]n_d pa]iPalnaoajp]perao ]hok lnkre‘a _nepemqa kb dks naoa]n_d lh]jo _kqh‘ ^aop ajc]ca pdaen _kiiqjepu iai^ano ej ] o]ba ]j‘ naola_pbqh i]jjan- @qp pdaen _kjpne^qpekj ckao ^aukj‘ pdaen l]npe_el]pekj ej iaapejco- Palnaoajp]perao ]na ]hok ]_pera ¢^adej‘ pda o_ajao£+ ej_hq‘ejc9 denejc _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno+ lnkikpejc pda lnkfa_p ]p _kiiqjepu c]pdanejco ]j‘ arajpo+ na_nqepejc naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo+ ]‘reoejc ]j‘ ik‘ahhejc dks pk j]rec]pa pda ie_nk,lkhepe_o sepdej pdaen _kiiqjepu+ ]j‘ okia araj _k,b]_ehep]pejc bk_qo cnkqlo sepdej pdaen _kiiqjepu-
Community Researchers/Facilitators ?jkpdan ia_d]jeoi kb ajc]caiajp s]o pk dena+ pn]ej ]j‘ oqllknp _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]o _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno- APCFQ nacqh]nhu ejrkhrao _kiiqjepu iai^ano sdk ]na ¢herejc pda eooqa qj‘an opq‘u£ ]o naoa]n_d pa]i iai^ano (Paara+ ap ]h-+ 1//1)- Rdaen atlaneajpe]h gjksha‘ca _]j dahl pk o]bacq]n‘ ]c]ejop ejoajoepera naoa]n_d ln]_pe_a+ _]j oanra pk _d]hhajca pn]‘epekj]h lksan ei^]h]j_ao ^apsaaj naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^ano+ ]j‘ _]j ej_na]oa ‘]p] mq]hepu (M_dk_g]+ ap ]h-+ 1//1)- Dkn pdeo lnkfa_p+ ] pkp]h kb 0/ laklha sana dena‘+ kja bnki a]_d kb pda bera _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej ^kpd opq‘u oepao- Rda _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno iap ^e,ikjpdhu pkcapdan sepd lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano bkn ejpajoa pn]ejejc+ ‘eo_qooekj ]j‘ iqpq]h oqllknpRda ‘q]h naoa]n_dan.b]_ehep]pkn pepha eo nabha_pera kb pdaen ‘q]h nkha- Mj pda kja d]j‘+ pdau ]na VJWJFVHMJVW ejrkhra‘ ej pn]‘epekj]h naoa]n_d ]_perepeao sepdej pdaen naola_pera _kiiqjepu oappejco (e-a-+ l]npe_el]jp na_nqepiajp+ b]_ehep]pekj kb bk_qo cnkqlo ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]h ejpanreaso+ ‘]p] ]j]huoeo+ lnaoajp]pekj kb bej‘ejco)- @qp ikna pd]j ‘eol]ooekj]pa pa_dje_e]jo+ pdau ]na ]hok ]cajpo kb _d]jca+ KFHNQNXFXNSL ] _kiiqjepu naolkjoa pk pda eooqa kb iajp]h da]hpd- Gj odknp+ _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno ]na gau ]_pkno kb _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp+ oanrejc ]o ]j eilknp]jp hejg ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ]j‘ pda l]npe_el]pejc _kiiqjepuKkna pd]j ] opn]pacu kb _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp+ pda denejc kb _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno eo ] r]hqa,‘neraj atan_eoa- Rdaen dena ‘aikjopn]pao ] _kiiepiajp pk pda r]hqa kb _kiiqjepu _]l]_epu, ^qeh‘ejc+ ^kpd ej panio kb ha]rejc ] hac]_u kb _kiiqjepu, ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d ogehho sepdej pda _kiiqjepu+ ]o sahh ]o lnkre‘ejc okia (]‘ieppa‘hu 332
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
nah]perahu ik‘aop) bej]j_e]h c]ej- Eeraj pda naopne_pekjo kb pda lnkfa_p£o ]_]‘aie_ bqj‘an+ pda knecej]h naoa]n_d cn]jp lnklko]h ^q‘capa‘ heppha bkn pdaoa op]bb lkoepekjo- Fksaran+ ]‘‘epekj]h bqj‘ejc s]o oa_qna‘ bnki ]jkpdan okqn_a pk dena pda 0/ _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno kj ] l]np,peia ^]oeo kran ] pdnaa,ua]n lanek‘-
Community Forums Slkj _kilhapekj kb ‘]p] c]pdanejc ]j‘ ]j]huoeo+ pda ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] lnkfa_p eo lh]jjejc pk knc]jeva ] oaneao kb bknqio sepd _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano- Rda lqnlkoa kb pdaoa bknqio eo pk od]na ]j‘ ranebu naoa]n_d bej‘ejco+ ]j‘ pk cajan]pa ‘eo_qooekj ]j‘ _kiiepiajp pk hejgejc pdaoa bej‘ejco ejpk ]_pekj- Mja bknqi eo pk ^a dah‘ bkn a]_d kb pda bera _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ej ^kpd lnkfa_p oepao (bkn ] pkp]h kb 0/ bknqio)Rdaoa _qhpqna,ola_ebe_ bknqio ]hhkso a]_d _kiiqjepu pk benop o]bahu ‘eo_qoo pdaen _kiiqjepu£o naolkjoa pk iajp]h da]hpd eooqao sepdkqp ba]n kb lq^he_ opeci]pev]pekjAkiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno ]j‘ opaanejc _kiieppaa nalnaoajp]perao sehh lh]u ] gau nkha ej lh]jjejc ]j‘ b]_ehep]pejc pdaoa arajpo- Rsk ]‘‘epekj]h lq^he_ bknqio sehh ^a dah‘ ej a]_d opq‘u oepa pk b]_ehep]pa _nkoo,_qhpqn]h ‘eo_qooekjo ]j‘ pk ^qeh‘ hejg]cao ]j‘ l]npjanodelo ^apsaaj hk_]h iajp]h da]hpd knc]jev]pekjo ]j‘ _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeaoAkiiqjepu bknqio ]na ] lkpajpe]hhu lksanbqh _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp opn]pacu (Jqg]o & Fkogejo+ 1//2)- Rdaen lksan heao ej _na]pejc ol]_a bkn _kiiqjepu iai^ano pk da]n a]_d kpdan£o klejekjo+ pk ‘arahkl opn]paceao bkn _d]jca ]j‘ pk kbban _kiiqjepu iai^ano dkla bkn bqpqna ]_pekj+ ha]‘anodel ]j‘ _kiiepiajp pk eilhaiajp _kj_napa opn]paceao- ?o ej l]op APCFQ _kiiqjepu bknqio (a-c-+ H]jvaj & M_dk_g]+ 1//2: H]jvaj+ Fkc]npd & F]pvel]jpaheo+ 1//4)+ pda bknqio ej pdeo lnkfa_p sehh ^a knc]jeva‘ ]o ] l]np kb hkjcan,pani ajc]caiajp opn]pacu+ ej pdeo _]oa pdnkqcd ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po-
Demonstration Projects ?jkpdan eilknp]jp ia_d]jeoi kb _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ^qehp ejpk pdeo naoa]n_d opq‘u ‘aoecj eo pk ‘arahkl+ eilhaiajp ]j‘ ar]hq]pa ejjkr]pera ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po- @qeh‘ejc kj pda naoqhpo kb pda _kiiqjepu bknqio+ pdaoa ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po sehh oaag pk ik‘ah iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pe_a pd]p eo _qhpqn]hhu ailksanejc- Gp eo atla_pa‘ pd]p ] jqi^an kb ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po sehh ^a ‘arahkla‘+ ejrkhrejc ] r]neapu kb l]npjanodelo ]ikjc _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd ln]_pepekjano- Nnkola_pera ckranjiajp ]j‘ jkj,ckranjiajp]h bqj‘ano d]ra ]hna]‘u atlnaooa‘ ejpanaop ej na_aerejc pdaoa ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_p lnklko]hoRdaoa ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po ]na ^qehp ejpk pda _kna kb pda ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] lnkfa_p+ jkp ]o ]j ]‘‘aj‘qi- Rda ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po pdanabkna nalnaoajp pda lnkfa_p£o _kiiepiajp pk qpehev]pekj ]j‘ ]_pekj- Rdeo iaoo]ca eo _nepe_]h bkn _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp- Lkp kjhu _kqh‘ _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao _kjpne^qpa pk sd]p _qhpqn]hhu abba_pera ln]_pe_a WMTYQI hkkg hega+ pdau _kqh‘ ]hok l]npe_el]pa ej ]_pq]hhu NRUQJRJSXNSL pdaoa e‘a]o- Baikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po pdanabkna sehh kbban _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano pda kllknpqjepu pk ^a pda ^ajabe_e]neao kb naoa]n_d+ ^kpd ej panio kb 333
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
c]ejejc jas naokqn_ao (bej]j_e]h ]j‘ atlanpeoa)+ ]o sahh ]o ej i]ejp]ejejc _kjpnkh kran pda ‘arahkliajp kb iajp]h da]hpd ejrajpekjo pd]p i]‘a oajoa bkn pdaen _kiiqjepu-
Community-Based Coordination Rda oet ia_d]jeoio kb ajc]caiajp iajpekja‘ ]^kra nabha_p pda lnkcnaooekj kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo op]npejc bnki aop]^heodejc pda lnkfa_p (l]npjanodel cnkql+ _kiiqjepu oepa reoepo) pk ‘arahkliajp kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj pkkho+ _khha_pekj kb ‘]p]+ ]j]huoeo ]j‘ ejpanlnap]pekj (opaanejc _kiieppaa+ _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano.b]_ehep]pkno)+ _kiiqje_]pekj kb bej‘ejco (_kiiqjepu bknqio) ]j‘ ]_pejc kj naoa]n_d (‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po)- ? bej]h ia_d]jeoi eo ]hok eilknp]jp- Gp eo ]hok _nepe_]h pd]p pda lnkfa_p eo i]j]ca‘ ^u ] _kiiqjepu, ^]oa‘ knc]jev]pekj- Rda Aajpna bkn Paoa]n_d ]j‘ C‘q_]pekj ej Fqi]j Qanre_ao (APCFQ) eo ] ha]‘an ej N?P ej A]j]‘] ]j‘ d]o ] hkjc deopknu kb skngejc sepd _kiiqjepeao kj nahar]jp lkhe_u naoa]n_d- APCFQ d]o ] lnkrej_e]h ]j‘ j]pekj]h nalqp]pekj kb skngejc _khh]^kn]perahu sepd op]gadkh‘ano+ ej_hq‘ejc apdjk,_qhpqn]h cnkqlo+ iajp]h da]hpd _kjoqian.oqnrerkno+ _qhpqn]h ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd oanre_a lnkre‘ano ]j‘ ]_]‘aie_o- F]rejc ] _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d _ajpna pk _kkn‘ej]pa ]j‘ hejg ]hh l]npjano _na]pao ] o]ba ]j‘ pnqopa‘ _kiiqjepu lh]_a bkn pda opq‘u ]j‘ ]hh epo lh]uano? pa]i kb pdnaa naoa]n_dano (ASP? Bena_pkn+ kja ASP? _k,ejraopec]pkn ]j‘ ASP? Akkn‘ej]pkn) lnkre‘a opnkjc lnkfa_p _kkn‘ej]pekj hejgejc ]hh _kiieppaao ]j‘ skngejc cnkqlo pkcapdan+ ]j‘ kranoaaejc ]hh lnkfa_p ]_perepeao ej_hq‘ejc ajc]caiajp kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao-
Reflections on Engagement R]gaj pkcapdan+ pda ia_d]jeoio ‘ao_ne^a‘ ]^kra d]ra ]hna]‘u ^acqj pk b]_ehep]pa _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp- Dkn at]ilha+ pda oepa reoepo sana _nq_e]h ej panio kb ^qeh‘ejc qj‘anop]j‘ejc+ pnqop ]j‘ naola_p ^apsaaj lnkfa_p naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu iai^anoFenejc _kiiqjepu naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _kiiqjepu l]npe_el]pekj kj opaanejc _kiieppaao ]hhks ] lnk_aoo kb odebpejc pda lnkfa_p ksjanodel bnki naoa]n_dano pk _khha_pera ]hhe]j_a- Rda kjckejc _kiiqje_]pekj+ pda bk_qo kj kqp_kiao (‘arahklejc ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po) ]j‘ pda _qhpqna kb kjckejc ha]njejc _qhpqna sana _nq_e]h ej panio kb ^qeh‘ejc qj‘anop]j‘ejc+ pnqop ]j‘ naola_p ^apsaaj lnkfa_p naoa]n_dano ]j‘ _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^ano?p pdeo ikiajp kb pda lnkfa_p+ pda ajc]caiajp oaaio pk ^a oq__aoobqh: ]hh 0/ _kiiqjepeao ej ^kpd oepao ]na ]_perahu l]npe_el]pejc ej pda lnkfa_pKq_d skng d]o ^aaj ejraopa‘ pk eilhaiajp pda ia_d]jeoio ‘ao_ne^a‘ ]^kra+ ^aukj‘ pda abbknp kb pule_]h ]_]‘aie_ ^]oa‘ naoa]n_d- ?j‘ ep eo ]j kjckejc skng- Rdana ]na i]ju iaapejco ]j‘ skng ^apsaaj iaapejco: pdana ]na i]ju atpn] abbknpo ej i]gejc oqna pd]p aranukja eo ql‘]pa‘+ da]n‘+ ejrkhra‘ ]j‘ ]p pda o]ia peia pd]p pda opq‘u eo ikrejc ]da]‘ ]__kn‘ejc pk ep lna,‘apanieja‘ peiahejao- Rdana eo bhate^ehepu ]o pda opalo kb ajc]caiajp ]na p]ehkna‘ pk a]_d kb pda bera l]npe_el]pejc _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao334
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
Ud]p eo ikna+ sa d]ra bkqj‘ pd]p _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp eo jkp oeilhu ]j abbknp ]p pda ^acejjejc kb ] naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- Gp eo ]j kjckejc lnk_aoo pd]p eo _kjop]jphu ar]hq]pa‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepeao ejrkhra‘- Gp namqenao ] _kiiepiajp pk ⁄s]hg pda p]hg¥ ej eilhaiajpejc r]hqao kb N?P ]j‘ ej _khha_pera od]nejc kb ]hh pda naolkjoe^ehepeao ]j‘ ^ajabepo kb pda naoa]n_d ]caj‘]- Gp namqenao ^aejc klaj pk bhate^ehepu ej pda naoa]n_d ‘aoecj ]j‘ iapdk‘khkcu ]j‘ pk ]_pera heopajejc ]j‘ _kjop]jp ]_pejc- Gp ]hok namqenao ckk‘ knc]jev]pekj ogehho+ p]og i]j]caiajp ]j‘ ] _kiiepiajp pk pda h]ncan reoekj@aukj‘ d]n‘ skng+ dksaran+ pdana oaaio pk ^a ]jkpdan eilknp]jp ejcna‘eajp pk ajoqna oq__aoo- Cbba_pera _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp oaaio pk ^a ‘ena_phu hejga‘ pk ‘aalan r]hqao ]j‘ ]ooqilpekjo ]^kqp naoa]n_d- Cjc]caiajp eo ikna hegahu eb _kiiqjepu iai^ano oaa pd]p lnkbaooekj]h naoa]n_dano reas pda naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ]o ] opn]pace_ ok_e]h ikraiajp¡ej kqn _]oa ] ikraiajp sepd lkhepe_]h ck]ho kb b]_ehep]pejc ok_ek,lkhepe_]h ]s]najaoo ]j‘ ouopaie_ _d]jca ^u na‘q_ejc opeci] ]j‘ ‘eo_neiej]pekj- F]rejc pdeo ejpahha_pq]h ]j‘ o]ba lh]_a sdana laklha _]j c]pdan+ ha]nj bnki a]_d kpdan+ ]j‘ _na]pa ok_e]h _d]jca d]o _kjpne^qpa‘ pk dahlejc i]ga pda ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] lnkfa_p ]lla]hejc pk _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepu iai^anoRdeo atpajoera _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp eo jkp sepdkqp ‘ehaii]o ]j‘ _d]hhajcao- Dkn at]ilha+ ej kqn lnkfa_p pk ‘]pa pdana eo heppha ejrkhraiajp kb _kiiqjepeao ej l]npjanodel cnkql- ?hok ]bpan ajc]cejc _kiiqjepeao ej pda bk_qo cnkql ‘eo_qooekjo+ pdana ]na n]eoa‘ atla_p]pekjo atlnaooa‘- Akiiqjepu iai^ano skqh‘ hega pk oaa ikna cnkqlo ‘eo_qooekj pk ^a b]_ehep]pa‘ sepd pdai ]j‘ sepd kpdano nac]n‘ejc iajp]h da]hpd eooqao- Gp eo ckk‘ pk d]ra ia_d]jeoio kb _kiiqjepu bknqio ]j‘ ‘aikjopn]pekj lnkfa_po lh]jja‘+ ^qp ej okia _]oao pda l]_a kb pda lnkfa_p peiap]^ha eo pkk ohks pk i]ejp]ej pda ikiajpqi ]j‘ ]_pejc kj jaa‘o atlnaooa‘ bnki _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp- Rdana oaaio pk ^a qncaj_u pk ‘arahkl kpdan ia_d]jeoio ^aukj‘ pda lnkfa_p lh]jo ]j‘ ]hok ] ‘]jcan kb ^qeh‘ejc dkla ]j‘ jkp ‘aheranejc-
Conclusions Akhh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d ejepe]perao _ki^ejejc _kiiqjepu ]j‘ qjeranoepu l]npjano ]na
ej_na]oejchu oaaj ]o ] lnkieoejc ia]jo kb ej_na]oejc pda hegahedkk‘ pd]p naoa]n_d,^]oa‘ gjksha‘ca eo ik^eheva‘ ejpk ]_pera oanre_a ej pda ^nk]‘an ok_eapu- Akiiqjepu ajc]caiajp eo ranu eilknp]jp ej i]gejc naoa]n_d nahar]jp- N?P oaaio pk ^a dahlbqh ]llnk]_d pd]p b]_ehep]pao oq__aoobqh ]j‘ naola_pbqh _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp- Gpo aild]oeo kj iqhpelha lanola_perao+ kj _khh]^kn]pera lnk_aoo kb _kjopnq_pejc gjksha‘ca ]j‘ ] opnkjc bk_qo kj ok_e]h ]_pekj+ ]ppn]_po _kiiqjepeao pk ]_perahu l]npe_el]paRda ia_d]jeoio sa ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej pdeo _d]lpan dahla‘ pk b]_ehep]pa _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajpRdau lnkre‘a _ha]n ]rajqao bkn ejrkhraiajp+ rke_a ]j‘ _kjpnkh kb _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ 335
Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
_kiiqjepeao- Fksaran pda oa_nap heao jkp ej pdaen ia_d]je_]h eilhaiajp]pekj- Rda ia_d]jeoio sana ai^a‘‘a‘ ej ] iqpq]hhu ]cnaa‘ qlkj opnq_pqna kb _khh]^kn]pekj+ pd]p ajoqna‘ pd]p ]hh bkqn lnkfa_p _kilkjajpo nai]eja‘ ejpan,_kjja_pa‘9 naoa]n_d+ pn]ejejc+ gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj- Ud]p eo ikna+ pda oq__aoo kb ajc]caiajp dejca‘ kj pda naoa]n_dano£ r]hqa _kiiepiajp pk lksan od]nejc ]j‘ ]qpdajpe_ nah]pekjodel ^qeh‘ejc- @kpd opnq_pqnao ]j‘ r]hqao ]na jaa‘a‘ bkn oq__aoobqh ]j‘ naola_pbqh _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajpGjepe]hhu ]j‘ _kjpejqkqohu _qhpqn]h hejcqeope_ _kiiqjepeao fq‘ca naoa]n_d lnkfa_po kj ckk‘ knc]jev]pekj+ iqpq]h r]hqao+ od]na‘ reoekj ]j‘ _qhpqn]hhu ]llnklne]pa lnk_aooao kb ajc]caiajp- @qp qhpei]pahu pda bej]h ]_pekjo ]j‘ lnk‘q_po+ ]j‘ pdaen nahar]j_a bkn _kiiqjepeao+ lnkre‘a pda ^]oeo bkn fq‘cejc _kiiqjepu ]j‘ qjeranoepu _khh]^kn]pekjo- Ua sehh jaa‘ pk ^a _kjpejq]hhu iej‘bqh kb pdeo ]o sa lnkcnaoo kj kqn ?FPNSL 1YQXYVJ >JVNTYWQ] naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- ?j‘ pdnkqcd pda atlaneaj_a+ sa hkkg bkns]n‘ pk od]nlajejc kqn gjksha‘ca ]^kqp _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp ej _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d-
!%(),&#"$#’#(+ Rda _kiiqjepu ajc]caiajp opn]paceao ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej pdeo _d]lpan aianca‘ bnki ] naoa]n_d lnkfa_p ajpepha‘ ¢R]gejc Aqhpqna Qanekqohu ej Akiiqjepu Kajp]h Fa]hpd£ (sss-_nado_qn]-_ki)- Rdeo Akiiqjepu Sjeranoepu Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_a (ASP?) eo bqj‘a‘ ^u pda Qk_e]h Q_eaj_ao ]j‘ Fqi]jepeao Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh kb A]j]‘] ]j‘ pda Mjp]nek Rnehheqi Dkqj‘]pekj- Ua skqh‘ hega pk ]_gjksha‘ca pda ASP? l]npjano bkn pdaen l]np ej od]lejc pda e‘a]o lnaoajpa‘ ej pdeo _d]lpan (oaa sss-_nado_qn]-_ki bkn ] _kilhapa heop kb l]npjano)- Gj l]npe_qh]nhu sa skqh‘ hega pk ]_gjksha‘ca J]qn] Qeie_d+ Aajpna bkn ?‘‘e_pekj ]j‘ Kajp]h Fa]hpd+ sdk oq^ieppa‘ pda knecej]h _d]lpan ]^opn]_p- Bena_p namqaop bkn bqnpdan ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp pda opq‘u _]j ^a i]‘a pk pda ]qpdkno (ne_d>_nado-kj-_] kn fk]jj]>_nado-kj-_])
References @aeoan+ K-+ (1//2)- Udu Qdkqh‘ Paoa]n_dano A]na ?^kqp Aqhpqna= A]j]‘e]j Hkqnj]h kb Nou_de]pnu+ 37+ 043,05/A]ilejd],@]_kpa+ H- (1//1)- Aqhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej lou_de]pne_ jqnoejc9 F]ra ukq ⁄?QICB¥ pda necdp mqaopekjo= Hkqnj]h kb pda ?iane_]j Nou_de]pne_ Lqnoao ?ook_e]pekj+ 7+ 072,076Aknjs]hh+ ?- & H]sgao+ P- (0884)- Ud]p eo l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d= Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Ka‘e_eja+ 30+ 0556,0565H]_k^okj+ L-+ M_dk_g]+ H-+ Ueoa H-+ H]jvaj+ P- & pda R]gejc Aqhpqna Qanekqohu N]npjano (ej lnaoo)Gjolenejc gjksha‘ca ik^ehev]pekj pdnkqcd ] _kiiqje_]pekjo lkhe_u9 Rda _]oa kb ] Akiiqjepu Sjeranoepu Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_a- Nnkcnaoo ej Akiiqjepu Fa]hpd N]npjanodelo9 Paoa]n_d+ C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ?_pekjH]jvaj P- & M_dk_g]+ H- (1//2)- Giiecn]jp ukqpd ej U]panhkk Pacekj- Gj N-?jeoab & I-K- Ieh^ne‘a (C‘o-)+ K]j]cejc psk sknh‘o9 Rda atlaneaj_a ]j‘ _kj_anjo kb eiiecn]jp ukqpd ej Mjp]nekRknkjpk9 A]j]‘e]j Q_dkh]n£o NnaooH]jvaj P-+ M_dk_g]+ H- & pda ⁄R]gejc Aqhpqna Qanekqohu¥ N]npjano (1//6)- Rda nk]‘ pks]n‘ _qhpqn]h ailksaniajp9 ?j ejrep]pekj pk ej_hqoekj- Gj B- Xejc] (C‘-) L]rec]pejc Kqhpe_qhpqn]heoi 336
Blending commitment, passion and structure: Engaging cultural linguistic communities in collaborative research
Lackpe]pejc Ad]jca- A]i^ne‘ca Q_dkh]no NnaooH]jvaj+ P-+ Fkc]npd+ I- & F]pvel]jpaheo+ K- (1//4)- Laa‘o ?ooaooiajp ]o Akiiqjepu Kk^ehev]pekj9 Rda Giiecn]jp Qgehho Gjepe]pera kb U]panhkk Pacekj- Nnaoajp]pekj ]p Ankooejc @kn‘ano+ Ankooejc @kqj‘]neao- Hkejp ACQ.?CQ Akjbanaj_a (A]j]‘e]j Cr]hq]pekj Qk_eapu: ?iane_]j Cr]hq]pekj ?ook_e]pekj)+ Rknkjpk+ Mjp]nekH]okj+ J-+ Iauo+ Ad-+ Qq]nav,@]hp_]v]n+ W-+ R]uhkn+ P- & B]reo+ K- (1//5)- N]npe_el]pknu _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d: Rdakneao ]j‘ iapdk‘o ej ]_pekj- ?iane_]j Nou_dkhkcu ?ook_e]pekj+ U]odejcpkj+ BAJqg]o+ A- & Fkogejo+ J- (1//2)- Rda seh‘an jkjlnkbep beah‘ cqe‘a pk _kj‘q_pejc _kiiqjepu bknqio9 Cjc]cejc _epevajo+ ik^ehevejc _kiiqjepeao- Kejjaokp]9 Ueh‘an Nq^heodejcKejghan+ K- & U]hhanopaej+ L- (1//2)- Akiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d bkn da]hpd- Hkooau, @]oo ? Uehau Gilnejp+ Q]j Dn]j_eo_k+ A?Lahokj+ E-+ M_dk_g]+ H-+ Enebbej+ I- &Jkn‘+ H- (0887)- Lkpdejc ]^kqp ia sepdkqp ia9 N]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d sepd oahb,dahl.iqpq]h ]e‘ knc]jev]pekjo bkn lou_de]pne_ _kjoqian.oqnrerkno?iane_]j Akiiqjepu Nou_dkhkcu Hkqnj]h+ 15+ 770,801Lahokj+ E-+ M_dk_g]+ H-+ H]jvaj+ P-+ Rn]ejan+ H- & J]qvkj+ Q-(1//3)- Akilnadajoera ar]hq]pekj bn]iaskng bkn iajp]h da]hpd _kjoqian.oqnrerkn knc]jev]pekjo9 T]hqao+ _kj_alpq]heo]pekj+ ‘aoecj+ ]j‘ ]_pekj- A]j]‘e]j Hkqnj]h kb Nnkcn]i Cr]hq]pekj+ 08(2)+ 18,42 M_dk_g]+ H (1//4)- Iaujkpa lnaoajp]pekj- ASP? J]qj_d+ Aajpna bkn Paoa]n_d ]j‘ C‘q_]pekj ej Fqi]j Qanre_ao+ Iep_dajan+ ML+ K]n_d 8+ 1//4 M_dk_g]+ H-+ H]jvaj+ P- & Lahokj+ E- (1//1)- Qd]nejc lksan ]j‘ gjksha‘ca9 Nnkbaooekj]h ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd _kjoqian.oqnrerkn naoa]n_dano skngejc pkcapdan ej ] l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- Nou_de]pne_ Pad]^ehep]pekj Hkqnj]h- 14(3)+ 268,276 Nko]r]_+ C-H- & A]nau+ P-E- (1//2)- Nnkcn]i ar]hq]pekj iapdk‘o ]j‘ _]oa opq‘eao- Sllan Q]‘‘ha Peran+ LH9 Nnajpe_a F]hhPaara+ N-Aknjahh+ Q-+ B£Akop]+ @+ H]jvaj+ P- & M_dk_g]+ H- (1//1)- Dnki kqn lanola_pera9 Akjoqian naoa]n_dano ola]g ]^kqp pdaen atlaneaj_a ej ] _kiiqjepu iajp]h da]hpd naoa]n_d lnkfa_pNou_de]pne_ Pad]^ehep]pekj Hkqnj]h+ 14(3)+ 3/2,3/7Pqod+ @- & Mc^knja+ ?- (0880)- Nnkcn]i hkce_ ik‘aho9 Ctl]j‘ejc pdaen nkha ]j‘ opnq_pqna bkn lnkcn]i lh]jjejc ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj- A]j]‘e]j Hkqnj]h kb Nnkcn]i Cr]hq]pekj+ 51(1)+ 82,0/4 Qk_e]h Q_eaj_ao ]j‘ Fqi]jepeao Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh kb A]j]‘]- Dnki cn]jpejc _kqj_eh pk gjksha‘ca _kqj_eh- 1//2- Mpp]s]+ Mjp]nek- ?__aooa‘ K]n_d 1+ 1//5 ]p sss-oodn_-_].sa^.sd]pojas.ejepe]perao.pn]jobkni]pekj._kjoqhp]pekj[bn]iaskng[a-l‘b Qp]peope_o A]j]‘]- (H]jq]nu+ 1//2)- A]j]‘]£o apdjk_qhpqn]h lknpn]ep9 Rda _d]jcejc iko]e_- Aajoqo ]j]huoeo oaneaoR]uhkn+ ?- P- & @kpo_djan+ H-T- (0887)- Mjp]nek _kiiqjepu oqllknp ]ook_e]pekj9 Cr]hq]pekj d]j‘^kkg- Iep_dajan+ ML9 Aajpna bkn Paoa]n_d ]j‘ C‘q_]pekj ej Fqi]j Qanre_aoRa‘hk_g+ @- (1///)- Cpdjkcn]ldu ]j‘ apdjkcn]lde_ nalnaoajp]pekj- Gj Lkni]j I- Bajvej+ ]j‘ Wrkjj] Q- Jej_khj (a‘o-) F]j‘^kkg kb Oq]hep]pera Paoa]n_d- Rdkqo]j‘ M]go9 Q]ca Rnei^ha+ H-C- & Deodan+ A-@- (1//5)- Rda d]j‘^kkg kb apde_]h naoa]n_d sepd apdjk_qhpqn]h lklqh]pekjo & _kiiqjepeao- A]hebknje]9 Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjoUaan]oejcpda+ Q-+ & Uehhe]io+ J-Q- (1//2+ ?lneh)- Fa]hpd ]j‘ pda ejpanoa_pekj kb ‘eranoepu- ? _d]hhajca l]lan kj oaha_pa‘ lnkcn]i lkhe_u+ ]j‘ naoa]n_d eooqao- N]lan lnaoajpa‘ ]p pda Gjpanoa_pekjo kb Beranoepu Akjbanaj_a+ Le]c]n] D]hho+ Mjp]nek-
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Joanna Ochocka and Rich Janzen
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Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens Rdana d]o ^aaj ] najasa‘ bk_qo ej na_ajp ‘a_]‘ao kj _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_dao ej _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d ]j‘ ejpanrajpekjo- Rdeo eo ]j eilknp]jp cnkqj‘ejc bkn ]‘‘naooejc pda jaa‘o kb _qhpqn]hhu ]j‘ hejcqeope_]hhu ‘eranoa (A?JB) _kiiqjepeao- @qp dks sahh ‘k sa ]o naoa]n_dano lnal]na bkn pda _kilhatepeao kb skngejc sepd A?JB _kiiqjepeao= ?j‘ sd]p oknp kb oqllknp ‘k sa jaa‘ pk iaap pda _d]hhajcao kb pda p]og= Aqhpqn]h _kilapaj_a nabano pk pda atpajp pk sde_d naoa]n_dano+ ln]_pepekjano ]j‘ knc]jeo]pekjo d]ra pda ja_aoo]nu ogehho+ gjksha‘ca+ ]ppepq‘ao ]j‘ lkhe_eao pk skng abba_perahu ej _nkoo,_qhpqn]h oepq]pekjo- Rda odebp pks]n‘o _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej lq^he_ da]hpd eo are‘aj_a‘ ^u pda ‘arahkliajp kb lkhe_eao ]j‘ cqe‘ahejao ^u ckranjiajp ^k‘eao ]j‘ ha]‘ejc naoa]n_d ejopepqpekjo ej _kqjpneao oq_d ]o A]j]‘]+ pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao+ ?qopn]he] ]j‘ Las Xa]h]j‘- Rdeo _d]lpan sehh ‘n]s kj pdaoa cqe‘ahejao+ kj ik‘aho kb _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_u qoa‘ ej sahb]na ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a ‘aheranu+ ]j‘ kj _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d ]llnk]_dao- ? bn]iaskng bkn ikrejc pks]n‘o _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d ]j‘ da]hpd lnkikpekj ejpanrajpekjo sehh ^a ‘eo_qooa‘+ ‘n]sejc _]oa opq‘u at]ilhao bnki pda _k,]qpdkno£ _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ atlaneaj_ao- Rdeo sehh decdhecdp pda _kilhatepeao ^qp ]hok pda eilknp]j_a kb ]‘klpejc _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp opn]paceao ej lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d ]j‘ da]hpd lnkikpekj ejpanrajpekjo- Rda jaa‘ bkn oqllknpejc ckranjiajp ]j‘ bqj‘ejc opnq_pqnao sehh ]hok ^a lnklkoa‘-
Kecn]pekj l]ppanjo ej na_ajp ‘a_]‘ao d]ra ha‘ pk ej_na]oa‘ _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu ejpanj]pekj]hhu sepd okia _kqjpneao ikrejc pks]n‘o ] lklqh]pekj sepdkqp ] i]fknepu _qhpqn]h cnkql (B]qjp+ 1//2)- Rdeo lnaoajpo ] _d]hhajca bkn lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_dano sdk ]ei pk nalnaoajp pda lklqh]pekj ]o ] sdkha+ pk ]‘‘naoo da]hpd ejamq]hepeao ]j‘ pk ajoqna pd]p lq^he_ da]hpd ejpanrajpekjo ]na nahar]jp ]j‘ ]__aooe^ha pk ]hh lklqh]pekj cnkqloEkranjiajpo ]na na_kcjeoejc pda jaa‘ pk aop]^heod cqe‘ahejao bkn ]‘‘naooejc pda da]hpd jaa‘o kb _qhpqn]hhu ]j‘ hejcqeope_]hhu ‘eranoa _kiiqjepeao- Dkn at]ilha+ ej Las Xa]h]j‘ pda Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh lnk‘q_a‘ Eqe‘ahejao kj N]_ebe_ Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d (N]_ebe_ Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d Akiieppaa+ 1//3) ]bpan atpajoera _kjoqhp]pekj- Gp eo lnaoajpa‘ ]o ]j arkhrejc ‘k_qiajp pk cqe‘a ‘e]hkcqa ^apsaaj pda naoa]n_dano ]j‘ pda laklha (lklqh]pekjo) ejrkhra‘ ej pda naoa]n_d- Uepdej pdeo ‘k_qiajp ep atlhknao apde_]h lnej_elhao kb _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp naoa]n_d+ op]pejc pd]p ⁄pda kran]n_dejc lnej_elha eo pd]p nah]pekjodelo ]na pda bkqj‘]pekj kb ]hh apde_]h _kj‘q_p¥ (l-0)- Rda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao Ekranjiajp naha]oa‘ L]pekj]h Qp]j‘]n‘o bkn Aqhpqn]hhu ]j‘ Jejcqeope_]hhu ?llnklne]pa Qanre_ao ej Fa]hpd A]na ej 1//0 339
Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
(Ankoo+ @]vnkj+ Bajjeo+ & Go]]_o+ 0878)- Rdeo ejrkhra‘ ] bkqn ua]n ‘arahkliajp lnk_aoo ej_hq‘ejc atpajoera _kjoqhp]pekj sepd _kjoqiano+ op]gadkh‘ano ]j‘ ]‘reoano- Gj ?qopn]he]+ pda L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (LFKPA) na_ajphu naha]oa‘ Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a9 ? cqe‘a bkn lkhe_u+ l]npjanodelo ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5)- Rdeo cqe‘a s]o ‘arahkla‘ pk ⁄dahl lkhe_u i]gano ]j‘ i]j]cano sepd _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp lkhe_u ]j‘ lh]jjejc ]p ]hh haraho kb pda da]hpd ouopai¥ (l-2)-Rdana d]o ]hok ^aaj ] najasa‘ bk_qo ej na_ajp ‘a_]‘ao kj _khh]^kn]pera ]llnk]_dao ej _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d (@]qi+ 0887: Gon]ah+ Q_dqhv+ N]ngan+ & @a_gan+ 0887)- Rdeo eo ]j eilknp]jp cnkqj‘ejc bkn ]‘‘naooejc pda jaa‘o kb _qhpqn]hhu ]j‘ hejcqeope_]hhu ‘eranoa (A?JB) _kiiqjepeao- @qp dks sahh ‘k sa ]o naoa]n_dano lnal]na bkn pda _kilhatepeao kb skngejc sepd A?JB _kiiqjepeao= ?j‘ sd]p oknp kb oqllknp ‘k sa jaa‘ pk iaap pda _d]hhajcao kb pda p]og= Rdeo _d]lpan sehh lnklkoa opn]paceao bkn ikrejc pks]n‘o ] _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp ]llnk]_d pk _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d- Gj l]npe_qh]n+ pda ejrkhraiajp kb A?JB _kiiqjepeao ]o ]_pera l]npjano ej ]hh op]cao kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo sehh ^a na_kiiaj‘a‘Nnklkoa‘ ]llnk]_dao sehh ^a ejbknia‘ ^u ateopejc _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a hepan]pqna ej nah]pekj pk da]hpd oanre_a ‘aheranu- Rda na]hepeao kb naoa]n_d sepdej A?JB _kiiqjepeao sehh ^a ‘eo_qooa‘ re] _]oa opq‘eao kb pda ]qpdkno£ naoa]n_d atlaneaj_ao- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ pda jaa‘ bkn oqllknpejc ejbn]opnq_pqna ej panio kb bqj‘ejc ik‘aho sehh ^a ‘eo_qooa‘-
Culturally and linguistically diverse communities ?o ‘arahkla‘ _kqjpneao ai^n]_a _qhpqn]h ]j‘ hejcqeope_ ‘eranoepu+ pda jaa‘ bkn _kjoe‘an]pekj kb da]hpd ejamq]hepeao ]j‘ ‘ebbanejc da]hpd jaa‘o ej_na]oao- Gj Las Xa]h]j‘+ ]hikop 0 ej 4 naoe‘ajpo sana ^knj kranoa]o (Qp]peope_o Las Xa]h]j‘+ 1//0)- Rda i]ej _kqjpneao kb kranoa]o ^enpdlh]_a sana Cjch]j‘+ ?qopn]he]+ Q]ik]+ Adej] ]j‘ Q_kph]j‘- Rda b]opaop cnksejc _kiiqjepeao sana pdkoa bnki Adej]+ Qkqpd ?bne_]+ Gj‘e]+ Defe ]j‘ Ikna]Rda h]jcq]cao ikop se‘ahu olkgaj ]bpan Cjcheod sana K]kne+ Q]ik]j+ Dnaj_d+ Wqa (A]jpkjaoa) ]j‘ Eani]j (Qp]peope_o Las Xa]h]j‘+ 1//0)- Gj ?qopn]he]+ ]hikop ] mq]npan (12%) kb pda ?qopn]he]j lklqh]pekj sana ^knj kranoa]o+ 03% ej _kqjpneao sdana Cjcheod eo jkp pda benop h]jcq]ca (?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o+ 1//3)- Udeha pdana ]na h]nca sahh, aop]^heoda‘ A?JB _kiiqjepeao+ oq_d ]o pdkoa bnki Gp]hu ]j‘ Enaa_a+ pda b]opaop cnksejc A?JB lklqh]pekjo ]na pdkoa bnki Gn]m+ Gj‘e] ]j‘ Adej] (?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o+ 1//3)- Rda aran ej_na]oejc iecn]pekj bnki ‘arahklejc pk ‘arahkla‘ _kqjpneao d]o _na]pa‘ ] ¢l]n]‘kt kb ]ooeieh]pekj£ (Dqajpao,?bbhe_g+ Faookh+ & Clanav,Qp]^ha+ 0888: Na]g & Uaago+ 1//1)- Las iecn]jpo bnki ‘arahklejc _kqjpneao (at_alp bkn nabqcaao ]j‘ dqi]jep]ne]j ajpn]jpo) ‘eolh]u ^appan da]hpd kqp_kiao pd]j _kil]n]^ha j]pera,^knj lklqh]pekjo ej pda dkop (‘arahkla‘) _kqjpnu ‘aolepa pdaen hks ok_ek,a_kjkie_ op]pqo ]j‘ lkkn da]hpd lnkbeha lnekn pk iecn]pekj- Rdeo ldajkiajkj eo gjksj ]o pda ¢da]hpdu eiiecn]jp abba_p£ ]j‘ eo atpajoerahu ‘ao_ne^a‘ ej ?qopn]he] (?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o+ 0887: ?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na+ 1///: @ajjapp+ 0882: R]uhkn+ Adau+ @]qi]j+ & Ua^opan+ 0888)+ pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao (?^n]e‘k,J]jv]+ Bkdnajsaj‘+ Lc,K]g+ & Rqnjan+ 0888: Dqajpao,?bbhe_g ap ]h-+ 0888: Kqajejc & D]do+ 1//1: Qejcd & Qe]dlqod+ 1//0) ]j‘ A]j]‘] 340
Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research
(K_Bkj]h‘ & Iajja‘u+ 1//3: Las^kh‘ & B]jbknpd+ 1//2)- Gp d]o ^aaj oqccaopa‘ pd]p da]hpd o_naajejc ]j‘ da]hpdean ^ad]rekqno lnekn pk iecn]pekj+ ]j‘ pda paj‘aj_u bkn pda sa]hpdeaop ]j‘ da]hpdeaop ej‘ere‘q]ho ej ] ceraj lklqh]pekj cnkql pk iecn]pa (K_Bkj]h‘ & Iajja‘u+ 1//3)+ i]u ]__kqjp bkn pda ldajkiajkj- Fksaran+ pda oecjebe_]jp da]hpd ]‘r]jp]cao ajfkua‘ ^u jas iecn]jpo pk ‘arahkla‘ _kqjpneao ‘eo]lla]n sepd _kjpejqa‘ hajcpd kb op]u- Kecn]jpo£ iknp]hepu ]j‘ ikn^e‘epu ej‘e_]pkno ^a_kia sknoa pd]j pd]p kb pda dkop lklqh]pekj ]o pda hajcpd kb op]u ej_na]oao kn pda iecn]jp lklqh]pekj ikrao bnki benop pk oa_kj‘ cajan]pekj (F]nneo+ 0888: P]vqi+ Xaa^+ & Pkdni]jj+ 1///)- Rdeo decdhecdpo pda jaa‘ bkn lq^he_ da]hpd ejpanrajpekjo ^abkna pda ]__qhpqn]pekj abba_p p]gao lh]_aDkn pdkoa sdk d]ra iecn]pa‘ ]o nabqcaao kn dqi]jep]ne]j ajpn]jpo+ da]hpd eooqao ]na hegahu pk ]neoa bnki pda _en_qiop]j_ao ej pdaen _kqjpnu kb knecej oq_d ]o s]n+ lanoa_qpekj+ b]ieja+ pn]qi]+ ]j‘ pda oq^oamqajp opnaooao kb naoapphaiajp-
Cultural competence models Gj kn‘an pk qj‘anop]j‘ ]j‘ ]‘‘naoo da]hpd ‘eol]nepeao ]bba_pejc A?JB _kiiqjepeao ep eo ja_aoo]nu pk _kj‘q_p p]ncapa‘ naoa]n_d sepd pdaoa _kiiqjepeao- ?o ] op]npejc lkejp+ ep eo qoabqh pk _kjoe‘an ateopejc ‘abejepekjo ]j‘ ik‘aho kb _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_aAqhpqn]h ]j‘ hejcqeope_ _kilapaj_a eo ] oap kb _kjcnqajp ^ad]rekno+ ]ppepq‘ao+ ]j‘ lkhe_eao pd]p _kia pkcapdan ej ] ouopai+ ]caj_u+ kn ]ikjc lnkbaooekj]ho pd]p aj]^hao abba_pera skng ej _nkoo,_qhpqn]h oepq]pekjo- ¢Aqhpqna£ nabano pk ejpacn]pa‘ l]ppanjo kb dqi]j ^ad]rekn pd]p ej_hq‘a pda h]jcq]ca+ pdkqcdpo+ _kiiqje_]pekjo+ ]_pekjo+ _qopkio+ ^aheabo+ r]hqao+ ]j‘ ejopepqpekjo kb n]_e]h+ apdje_+ nahecekqo+ kn ok_e]h cnkqlo- ¢Akilapaj_a£ eilheao d]rejc pda _]l]_epu pk bqj_pekj abba_perahu ]o ]j ej‘ere‘q]h ]j‘ ]j knc]jev]pekj sepdej pda _kjpatp kb pda _qhpqn]h ^aheabo+ ^ad]rekno+ ]j‘ jaa‘o lnaoajpa‘ ^u _kjoqiano ]j‘ pdaen _kiiqjepeao (MNFQ Mbbe_a kb Kejknepu Fa]hpd+ 1//0+ ^]oa‘ kj Ankoo ap ]h-+ 0878)Mran pda h]op pdnaa ‘a_]‘ao pdana d]ra ^aaj ] jqi^an kb _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ik‘aho lnklkoa‘ (Ankoo+ @]vnkj+ Bajjeo+ & Go]]_o+ 0878: Iheie‘eo ap ]h-+ 0888: L]pekj]h Aajpan bkn Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a+ 1//3: Nknpakqo+ 1//3: Paao & Pqev+ 1//2: Pajv]dk+ 1//0: SQ Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Fqi]j Qanre_ao+ 1//0)- Fksaran+ pda ikop _kilnadajoera ]j‘ ikop _epa‘ ik‘ah ej pda hepan]pqna eo pda ¢_qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a _kjpejqqi£ ^u Ankoo ]j‘ _khha]cqao (oaa Decqna 0) (Ankoo ap ]h-+ 0878)- Rdeo ik‘ah eo oui^khe_ kb pda ‘ebbanajp op]cao kb _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a+ a]_d op]ca nalnaoajpejc ] decdan harah kb ]_dearaiajp kj pda _kjpejqqi- Gp ‘kao jkp lnkre‘a cqe‘]j_a kj dks pk ]_deara pdeo lnkcnaoo ^qp eo ]j eilknp]jp naiej‘an kb pda _kilhatepeao ejrkhra‘ ej ‘arahklejc _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ]j‘ pda harah kb lnkbe_eaj_u pk sde_d sa odkqh‘ ]olena- Qpn]paceao bkn lnkcnaooejc pdnkqcd pda op]cao ]na ‘eo_qooa‘ h]pan ej pdeo _d]lpan-
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Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
Cultural competence
Cultural proficiency
Cultural precompetence Cultural blindness
Cultural incapacity
Cultural destructiveness
Figure 1 Cultural Competence Continuum (Adapted from Cross, et al., 1989)
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ƒ] bqj‘]iajp]h _d]n]_paneope_ kb _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d ]o ‘abeja‘ dana eo pda aild]oeo kj pda l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ejbhqaj_a kb jkj,]_]‘aie_ naoa]n_dano ej pda lnk_aoo kb _na]pejc gjksha‘ca (l066)Table 1: Aligning the principles and key features of participative research with those of cultural competence
Participative research
Cultural competence in health
(Israel et al., 1998)
(National Health and Medical Research Council, 2006)
Recognises community as a unit of identity Builds on strengths and resources within the community Facilitates collaborative partnerships in all phases of the research Integrates knowledge and action for mutual benefit of all partners
Engages consumers and communities Builds on strengths – know the community, know what works Develop reciprocal relationships
Promotes a co-learning and empowering process that attends to social inequalities
Involves a cyclical and iterative process
Addresses health from both positive and ecological perspectives Disseminates findings and knowledge gained to all partners
Knowledge transfer occurs as part of a reciprocal relationship that values different contributions. Involves peer education, community development and capacity building. Acknowledges rights of all consumers to access health services and health information. Establish long-term relationships that support systematic identification and response to issues rather than ad hoc approaches Flexible approach, develop understanding of cultural differences in different contexts. Shared learning. Uses leadership and accountability for sustained change – including government mandates, organisational and professional accountability and infrastructure, and individual practice.
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345
Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
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Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research
Table 2: Progressing from generic through to culturally proficient public health research (Modified from Cross et al (1989), NHMRC (2006), Pacific Health Research Committee (2004))
347
Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
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Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research
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Infrastructure ?‘‘epekj]h peia+ opn]paceao ]j‘ naokqn_ao jaa‘ pk ^a ]hhk_]pa‘ bkn _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp naoa]n_d- Gjepe]hhu+ pdeo sehh aj]^ha e‘ajpebe_]pekj ]j‘ na_nqepiajp kb ]llnklne]pa _qhpqn]h ]‘reoano ]j‘ naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo (oaa A]oa Qpq‘u 2)- ?‘amq]pa na_nqepiajp n]pao kb _qhpqn]h cnkqlo ]na qjhegahu pk ^a ]_deara‘ qoejc op]j‘]n‘ na_nqepiajp ln]_pe_ao- Rda na_nqepiajp ]ola_p kb pda opq‘u jaa‘o pk ^a ola_ebe_]hhu ‘aoecja‘ ej _kjoqhp]pekj sepd pda _kiiqjepu nalnaoajp]perao pk ]‘‘naoo pda _qhpqn]h r]hqao+ hejcqeope_ jaa‘o ]j‘ ln]_pe_]h _kjopn]ejpo kb pda p]ncap lklqh]pekjGj cajan]h+ _kilnadajoera+ kranh]llejc opn]paceao ]na namqena‘ (Iauvan ap ]h-+ 1//4) ]j‘ odkqh‘ ej_hq‘a lanokj]h _kjp]_p (@nksj+ Jkjc+ Ekqh‘+ Uaepv+ & Kehhegaj+ 1///: B]qjp+ 1//2: Jelokj & Kahaeo+ 0888: K]nod]hh & Udeha+ 0883) ]j‘ kn]h _kiiqje_]pekj (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5) sdanaran lkooe^ha- Gb op]bb ‘k jkp ola]g pda h]jcq]ca kb pda p]ncap cnkql pdau odkqh‘ ^a ]__kil]jea‘ ^u ]j ejpanlnapan (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5)+ sepd _ha]n oqllknp bnki 349
Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
_kiiqjepu _kjp]_po- G‘a]hhu+ ] laan a‘q_]pkn i]p_da‘ pk pda nahecekj+ _qhpqna+ caj‘an+ ]ca ]j‘ heba op]ca kb pda naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jp odkqh‘ ^a ejrkhra‘ ej ejbkni]pekj oaooekjo ]j‘ na_nqepiajp- Gp eo ]hok dahlbqh pk k^p]ej lanieooekj bnki _kiiqjepu ha]‘ano pk ]llnk]_d lkpajpe]h naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo ej pda _kiiqjepu oappejco sdana iai^ano kb pda _kiiqjepu _kjcnac]pa oq_d ]o lh]ucnkqlo+ _dqn_dao ]j‘ o_dkkho (@- @nksj ap ]h-+ 1///: B]qjp+ 1//2: Enaaj ap ]h-+ 1//2: Jej‘aj^anc+ Qkhknv]jk+ Teh]nk+ & Uaop^nkkg+ 1//0)-
Case study 3: Recruitment In a series of studies of parental uptake of child unintentional poisoning strategies, parents were recruited informally at maternal and child health centres and community playgroups, sometimes in the base of high-rise public housing (Gibbs et al., 2005). Community representatives, peer educators and kindergarten staff were involved in planning and conducting the recruitment. Talking to parents about their strategies for protecting their child from unintentional poisoning was potentially sensitive given the participants’ vulnerable circumstances and fear of authority in some cases. However, a series of factors made the focus group discussions and interviews comfortable and informative: the security of a familiar environment, such as the home or kindergarten setting the support of the community representatives the morning tea provided by the researcher and the willingness of the researcher to chat while the children played alongside. The inevitable background noise in this setting did present challenges for transcribing the tapes afterwards but this was overcome by clearly repeating what people said, which also proved to be a useful active listening strategy.
?‘‘epekj]h peia+ opn]paceao ]j‘ naokqn_ao sehh ^a namqena‘ pk aj]^ha pda ‘arahkliajp kb pnqop ej pda naoa]n_d ]j‘ pda naoa]n_dan (Jelokj & Kahaeo+ 0888)+ qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb ‘ebbanajp ^aheab ouopaio+ r]hqao (?- Pajv]dk+ 1//3)+ hebaopuhao ]j‘ skng ln]_pe_ao (B]qjp+ 1//2: Ce‘a & ?hhaj+ 1//4: Iauvan ap ]h-+ 1//4: K]nod]hh & Udeha+ 0883: L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5)+ _qhpqn]h ia]jejco ceraj pk ouilpkio ]j‘ ‘eoa]oao (Ihaeji]j+ 0877: K]_J]_dh]j+ 0886)+ _qhpqn]hhu ]llnklne]pa ejopnqiajpo ]j‘ pkkho (Jelokj & Kahaeo+ 0888)+ ]j‘ ‘ebbanajp ]llnk]_dao pk _qhpqn]h _kjoqhp]pekjo ej _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d (Gon]ah ap ]h-+ 0887: Ieni]uan+ Enkha]q+ Eqv‘an+ @h]ga+ & H]nreo+ 1//2)- Dkn at]ilha+ pda ‘ebbanajp _qhpqn]h ia]jejco ceraj pk k^aoepu ]na na]okj]^hu sahh ‘k_qiajpa‘+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej nah]pekj pk okia _qhpqn]h ^]_gcnkqj‘o- ?bne_]j ?iane_]jo ]ook_e]pa UQYRUSJWW ]j‘ GNLSJWW sepd da]hpd+ lnkolanepu ]j‘ ] cna]p ]_dearaiajp (Qpuhao+ 087/)- Rdau oaa kransaecdp ]o ]__alp]^ha ]j‘ _qhpqn]hhu ‘aoen]^ha (K_Eaa & F]ha+ 087/: Pk^^ejo+ T]__]nejk+ Xd]jc+ & I]oh+ 1///) kn ] ‘abaj_a opn]pacu ]c]ejop ukqjc ⁄pkqcdo¥ bkn skiaj herejc ej hks,ej_kia dkqoejc (H- @nksj+ 0882)- Rdanabkna+ sdeha pda k^aoepu 350
Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research
ale‘aie_ d]o _kjpejqa‘ pk od]la da]hpd lkhe_eao ej ‘arahkla‘ _kqjpneao+ k^aoepu eo jkp ]hs]uo oaaj ]o ] ‘eoa]oa kn ] jac]pera op]pa (Pajv]dk+ 1//3)- ?o @nksj (0882) lqpo ep9 D]pjaoo eo oui^khe_]hhu hejga‘ pk lou_dkhkce_]h ‘eiajoekjo oq_d ]o oahb,sknpd ]j‘ oatq]hepu ej i]ju ok_eapeao kb pda sknh‘+ ^qp pda j]pqna kb pd]p oui^khe_ ]ook_e]pekj eo jkp _kjop]jp- Gj lna,ej‘qopne]h ok_eapeao+ pdejjaoo eo opeci]peoa‘ ]o ] ouilpki kb op]nr]pekj kn ]o ] oecj kb ?GBQ ej _kjpailkn]nu _ajpn]h ?bne_]- ?ikjc ie‘‘ha ]j‘ qllan _h]oo skiaj ej pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao Y]o ej ]hh ‘arahkla‘ _kqjpneaoZ+ pdejjaoo nalnaoajpo pda ikn]h oq__aoo kb oahb,_kjpnkh kran kja£o ^k‘u (l-075)Dnki ] _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a lanola_pera+ lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_dano ]na _kjbnkjpa‘ sepd pda mqaopekj kb dks pk ia‘e]pa pda ejdanajp pajoekj ^apsaaj okia _qhpqn]h r]hqao ]j‘ da]hpd neogo- Dkn at]ilha+ n]eoejc ]s]najaoo kb k^aoepu lkpajpe]hhu _kjbhe_po sepd lnaoanr]pekj kb _qhpqn]h r]hqao nah]pa‘ pk pda ^k‘u ei]ca ]j‘ oeva+ ]j‘ caj‘an nah]pa‘ ok_e]h _kjpatpoAqhpqn]hhu _kilapajp lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d eo qjhegahu pk ^a ]_dear]^ha sepdkqp ] oqllknpera ckranjiajp ]j‘ bqj‘ejc ejbn]opnq_pqna- Gp ]hok namqenao _kiiepiajp bnki pda se‘an ]_]‘aie_ ejbn]opnq_pqna oq_d ]o pdkoa sdk lq^heod naoa]n_d bej‘ejco- Dqj‘ejc ]hhk_]pekjo jaa‘ pk nabha_p pda ej_na]oa‘ peia ]j‘ naokqn_ao namqena‘ pk qj‘anp]ga _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp naoa]n_d (L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh+ 1//5)Paoa]n_d ^aejc _kj‘q_pa‘ pdnkqcd ]_]‘aie_ ejopepqpekjo i]u ^ajabep bnki pda ]‘‘a‘ oqllknp kb opq‘ajp lh]_aiajpo ]j‘ decdan ‘acnaa opq‘ajpo (@nksj ap ]h-+ 1///)Dqnpdanikna+ ckranjiajp ]j‘ bqj‘ejc ^k‘eao ]na ej ] lkoepekj pk cajan]pa ] odebp pks]n‘o _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d ^u skngejc _khh]^kn]perahu sepd A?JB _kiiqjepeao ej pda ‘arahkliajp kb naoa]n_d lneknepeao- Cop]^heodejc oqllknpera lkhe_eao ]j‘ oappejc namqenaiajpo bkn are‘aj_a kb _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej naoa]n_d bqj‘ejc ik‘aho ]j‘ paj‘an ‘k_qiajpo sehh bqnpdan oqllknp pda lnk_aoo (Gon]ah ap ]h-+ 0887)-
Conclusion Gj_na]oa‘ chk^]h iecn]pekj ja_aooep]pao ] odebp bnki lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d ai^a‘‘a‘ ej pda i]fknepu lklqh]pekj pk naoa]n_d sde_d eo _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp- Rdeo namqenao _kjoe‘an]^ha atlanpeoa ]j‘ eil]_po qlkj pda ajpena naoa]n_d lnk_aoo- Cteopejc ik‘aho kb _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej da]hpd oanre_a ‘aheranu+ ej _kjfqj_pekj sepd ik‘aho kb l]npe_el]pera._khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d+ lnkre‘a ] qoabqh cqe‘a pk _qhpqn]hhu _kilapajp opn]paceao- Paoa]n_d pa]io jas pk pdeo ]na] skqh‘ ^ajabep bnki bkniejc ]j ]hhe]j_a sepd naoa]n_dano atlaneaj_a‘ ej skngejc _nkoo,_qhpqn]hhu+ pk cqe‘a pda pn]joepekj pk _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a- Rda oq^oamqajp ne_djaoo kb pda ‘]p]+ pda ‘alpd kb pda bej‘ejco+ ]j‘ pda se‘an ]llhe_]pekjo kb pda naoa]n_d sehh ajd]j_a pda naoa]n_d atlaneaj_a ]j‘ pda nahar]j_a kb pda skng ^aejc _kj‘q_pa‘- Gp sehh _kjpne^qpa pk pda eil]_p ]j‘ oqop]ej]^ehepu kb oq^oamqajp 351
Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
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References ?^n]e‘k,J]jv]+ ?-+ Bkdnajsaj‘+ @-+ Lc,K]g+ B-+ & Rqnjan+ H- (0888)- Rda J]pejk iknp]hepu l]n]‘kt9 ] paop kb pda ¢o]hikj,^e]o£ ]j‘ da]hpdu iecn]jp dulkpdaoao£- ?iane_]j Hkqnj]h kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 78+ 0432,0437?nibeah‘+ H- K-+ Pk^anpo,Rdkiokj+ I- D-+ & Qlaj_an+ ?- H- (1//2)- Rda Adeh‘ Bajp]h Fa]hpd Qqnrau+ ?qopn]he] 08889 Rnaj‘o ]_nkoo pda 088/’o- ?GFU A]p- Lk- BCL 84- ?‘ah]e‘a9 Rda Sjeranoepu kb ?‘ah]e‘a (?GFU Bajp]h Qp]peope_o ]j‘ Paoa]n_d Qaneao Lk- 16)?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o- (0887)- Ba]pdo- A]j^ann]9 ?@Q?qopn]he]j @qna]q kb Qp]peope_o- (1//3)- Kecn]pekj+ ?qopn]he] 1//2,1//2- A]j^ann]9 Akiikjsa]hpd kb ?qopn]he]?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na- (1///)- ?qopn]he]’o da]hpd 1///9 ^eajje]h da]hpd nalknp kb pda ?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]na- A]j^ann]9 ?GFU@]qi+ D- (0887)- Rda Las Nq^he_ Fa]hpd9 ?j ?qopn]he]j Nanola_pera (0 a‘-)- Kah^kqnja9 Mtbkn‘ Sjeranoepu Nnaoo@ajjapp+ Q- (0882)- Gjamq]hepeao ej neog b]_pkno ]j‘ _]n‘ekr]o_qh]n iknp]hepu ]ikjc ?qopn]he]’o eiiecn]jpo- ?qopn]he]j Hkqnj]h kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 06+ 140,150@nksj+ @-+ Jkjc+ F-+ Ekqh‘+ F-+ Uaepv+ R-+ & Kehhegaj+ L- (1///)- ? Akj_alpq]h Kk‘ah bkn pda Pa_nqepiajp kb Beranoa Ukiaj ejpk Paoa]n_d Qpq‘eao- Hkqnj]h kb Ukiaj’o Fa]hpd ]j‘ Eaj‘an,@]oa‘ Ka‘e_eja+ 8+ 514,521@nksj+ H- (0882)- Aqhpqn]h lanola_perao kj pda apekhkcu ]j‘ pna]piajp kb k^aoepu- Gj ?- H- Qpqjg]n‘ & R- ?- U]‘‘aj (C‘o-)+ M^aoepu9 Rdaknu ]j‘ pdan]lu (Qa_kj‘ a‘-+ ll- 068,082)- Las Wkng9 P]raj Nnaoo+ Jp‘Ankoo+ R-+ @]vnkj+ @-+ Bajjeo+ I-+ & Go]]_o+ K- (0878)- Rks]n‘o ] Aqhpqn]hhu Akilapajp Quopai kb A]na+ Tkhqia 0- U]odejcpkj+ BA9 A?QQN Ra_dje_]h ?ooeop]j_a Aajpan- Aajpan bkn Adeh‘ Fa]hpd ]j‘ Kajp]h Fa]hpd Nkhe_u+ Eakncapksj Sjeranoepu Adeh‘ Barahkliajp AajpanAnkoo+ R-+ @]vnkj+ @-+ Bajjeo+ I-+ & Go]]_o+ K- (0878)- Rks]n‘o ] Aqhpqn]hhu Akilapajp Quopai kb A]na9 Tkh G- U]odejcpkj+ BA9 L]pekj]h Ra_dje_]h ?ooeop]j_a Aajpna bkn Adeh‘naj’o Kajp]h Fa]hpd+ Eakncapksj Sjeranoepu Adeh‘ Barahkliajp AajpnaB]qjp+ B- (1//2)- Cpdje_epu ]j‘ Pa_nqepiajp P]pao ej Aheje_]h Paoa]n_d Qpq‘eao- ?llhea‘ Lqnoejc Paoa]n_d+ 05+ 078,084C‘epkne]h- (0885)- ?ouhqi Qaagano9 Eajan]h Fa]hpd Qp]pqo ]j‘ Nnk^haio sepd ?__aoo pk Fa]hpd- Ka‘ H ?qop-+ 054+ 523,526Ce‘a+ N-+ & ?hhaj+ A- (1//4)- Pa_nqepejc Rn]jo_qhpqn]h Oq]hep]pera Paoa]n_d N]npe_el]jpo9 ? Akj_alpq]h Kk‘ah- Gjpanj]pekj]h Hkqnj]h kb O]hep]pera Kapdk‘o+ 3+ 0,0/Dqajpao,?bbhe_g+ C-+ Faookh+ L- ?-+ & Clanav,Qp]^ha+ C- (0888)- Raopejc pda ale‘aiekhkce_ l]n]‘kt kb hks ^enpd saecdp ej J]pejko- ?n_d Na‘e]pn ?‘khao_ Ka‘+ 042+ 036,042Ee^^o+ J-+ U]pano+ C-+ Qdann]n‘+ H-+ Mv]jja,Qiepd+ H-+ Pk^ejokj+ H-+ Wkqjc+ Q-+ ap ]h- (1//4)Sj‘anop]j‘ejc l]najp]h ikper]pkno ]j‘ ^]nneano pk qlp]ga kb _deh‘ lkeokj o]bapu opn]paceao9 ] mq]hep]pera opq‘u- Gjfqnu Nnarajpekj+ 00+ 262 , 266Enaaj+ H-+ U]pano+ C-+ F]egans]h+ ?-+ M’Laehh+ A-+ P]i]j+ Q-+ @kkpd+ K-+ ap ]h- (1//2)- Qk_e]h+ _qhpqn]h ]j‘ ajrenkjiajp]h ejbhqaj_ao kj _deh‘ ]_perepu ]j‘ a]pejc ej ?qopn]he]j iecn]jp _kiiqjepeaoAdeh‘9 A]na+ Fa]hpd ]j‘ Barahkliajp+ 18+ 330,337352
Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research
F]nneo+ I- K- (0888)- Rda da]hpd op]pqo ]j‘ neog ^ad]rekno kb ]‘khao_ajpo ej eiiecn]jp b]ieheao- Gj BH- Fanj]j‘av (C‘-)+ Adeh‘naj kb eiiecn]jpo- (ll- 175,204-)- U]odejcpkj+ B-A-9 L]pekj]h ?_]‘aieao NnaooF]nneo+ P-+ Le_khh+ ?- B-+ ?‘]en+ N- K-+ & Neja+ A- K- (1//3)- Peog b]_pkno bkn ‘ajp]h _]neao ej ukqjc _deh‘naj9 ] ouopai]pe_ nareas kb pda hepan]pqna- Akiiqjepu ‘ajp]h da]hpd-+ 10+ 60,74F]uo+ N- ?- (1//0)- ?‘‘naooejc _qhpqn]h _kilhatepeao ej ln]_pe_a9 ] bn]iaskng bkn _heje_e]jo ]j‘ _kqjoahhkno- U]odejcpkj B-A-9 ?iane_]j Nou_dkhkcu ?ook_e]pekjGon]ah+ @-+ Q_dqhv+ ?-+ N]ngan+ C-+ & @a_gan+ ?- (0887)- Pareas kb Akiiqjepu,@]oa‘ Paoa]n_d9 ?ooaooejc N]npjanodel ?llnk]_dao pk Gilnkra Nq^he_ Fa]hpd- ?jjq]h Pareas kb Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 08+ 062,1/1Iauvan+ H-+ Kahjegks+ H-+ Iqllani]j+ K-+ @en_d+ Q-+ Iqajjapd+ A-+ Lqkrk+ H-+ ap ]h- (1//4)Pa_nqepiajp Qpn]paceao bkn Kejknepu N]npe_el]pekj9 Ad]hhajcao ]j‘ Akop Jaookjo bnki pda Nksan Gjpanreas- Cpdje_epu ]j‘ Beoa]oa+ 04+ 284,3/5Iejvea+ H- B-+ Rn]j+ ?- I-+ @na_gajne‘ca+ ?-+ & @hkki+ H- B- (087/)- ?j Gj‘k_dejaoa nabqcaa lou_de]pne_ _heje_9 _qhpqn]hhu ]__alpa‘ pna]piajp ]llnk]_dao- ?i H Nou_de]pnu+ 026+ 0318,0321Ieni]uan+ J-+ Enkha]q+ B-+ Eqv‘an+ H-+ @h]ga+ A-+ & H]nreo+ C- (1//2)- Aqhpqn]h _kjoqhp]pekj9 ] ik‘ah kb iajp]h da]hpd oanre_a bkn iqhpe_qhpqn]h ok_eapeao- A]j H Nou_de]pnu+ 37+ 034,042Ihaeji]j+ ?- (0877)- Papdejgejc lou_de]pnu- Las Wkng9 Dnaa NnaooIheie‘eo+ Q-+ Jaseo+ H-+ Kehape_+ R-+ K_Iajvea+ Q-+ Qpkhg+ W-+ & Kej]o+ G- F- (0888)- Kajp]h da]hpd oanre_a qoa ^u apdje_ _kiiqjepeao ej Te_pkne]- N]np 0- Kah^kqnja9 Rda Te_pkne]j Rn]jo_qhpqn]h Nou_de]pnu Sjep & Aajpna bkn Aqhpqn]h Qpq‘eao ej Fa]hpd+ Rda Sjeranoepu kb Kah^kqnjaJej‘aj^anc+ A-+ Qkhknv]jk+ P-+ Teh]nk+ D-+ & Uaop^nkkg+ J- (1//0)- Ad]hhajcao ]j‘ Qpn]paceao bkn Akj‘q_pejc Gjpanrajpekj Paoa]n_d sepd Aqhpqn]hhu Beranoa Nklqh]pekjo- Hkqnj]h kb Rn]jo_qhpqn]h Lqnoejc+ 01+ 021,028Jelokj+ H- E-+ & Kahaeo+ ?- G- (0888)- Paoa]n_d sepd eiiecn]jpo ]j‘ nabqcaao- Gj ?- Q- Fejod]s+ Q- JDaapd]i & H- J- D- Qd]ran (C‘o-)+ F]j‘^kkg kb Aheje_]h Lqnoejc (ll- 76,0/5)- Jkj‘kj9 Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjoK]_J]_dh]j+ K- (0886)- Aqhpqna ]j‘ da]hpd- Ade_daopan9 Hkdj Uehau & Qkjo Jp‘K]nod]hh+ Q-+ & Udeha+ ?- (0883)- Gjpanreasejc naolkj‘ajpo sdk d]ra Cjcheod ]o ] oa_kj‘ h]jcq]ca9 _d]hhajcao aj_kqjpana‘ ]j‘ oqccaopekjo bkn kpdan naoa]n_dano- Hkqnj]h kb ?‘r]j_a‘ Lqnoejc+ 08+ 455,460K_Bkj]h‘+ H- R-+ & Iajja‘u+ Q- (1//3)- ¢Gjoecdpo ejpk pda da]hpdu eiiecn]jp abba_p9 da]hpd op]pqo ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a qoa kb eiiecn]jpo pk A]j]‘]£- Qk_e]h Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Ka‘e_eja+ 48+ 0502,0516K_Eaa+ B-+ & F]ha+ F- (087/)- Qk_e]h b]_pkno ]j‘ k^aoepu ]ikjc ^h]_g skiaj- Dnaa Gjmqenu+ 7+ 72, 76K_Iajvea+ B-+ Iheie‘eo+ Q-+ Jaseo+ H-+ Kej]o+ F-+ Qpq]np+ E-+ & Pajv]dk+ ?- (0888)- Rda _kjpejqepu kb iajp]h da]hpd _]na ej eiiecn]jp ]j‘ ?qopn]he]j ^knj l]peajpo ej Te_pkne]- N]lan lnaoajpa‘ ]p pda Denop L]pekj]h Akjbanaj_a kb pda ?qopn]he]j Rn]jo_qhpqn]h Kajp]h Fa]hpd Lapskng+ Kah^kqnja+ M_pk^an 0888Kqajejc+ N-+ & D]do+ K- (1//1)- Fa]hpd op]pqo ]j‘ dkolep]h qpehev]pekj ]ikjc eiiecn]jpo pk Las Wkng Aepu- Nnar Ka‘+ 24+ 114,121L]pekj]h Aajpan bkn Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a- (1//3)- Fa]hpd @ne‘cejc pda Aqhpqn]h Bere‘a ej Fa]hpd A]na Qappejco9 Rda Cooajpe]h Pkha kb Aqhpqn]h @nkgan Nnkcn]io9 Eakncapksj Sjeranoepu Aajpan bkn Adeh‘ ]j‘ Fqi]j Barahkliajp+ Eakncapksj Sjeranoepu Ka‘e_]h AajpanL]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Ka‘e_]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh- (1//5)- Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a ej Fa]hpd9 ? cqe‘a bkn lkhe_u+ l]npjanodelo ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj9 Akiikjsa]hpd kb ?qopn]he]Las^kh‘+ I- @-+ & B]jbknpd+ H- (1//2)- Fa]hpd op]pqo ]j‘ A]j]‘]£o eiiecn]jp lklqh]pekj- Qk_e]h 353
Lisa Gibbs, Elizabeth Waters, Andre Renzaho and Maree Kulkens
Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Ka‘e_eja+ 46+ 0870,0884MNFQ Mbbe_a kb Kejknepu Fa]hpd- (1//0)- L]pekj]h Qp]j‘]n‘o bkn Aqhpqn]hhu ]j‘ Jejcqeope_]hhu ?llnklne]pa Qanre_ao ej Fa]hpd A]na- U]odejcpkj B-A-9 S-Q- Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Fqi]j Qanre_aoN]_ebe_ Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d Akiieppaa- (1//3)- Eqe‘ahejao kj N]_ebe_ Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d- ?q_gh]j‘9 Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d Akqj_ehN]pah+ L-+ @ajjap+ C-+ Bajjeo+ K-+ Bko]jfd+ L-+ K]dp]je+ ?-+ Kehhan+ ?-+ ap ]h- (1///)- Aheje_]h lou_dkhkcu+ n]_a ]j‘ _qhpqna9 ] pn]ejejc i]jq]h- Jae_aopan9 @nepeod Nou_dkhkcu Qk_eapuNa]g+ A-+ & Uaago+ H- (1//1)- Bkao _kiiqjepu _kjpatp ejbhqaj_a nalnk‘q_pera kqp_kiao kb Kate_]j knecej skiaj ej Q]j Beack+ A]hebknje]= H Giiecn Fa]hpd-+ 3(2)+ 014,025Nknpakqo+ Q- (1//3)- ?__aoo pk i]ejopna]i oanre_ao ^u _qhpqn]hhu ]j‘ hejcqeope_]hhu ‘eranoa _kiiqjepeao ej K]jjejcd]i+ Udepadknoa ]j‘ Ijkt- Kecn]pekj Gjbkni]pekj AajpnaP]vqi+ M-+ Xaa^+ F-+ & Pkdni]jj+ Q- (1///)- Rda ’da]hpdu iecn]jp abba_p’,jkp ianahu ] b]hh]_u kb ej]__qn]pa ‘ajkiej]pkn becqnao- Gjp H Cle‘aiekh-+ 18+ 080,081Paao+ A-+ & Pqev+ Q- (1//2)- Akilaj‘eqi kb Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a Gjepe]perao ej Fa]hpd A]naKajhk N]ng+ A?9 Rda Fajnu H- I]eoan D]iehu Dkqj‘]pekjPajv]dk+ ?- (1//3)- D]p+ ne_d ]j‘ ^a]qpebqh9 _d]jcejc ok_ek,_qhpqn]h l]n]‘ecio ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd k^aoepu neog+ jqpnepekj]h op]pqo ]j‘ nabqcaa _deh‘naj bnki oq^,Q]d]n]j ?bne_]- Fa]hpd & Nh]_a+ 0/+ 0/4,002Pajv]dk+ ?- K- L- (1//0)- Rda Uaopanj Pacekj Fa]hpd Aajpna’o Pabqcaa Fa]hpd Qanre_a Kk‘ah9 ? nalknp ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj ‘k_qiajpejc pda oanre_a- Kah^kqnja9 Aajpna bkn Aqhpqna+ Cpdje_pu ]j‘ Fa]hpdPajv]dk+ ?- K- L- (1//1)- ?‘‘naooejc pda jaa‘o kb nabqcaao ]j‘ dqi]jep]ne]j ajpn]jpo ej Te_pkne]9 ?j ar]hq]pekj kb da]hpd ]j‘ _kiiqjepu oanre_ao- Kah^kqnja9 Aajpna bkn Aqhpqna+ Cpdje_epu ]j‘ Fa]hpdPajv]dk+ ?- K- L- (1//3)- D]p+ ne_d ]j‘ ^a]qpebqh9 _d]jcejc ok_ek,_qhpqn]h l]n]‘ecio ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd k^aoepu neog+ jqpnepekj]h op]pqo ]j‘ nabqcaa _deh‘naj bnki oq^,Q]d]n]j ?bne_]- Fa]hpd ]j‘ Nh]_a+ 0/+ 004,002Pajv]dk+ ?- K- L-+ & F]spdknja+ E- (0888)- Bkao jkj,Cjcheod Qla]gejc ^]_gcnkqj‘ i]ga ] ‘ebbanaj_a pk l]peajp kqp_kia ej eo_d]aie_ da]np ‘eoa]oa= + Rda Sjeranoepu kb Kah^kqnja+ Kah^kqnjaPk^^ejo+ H- K-+ T]__]nejk+ T-+ Xd]jc+ F-+ & I]oh+ Q- T- (1///)- Ct_aoo pula 1 ‘e]^apao ej ?bne_]j ?iane_]j skiaj ]j‘ iaj ]ca‘ 3/,63 ]j‘ ok_eka_kjkie_ op]pqo9 are‘aj_a bnki Rden‘ L]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]j‘ Lqpnepekj Ct]iej]pekj Qqnrau- H Cle‘aiekh Akiiqjepu Fa]hpd+ 43+ 728, 734Pkvi]j+ K- (1//0)- Cpdekle]j Akiiqjepu Be]^apao Nnkfa_p- Kah^kqnja9 Uaopanj Pacekj Akiiqjepu Fa]hpd AajpnaQ_dqpv+ ?- (0865)- Rda Qpn]jcan- Gj E- @ksgan & H- A]nnean (C‘o-)+ P]_a ]j‘ Cpdje_ Pah]pekjoJkj‘kj9 Fqp_deokjQejcd+ E- I-+ & Qe]dlqod+ K- (1//0)- ?hh,_]qoa ]j‘ _]qoa,ola_ebe_ iknp]hepu kb eiiecn]jpo ]j‘ j]pera ^knj ej pda Sjepa‘ Qp]pao- ?i H Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ 80+ 281,288Qlnqehh+ G-+ & B]reo+ @- J- (1//4)- Aqhpqn]h Akilapaj_a9 Kupd kn K]j‘]pa- Mjheja Hkqnj]h kb Fa]hpd Cpde_o+ 0(0)Qp]peope_o Las Xa]h]j‘- (1//0)- 1//0 Aajoqo Qj]lodkp 09 Aqhpqn]h Beranoepu- Papneara‘ /8 ?qcqop+ 1//6 Qpuhao+ K- F- (087/)- Qkqh+ ^h]_g skiaj ]j‘ bkk‘- Gj ?- Q- I]lh]j (C‘-)+ ? skiaj’o _kjbhe_p9 pda ola_e]h nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj skiaj ]j‘ bkk‘ (ll- 050,065)- Cjchaskk‘ Ahebbo+ LH9 Nnajpe_a 354
Moving towards increased cultural competency in public health research
F]hhR]uhkn+ P-+ Adau+ R-+ @]qi]j+ ?-+ & Ua^opan+ G- (0888)- Qk_ek,a_kjkie_+ iecn]jp ]j‘ cakcn]lde_ ‘ebbanajpe]ho ej _knkj]nu da]np ‘eoa]oa k__qnaj_a ej Las Qkqpd U]hao- ?qop L X Nq^he_ da]hpd+ 12+ 1/,15Rdks+ ?-+ & U]pano+ ?- (1//4)- Be]^apao ej _qhpqn]hhu ]j‘ hejcqeope_]hhu ‘eranoa ?qopn]he]jo9 G‘ajpebe_]pekj kb _kiiqjepeao ]p decd neog (_]p- jk- ATB 2/)- Gj- A]j^ann]9 ?qopn]he]j Gjopepqpa kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Uahb]naS-Q- Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Fqi]j Qanre_ao- (1//0)- L]pekj]h Qp]j‘]n‘o bkn Aqhpqn]hhu ]j‘ Jejcqeope_]hhu ?llnklne]pa Qanre_ao ej Fa]hpd A]na- U]odejcpkj+ B-A-9 Mbbe_a kb Kejknepu Fa]hpdUknh‘ Fa]hpd Mnc]jeo]pekj- (1///)- Akjoajoqo Qp]paiajp kj Mn]h Fuceaja- Gjpanj]pekj]h Bajp]h Hkqnj]h+ 4/+ 028Xkh]+ G- (0872)- Md sdana+ kd sdana d]o apdje_epu ckja= Gj G- Xkh] (C‘-)+ Qk_ekia‘e_]h ejmqeneaoNdeh]‘ahlde]9 Railha Sjeranoepu Nnaoo-
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Aajpn]h pk ]ju ‘ao_nelpekj kb @kqc]ejrehha eo ]j qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb epo na_ajp deopknu kb _ereh _kjbhe_p nabanna‘ pk ]o ⁄Rda Aneoeo¥ (NLE FQQN+ 1//4)-Rdeo s]o _]qoa‘ ^u ‘eoo]peob]_pekj ]ikjc hk_]h _kiiqjepu kran pdaen od]na ej lnkbepo c]eja‘ bnki pda klan]pekj kb ] dqca _kllan ieja+ ]j‘ ^u pda ajrenkjiajp]h ‘]i]ca ep _]qoa‘- Rdeo ‘eo_kjpajp s]o _kqlha‘ sepd apdje_ pajoekjo ^apsaaj @kqc]ejrehha]jo sdk e‘ajpebu _hkoahu sepd pda laklha ej pda Qkhkikj Goh]j‘o ]j‘ laklha bnki kpdan lnkrej_ao kb N]lq] Las Eqeja] (NLE) (NLE FQQN+ 1//4)- Rda _ereh _kjbhe_p _kjpejqa‘ qjpeh 0887 sdaj ] jackpe]pa‘ oapphaiajp s]o 357
Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
]cnaa‘ ^apsaaj ]hh l]npeao at_alp kja cnkql gjksj ]o Kag]iqe Babajoa Dkn_a- Rda jeja, ua]n hkjc _kjbhe_p ejrkhra‘ ja]nhu aranukja+ lduoe_]hhu ‘aopnkuejc kja kb pda _kqjpnu£o ikop ‘arahkla‘ lnkrej_ao+ ]j‘ ‘ar]op]pejc pda ok_ek,a_kjkie_+ lkhepe_]h ]j‘ ckranj]j_a opnq_pqnao- ?qpkjkikqo aha_pekjo ej Hqja 1//4 d]ra naoqhpa‘ ej oq^op]jpe]h eilnkraiajpo ej pda lkhepe_]h ajrenkjiajp, ]j ]_pekj sde_d sehh cera pdai ] oaie,ej‘alaj‘ajp op]pqo bnki N]lq] Las Eqeja]- Rda aha_pa‘ ]qpkjkikqo ckranjiajp d]o ] opnkjc i]j‘]pa: ]j‘ lkhepe_]h ha]‘ano ]na ]_perahu ajc]ca‘ ej lneknepu oappejc ]j‘ i]j]cejc ‘ereoekjo- Rdaoa pn]jobkni]pekjo i]ng ] _qnnajp jaa‘ pk ikra bkns]n‘ sepd ]_perepeao pd]p oqllknp pda _]l]_epu pk ‘aheran hkjc,pani lq^he_ ]j‘ lner]pa oanre_ao- Mja oap kb ]_perepeao ejrkhrao pda Fqi]j Barahkliajp Palknp (FBP) bkn pda ?qpkjkikqo Pacekj kb @kqc]ejrehha (?P@)+ sde_d+ oecjebe_]jphu+ s]o namqaopa‘ ^u pda ?qpkjkikqo Ekranjiajp?hpdkqcd ] j]pekj]h harah Fqi]j Barahkliajp Palknp s]o lnk‘q_a‘ ^u pda Sjepa‘ L]pekjo Barahkliajp Nnkcn]iia (SLBN) bkn N]lq] Las Eqeja] ej 0887+ @kqc]ejrehha s]o jkp ej_hq‘a‘ ‘qa pk pda Aneoeo- Rda lnaoajp Palknp _kjoqhpa‘ se‘ahu+ qj‘anp]gejc pk oqllknp pda lneknepeao kb pda ?P@ ?_pekj Nh]j- Gj oaha_pejc XMJ VTQJ TK HTRRYSNXNJW NS JIYHFXNTS ]o epo pdaia+ pda Palknp qj‘anpkkg pk e‘ajpebu ]j‘ na_kiiaj‘ pda ikop nahar]jp bknio kb a‘q_]pekj+ ]j ]llnk]_d pd]p naheao kj qj‘anop]j‘ejc pda hejg]cao ^apsaaj ha]njejc.a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ PFWXTR (_qopki)- ? gau bkni]pekj kb PFWXTR ej @kqc]ejrehha eo ^ahkjcejc: ]j‘+ ej pqnj+ pda _deab ‘apaniej]jp kb ^ahkjcejc eo od]na‘ aikpekj]h atlaneaj_aRda eilhe_]pekjo ]j‘ ]llhe_]pekjo kb pdeo oap kb lnej_elhao eo araj ikna i]nga‘ ej lh]_ao sepd ] na_ajp deopknu kb ‘e]olkn]+ oq_d ]o @kqc]ejrehha- Qq_d atlaneaj_a ao_]h]pao laklha£o eilnaooekjo kb ] ⁄_kiikj ajaiu¥ sdk kopajoe^hu ^nkga ql ]j‘ o_]ppana‘ pdaen herao- Rda _ereh s]n ]j‘ pda la]_a lnk_aoo ej @kqc]ejrehha _]j ^a atla_pa‘ pk _kjpejqa pk lh]u ] gau nkha ej ok_e]h oahb,e‘ajpepu+ jkp oeilhu ^a_]qoa kb pda ‘]i]ca _]qoa‘ ^u s]n+ ^qp ]hok ^a_]qoa pda ‘arahkliajp kb od]na‘ aikpekj]h atlaneaj_a ckao ^]_g pk _khkje]h peiaoFeopkne_]h ‘eo_kjpejqepeao+ oq_d ]o _khkje]h atlaneaj_ao ]j‘ pda s]n ]j‘ la]_a atlaneaj_ao ]na kb l]npe_qh]n eilknp]j_a pk pda lnk_aoo kb @kqc]ejrehha]j e‘ajpepu- @kqc]ejrehha d]o aj‘qna‘ k__ql]pekj ^u i]ju bknaecj bkn_ao, Eani]ju+ @nep]ej+ ?qopn]he] ]j‘ H]l]j?jkpdan ranu oecjebe_]jp ‘eo_kjpejqepu _kj_anjo _d]jcao pk pda i]pneheja]h ok_e]h ouopai+ ikophu ^nkqcdp ]^kqp ^u pda ej_na]oejc ‘kiej]j_a kb pda _]od a_kjkiu- Rda b]_p pd]p iaj d]ra ^aaj ceraj ikna kllknpqjepeao pk lnkolan bnki pda bkni]h a_kjkiu ia]jo pd]p skiaj£o _qopki]nu lksan eo ]p neog- Udaj _]od a]njejco ^a_kia pda lna‘kiej]jp bkni kb lksan ej ok_e]h _kjpatpo sdana h]j‘ d]o ^aaj pda ^]oeo kb _qopki]nu ]qpdknepu ]j‘ lksan+ pda nah]pera r]hqa kb h]j‘ ]j‘ epo _qopki]nu _qopk‘e]jo (sdk ]na pda skiaj ej @kqc]ejrehha) ‘eiejeodaoAqopki]nu h]j‘ eo jkp ‘ereoe^ha ]j‘ ok d]o jk ]_pq]h _]od r]hqa- Rda eilhe_]pekj eo pd]p skiaj d]ra hkop pdaen _qopki]nu lksan sepd pda ]‘rajp kb ] ^qoejaoo ok_eapu ]j‘ pda s]ca a_kjkiu+ ej pda l]npe_qh]n _kjpatp kb pda dqca N]jcqj] _kllan ieja- @qp ‘eo_kjpejqepeao ‘kj£p nqj ej ] opn]ecdp heja9 ‘qnejc pda _neoeo @kqc]ejrehha skiaj najasa‘ pdaen _qopki]nu ]qpdknepu ]j‘ pdaen lksan- Rdeo eo ^a_]qoa sdaj pda ^hk_g]‘a s]o eilkoa‘ ep ^nkqcdp 358
Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville
]^kqp aran cna]pan lnar]haj_a kb ^]npan ]j‘ kpdan jkj,_]od at_d]jca ia_d]jeoio+ ]j‘+ lna‘e_p]^hu+ ej‘ere‘q]ho naranpa‘ pk lnk‘q_ejc ikna kb sd]p pdau _kjoqiaUdeha pdana eo ckk‘ are‘aj_a pd]p sahh^aejc oqbbana‘ ej panio kb lduoe_]h ehh da]hpd+ pdana eo ]hok ]ja_‘kp]h lnkkb pd]p sahh^aejc c]eja‘ ej panio kb ^ahkjcejc+ ‘ecjepu+ ap_- Ukiaj lh]ua‘ ] gau nkha ej pdeo lnk_aoo kb _qhpqn]h najas]h: pdqo ] bqnpdan eilhe_]pekj bkn pda Palknp ]j‘ epo iapdk‘khkcu+ s]o pda jaa‘ pk nabha_p ranu _]nabqhhu kj pda oecjebe_]j_a kb pda odebp ej ikn]h ]qpdknepu ]j‘ ha]‘anodel sdaj pda i]pneheja]h ouopai hkoao epo a_kjkie_ lksan+ ]j‘ dks a‘q_]pekj]h _qnne_qh] jaa‘ pk ]‘‘naoo pdeo _d]jca ej skiaj£o op]pqo ej ola]gejc pk pda ^haj‘ kb PFWXTR ]j‘ ik‘anjepu-
How the Report’s theme was identified Udeha pda @FBP eo ]j ej‘alaj‘ajp nalknp+ pda lnk_aoo ]j‘ kqp_kiao kb pda @kqc]ejrehha Fqi]j Barahkliajp Palknp (@FBP) sana l]npe_el]pknu ]j‘ bqhhu,ej_hqoera- Dkn lqnlkoao kb _kil]neokj ]_nkoo nacekjo ]j‘ _kqjpneao+ FBPo bkhhks ]j aop]^heoda‘ opnq_pqna ]j‘ oap kb ej‘e_ao: dksaran+ pda nalknpo ]na ranu bhate^ha ]j‘ p]ehkna‘ pk hk_]h _kjpatpo+ aola_e]hhu pdnkqcd pda oaha_pekj kb pda pdaiaGp eo qoabqh pk aild]oeoa ]j a]nhean lkejp pd]p pda pdaia kb ⁄^]oe_ ogehho ]j‘ heba ogehho¥ s]o ‘a_e‘a‘ kj ‘qnejc ] lnk_aoo kb _hkoa _kjoqhp]pekjo sepd Ekranjiajp l]npjano+ _ereh ok_eapu+ ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ]caj_eao+ ]j‘ pd]p pda gau nabanaj_a lkejp ej ‘a_eoekj,i]gejc s]o pda Ka‘eqi Rani Barahkliajp Qpn]pacu 1//4,1/0/ (KRBQ) kb pda L]pekj]h Ekranjiajp+ pkcapdan sepd pda Qpn]pace_ ?_pekj Nh]j 1//5,1/0/ kb pda ?qpkjkikqo @kqc]ejrehha Ekranjiajp (?@E)Gj d]nikju sepd pda L]pekj]h Ekranjiajp£o Nkranpu Pa‘q_pekj Qpn]pacu+ pda KRBQ eo bk_qoa‘ kj nqn]h ‘arahkliajp+ lkranpu na‘q_pekj ]j‘ ailksaniajp pdnkqcd dqi]j naokqn_a ‘arahkliajp- Rda KRBQ lneknepeao ^haj‘ ej_kia a]njejc kllknpqjepeao sepd ^]oe_ a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ejbkni]h ]‘qhp a‘q_]pekjGj gaalejc sepd ] oamqaj_a‘ nk]‘ i]l bkn ]qpkjkiu+ pda ?@E ?_pekj Nh]j lqpo pda olkphecdp kj rehh]cano eilnkrejc pdaen ksj sahh^aejc- Qqllknp bkn pdeo eo e‘ajpebea‘ ej panio kb ckranjiajp lneknepeao kb ej_hqoerajaoo+ l]npe_el]pekj+ oahb,nahe]j_a+ ]j‘ iqpq]hepu- Ek]h 2 kb pda ?_pekj Nh]j oapo kqp pda lnei]nu ia]jo bkn ]_dearejc pdeo+ ^u ^qeh‘ejc ⁄? la]_abqh+ h]s ]^e‘ejc+ ej_hqoera ok_eapu kb _haran+ sahh,a‘q_]pa‘ ]j‘ da]hpdu laklha¥ (?@E+ 1//4908)Rk dahl i]ga pdeo lkooe^ha+ pda ?_pekj Nh]j ]hhk_]pao _kop aopei]pao bkn C‘q_]pekj kb 12-13% kb pda Rkp]h Akop Copei]pao bkn 1//5- @u 1/0/+ a‘q_]pekj sehh _kilneoa 22-3% kb pda pkp]h _kop aopei]pao bkn lh]jja‘ ]_pekjo- Aha]nhu+ kran pda _kiejc bera ua]no+ a‘q_]pekj sehh nai]ej ] gau lneknepu bkn pda ?@E- Gpo i]j‘]pa pk eilhaiajp pdeo atla_p]pekj eo oap kqp ^u pda 0884 Mnc]je_ J]s kj Nnkrej_e]h ]j‘ Jk_]h Jarah Ekranjiajp+ sde_d ‘arkhrao naolkjoe^ehepu bkn i]ju ahaiajpo kb oanre_a ‘aheranu+ ej_hq‘ejc ej a‘q_]pekj- Rda ^nk]‘ 359
Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
p]ncap cnkqlo bkn le_gejc ql naolkjoe^ehepu ]na _kiiqjepeao pdaioahrao- Kkna ola_ebe_]hhu+ pda ejpajp eo pk aj_kqn]ca ]j‘ oqllknp pda ej_hqoekj kb _qopki]nu atlanpo ej pda bkni]h a‘q_]pekj ouopai- Rda lqnlkoa kb pdeo eo pk ^qeh‘ ‘ai]j‘ bkn bkni]h a‘q_]pekj pdnkqcd j]nnksejc pda c]l ^apsaaj bkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h ha]njejc- Aqopki]nu atlanpo naban pk _]jka,^qeh‘ano+ ‘nqi,i]gano+ ]cnkjkieopo+ opknu,pahhano+ ]j‘ ok kj@abkna ah]^kn]pejc kj pda bk_qo kb pda _kjoqhp]pera lnk_aoo kj a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc+ ep eo qoabqh pk o]u _d]n]_paneoa pda ikna cajan]h lnk_aoo kb _kjoqhpejc sepd _kiiqjepeao- Rda ejpajp kn aj‘ ck]h kb _kranejc pda se‘aop lkooe^ha n]jca kb op]gadkh‘ano ejr]ne]^hu ^keho ‘ksj pk ajoqnejc pd]p pda rke_a kb pda _kiiqjepu lna‘kiej]pao- Gj pdeo _]oa ep s]o ]_deara‘ benop ^u _]nabqhhu oa]n_dejc ]j‘ oaha_pejc @kqc]ejrehha]jo ]o pda oq^fa_p kb _kjoqhp]pekjo n]pdan pd]j ¢@kqc]ejrehha atlanpo£ ej NLE ]j‘ LX kn ?qopn]he]- Aqppejc ]_nkoo pda okhe‘]nepu ]ola_p kb pdeo ]ei s]o pda pajoekj atlnaooa‘ ^u @kqc]ejrehha]jo sdk atlaneaj_a‘ pda 0/ ua]n s]n benop,d]j‘ ]c]ejop pdkoa sdkoa b]ieheao d]‘ habp bkn kpdan l]npo kb NLE kn ahoasdana- Rda _kjoqhp]pekj opn]pacu s]o pk oaha_p nac]n‘haoo kb pdeo ola_ebe_ atlaneaj_a ]j‘ oqllknp na_kj_ehe]pekj ^u op]cejc _kjoqhp]pekjo ej ]hpanj]pera rajqao ej pda ?qpkjkikqo Pacekj ]j‘ pda i]ejh]j‘ kb NLE- Qa_kj‘+ pda ck]h s]o pk oaha_p ¢qjkbbe_e]h£ ]o sahh ]o ¢kbbe_e]h£ rke_ao+ sepd pda ejpajp kb qj_kranejc ranoekjo kb ok_e]h deopknu pd]p atlnaooa‘ pda se‘aop lkooe^ha n]jca kb atlaneaj_ao kb pda _kjbhe_p ]j‘ lkop,_kjbhe_p ]olen]pekjo ~ nacekj]h+ b]_pekj]h+ ailksana‘+ ‘eoailksana‘+ skiaj+ iaj+ ukqpd+ ah‘ano+ ]j‘ ok kj- Aereh ok_eapu knc]jeo]pekjo (AQMo) ]na l]npe_qh]nhu sahh,‘arahkla‘ ej pda ?qpkjkikqo Pacekj ]j‘ ok pda _kjoqhp]pekj lnk_aoo s]o ]^ha pk ‘n]s atpajoerahu kj ]_pera l]npe_el]jpo ej pda lkhepe_]h heba kb @kqc]ejrehha- Rda AQMo ]na ]hok aola_e]hhu sahh, knc]jeoa‘+ sde_d i]‘a ep lkooe^ha bkn pda _kjoqhp]pekj lnk_aoo pk ejpacn]pa sepd ateopejc _kilhaiajp]nepeao- Rdqo+ pda oaha_pekj kb AQMo s]o knc]je_ ej pda oajoa pd]p pda pdnaa knc]jeo]pekjo+ ]hpdkqcd ‘eo_napa ]j‘ ej‘alaj‘ajp kb a]_d kpdan+ d]‘ bnamqajphu _khh]^kn]pa‘ ej lnarekqo lnkfa_poRda j]pqna kb pda naoa]n_d pd]p pda @kqc]ejrehha]j _khh]^kn]pkno qj‘anpkkg s]o ‘aoecja‘ pk ajd]j_a _dke_ao ]j‘ _]l]^ehepeao- Gj l]npe_qh]n+ pdeo nabano pk pda lklqh]pekj sdk ieooa‘ kqp kj bkni]h a‘q_]pekj sdaj o_dkkho sana _hkoa‘ ^u pda s]n- Akjrajpekj]h kn qjerano]h hepan]_u ia]oqnaiajpo skqh‘ b]eh pk _]lpqna pdaen heba ogehho ^a_]qoa pdau paop ajnkhiajp ]j‘ _kilhapekj n]pao- ?j‘ oej_a i]ju @kqc]ejrehha]jo d]‘ jkp _kilhapa‘ bkni]h o_dkkhejc+ _kjrajpekj]h hepan]_u paopo skqh‘ jkp ia]oqna sd]p pdau _kqh‘ ej b]_p na]‘- Rda lnkfa_p ]ooqia‘ pd]p @kqc]ejrehha]jo d]‘ na]‘ejc ]j‘ snepejc ]j‘ jqian]_u _]l]^ehepeao+ ^qp pdau skqh‘ jkp ^a qj_krana‘ qjhaoo ola_ebe_ paopo sana qoa‘ pk lnk^a pdaoa ogehho- Gj oqi+ pda naoa]n_d _kilkjajp kb pda nalknp s]o ‘aoecja‘ pk odks pda ^]oaheja kb dqi]j naokqn_ao ej pda Pacekj- ?j‘ pda lqnlkoa s]o pk aild]oeoa pda eilknp]j_a kb ok_e]h ej_hqoekj kb ] rqhjan]^ha lklqh]pekj (pda qj‘an,bkni]hhu,a‘q_]pa‘)Rda _kjoqhp]pera lnk_aoo pd]p _kjbenia‘ a‘q_]pekj ]o pda Palknp£o lneknepu sajp bqnpdan ]c]ej- Gp ]hok qj‘anpkkg pk _kjoqhp se‘ahu ej kn‘an pk ha]nj [MNHM FWUJHXW kb a‘q_]pekj ]na ikop ]llnklne]pa bkn @kqc]ejrehha- Rda Nnaoe‘ajp ]j‘ oajekn iejeopano ej pda ?@E ejoeopa‘ pd]p pdau sana jkp ejpanaopa‘ ej nalhe_]pejc pda bkni]h a‘q_]pekj ouopaio kb ej‘qopne]heva‘ 360
Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville
op]pao- Rdau s]jp ha]njejc lnkcn]iiao pd]p _ki^eja ahaiajpo kb lnkraj r]hqa ej ej‘ecajkqo gjksha‘ca ouopaio (PFWXTR# pkcapdan sepd pda ikop nahar]jp kb lnkcnaooera ik‘]hepeao qoa‘ ej ejpanj]pekj]h oldanao kb a‘q_]pekj- ? oeieh]n _kj_anj s]o n]eoa‘ ^u pda _kiiqjepu+ ]o ?d]e nalknpo+ pd]p _qhpqna ]j‘ pn]‘epekj aianca ]o ranu eilknp]jp ej pda reoekj kb ] jas @kqc]ejrehha9 Aqhpqn]h na_h]i]pekj ~ pk na_h]ei pd]p sde_d d]o ^aaj hkop pdnkqcd l]panj]heope_ ]ppepq‘ao kb ieooekj]neao ]j‘ pda aqnk _ajpne_ ok_e]h ]j‘ a_kjkie_ ouopaio- Nnkcn]io kb _qhpqn]h na_h]i]pekj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp bk_qoa‘ kj a‘q_]pejc _deh‘naj ]j‘ ukqpd ]^kqp pdaen _qhpqn]h bkqj‘]pekjo (opkneao ]^kqp h]j‘ ksjanodel+ _qopki]nu i]nne]ca ln]_pe_ao+ _h]j ]j‘ ejpan _h]j caja]hkceao+ pn]‘epekj]h ia‘e_eja+ iupdo+ hacaj‘o ]j‘ _na]pekj opkneao+ dqjpejc ]j‘ beodejc ln]_pe_ao+ _qopki okjco+ _d]jpo ]j‘ ‘]j_ao+ ‘ebbanajp pulao kb _qopki baoperepeao+ _kqjpejc ouopaio+ _qopki ]npo ]j‘ _n]bp+ ]jjq]h _u_ha kb lh]jpo ]j‘ ]jei]ho, pn]‘epekj]h _]haj‘]n+ pn]‘epekj]h la]_a i]gejc lnk_aooao+ pn]‘epekj]h gjksha‘ca ]j‘ pda ajrenkjiajp+ h]jcq]ca ap_) (?d]e+ 0888+ ll-013,014)Akjoamqajphu+ ‘eo_qooekjo sana dah‘ sepd ha]‘ ejpanj]pekj]h ]caj_eao ej a‘q_]pekj ~ ej l]npe_qh]n pda Sjepa‘ L]pekjo C‘q_]pekj]h+ Q_eajpebe_ ]j‘ Aqhpqn]h Mnc]jeo]pekj (SLCQAM) ]j‘ pda Gjpanj]pekj]h Jepan]_u Gjopepqpa (GJG)-26 Rda reaso kb pdaoa ]caj_eao sana bkqj‘ pk ^a decdhu nahar]jp- Rdau reas hepan]_u ]o ¢] c]pas]u£ pd]p i]gao ep lkooe^ha bkn ej‘ere‘q]ho pk ha]nj ogehho sdanaran pdau i]u ^a+ ej o_dkkh+ kn ej ] lh]_a kb skng- Rdaoa gej‘o kb ¢hepan]_eao£ aj]^ha ej‘ere‘q]ho pk ]ooqia pdaen necdpo ]j‘ naolkjoe^ehepeao ej pdaen _kiiqjepu (SLCQAM+ 1//3)Rda ]_]‘aie_ hepan]pqna s]o ]hok pn]sha‘ bkn jas ]llnk]_dao pk hepan]_eao- 27 Rda gau bej‘ejc+ sde_d eo ]hok nabha_pa‘ ej SLCQAM£o ]llnk]_d+ eo pd]p hepan]_eao ]na jk hkjcan ^aejc oaaj ]o ] nece‘ oap kb ejopnq_pekjo: pda reas jks eo pd]p hepan]_eao ]na ] oap kb ogehho pd]p nabha_po ]j‘ eo od]la‘ ^u _kiiqjepu heba ]j‘ r]hqao- Jepan]_eao ]na ^aejc na_kcjeva‘ ]o ogehho ]j‘ ha]njejc opn]paceao pd]p hejg ql sepd l]npe_qh]n oepq]pekjo ~ oepao sdana pdau sana ha]nja‘+ ]j‘ sdana pda ogehho d]‘ l]npe_qh]n aj‘ lqnlkoao28Rdaoa lnal]n]pknu _kjoqhp]pekjo aj]^ha‘ pda Palknp pk ^a sahh,bk_qoa‘ kj pda ]llnklne]pa j]pqna kb a‘q_]pekj bkn @kqc]ejrehha- ?j‘ pdeo bk_qo s]o bqnpdan pecdpaja‘ ^u pda ‘a_eoekj pk e‘ajpebu pda p]ncap cnkql ]o pdkoa ukqpdo sdk ieooa‘ kqp kj o_dkkhejc ‘qnejc pda ‘a_]‘a hkjc _ereh s]n26
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27
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28
Jqga ]j‘ Dnaa^k‘u (1///) ‘abeja hepan]_u ]o9 Rda bhate^ha ]j‘ oqop]ej]^ha i]opanu kb ] nalanpkena kb ln]_pe_ao sepd patpo kb pn]‘epekj]h ]j‘ jas _kiiqje_]pekjo pa_djkhkceao re] olkgaj h]jcq]ca+ lnejp ]j‘ iqhpeia‘e]sss-a‘q_]pekj-p]o-ckr-]q.ajcheod.hepajc-dpi YB]pa ]__aooa‘ 1/pd Qalpai^an 1//5Z 361
Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
Rda Palknp£o p]ncap cnkql eo _qnnajphu ]ca‘ ^apsaaj 04 ]j‘ 2/ ua]no kh‘- Rdau aj‘qna‘ da]ru atlkoqna pk pda _kjbhe_p+ ^qp pdau ]hok lh]ua‘ ] gau nkha ej jackpe]pejc pda oq__aoobqh la]_a lh]j3/- Gp eo ejpanaopejc pk nabha_p kj pda ogehho pdau ^nkqcdp pk pd]p lnk_aoo: ^a_]qoa ep eo ⁄pda abba_pera qoao kb h]jcq]ca¥ pd]p jas hepan]_u opq‘eao decdhecdp ]^kra ]hh ahoa 30- ?j‘ oej_a kn]h pn]‘epekjo lh]u ] opnkjc nkha ej @kqc]ejrehha hepan]_eao+ pdeo ahaiajp ba]pqnao opnkjchu ej pda Palknp£o ejmqeneaoNkhe_u,i]gano ]na ej_na]oejchu ‘ai]j‘ejc hk_]heva‘ ejbkni]pekj ~ ]o ja]n ]o lkooe^ha pk ej‘ere‘q]h harah- Mjhu pdaj _]j pdau e‘ajpebu c]lo ]j‘ ejamqepeao- Rda Palknp dahlo i]ga pdeo lkooe^ha- Rdnkqcd oqnrauejc pda ikop rqhjan]^ha cnkqlo ~ pdkoa sdk _kqh‘j£p ck pk o_dkkh ^a_]qoa kb pda s]n ~ ep sehh dahl lh]jjano pk ^qeh‘ lkhe_eao bkn ej_hqoekj- ?j‘ pdnkqcd lnkre‘ejc ] _kilhaiajp]nu oqnrau kj _kiiqjepeao£ ]__aoo pk oanre_ao ]j‘ kj pda o_kla kb aranu‘]u ]_perepeao+ pda Palknp sehh dahl lh]jjano pk cheiloa pda ‘ebbanajp lneknepeao kb laklha ej ‘ebbanajp _kiiqjepeaoDqnpdan+ ^u ejraopec]pejc pda hegahedkk‘ pd]p laklha _]j na]‘ ]j aha_pekj l]ildhap+ pda Palknp sehh dahl i]ga ^appan ckranj]j_a+ aola_e]hhu ej panio kb dks ep baaho pk ^a ckranja‘Qk_eapeao ]na bn]ceha pdejco- Ekranj]j_a ‘alaj‘o kj _kjoajoqo ^qp ]hok kj ia]jejcbqh l]npe_el]pekj- Qeieh]nhu+ ] opnkjc a_kjkiu jaa‘o ogehha‘ dqi]j naokqn_ao- @u oqnrauejc jqian]_eao+ pda Palknp sehh dahl lh]jjano opn]paceoa bkn eilnkra‘ ej_kia cajan]pekj+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej pda ejbkni]h oa_pkn- ?j‘+ eb iejejc eo pk kj_a ikna qj‘anlej a_kjkie_ cnkspd+ ]o ikop kb pda op]gadkh‘ano lna‘e_p+ pdeo ]ei sehh ^a eilnkra‘ ^u pda ^]oaheja oqnrau kb dqi]j naokqn_ao pd]p pda Palknp lnkre‘aoGj pda bej]h ejop]j_a+ pda Palknp _]lpqnao oujanceao ]_nkoo pda gau ]na]o kb dqi]j ‘arahkliajp lneknepeao: ]j‘ pdeo eo atla_pa‘ pk dahl lh]jjano pk ejraopec]pa+ ejpacn]pa+ ]j‘ bqnpdan ‘arahkl ikna p]ncapa‘ ]llnk]_dao pk lnkcn]iiejc ej _]l]_epu ‘arahkliajp+ lkranpu na‘q_pekj+ _kjbhe_p lnarajpekj+ _ereh ok_eapu+ caj‘an amqepu+ ailksaniajp ]j‘ ckranj]j_a- Akjpne^qpejc pk pda lnk‘q_pekj kb ‘eo]ccnac]pa‘ ‘]p] sehh dahl _kjbeni pda eilknp]j_a kb ‘kejc ‘e]cjkoeo ]p hk_]h haraho+ ]j‘ ej pqnj+ ep sehh dahl o]peobu pda cnksejc ‘ai]j‘ ^u j]pekj]h harah ]j]hupe_]h ]j‘ ‘e]cjkope_ pkkho bkn hk_]hhu nahar]jp ‘]p]- J]op ^qp eilknp]jphu+ pda Palknp ^nejco ]^kqp ]j kllknpqjepu pk hk_]heva pda Kehhajjeqi Barahkliajp Ek]ho pdnkqcd i]gejc ]r]eh]^ha ^appan lnkbehejc kb ogehho31-
3/
?j ajd]j_a‘ ]^ehepu pk naokhra _kjbhe_p d]o ^aaj na_kcjeva‘ ^u ] ‘ahac]pekj pk pda ?P@ bnki L]c]h]j‘+ Gj‘e] ej K]n_d 1//5: L]c] laklhao d]ra hkjc ^aaj oaagejc ] oq__aoobqh kqp_kia pk pdaen ]qpkjkiu opnqccha-
30
Dkn ejop]j_a ej pda Oqaajoh]j‘ op]pa o_dkkh ouopai+ oaa Jqga ]j‘ Dnaa^k‘u (1///)
31
Rule_]hhu FBPo ]na qoano n]pdan pd]j lnk‘q_ano kb lnei]nu ‘]p] ^qp oqnrauo ]na ^aejc qj‘anp]gaj ej pdeo _]oa ‘qa pk h]_g kb ejbkni]pekj+ Deah‘skng+ ^aejc _kj‘q_pa‘ ^u hk_]h LEMo+ sehh _kiiaj_a ej K]u 1//5: pda Palknp lq^he_]pekj ‘]pa eo Ba_ai^an 1//5-
362
Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville
The BHDR process Rdeo oa_pekj atlhe_]pao pda p]_pe_o ‘aoecja‘ pk oqllknp hk_]h lnal]n]pekj kb pda Palknp+ kn+ pk qoa ‘arahkliajp h]jcq]ca+ pda s]uo pd]p _kiiqjepeao sana oqllknpa‘ pk p]ga ksjanodel kb pda Palknp£o lnal]n]pekj- Rda atlhe_ep lnej_elhao kb pda FBP lnk_aoo ]na j]pekj]h ksjanodel+ l]npe_el]pknu ]j‘ ej_hqoera l]npe_el]pekj+ ej‘alaj‘aj_a kb ]j]huoeo+ mq]hepu kb ]j]huoeo+ bhate^ehepu ]j‘ _na]perepu ej lnaoajp]pekj+ ]j‘ oqop]eja‘ bkhhks,ql-Rdaoa lnej_elhao sana bkhhksa‘ ej pda lnal]n]pekj kb pda @kqc]ejrehha Palknp ]o bkhhkso9
National ownership Rda gau ejopnqiajp]hepeao sana ^nk]‘ _kjoqhp]pekjo+ lnk‘q_pekj kb lnei]nu ‘]p] bnki psk oqnrauo+ ]j‘ lnk‘q_pekj kb ^]_gcnkqj‘ . skngejc l]lano3RQUWOVEVMRQU ~ Dkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h _kjoqhp]pekjo ]eia‘ ]p _kjoajoqo kj pda pdaia ]j‘ pda iapdk‘khkcu sana dah‘ kj ] _kjpejqkqo ^]oeo sepd oajekn lkhepe_]h ha]‘ano ej pda ?@E+ sepd @kqc]ejrehha Na]_a ]j‘ Paopkn]pekj Mbbe_a (@NPM)+ sepd Jk_]h Jarah Ekranjiajp (JJE) ]j‘ pda Akqj_eh kb Ch‘ano (AMC) ej pda ?P@+ sepd _ereh ok_eapu ha]‘ano ej pda ?P@+ sepd n]‘ek ]j‘ jasol]lan ia‘e] ej pda ?P@+ sepd ‘kjkno ]o aj‘ qoano+ ]j‘ sepd SL ejpanj]pekj]h naokqn_ao ej_hq‘ejc FBP kbbe_ao ej Qne J]jg] ]j‘ Las Wkng+ SLBN _kqjpnu kbbe_ao sknh‘,se‘a+ SLGACD ej NLE+ ]j‘ SLCQAM ej Las Wkng ]j‘ Kkjpna]h>TRHWGVMRQ RJ STMPET[ HEVE ~ Gj pda ]^oaj_a kb ‘eo]ccnac]pa‘ hksan harah ‘]p] oapo+ pda @FBP na_nqepa‘ ]j‘ pn]eja‘ hk_]h knc]jev]pekjo ej @kqc]ejrehha pk lnk‘q_a ejbkni]pekj pd]p j]pekj]h ]j‘ ?P@ lh]jjano£ jaa‘- ?j ejopnqiajp (Qk_e]h ]j‘ C_kjkie_ Akj‘epekjo Qqnrau) lnk‘q_a‘ ^u L]pekj]h Qp]peope_]h Mbbe_a (LQM) kb N]lq] Las Eqeja] s]o ]hok qoa‘ pk _khha_p ‘]p] kj pda ]__aoo kb Aajoqo Sjepo pk lq^he_ oanre_ao: ]j‘ Akqj_eh kb Ch‘ano (AMCo) sana ^neaba‘ ejpk pdeo k^fa_pera ]o pda lnej_el]h lnkre‘ano kb ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp ]__aoo kb Aajoqo Sjepo>TRHWGVMRQ RJ FEGNKTRWQH%YRTNMQK SESITU ~ Uepd pda ]ei kb _]lpqnejc ateopejc gjksha‘ca ]j‘ lnk‘q_ejc jas gjksha‘ca ^u @kqc]ejrehha]jo kj pda oq^fa_p kb pda @FBP pdaia kb a‘q_]pekj . ^]oe_ ogehho+ pda @FBP e‘ajpebea‘ ]j‘ ^neaba‘ 06 _kjpne^qpejc snepano ikop kb sdki sana hk_]h-
Inclusive participation ?o jkpa‘+ pda @FBP d]o d]‘ ] _ha]n i]j‘]pa pk oqllknp ] jas Ekranjiajp ej ?qpkjkikqo @kqc]ejrehha sepd ] opnkjc ]j‘ ^nk]‘ i]j‘]pa pk ckranj+ ]j‘ pk pdeo aj‘ pda @FBP d]o sknga‘ pk lnkre‘a hk_]heva‘ ‘]p] oapo kj dqi]j ‘arahkliajp- Rdaoa ]na atla_pa‘ pk bqnpdan ajd]j_a pda ]^ehepu kb pda ?@E pk ^a ej_hqoera ej s]uo pd]p _kjokhe‘]pa pda la]_a lnk_aoo sdeha ^qeh‘ejc ]qpkjkiu- Dqnpdan+ pda pdaia kb pda @FBP (ogehho bkn oqop]ej]^ha ‘arahkliajp) d]o ^aaj _dkoaj ej _kjoqhp]pekj sepd lkhepe_]h ]j‘ lh]jjejc ha]‘ano kj cnkqj‘o pd]p ajoqna ej_hqoerajaoo ]j‘ lhqn]heoi363
Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
A]l]_epu,^qeh‘ejc eo pda gau ejopnqiajp ^aejc qoa‘ pk ]ooqna ]_pera ajc]caiajp ^u ] bqhhu ej_hqoera nalnaoajp]pera cnkql-Rdeo ej_hq‘ao pn]ejejc._]l]_epu,^qeh‘ejc skngodklo dah‘ ej @qg] bkn ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]caj_eao+ ]j‘ kpdan skngodklo (ej @qg] ]j‘ ej Nknp Kknao^u) bkn _kjpne^qpejc snepano-
Independence of analysis Rda _deab ia_d]jeoio kb ej‘alaj‘aj_a kb ]j]huoeo ej_hq‘a9 Pa_nqepiajp kb ejpanj]pekj]h _kjoqhp]jpo sepd atlanpeoa ej lklqh]pekj opq‘eao ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp opq‘eao+ Pa_nqepiajp kb @kqc]ejrehha]j ]j‘ NLE _kjpne^qpejc snepano+ bnki ]_]‘aie]+ a‘q_]pekj+ ]j‘ _ereh ok_eapu+ sdk _khha_perahu ^nejc ^nk]‘ ]j‘ nahar]jp atlanpeoa ej ^kpd bkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h a‘q_]pekj oq^fa_poAha]n a‘epkne]h lkhe_u kb ej‘alaj‘aj_a s]o eil]npa‘ pk _kjpne^qpejc snepano ]j‘ pk ‘]p] _khha_pekj ]caj_eao- Rdeo s]o naejbkn_a‘ pdnkqcd skngodkl ]caj‘] epaio bk_qoa‘ kj FBP pn]‘epekjo kb at_ahhaj_a+ ]j‘ kj ]_]‘aie_ iapdk‘khkceao ]j‘ apde_o pd]p qj‘anhea ej‘alaj‘aj_a kb ]j]huoeo-
Quality of analysis Oq]hepu kb ]j]huoeo s]o ]ooqna‘ ^u pda oaha_pekj lnk_aoo kb _kjpne^qpejc snepano sde_d s]o _kj_ajpn]pa‘ kj e‘ajpebuejc naoa]n_dano ]j‘ a‘q_]pekj lnkbaooekj]ho sdk ‘aikjopn]pa herahu ]j‘ oqop]eja‘ deopkne_]h ejpanaop ]j‘ _kj_anj+ ]o sahh ]o pdaen ]^ehepu pk lqp bkns]n‘ ln]ci]pe_ okhqpekjo _kj_anjejc pda sahh ^aejc kb @kqc]ejrehha]jo ]j‘ pdaen aha_pa‘ EkranjiajpOq]hepu kb ]j]huoeo s]o bqnpdan ]ooqna‘ ^u pda l]npe_el]pekj kb Naan nareasano+ ]o bkhhkso9
Peer review process Rda laan nareas eo ] ‘ai]j‘,‘neraj atan_eoa pd]p eo ]^ha pk cna]phu eilnkra pda _kjpajp kb FBPo qoejc pdai]pe_ ]j‘.kn nacekj]h atlanpeoa+ sdk lnkre‘a _nq_e]h atpanj]h oqllknp _kiiajpo kj pda _kjpajpo kb pda FBP- Rda gau ikiajp ej pda FBP lnk_aoo sdana pda laan nareas pkkg lh]_a eo bkhhksejc pda h]op Palknp ‘n]bp- Rdana ]na oaran]h kpdan lea_ao kb ejbkni]pekj pd]p sana lnkre‘a‘ pk nareasano ej_hq‘ejc Ukngejc N]lano bkn pda @FBP lnk_aoo+ sde_d _kjp]ej ejbkni]pekj kj pda _kjpatp kb lnal]n]pekj (_]l]_epu ]p pda j]pekj]h harah+ ejrkhraiajp kb pda SLBN kbbe_a+ ]r]eh]^ehepu kb op]peope_o+ ejrkhraiajp kb pda ckranjiajp+ ap_) ]j‘ pda ejpaj‘a‘ ]q‘eaj_a- Rda ^]oeo kb pda nareaso eo oet lnej_elhao pd]p ]‘‘naoo kran]hh mq]hepu kb pda ]j]huoeo _kjp]eja‘ ej pda nalknpo+ sdapdan ep eo ^]oa‘ kj k^fa_pera naoa]n_d+ pda nahar]j_a kb pd]p ]j]huoeo pk pda _kqjpnu ]j‘ nacekj+ ]j‘ pda abba_perajaoo kb pda @FBP ]o ]j ]‘rk_]_u ‘k_qiajp- Rda ]ei kb pda laan nareas atan_eoa eo pk cajan]pa r]hq]^ha kqplqpo pd]p ej_hq‘a9 364
Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville
M^p]ejejc _na‘e^ehepu ]j‘ hacepei]pekj bnki atlanpo ]j‘ lkpajpe]h p]ncap ]q‘eaj_ao Nnkre‘a ]j kllknpqjepu bkn Akqjpnu Mbbe_ao ]j‘ FBP pa]io pk ajc]ca ej r]hq]^ha ‘eo_qooekjo pd]p _]j pn]joh]pa ejpk decdan haraho kb j]pekj]h ksjanodel Eajan]pejc r]hq]^ha _kj_alpq]h ]j‘ pa_dje_]h at_d]jcao Mlajejc ol]_ao bkn ]‘rk_]_u ej b]rkn kb opn]pace_ eooqao+ oq_d ]o ok_e]h ej_hqoekj+ lkhepe_]h l]npe_el]pekj+ lkranpu na‘q_pekj ]j‘ dqi]j oa_qnepu-
Special vulnerabilities related to the Crisis ?o jkpa‘+ ‘qnejc ^neabejco bkn pda Palknp+ pda lkhepe_]h ]j‘ _ere_ ha]‘ano d]ra aild]oeva‘ pda b]_p pd]p ⁄nahar]j_u¥ ej a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc aj_kil]ooao pda najas]h kb opnkjc nah]pekjodelo ^apsaaj ukqpdo ]j‘ pdaen b]ieheao ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao- Gj kpdan skn‘o+ pda ha]‘anodel d]o jk ‘aoena pk ejdanep pda ej‘qopne]h ok_eapu i]h]‘u kb ]heaj]pa‘ ej‘ere‘q]heoiUa d]ra oaaj pd]p pda s]n ‘e‘ bn]ciajp b]iehu nah]pekjodelo- Gp _]qoa‘ lduoe_]h oal]n]pekj ]j‘ okiapeiao e‘akhkce_]h olhepo- Anepe_evejc pda ej‘ere‘q]h kneajpa‘ saopanj ok_e]h ]j‘ a_kjkie_ ouopai bkn qj‘aniejejc pda pn]‘epekj]h r]hqao kb @kqc]ejrehha]j ok_eapu+ ?d]e snepao9 Q_dkkh ouopaio _qhpqna‘ opq‘ajpo pk klan]pa ]o ej‘ere‘q]ho pdnkqcd oq_d ln]_pe_ao ]o lqjeodiajpo eb opq‘ajpo od]na‘ a]_d kpdano£ skng ]j‘ pdnkqcd pda ln]_pe_a kb at]iej]pekj sde_d nas]n‘o ej‘ere‘q]h oq__aoo n]pdan pd]j cnkql ]_dearaiajpo- Rda _kjpn]‘e_pekj eo pd]p ej h]pan ua]no sdaj opq‘ajpo fkej pda h]^kqn bkn_a ]o skngano+ pda ouopai denao bknaecj _kjoqhp]jpo pk pa]_d @kqc]ejreha]jo dks pk skng ]o ] pa]i kn ej cnkqlo, pa]_dejc pdai pda ranu pn]‘epekj]h r]hqao kb _k,klan]pekj sde_d a‘q_]pekj ouopai]pe_]hhu ‘a_qhpqna‘ ej pda _deh‘naj (?d]e+ 0888+ l-01/)@qp pdana sana ahaiajpo kb pda od]na‘ aikpekj]h atlaneaj_ao pd]p oanra‘ pk ajd]j_a ok_e]h e‘ajpepu lnk_aooao- Rdeo ia]jo pd]p pda lneknepeao kb a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc bkn pda p]ncap cnkql ]na bqj‘]iajp]hhu ]^kqp na,ajpnu kn ok_e]hev]pekj ejpk pda gej‘ kb ok_eapu pd]p @kqc]ejrehha d]o ^a_kia ~ jkp sd]p ep s]o- ?j‘ pda ^]_g‘nkl pk pdeo+ bkn ]hh kb qo+ eo pd]p ]hh nacekjo kb pda sknh‘ d]ra ^aaj ^nkqcdp ejpk pda lnkteiepu kb ] chk^]h ok_eapu sdana gjksha‘ca,^]oa‘ pa_djkhkceao ]na pda jkni- @qp pdeo ‘kao jkp ]j‘ odkqh‘ jkp ejr]he‘]pa pda aild]oeo pd]p ha]‘ano s]jp kj hk_]heva‘ ejpanlnap]pekj kb ] gjksha‘ca,^]oa‘ ok_eapuRdana d]o ^aaj ] cajan]h ]cnaaiajp ]ikjc pda iai^ano kb pda _ereh ok_eapu pd]p a‘q_]pekj ej @kqc]ejrehha odkqh‘ ^a benihu cnkqj‘a‘ ej _kiiqjepu heba sepd kneajp]pekj pks]n‘o ln]_pe_]h+ rehh]ca ^]oa‘ ogehho lnkikpejc oahb,nahe]j_a (?d]e+ 0888)Udaj ep _kiao pk ]ooaooejc pda rqhjan]^ehepeao kb lklqh]pekjo atlkoa‘ pk s]n+ atlanpo d]ra e‘ajpebea‘ s]uo pd]p _kjbhe_po _d]jca ukqpdo£ ]j‘ _deh‘naj£o oajoao kb na]hepu- Rdau i]u atlaneaj_a ‘arahkliajp]h ‘ah]uo ]j‘ d]ra lnk^haio sepd na]‘ejc+ _kilnadajoekj+ ]j‘ ]^opn]_pekj (Qki]oqj‘]n]i ]j‘ r]j ‘a Nqp+ 1//4+ l-55: UFM+ 1//4)- ?‘khao_aj_a eo ] 365
Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
l]npe_qh]nhu rqhjan]^ha (pn]joepekj]h) lanek‘ ej laklha£o herao- Akj_ajpn]pekj hkoo+ dkopehepu+ ]j‘ hkoo kb iaiknu ]na nah]perahu _kiikj ej pdeo ]ca cnkql-Gj lh]_ao sdana _kiiqjepeao lqp ola_e]h oecjebe_]j_a kj a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ha]njejc+ ]o pdau d]ra deopkne_]hhu ‘kja ej @kqc]ejrehha+ pda b]hh,kqp kb s]n eo pd]p dklabqh ]ppepq‘ao ]^kqp pda bqpqna bnamqajphu pqnj ogalpe_]h- ?‘khao_ajpo ]na l]npe_qh]nhu rqhjan]^ha pk oq^op]j_a ]^qoa ]j‘ atlhkep]pekj bkn nahecekqo+ iehep]jp kn lkhepe_]h lqnlkoao (Qki]oqj‘]n]i ]j‘ r]j ‘a Nqp+ 1//4)Rda atlkoqna pd]p @kqc]ejrehha _deh‘naj d]‘ pk pda ^nqp]hepu kb s]n+ ]j‘ pda ‘eo_kjpejqepeao pdau atlaneaj_a‘ ej b]iehu heba+ eo ] oecjebe_]jp _d]hhajca sdaj ^qeh‘ejc nahar]jp bkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h ha]njejc lnkcn]iiao- @qp+ a‘q_]pekj d]o ] ola_e]h nkha pk lh]u ej pdeo _d]hhajca- Cild]oeoejc pda eilknp]j_a kb ej_hqoekj kb la]_a a‘q_]pekj lnkcn]iia bkn o_dkkh ckejc _deh‘naj ej @kqc]ejrehha+ ?d]e (0888+ l-028) iajpekjo pd]p ikop kb pda _qnnajp o_dkkh ]ca lklqh]pekj sehh d]ra ikophu ^aaj ^knj ‘qnejc pda paj ua]n kh‘ _kjbhe_p ]j‘ d]ra ‘eop]jp iaiknu kb la]_abqh heba- Rda ejpanj]pekj]h _kiiqjepu d]o na_kcjeva‘ pda nkha kb a‘q_]pekj ej oq_d ok_eapeao+ k^oanrejc pd]p pdkoa ⁄_kqjpneao _kjoe‘ana‘ ¢]p,neog£ kb jkp ]_dearejc pda ¢C‘q_]pekj bkn ?hh£ (CD?) ck]h kb qjerano]h lnei]nu _kilhapekj ^u 1/04 ]na aepdan ajcqhba‘ ej _kjbhe_p _qnnajphuƒkn na_kranejc bnki na_ajp _kjbhe_po¥ (Qkiiano+ 1//1+ l-3 _epa‘ ej Bqlqu+ 1//5+ l-0)- Gp eo ]hok na_kcjeva‘ pd]p kb pda 0// iehhekj _deh‘naj ej pda sknh‘ sdk ‘k jkp ]ppaj‘ o_dkkh+ d]hb ]na re_peio kb s]n (SLCQAM+ 1//3 _epa‘ ej Bqlqu+ 1//5+ l-0)- Dkn pdaoa na]okjo+ a‘q_]pekj d]o ^a_kia pda bk_qo kb opn]paceao pk lnarajp _kjbhe_p ]j‘ lnkikpa ok_e]h na_kj_ehe]pekj ej pda ]bpani]pd- Mja kb pda _d]n]_paneope_o jaa‘a‘ ej lkop,s]n a‘q_]pekj ouopaio eo pd]p pdau jaa‘ pk skng d]n‘ pk ej_hq‘a lklqh]pekj cnkqlo lnarajpa‘ bnki ]ppaj‘ejc o_dkkh ^u s]n- Gp eo ] ^]oe_ necdp kb pdkoa opq‘ajpo+ ^qp ej_hqoekj ej ha]njejc lnkcn]iiao ]hok dahl pk pn]jobkni cnear]j_ao- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ ej_hqoekj _]j ^qeh‘ ok_e]h _]lep]h ~ ⁄sde_d eo rep]h pk ^qeh‘ejc op]^ha ]j‘ la]_abqh _kiiqjepeao¥ ~ ^u najasejc hejg]cao pdnkqcd l]npe_el]pekj ej o_dkkh,nah]pa‘ arajpo ]j‘ pda ok_e]hev]pekj lnk_aooao pd]p o_dkkho lna_elep]pa- ⁄Uepdkqp ok_e]h _]lep]h+ _neoao,]bba_pa‘ cnkqlo ]na qj]^ha pk hera pkcapdan kn _kklan]pa pk na^qeh‘ pdaen herao+ _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ j]pekjo¥ (@]tpan ]j‘ Rnelhadknj+ 1//3+ l-40 _epa‘ ej Bqlqu+ 1//5+ l-2)- @qp pda mqaopekj kb nahar]j_u eo ]c]ej kb l]n]ikqjp eilknp]j_a- Gb laklha lan_aera pd]p bkni]h a‘q_]pekj eo ^aejc ‘neraj ^u atpanj]h ejpanrajpekjo+ pdaj ep sehh ^a oaaj ]o ennahar]jp ~ ]j‘ pda ok_e]h _]lep]h ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd l]npe_el]pekj ej _kiiqjepu o_dkkhejc sehh jkp ]__qiqh]paUkiaj ej @kqc]ejrehha oqbbana‘ atpajoerahu ‘qnejc pda _kjbhe_p- @qp ]p pda o]ia peia ]o ikop kb pda skiaj sana habp ^adej‘ ^u pdaen i]ha _kqjpanl]npo sdk sana ^qou becdpejc ej pda ikqjp]ejo+ pdau ha]njp pk ]‘]lp pk ] jas s]u kb herejc- Rda skiaj ‘eo_krana‘ ]j‘ ha]njp jas s]uo kb dks pk nahu kj j]pqn]h naokqn_ao (F]reje+ 1//3+ l-62)- Kknakran pda ah‘anhu laklha sdk ‘e‘ jkp ck pk s]n qpeheva‘ pdaen kllknpqjepu pk l]oo kj pdaen gjksha‘ca ]j‘ ogehho pk ukqjc skiaj pk oqnrera ^u ]‘klpejc ] pn]‘epekj]h s]u kb heba ]j‘ pdeo d]o _na]pa‘ ] jas _kiiqj]h naola_p bkn pn]‘epekj]h gjksha‘ca ]j‘ ogehho ]‘‘a‘ pk pda lne‘a kb pda @kqc]ejrehha]j (F]reje+ 1//3+ l-6/)- Rdnkqcd nai]ng]^ha ejepe]perao kb kn‘ej]nu _epevajo+ ej_hq‘ejc skiaj+ @kqc]ejrehha d]o i]j]ca‘ pk oqnrera ]j‘ kran_kia i]ju k^op]_hao pk na_h]ei pda h]j‘ bkn epo ej‘ecajkqo laklha ]j‘ na^qeh‘ epo ok_eapu ejpk ] ik‘anj _kjopnq_p kb j]pekjdkk‘ (F]reje+ 1//3+ l-64)- Rda skiaj ej @kqc]ejrehha sdk sana 366
Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville
bknianhu l]pnkjeoa‘ kn ecjkna‘ ^u ] _khkje]h ok_eapu+ ^ac]j pk ola]g bkn pdaioahrao sepd ] _ha]n rke_a+ na_h]eiejc pdaen pn]‘epekj]h i]pneheja]h nkhao (F]reje+ 1//3+ ll-te,ter)- @qp pda aj‘ kb s]n ‘kao jkp ]qpki]pe_]hhu ha]‘ pk pda aj‘ kb ejoa_qnepu bkn lklqh]pekjo ]bba_pa‘ ^u ]nia‘ _kjbhe_p ]j‘ ep ]lla]no pd]p skiaj ej @kqc]ejrehha ]na oqbbanejc pda _kjoamqaj_ao kb iaj£o ‘eoehhqoekjiajp sepd _d]jca (Rkjeooaj+ 1///)- Sjbknpqj]pahu rekhaj_a ]c]ejop skiaj eo kj pda neoa ]j‘ pdana ]na ba]no pd]p decd haraho kb rekhaj_a i]u ^a ] hkjc pani _kjoamqaj_a kb pda jeja,ua]n _kjbhe_p (Rkjeooaj+ 1///)- Gp eo pdanabkna eilknp]jp pd]p pda lkop,_kjbhe_p ajrenkjiajp sde_d d]o _na]pa‘ ] jas ok_e]h opnq_pqna ]j‘ s]uo kb skngejc ej @kqc]ejrehha i]gao ]‘amq]pa lnkreoekjo bkn caj‘an amqepu+ aola_e]hhu pdnkqcd a‘q_]pekj opn]paceao-
Social inclusion and capabilities Rda Palknp bkn @kqc]ejrehha eo bk_qoa‘ kj pda ⁄ukqpdo¥ sdk ieooa‘ kqp kj iq_d kb pdaen bkni]h a‘q_]pekj ^a_]qoa kb pda s]n- Gp eo eilan]pera pk ej_hq‘a pdai ej lh]jo bkn na_kjopnq_pekj ‘aolepa ]ju _kop.^ajabep ]j]huoeo pd]p iecdp o]u kpdanseoa- Rdana eo are‘aj_a pd]p lkhe_u _]j i]ga ] ‘ebbanaj_a sdaj ep _kiao pk ok_e]h ej_hqoekj (A?QC+ 1//190)- ? ba]pqna kb ok_e]h ej_hqoekj ]o ] lkhe_u ck]h eo pd]p ep ejrkhrao oaran]h ‘eiajoekjo kb ‘alner]pekj ]j‘ l]npe_el]pekj+ ej_hq‘ejc _kjoqilpekj+ lnk‘q_pekj+ lkhepe_]h ]_perepu ]j‘ ok_e]h ajc]caiajp- Rda _]l]^ehepeao ]llnk]_d pk dqi]j ‘arahkliajp ol]jo ]hh pdaoa haraho@aukj‘ a_kjkie_ na‘eopne^qpekj+ sa£na op]npejc pk ha]nj pd]p at_hqoekj eo ranu iq_d ]^kqp baahejc lksanhaoo pk _d]jca oepq]pekjo- Nan_alpekjo kb at_hqoekj lnk^]^hu ]ikqjp pk ikna pd]j sd]p pda iapne_o kb i]pane]h lkranpu odks ql-?o ] ‘neran kb ok_e]h ejpacn]pekj . bn]ciajp]pekj+ baahejco kb ejfqope_a ‘ai]j‘ pk ^a p]gaj oanekqohu+ sde_d pda Palknp ‘kaoRda iqhpe,‘eiajoekj]h mq]hepu kb ok_e]h at_hqoekj eo cappejc ej_na]oejc ]ppajpekj bnki lh]jjano+ ^qp pdau ikophu _kj_ajpn]pa kj _kjoqilpekj ]j‘ lnk‘q_pekj+ sde_d jacha_po dks at_hqoekj eo atlaneaj_a‘- Rda Palknp ]‘‘naooao pdeo c]l ej ]j]huoeo ^u p]ncapejc pda ⁄ukqpdo¥ sdk sana i]‘a ikna rqhjan]^ha ^u ieooejc kqp kj o_dkkhejc ‘qnejc pda _neoeo- ?p pda _ajpna kb pda ‘a_eoekj pk p]ncap pdai eo na_kcjepekj pd]p ⁄baahejc habp kqp¥ ]ikqjpo pk ikna pd]j sd]p pda iapne_o kb i]pane]h lkranpu odks-
BHDR Methodology Rda @FBP iapdk‘khkcu aj_kil]ooao pdnaa ‘eiajoekjo9 0-
1-
Fqi]j Barahkliajp Gj‘e_ao ^qehp i]ejhu bnki 1/// _ajoqo p]^hao (Rda dkqoadkh‘ oqnrau pd]p L]pekj]h Qp]peope_]h Mbbe_a kb NLE s]o ejpaj‘ejc pk qj‘anp]ga ej Hqja 1//5 eo jkp atla_pa‘ pk lnk‘q_a pda ‘]p] ej peia bkn lnei]nu qoa ^u @FBP): ‘ebbanajpe]h ‘e]cjkoeo kb ogehho ]p pda harah kb ej‘ere‘q]ho: pdeo ]_perepu p]ehkno pda _kj_alp kb lkranpu pk @kqc]ejrehha _kjpatpo+ ]_gjksha‘cejc pd]p ikop laklha ]na 367
Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
2-
h]j‘dkh‘ano+ ]j‘ na_kcjevejc pd]p h]j‘ banpehepu ]ooqnao ikop b]ieheao cnks ajkqcd bkn pdaen jaa‘o: ]j‘ oqnrauejc pda ok_e]h,a_kjkie_ _kj‘epekjo kb _kiiqjepu heba ej panio kb ]__aoo pk aooajpe]h lq^he_ oanre_ao- Rdeo ]ei eo pk ‘ena_phu oqllknp pda N]pnkh ejepe]pera kb pda ?@E+ sde_d lh]jo pk lnkre‘a lanek‘e_ reoepo ^u lq^he_ oanr]jpo pk aranu rehh]ca ej @kqc]ejrehha-
@u hk_]hevejc ogehh oapo+ @FBP d]o ]‘klpa‘ hk_]hhu ]llnklne]pa ia]oqnao . ej‘e_]pkno kb ‘alner]pekj: ]j ejmqenu kb ej‘ere‘q]h _]l]^ehepeao ]j‘ _dke_ao ^]oa‘ kj pda mq]jpebe_]pekj kb oahb,nalknpa‘ ]ooaooiajpo+ oqllhaiajpa‘ ^u bk_qo cnkql ejmqeneao pd]p ia]oqna dks ej‘ere‘q]ho£ i]l pdaen _]l]^ehepeao- Rda ]llnk]_d eo ]ooap,^]oa‘: pda ]ei eo pk aj_kqn]ca dkqoadkh‘ano pk e‘ajpebu pdaen bqj_pekjejc . _]l]^ehepeao: pdaj ^u ] lnk_aoo kb ‘a‘q_pekj+ ]j]huopo d]ra cajan]pa‘ pda _kjopn]ejpo kn _kj‘epekjoGj oqi+ pda iapdk‘khkcu namqenao psk gej‘o kb mqaopekjj]enao9 kja pk ejpanreas rehh]ca da]‘o kn nalnaoajp]pera rke_ao ]^kqp sd]p rehh]cano ‘k ‘]u,pk,‘]u: pda kpdan pk mq]hep]perahu i]l ej‘ere‘q]h _]l]^ehepeao ]j‘ ]olen]pekjoGj ] jqpodahh+ pda @FBP ]eio pk lnkre‘a ‘ebbanajpe]h ‘e]cjkope_o kn ^]oaheja ‘]p] pd]p sehh dahl lh]jjano pk qj‘anop]j‘ pda ‘eranoepu kb pda dqi]j ‘arahkliajp _d]hhajcao+ sde_d ‘ebbanajp rehh]cao b]_a ej ‘eopej_p s]uo- Gjpanj]pekj]hhu+ ep eo opehh ] n]na qj‘anp]gejc pk ‘e]cjkoa ‘eranoepu ]p oq_d hk_]h ‘alpd: ]j‘ @FBP nalnaoajpo ] SLBN ^na]gpdnkqcd ejepe]pera ]p oq^,j]pekj]h harah-
Conclusion Nnk‘q_ejc ] Fqi]j Barahkliajp Palknp ]p ] oq^,j]pekj]h harah eo mqepa _d]hhajcejc ]j‘ pdeo _d]hhajca eo cna]pan eb pda lnkrej_a kn pda nacekj eo ej pda lnk_aoo kb na^qeh‘ejc ]bpan ] hkjc ]j‘ ‘ar]op]pejc _kjbhe_p- Rda ajpena lnk_aoo kb @FBP d]o p]gaj ql pdeo _d]hhajca ^u aild]oeoejc pda nkha kb _kiiqjepeao+ ]j‘ ej‘ere‘q]ho bnki pdkoa _kiiqjepeao+ ej pda nalknp£o lnal]n]pekj- Rda lnk_aoo d]o ]hok pnea‘ pk ajd]j_a pda l]lan _kjpne^qpkno£ ]s]najaoo kb pda dqi]j ‘arahkliajp lnej_elha+ sde_d _kjoe‘ano jkp kjhu pda a_kjkie_ eilknp]j_a kb a‘q_]pekj ]j‘ da]hpd+ ^qp ]hok pdaen eilknp]j_a ]o ejraopiajpo ej dqi]j _]l]^ehepu , jkp fqop ⁄dqi]j _]lep]h¥ pd]p _]j ^nejc lnk‘q_perepu c]ejo- Gj kpdan skn‘o pda ejpajp s]o pk lqp aild]oeo kj dqi]j herao ]o ]ooapo ]j‘ jkp kj pda ejoqbbe_eaj_eao kb ej‘ere‘q]ho- Gj oqi+ pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo s]o ‘aoecja‘ pk ajd]j_a _dke_ao ]j‘ _]l]^ehepeao pdnkqcd ] l]npe_el]pknu ]j‘ bqhhu,ej_hqoera ]llnk]_d- @u bkhhksejc oq_d ]j ]llnk]_d+ ep eo atla_pa‘ pd]p @FBP sehh ^a oq__aoobqh ej nabha_pejc pda _kiiqjepeao£ ]olen]pekjo ej pda j]pekj ^qeh‘ejc lnk_aoo pk pda bqhhaop atpajp-
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Innovative assessment of human development: The case of Bougainville
References ?d]e+ L-?- (0888)- En]oonkkpo Barahkliajp Teoekjo bkn ] jas @kqc]ejrehha- Gj E- F]nneo ap ]h- (C‘-)+ @qeh‘ejc Na]_a ej @kqc]ejrehha (ll-002,027)- Rda Aajpna bkn Na]_a Qpq‘eao+ Sjeranoepu kb Las Cjch]j‘+ ?qopn]he] ]j‘ pda L]pekj]h Paoa]n_d Gjopepqpa+ N]lq] Las Eqeja]?@E- (1//4)- Qpn]pace_ ?_pekj Nh]j 1//5,1/0/- ?qpkjkikqo @kqc]ejrehha EkranjiajpA?QC- (1//1)- Sj‘anop]j‘ejc Qk_e]h Ct_hqoekj+ Aajpna bkn ?j]huoeo kb Qk_e]h Ct_hqoekj- Papneara‘ 07 K]n_d,1//5 bnki A?QC^neab- ope_an‘-hoa-]_-qg.‘lo._]oa._^.A?QC^neab12-l‘bBqlqu+ I+ (1//5)- C‘q_]pekj+ Na]_a+ Akjbhe_p+ ]j‘ Adeh‘naj9 Ijksha‘ca @]oa ]j‘ Ijksha‘ca E]loPapneara‘ 07 K]n_d,1//5 bnki gaj‘ql-ckkchal]cao-_ki.Pa‘‘^]nj]l]lan-‘k_ F]reje+ K-R- (1//3)- Nnab]_a- Gj H-R- Qenere ]j‘ K-R- F]reje (C‘)+ Kkpdano kb pda J]j‘ (ll-te,ter)Paoa]n_d Q_dkkh kb N]_ebe_ ]j‘ ?oe]j Qpq‘eao+ Rda ?qopn]he]j L]pekj]h Sjeranoepu9 N]j‘]jqo @kkgoF]reje+ K-R- (1//3)- Ukiaj ej Akiiqjepu Bqnejc pda @hk_g]‘a- Gj H-R- Qenere ]j‘ K-R- F]reje (C‘)+ Kkpdano kb pda J]j‘ (ll-58,61)- Paoa]n_d Q_dkkh kb N]_ebe_ ]j‘ ?oe]j Qpq‘eao+ Rda ?qopn]he]j L]pekj]h Sjeranoepu9 N]j‘]jqo @kkgoJqga+ ?+ ]j‘ N-Dnaa^k‘u- (1///)- Jepan]pa Dqpqnao9 pda Oqaajoh]j‘ Qp]pa Jepan]_u Qpn]pacuOqaajoh]j‘ C‘q_]pekj Bal]npiajp+ ?qopn]he]NLE FQQN-(1//4)- @kqc]ejrehha Nnkrej_a Qepq]pekj]h ?j]huoeo- NLE Fa]hpd Qanre_a Qqllknp Nnkcn]i Npu Jp‘Qenere+ H-R- (1//3)- @qeh‘ejc ] Hqjcha Qk_eapu Gj H-R- Qenere ]j‘ K-R- F]reje (C‘)+ Kkpdano kb pda J]j‘ (ll-62,65)- Paoa]n_d Q_dkkh kb N]_ebe_ ]j‘ ?oe]j Qpq‘eao+ Rda ?qopn]he]j L]pekj]h Sjeranoepu9 N?LB?LSQ @MMIQQki]oqj‘]n]i+ B- H- ]j‘ U-?- r]j ‘a Nqp- (1//4)- K]j]caiajp kb pn]qi] ej ola_e]h lklqh]pekjo ]bpan ] ‘eo]opan+ lnaoajpa‘ ]p pda Quilkoeqi ?bpan pda Roqj]ie+ Da^nq]nu+ @]jcgkg- Papneara‘ 07 K]n_d,1//5 bnki sss-lou_de]pneop-_kli.oqllhajap.r56o/10/-l‘b Rkjeooaj+ K- (1///)- Rda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ rekhaj_a ]c]ejop skiaj ej lkop, _kjbhe_p @kqc]ejrehha- Barahkliajp @qhhapej+ jk-42+ ll-15,17SLCQAM (1//3)- Udk ]na Ct_hq‘a‘ ]j‘ Udu= Papneara‘ 07 K]n_d,1//5 bnki lknp]h-qjao_k-knc.a‘q_]pejk.aj.ar-ldl,SPJ GB;176/4&SPJ BM;BM RMNGA&SPJ QCARGML;1/0 dpih UFM+ (1//4)- Akjbanaj_a kj pda Fa]hpd ?ola_po kb pda Roqj]ie Beo]opan ej ?oe]+ Ndqgap+ Rd]eh]j‘+ 3, 5 K]u- Papneara‘ 07 K]n_d,1//5 bnki sss-sdk-ejp.d]_.arajpo.poqj]ie_kjb.lnaoajp]pekjo.aj.
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Jim Chalmers, Udoy Sankar Saikia and Gouranga Dasvarma
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Why interview? Akiiqjepu Gjbkni]pe_o eo ] pula kb ok_e]h ln]_pe_a pd]p ]‘]lpo Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekj Ra_djkhkceao pk laklha£o ]j‘ _kiiqjepu£o jaa‘o (Qpka_gan & Qpehhi]j 1//6) ]j‘ ]o oq_d+ ep qoao i]ju naoa]n_d pa_djemqao b]iehe]n bnki kpdan bknio kb ok_e]h naoa]n_dFks pk opq‘u ] ¢_kiiqjepu£ ¡lnei]nehu pdnkqcd pda sej‘ks kb pda gjksha‘ca dah‘ ^u epo laklha ]j‘ ejopepqpekjo¡d]o hkjc ^aaj ] _kjpnkranoe]h ]j‘ ejpn]_p]^ha eooqa ej ok_ekhkcu+ ¢^a_]qoa pdana eo jk s]u pk ‘eoajp]jcha pda naoa]n_d iapdk‘ bnki pda ejraopec]pkn deioahb (oe_)£ (Te‘e_d+ @ajoi]j ap ]h-+ 086/+ l-234)- Rdqo+ pda ‘ebbe_qhpu kb ]cnaaejc fqop sd]p _kjopepqpao ] _kiiqjepu ]j‘ dks laklha ejpanlnap pd]p _kiiqjepu eil]_po qlkj ]ju opq‘u kb dqi]j ]_pekj+ ej_hq‘ejc pda opq‘u kb pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj laklha ]j‘ pa_djkhkcu- Qpka_gan d]o k^oanra‘ pd]p ej Akiiqjepu Gjbkni]pe_o+ ]o sepd i]ju kpdan oknpo kb _kiiqjepu skng+ ¢_kiiqjepu£ eo ikop kbpaj ] _kiiqjepu,kb,ejpanaop kb laklha sepd ] lnk^hai pk okhra- ?j‘ sepdej oq_d _kiiqjepeao+ sa skng sepd ] dqca r]neapu kb bkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ knc]jeo]pekjo pd]p oanra pda ejpanaopo kb ‘ebbanajp 371
Larry Stillman
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Using interviews effectively in Community Informatics
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Interview Preparation Gj Akiiqjepu Gjbkni]pe_o+ pda ejpajpekj kb naoa]n_d eo bej‘ kqp ejbkni]pekj pd]p sehh qhpei]pahu okhra ] _kiiqjepu£o ejbkni]pekj kn pa_djkhkcu eooqao- Fksaran+ ‘eo_qooejc ok_e]h,pa_dje_]h eooqao eo jkp a]ou+ ceraj dks _kilhat pda eooqao _]j ^a+ ]j‘ dks i]ju laklha opnqccha sepd sd]p pdau oaa ]o ¢pa_dje_]h£ paniejkhkcu kn _kj_alpo- @a_]qoa kb pdeo+ ]j ejpanreas odkqh‘ jkp ^a ckja ejpk ¢_kh‘£+ ^qp n]pdan+ _]nabqh pdkqcdp ^a ceraj pk dks ukq sehh ‘n]s kqp pda ejpanreasaa£o ejoecdpo ]j‘ gjksha‘ca bkn pda lnk^haio pd]p ukq ]na ejraopec]pejc- Rdana eo jk na]okj sdu ukqn ejpan]_pekj sepd ejpanreasaao _]jjkp ^a i]‘a ]o lanokj]heoa‘+ eb lnkbaooekj]h+ ]o lkooe^ha+ ok pd]p ] iqpq]hhu ail]pdape_ nah]pekjodel eo aop]^heoda‘- Rdeo _]j ]hok ha]‘ pk ikna bnqepbqh hkjc,pani nah]pekjodelo ej ] _kiiqjepu- Gp _kjoamqajphu i]gao oajoa pk pnu pk bej‘ kqp okiapdejc ]^kqp pda lanokj ukq ]na ejpanreasejc ^abknad]j‘+ l]npe_qh]nhu pdaen atlkoqna pk ‘ebbanajp GARo+ ^abkna pda ejpanreas ]j‘ pda knc]jeo]pekj sepd sde_d da kn oda eo ejrkhra‘- Rdana eo jk na]okj ej b]_p+ ]o l]np kb ukqn kran]hh iapdk‘o+ pd]p ukq odkqh‘ jkp iaap pd]p lanokj ]p ]jkpdan arajp (oq_d ]o ] _kiieppaa iaapejc)+ ]j‘ ejpnk‘q_a ukqnoahb- Gj ]ju _]oa+ ep eo hegahu pd]p eb ukq ]na skngejc sepd ] qjeranoepu+ ukq sehh ^a namqena‘ pk oaj‘ ejpanreasaao Cpde_o Dknio+ ]j‘ pdeo _]j ^a ]jkpdan pda kllknpqjepu pk ejpnk‘q_a ukqnoahb ]j‘ ¢^na]g pda e_a£Oqaopekjo qoa‘ ej ] _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d lnkfa_p _]j ]hok ^a ‘arahkla‘ ej _kjoqhp]pekj sepd ] _kiiqjepu nabanaj_a cnkql epoahb+ ]j‘ pdeo _]j ]hok d]o ]hok dahl oa_qna pdaen ]_pera ajc]caiajp sepd pda lnkfa_p ]j‘ _k,ksjanodel kb pda naoa]n_d lnk_aoo- Gj l]npe_qh]n+ ]o d]o ]hna]‘u ^aaj oqccaopa‘+ _]na jaa‘o pk ^a p]gaj ej ‘arahklejc ejpanreaso sde_d ‘eo_qoo GARo9 jkp aranukja d]o pda o]ia ‘acnaa kb gjksha‘ca kb pa_dje_]h eooqao+ ]j‘ f]nckj odkqh‘ ^a ]rke‘a‘- Dkn at]ilha+ ej jackpe]pejc ] oaneao kb oi]hh ar]hq]pekjo kb GAR _kiiqjepu jaa‘o kb oi]hh knc]jeo]pekjo+ G d]ra oqccaopa‘ pk i]j]caiajp pd]p G ejpanreas a]_d op]bb iai^an+ ^k]n‘ iai^an+ ]j‘ ] jqi^an kb oanre_a japskng op]gadkh‘ano+ ej kn‘an pk cap ] nkqj‘a‘ le_pqna kb pda _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo£ jaa‘o ]j‘ GAR _qhpqna- ?‘‘epekj]hhu+ ep i]u ^a pd]p pdana eo ]j ]jjq]h nalknp kb kpdan ejbkni]pekj ]r]eh]^ha+ ]j‘ pdeo _]j ^a i]p_da‘ pk okia kb pda mqaopekjo ukq seod pk ]ogDqnpdanikna+ ej lkoejc ejpanreas mqaopekjo+ pda ejpanreasan jaa‘o pk ‘arahkl i]j]ca]^ha mqaopekjo sde_d _]j ^a ]josana‘ ^u ]j ejpanreasaa- Eeraj pda j]pqna kb dqi]j _kjrano]pekj+ pdau jaa‘ pk ^a odknp+ _ha]n ]j‘ oeilha+ ]j‘ ‘arke‘ kb f]nckj- Barahklejc oq_d mqaopekjo p]gao _]na+ ]j‘ ukqn mqaopekjo paopa‘ ^abkna ckejc ejpk pda beah‘ (Keje_deahhk+ 0884)- Gj b]_p+ ep eo hegahu pd]p ukq _]j kjhu ‘eo_qoo ]^kqp 0/ pkle_o kn mqaopekjo ]p pda ikop ej ] oaie,opnq_pqna‘ ejpanreas+ l]npe_qh]nhu eb ukq ]na atlhknejc eooqao kj sde_d ‘alpd klejekjo kn ]ppepq‘ao ]o okqcdp- Dqnpdanikna+ ]o ‘]p] ]__qiqh]pao ]j‘ ukq bej‘ ranu oeieh]n ]josano pk mqaopekjo ]o ukq _kj‘q_p ejpanreaso+ mqaopekjo _]j ^a ‘nklla‘ ]j‘ ik‘ebea‘+ ]o jas mqaopekjo ]neoa bnki pda oq^op]j_a kb pda ejpanreas ‘]p]- Qej_a ukq ]na jkp _kj‘q_pejc necknkqo mq]jpep]pera naoa]n_d+ pdana eo jk na]okj pk _kjpejqa ]ogejc ]^kqp mqaopekjo kn pkle_o pd]p ]na o]pqn]pa‘ sepd pda o]ia ]josan+ qjhaoo ukq seod pk mq]jpebu pd]p ]josan (^qp naiai^an pd]p qjhaoo ukq d]ra ] o_eajpebe_ o]ilha+ ukqn mq]jpebe_]pekj eo kjhu lnkreoekj]h ]j‘ ej‘e_]pera kb ] pnaj‘)374
Using interviews effectively in Community Informatics
Interview Environment Gjpanreaso+ eb lkooe^ha+ odkqh‘ ^a _kj‘q_pa‘ ej ] mqeap ]j‘ lner]pa ol]_a gjksj pk pda ejpanreasaa- Gj okia oepq]pekjo pdeo i]u ^a ranu ‘ebbe_qhp pk ]_deara+ bkn at]ilha+ ej klaj, lh]j kbbe_ao+ kn sdana lner]pa ol]_a eo ]p ] lnaieqi- Ud]paran pda _en_qiop]j_ao+ ukq odkqh‘ pnu pk bej‘ okiasdana sdana pdana eo iejei]h ejpanbanaj_a bnki atpanj]h jkeoa kn ‘eopn]_pekjo (pqnj kbb ik^eha ldkjao)+ ]j‘ ] _]b}+ ]ppn]_pera ]o ep i]u ^a+ eo jkp ] lner]pa lh]_a! @a_]qoa ok iq_d kb ejpanreasejc eo ]hok ]^kqp ^aejc ]s]na kb jkj,ran^]h _qao oq_d ]o ^k‘u caopqnao (]hok _]hha‘ pda ¢oehajp h]jcq]ca£ (F]hh+ 0848))+ ejpanreasejc ^u ldkja+ at_alp bkn pda ikop b]_pq]h kb ejbkni]pekj+ _]j ^a lnk^hai]pe_- Nanokj]h lnaoaj_a _]j ]hok na‘q_a ]ju ba]no kb ^aejc ejpanreasa‘- Gp _kqh‘ sahh ^a pd]p laklha£o _kjbe‘aj_a ]j‘ ]ppajpekj ol]jo _]jjkp oqnrera ] ldkja ejpanreas sepd ] opn]jcan- Fksaran+ kj k__]oekj+ G d]ra _kj‘q_pa‘ ldkja ejpanreaso sepd laklha sdki G d]ra iap ^abknad]j‘+ ej_hq‘ejc ejpanj]pekj]h ejpanreaso-
The Interview What is an interview? Gjpanreaso ]na jkp ]j kn‘ej]nu s]u kb p]hgejc sepd okiakja+ pdkqcd sa oaag pk i]ga pda ‘eo_qooekj ]o _kibknp]^ha ]o lkooe^ha- Rda ejpanreas eo ] ola_e]h pula kb _kjoanr]pekj (sde_d i]u ^a opnq_pqna‘ kn qjopnq_pqna‘) pk k^p]ej bnaahu,kbbana‘ ejbkni]pekj (Keje_deahhk+ 0884)- @a_]qoa kb pdeo+ ]j‘ pda b]_p pd]p pda ejpanreasan ]j‘ ejpanreasaa d]ra kjhu ] odknp ]ikqjp kb peia pk aop]^heod n]llknp+ ep _]j ^a ] _d]hhajca pk ejpanreas ] nah]pera opn]jcan- Gp _]j ]hok ^a mqepa _kjbnkjpejc bkn ]j ejpanreasaa eb da kn oda eo jkp qoa‘ pk oq_d bknio kb _kjrano]pekj+ kn sepd sdki pdana ]na oq^op]jpe]h _qhpqn]h (]j‘ hejcqeope_) ‘ebbanaj_ao pd]p _]j oap ql ^]nneano ]j‘ ieoqj‘anop]j‘ejco pk ]ju bkni kb klaj _kjrano]pekj- Wkq ]hok jaa‘ pk _kjoe‘an pda ‘ebbanaj_a ^apsaaj ] kja,kj,kja ejpanreas (oq_d ]o pd]p ^apsaaj ukq+ ]o pda naoa]n_dan+ ]j‘ pda lanokj ^aejc ejpanreasa‘)+ kn ]j ejpanreas sepd oaran]h laklha ]_pejc ]o ¢mqaopekjano£9 dks ]llnklne]pa eo ep pk oap ej lh]_a ] pdnaa,s]u _kjrano]pekj+ l]npe_qh]nhu sdaj pda ‘uj]ie_o kb pdnaa laklha (sdk i]u ^a opn]jcano pk a]_d kpdan)+ _]j _kia ejpk lh]u= Gj _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d+ oq_d ]o pd]p sde_d oaago pk ‘ena_phu _k,klp _kiiqjepu iai^ano ]o naoa]n_d l]npjano+ dks ]llnklne]pa eo ep pk l]oo kj pda naolkjoe^ehepu kb ejpanreaso pk kpdan iai^ano kb pda _kiiqjepu= Rda _en_qiop]j_ao i]u jkp ]hs]uo ^a ]llnklne]pa+ oq_d ]o sdaj ikna oajoepera klejekjo ]na ^aejc okqcdp- Qq_d mqaopekjo jaa‘ pk ^a _]nabqhhu _kjoe‘ana‘ ^abkna ukq ^acej pda ejpanreasFks hkjc odkqh‘ ]j ejpanreas ^a= Gb ukq seod pk ‘arahkl hkjc,pani lnkfa_p nah]pekjodelo+ ep eo l]npe_qh]nhu eilknp]jp pd]p ukq ]__kiik‘]pa pk ejpanreas£o jaa‘o+ ]j‘ jkp pda kpdan s]u nkqj‘- Rdana eo ] na]h ‘]jcan kb happejc ]j ejpanreas ‘n]c kj sdaj pdana eo jkpdejc ikna pk ^a c]eja‘ ^u ep- 34 iejqpao eo lnk^]^hu pda heiep bkn i]ju laklha- G d]ra ^aaj ej ejpanreas oepq]pekjo sdana eb G d]‘ ^aaj ej _d]nca+ G skqh‘ d]ra paniej]pa‘ pda ejpanreas mqepa a]nhu+ sdaj ep ^a_]ia _ha]n pd]p pdana s]o jkpdejc pk ^a c]eja‘ ^u bqnpdan mqaopekjo375
Larry Stillman
Gj kpdan oepq]pekjo+ sdaj ep eo _ha]n pd]p pda ejpanreasaa d]o _d]jca‘ deo kn dan iej‘ ]^kqp ^aejc ejpanreasa‘+ pda oaooekj odkqh‘ ^a lkhepahu bejeoda‘- Qkia laklha ]na iq_d ikna _kjbe‘ajp ej atlh]ejejc pdaioahrao ]j‘ _]j ^a decdhu ]npe_qh]pa+ sdeha kpdano d]ra cna]p lnk^haio ej atlh]ejejc pdejco- @qp ]o ]j ejpanreasan+ ukq iqop ]__alp laklha ]o pdau ]na+ ]j‘ ]__alp pd]p okia ejpanreaso sehh ^a iq_d ne_dan pd]j kpdano- Wkqn atla_p]pekjo sehh jkp ]hs]uo ^a iap- Naklha£o peia eo ]hok r]hq]^ha+ ]j‘ ep eo ]hok eilknp]jp pk gaal pdaen ejpanaop ok pd]p bkniqh]e_ kn jkj,_kiiepp]h naolkjoao ]na ]rke‘a‘- Gp eo ]hok eo ranu eilknp]jp pk ^a ]s]na kb ]ju _qao oq_d ]o odqbbhejc kb baap kn op]nejc kqp pda sej‘ks pk ej‘e_]pa pd]p ^kna‘ki kn bnqopn]pekj ]na oappejc ej-
Conducting and Recording an interview Rn]‘epekj]hhu+ ejpanreasano d]ra sneppaj ‘ksj ] ran^]pei ]__kqjp kb sd]p pdau d]ra da]n‘+ aepdan ‘qnejc kn ‘ena_phu ]bpan pda ejpanreas- Fksaran+ ep eo k^rekqo pd]p pda ]__qn]_u kb pda ]__kqjp pd]p eo lqp kj l]lan ‘alaj‘o kj ] decd ‘acnaa kb ogehh ^u pda ejpanreasan pk heopaj+ p]hg+ ]j‘ snepa (iq_d kb Qeciqj‘ Dnaq‘£o skng+ bkn at]ilha+ s]o ^]oa‘ kj nah]perahu bas+ ^qp ‘aalhu atlhkna‘ ]j‘ ejpanlnapa‘ ejpanreaso)- ?j‘ kb _kqnoa+ sepd ]hh pdnaa lnk_aooao ckejc kj+ pdana eo ]hok ] decd ‘acnaa kb behpanejc ]j‘ ejpanlnap]pekjRdeo eo sdana jasan pa_djkhkcu _]j ^a kb cna]p ]ooeop]j_a- Bebbanajp pulao kb p]la na_kn‘an d]ra ^aaj ]nkqj‘ oej_a pda 082/o+ ^qp ep eo kjhu na_ajphu+ sepd ranu oi]hh ]j‘ lknp]^ha ‘ecep]h na_kn‘ano+ pd]p pda na_kn‘ejc pa_djkhkcu d]o ^a_kia nah]perahu qjk^pnqoera- G d]ra ]hok ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej ejpanreaso sdana ejopa]‘ kb ] ‘]p] na_kn‘an+ ] oi]hh re‘ak na_kn‘an d]o ^aaj qoa‘- Rdeo s]o dah‘ ej pda ejpanreasan£o d]j‘ kn lh]_a‘ ej ] _knjan (kj ] odahb bkn at]ilha)+ ^qp jkp nabk_qoa‘ kn kpdanseoa _kjpnkhha‘ ‘qnejc pda ejpanreas ok ]o pk d]ra iejei]h ejpanbanaj_a kj pda _kj‘q_p kb pda ejpanreas- Rda n]pekj]ha bkn qoejc pda re‘ak s]o pk _]lpqna jkj,ran^]h h]jcq]ca ]j‘ ]‘‘epekj]hhu+ pk re‘ak ]‘‘epekj]h i]pane]ho pd]p sana qoa‘ ej pdeo lnkfa_p (‘n]sejco ]j‘ ok kj)+ ]o sahh ]o _]lpqna pda hk_]h ajrenkjiajpRda qoa kb re‘ak ]hok namqenao ] bqnpdan apde_]h _kjoe‘an]pekj9 eo pda lanokj ckejc pk ^a e‘ajpebea‘ ej ]ju bqnpdan qoa kb pda re‘ak+ kn eo pda re‘ak fqop bkn na_kn‘ejc pdaen reaso ]j‘ ajrenkjiajp= Rdeo d]o pk ^a _h]nebea‘ sepd pda ejpanreasaa- Mpdan klpekjo ]na ]hok ^a_kiejc ]r]eh]^ha- Qk_e]h okbps]na oq_d ]o Qgula jks cerao pda naoa]n_dan pda kllknpqjepu pk _kj‘q_p (]j‘ na_kn‘) ejpanreaso ]p ] ‘eop]j_a pdnkqcd ] _kilqpan+ ^qp ]hh pda lnkreoko ]hna]‘u ‘eo_qooa‘ ]llhu+ ]j‘ ]o sahh+ eb pda _kjja_pekj eo lkkn+ kn ‘eo_kjja_pekj k__qno+ pda bhks kb ]j ejpanreas sehh ^a ]bba_pa‘- Udapdan kn jkp ukq seod pk qoa ] re‘ak hejg eo ]hok ‘alaj‘ajp kj ^]j‘se‘pd ]j‘ sdapdan kn jkp pdeo sehh ^a ikna kb ] dej‘n]j_a pd]j ] dahlUd]paran ^n]j‘ kb ‘ecep]h na_kn‘an ukq lqn_d]oa (]j‘ ikna ]j‘ ikna il2 lh]uano ]j‘ ik^eha ldkjao d]ra pdeo _]l]_epu)+ ep odkqh‘ ^a kja pd]p _]j i]ga decd,mq]hepu na_kn‘ejco kb ]p ha]op ]j dkqn hkjc ]j‘ ^a ‘ksjhk]‘a‘ pk ukqn _kilqpan- Wkq odkqh‘ ]hok ln]_pe_a sepd ] _khha]cqa kn bneaj‘+ ]j‘ gjks dks pk qoa pda na_kn‘an sepdkqp bqi^hejc- ?j‘ ]hs]uo d]ra bnaod ^]ppaneao ej pda na_kn‘an ^abkna pda ejpanreas op]npo+ laj_eho ]j‘ jkpa^kkgo- Lkpdejc ejpanbanao sepd ]j ejpanreas hega bqi^hejc pk _d]jca ^]ppaneao- ?j‘ ]hok i]ga oqna pd]p pda na_kn‘an d]o oqbbe_eajp iaiknu habp (sepd bknckppaj ejpanreaso habp kj pda na_kn‘an)376
Using interviews effectively in Community Informatics
Qeilhu lh]_ejc ] ‘]p] na_kn‘an kj ] p]^ha ]j‘ pdaj _kiiaj_ejc ]j ejpanreas ‘kao jkp ajcaj‘an ] lkoepera ]pikoldana- Wkq odkqh‘ i]ga _ha]n ^abkna d]j‘ pd]p ukq seod pk qoa ] na_kn‘an ]o ] s]u kb snepejc ]j ]__qn]pa ]__kqjp kb pda ejpanreas pdnkqcd ^aejc ]^ha pk pn]jo_ne^a ep lkop,ejpanreas ]j‘ cap pda ejpanreasaa£o lanieooekj pk na_kn‘ ^abknad]j‘+ bkn at]ilha+ ej ] happan kb ejpnk‘q_pekj- Gj ]‘‘epekj+ ukq odkqh‘ kbban pk od]na pda pn]jo_nelpekj kn ]__kqjp kb pda ejpanreas sdaj ep eo sneppaj ql sepd pda ejpanreasaa+ sepd pda kbban pk hap pdai _kiiajp kj ep ^abkna ep eo kpdanseoa qoa‘- Gp i]u ]hok ^a pda _]oa pd]p pda ejpanreas sehh ^a kjhu qoa‘ ej ]j ]jkjuikqo b]odekj+ ^qp pdeo ‘alaj‘o kj pda gej‘ kb naoa]n_d ukq ]na ‘kejc ]j‘ pda apde_o namqenaiajpo ukq ]na skngejc sepd- Gj b]_p+ laklha paj‘ pk ^a ikna klaj eb pdau gjks pd]p pdaen reaso ]na ckejc pk ^a qoa‘ ]jkjuikqohu ]o l]np kb ]j ]ccnac]pa nalknpGj iu atlaneaj_a+ ]bpan ] ikiajp kn psk+ ikop ejpanreasaao hkoa pdaen daoep]pekj ]^kqp ^aejc na_kn‘a‘- Qappejc pda na_kn‘an kj ] p]^ha qjk^pnqoerahu ]o lkooe^ha (bkn at]ilha+ jatp pk ] ^]c)+ dahlo sepd pdeo- Gjpanreasano jaa‘ pk naiai^an pd]p pda bk_qo eo qlkj pda lanokj ^aejc olkgaj sepd+ jkp pdaioahrao+ ]j‘ _kiiajpejc kj sd]p eo ^aejc o]e‘+ kn p]hgejc kran pda lanokj ^kpd ejpannqlp pda bhks kb pd]p pda lanokj d]o pk kbban ]o sahh ]o ejpanbanejc sepd pda mq]hepu kb na_kn‘ejc- Gp eo oqnlneoejc dks d]n‘ ep eo pk ha]nj pk jkp p]hg kran ]jkpdan lanokj+ ]j‘ ukq i]u seod pk _kjoe‘an pda abba_p pdeo d]o sdaj oaran]h laklha ]na ejrkhra‘ ej ]j ejpanreas- Gp p]gao okia abbknp pk naoeop ran^]h _kiiajpo+ lnkilpejco+ ]j‘ kpdan ¢jkeoa£ oq_d ]o iqniqno kb ]cnaaiajpFksaran+ ‘aolepa pda qoabqhjaoo kb pda na_kn‘ejc+ pdana eo jkpdejc hega QNWXJSNSL ranu _]nabqhhu pk sd]p eo ^aejc o]e‘+ ]j‘ ‘ena_phu ]bpan pda ejpanreas+ snepejc ql ]j ]__kqjp kb sd]p oaaia‘ eilknp]jp pk ukq pk _h]nebu h]pan kj- Mran,nahe]j_a kj pda na_kn‘ejc pa_djkhkcu+ n]pdan pd]j _]nabqh heopajejc i]u i]ga bkn ] ‘abe_eajp ]__kqjp- Gp eo oqnlneoejc dks mqe_ghu ‘ap]eho _]j ^a bknckppaj eb pdau ]na jkp sneppaj ‘ksj-
Managing Interview Data Data Recorders Rda qoa kb ‘]p] na_kn‘ano ej ejpanreasejc ia]jo pd]p pda ejpanreasan i]u jaa‘ pk ]_mqena jas ogehho ej ‘]p] i]j]caiajp- Gj pda l]op+ ^abkna na_kn‘ano+ pda ejpanreasan£o jkpao sana qoa‘ pk snepa ]j ejpanreas ]__kqjp sepd na_kjopnq_pa‘ mqkp]pekjo ]j‘ _kiiajp]nu+ ]j‘ pdeo skqh‘ ^a i]j]ca‘ sepd kpdan ejpanreas ‘]p] pk dahl sepd pda naoa]n_d mqaopekj- Gj snepejc ql+ bkn at]ilha+ 1/ kn 1/ ejpanreaso+ pdeo s]o ]hna]‘u ] oq^op]jpe]h p]og- Rk‘]u+ dksaran+ ^aejc ]^ha pk d]ra ] na]okj]^hu ]__qn]pa pn]jo_nelpekj kb ]j ejpanreas ia]jo pd]p pda ne_dan d]o ] iq_d h]ncan ]j‘ lkpajpe]hhu ne_dan ]ikqjp kb ‘]p] pk skng sepd+ ^qp _kjranpejc oq_d ] h]nca ]ikqjp kb ejbkni]pekj bnki rke_a ‘]p] pk ]j aha_pnkje_ patp beha _]j ^a ] ranu h]nca ]j‘ ‘]qjpejc p]og- Rsajpu ejpanreaso _]j naoqhp ej kran 0// l]cao kb patpMb _kqnoa+ ep eo lkooe^ha pd]p na_kn‘a‘ ejpanreaso _]j ^a oajp kqp pk ] pn]jo_nelpekj oanre_a+ 377
Larry Stillman
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Transcription Gp eo qoabqh pk ck kran pda ‘ap]eho kb pda qlhk]‘ ]j‘ pn]jo_nelpekj lnk_aoo ej okia ‘ap]eh+ ej kn‘an pk odks sd]p ogehho ]na ja_aoo]nu- Gj pdeo _]oa+ G ‘eo_qoo pda qoa kb Qkju ‘]p] na_kn‘anDehao sana qlhk]‘a‘ bnki iu ‘]p] na_kn‘an pk ] NA ]j‘ G qoa pda bnaa lnkcn]i+ Ctlnaoo Q_ne^a (sss-j_d-_ki-]q.o_ne^a)- Udeha ep eo lkooe^ha pk qoa pda lnklneap]nu okbps]na pd]p _kiao sepd pda Qkju na_kn‘an (]j‘ kpdan ^n]j‘o)+ iu _khha]cqao ]j‘ G d]ra bkqj‘ Ctlnaoo Q_ne^a+ sde_d eo se‘ahu qoa‘ ]o ] pn]jo_nelpekj okbps]na eo h]s ]j‘ ia‘e_eja ranu a]ou pk qoa l]npe_qh]nhu ^a_]qoa epo ¢Ehk^]h£ gauopnkgao _]j ^a nqj ¢qj‘an£ ] skn‘ lnk_aooejc l]_g]ca oq_d ]o Ke_nkokbp Ukn‘- Rda okbps]na pd]p _kiao sepd ‘]p] na_kn‘ano G d]ra qoa‘ ‘kao jkp d]ra pdeo qoabqh ba]pqna- Ehk^]h gauo ]hhks pda ejpanreasan kn kpdan op]bb pk pula ]j‘ _kjpnkh pda bhks kb pda na_kn‘ejc (lh]u+ op]np+ opkl+ b]op+ ohks+ nasej‘ ]j‘ ok kj) sepdkqp d]rejc pk ikra kqp kb pda Ukn‘ sej‘ks- Rdeo eo ] cna]p peia o]ran- Ctlnaoo Q_ne^a ]hok ]hhkso bkn ] _anp]ej ‘acnaa kb jkeoa o_nq^^ejc ej epo klpekjo bkn lh]u ^]_g oappejco bkn pda pkja bnamqaj_u sde_d ajd]j_a‘ pda ]__qn]_u kb sdana pdana eo ^]_gcnkqj‘ ejpanbanaj_a oq_d ]o ]en, _kj‘epekjejc- G d]ra ]hok bkqj‘ ep a]oeaop ok heopaj pk ] na_kn‘ejc pdnkqcd ckk‘ ola]gano n]pdan pd]j da]‘ldkjao+ pdkqcd pdeo i]u jkp ^a ukqn lnabanaj_aBalaj‘ejc kj pda pula kb ‘]p] na_kn‘an qoa‘+ Ctlnaoo Q_ne^a i]u kn i]u jkp hk]‘ behao ]qpki]pe_]hhu+ ^qp ‘ebbanajp klpekjo _]j ^a oap- Gb ukq ]na odknp kb opkn]ca ol]_a+ _kjranpejc behao ejpk ]j Mlaj Qkqn_a bkni]p oq_d ]o kcc rkn^eo (sss-rkn^eo-_ki.) sehh o]ra ol]_a ej 378
Using interviews effectively in Community Informatics
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Researcher and respondent relationships ? ola_ebe_ ]na] kb oajoeperepu bkn pda bkqn lnej_el]h naoa]n_dano s]o pd]p jkja kb qo eo bnki ]j ?oe]j ^]_gcnkqj‘- Ua sana ]s]na pd]p ej pda _kjpatp kb naoa]n_d sepd ] _qhpqn]h ‘eiajoekj+ K kne naoa]n_dano ej ?kpa]nk] Las Xa]h]j‘ d]ra _]hha‘ bkn ¢‘a,_khkjeoejc£ naoa]n_d iapdk‘khkceao (Qiepd+ 0888: An]i+ 1//0)+ ]j‘ d]ra l]npe_qh]nhu lnk^hai]peoa‘ pda nkha kb N gad naoa]n_dano seodejc pk _]nnu kqp naoa]n_d sepd K kne _kiiqjepeao?hpdkqcd sa ‘e‘ jkp gjks kb eooqao ateopejc pk pda o]ia atpajp bkn naoa]n_d sepd ?oe]j _kiiqjepeao+ sa ]_gjksha‘ca‘ pda bqj‘]iajp]h ¢kqpoe‘an£ op]pqo kb pda lnej_el]h naoa]n_dano- Akjoamqajphu+ kqn lnkfa_p pa]i pkkg kj i]ju ]ola_po kb pda ⁄ejoe‘an.kqpoe‘an pa]i ]llnk]_d¥ ]o ‘ao_ne^a‘ ^u Ahejcani]j (0888+ l- 67)+ ej sde_d naoa]n_d pa]i iai^ano ]na ‘ahe^an]pahu ej_hq‘a‘ bkn ‘ebbanaj_ao ej ⁄heba atlaneaj_ao ]j‘ ejpanlnapera lanola_perao¥? bqnpdan eilknp]jp eooqa aianca‘- ? _kjoe‘an]^ha ]ikqjp kb iecn]jp naoa]n_d d]o ^aaj _]nnea‘ kqp na_ajphu ej ?kpa]nk] Las Xa]h]j‘+ aola_e]hhu ej pda ?q_gh]j‘ ]na]- Ua bkqj‘ pd]p pdana s]o ] sahh,sknj pn]_g kb hkkgejc bkn nabann]ho bkn bk_qo cnkqlo pdnkqcd ckranjiajp ]j‘ hk_]h ^k‘u ]caj_eao- Rdanabkna+ pda l]npe_el]jpo hegahu pk ^a e‘ajpebea‘ pdnkqcd pdeo nkqpa sana oqbbanejc bnki ¢bk_qo cnkql b]pecqa£- Ua ‘a_e‘a‘ pk p]ga ] ‘ebbanajp nkqpa pk ajoqna naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo sana bnaod ]j‘ qj]bba_pa‘ ^u lnarekqo naoa]n_d lnk_aooao+ ]j‘ kqn lnk_a‘qna ej cappejc naoa]n_d l]npe_el]jpo bkn bk_qo cnkqlo ‘alaj‘a‘ da]rehu kj kqn bk_qo cnkql b]_ehep]pkno- ?o ¢ejoe‘ano£ pdaioahrao+ pdau ‘nas kj pdaen ksj _kiiqjepu _kjp]_poRda _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_d sa pkkg ej pda naoa]n_d ]hok ejbhqaj_a‘ pda nkhao p]gaj ^u pda naoa]n_dano ej pda lnkfa_p- Kejghan ]j‘ U]hhanopaej (1//2+ l- 3) lkejp kqp pd]p ej _kjpn]op pk ¢kqpoe‘an£ naoa]n_d+ ej ] _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d ]llnk]_d pdana eo ]j abbknp pk na‘q_a pda ‘eopej_pekj ^apsaaj ¢naoa]n_dan£ ]j‘ ¢naoa]n_da‘£+ ]j‘ l]npe_el]jpo d]ra ikna ejrkhraiajp ej ]hh ]ola_po kb pda naoa]n_d- Gj kqn lnkfa_p+ laklha bqhbehha‘ ‘ebbanajp nkhao ej pda opnq_pqna ]p ‘ebbanajp peiao- ?o jkpa‘ ]^kra+ pda lnkfa_p ‘ena_pkn s]o ]hok kja kb pda lnej_el]h naoa]n_dano- Mja kb pda kpdan lnej_el]h naoa]n_dano pkkg kj pda nkha kb cnkql b]_ehep]pkn ]p pda namqaop kb kja kb pda _kiiqjepu cnkqlo+ ]j‘ okia lnkfa_p i]j]caiajp op]bb sana ]hok ejrkhra‘ ]o naoa]n_d ]ooeop]jpo- Gj ?q_gh]j‘+ ]j GQK LX op]bb iai^an pkkg _kjpnkh kb pda nqjjejc kb pda lnkfa_p-
391
Terry McGrath, Andrew Butcher, Yvette Koo, John Pickering and Hilary Smith
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Engaging Asian communities in Aotearoa New Zealand: An exploration of what works in community research
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Theoretical framework Rda iqhpe,‘eo_elhej]nu j]pqna kb pda pa]i ajoqna‘ ]__aoo pk ]j‘ pda _kjpne^qpekj kb ] se‘a n]jca kb hepan]pqna ej pda naoa]n_d- Qq^oamqajphu+ pda hepan]pqna nareas ^a_]ia ] qoabqh ^u, lnk‘q_p kb pda naoa]n_d+ ^qp pda ejepe]h lqnlkoa kb pda nareas s]o pk aop]^heod ] pdaknape_]h ]j‘ _kj_alpq]h bn]iaskng bkn pda naoa]n_d- Gj pda ejepe]h op]cao+ pda r]nea‘ naoa]n_d 393
Terry McGrath, Andrew Butcher, Yvette Koo, John Pickering and Hilary Smith
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Conclusions Udaj pda lnkfa_p d]‘ ^aaj _kilhapa‘+ sa sana ]^ha pk _kjoe‘an pda ‘acnaa pk sde_d ep d]‘ ^aaj oq__aoobqh ]o ]j at]ilha kb l]npe_el]pknu _kiiqjepu naoa]n_d- Rda baa‘^]_g sa na_aera‘ bnki l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ ]‘reokno (ej_hq‘ejc bqj‘ano) s]o pd]p sa d]‘ ^aaj oq__aoobqh+ ]j‘ kqn ]j]huoeo kb pda lnk_aoo d]o ha‘ qo pk nabha_p kj sd]p sa d]ra ha]njp bnki pda lnk_aoo-
Lessons learned Rdana sana pdnaa i]ej haookjo sde_d sa ha]nja‘ ej pdeo lnkfa_p9 ’
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394
Engaging Asian communities in Aotearoa New Zealand: An exploration of what works in community research
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/ HQJFV UVTOJHX WXVYHXYVJ HFS FQQT[ KTV KQJ\NGNQNX] FSI INZJVWNX] Rdeo lnkfa_p d]‘ ] _kilhe_]pa‘ ]j‘ bhate^ha opnq_pqna+ ]hpdkqcd pda nkhao ]j‘ naolkjoe^ehepeao bkn pda iai^ano kb a]_d cnkql sana _ha]nhu ‘abeja‘- Rda bhate^ehepu kb opnq_pqna ej pda lnkfa_p _ki^eja‘ sepd pda ‘eranoepu kb l]npe_el]jp ]j‘ naoa]n_dan ^]_gcnkqj‘o iejeieoa‘ pda dean]n_de_]h ‘eop]j_a ]ikjc l]npe_el]jpo ]j‘ ]hhksa‘ bkn ]j ¢ejoe‘an.kqpoe‘an£ _kjpejqqi kb lanola_perao- Rdeo ajd]j_a‘ ]j]huoeo kb pda ‘]p] ^nkqcdp ] ‘alpd kb qj‘anop]j‘ejc pk pda naoa]n_d bej‘ejco-
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Final thoughts Qk_e]h naoa]n_d kb pda pula p]gaj ej pdeo lnkfa_p ]hhkso ja]n,opn]jcano pk ]og pda pula kb lanokj]h mqaopekjo sde_d skqh‘ jkp ^a lkooe^ha ej kpdan pulao kb ejpan]_pekjo- Rdeo _]j okiapeiao oaai hega iaapejc pda naoa]n_dano£ ejpanaopo sdeha pda kpdan l]npe_el]jpo ej pda lnk_aoo nai]ej pda ¢oq^fa_po£- K]ju kb pda ejbkni]jpo ]j‘ naoa]n_d ]ooeop]jpo ej pdeo opq‘u pkkg ]j ]_pera l]np ej pda lnk_aoo ]j‘ kqp_kiao kb pda lnkfa_p+ pdana^u _kjpne^qpejc pks]n‘o pda ‘arahkliajp kb naoa]n_d ogehho ]ikjc okia iai^ano kb ?oe]j _kiiqjepeao ej ?kpa]nk] Las Xa]h]j‘+ ]j‘ ajoqnejc pd]p pda bej‘ejco sana ia]jejcbqh pk pdai ]o sahh ]o pda bqj‘ejc ]caj_u sdk bkni]hhu _kjpn]_pa‘ pda lnkfa_p-
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References @qp_dan+ ?-+ Qlkkjhau+ N-+ & Rnhej+ ?- (1//5)- @aejc ]__alpa‘9 Rda atlaneaj_a kb ok_e]h at_hqoekj ]j‘ ‘eo_neiej]pekj ^u iecn]jpo ]j‘ nabqcaao ej Las Xa]h]j‘- M__]oekj]h Nq^he_]pekj Lk- 02+ Las 395
Terry McGrath, Andrew Butcher, Yvette Koo, John Pickering and Hilary Smith
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Engaging Asian communities in Aotearoa New Zealand: An exploration of what works in community research
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397
Terry McGrath, Andrew Butcher, Yvette Koo, John Pickering and Hilary Smith
398
Contributors Robyn Allpress Pk^uj d]o sknga‘ ej Mp]n]+ K]jqg]q Aepu+ ?kpa]nk].Las Xa]h]j‘ bkn 03 ua]no+ 6 kb pdkoa ]o Akiiqjepu ?‘reokn bkn K]jqg]q Aepu Akqj_eh- Rdeo eo ] d]j‘o,kj lkoepekj+ skngejc ]hkjcoe‘a pda _kiiqjepu ~ ‘arahklejc lnkfa_po+ oqllknpejc japskngo+ naolkj‘ejc pk _kiiqjepu eooqao+ ejepe]pejc ]_pekj ]j‘ ^aejc pda ejpanb]_a ^apsaaj pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ pda Akqj_eh- Bqnejc pda peia kb Pk^uj£o ejrkhraiajp pda Mp]n] Akiiqjepu Lapskng+ sde_d eo kranoaaj ^u pda Mp]n] Lapskng ?_pekj Akiieppaa (ML?A)+ d]o cnksj pk ^a_kia pda ^eccaop _kiiqjepu japskng ej K]jqg]q Aepu-
Cheryl Anderson Adanuh ?j‘anokj eo Eq‘]c]£o bqhh peia lnkfa_p kbbe_an- Qda eo ]j Gj‘ecajkqo ski]j sdk d]o olajp ikop kb dan heba herejc ej A]il^ahhpksj+ ] o]pahhepa _epu kj pda okqpdsaop bnejcao kb Qu‘jau+ ?qopn]he]+ sdana oda eo ranu ]_pera ej pda ]na]£o Gj‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepu- Qda eo pda ikpdan kb bkqn ua]n kh‘ A]phuj-
Udo Richard Averweg S‘k ?ransac eo ailhkua‘ ]o ]j Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu (GR) Paoa]n_d ?j]huop ]p aRdagseje Kqje_el]hepu+ Bqn^]j+ Qkqpd ?bne_]- Fa ajpana‘ pda GR ej‘qopnu ‘qnejc 0868 ]j‘ dkh‘o ] K]opano Ra_djkhkcu ‘acnaa ej Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu (_qi h]q‘a)+ ] oa_kj‘ K]opano ‘acnaa ej Q_eaj_a bnki pda Sjeranoepu kb L]p]h ]j‘ ] pden‘ K]opano ‘acnaa ej Akiian_a bnki pda Sjeranoepu kb Is]Xqhq, L]p]h+ Qkqpd ?bne_]- Fa eo ] lnkbaooekj]h iai^an kb pda Akilqpan Qk_eapu kb Qkqpd ?bne_] ]j‘ d]o ‘aherana‘ GR naoa]n_d l]lano hk_]hhu ]j‘ ejpanj]pekj]hhu- Bqnejc H]jq]nu 1/// S‘k _hei^a‘ pk pda oqiiep kb ?bne_]£o decdaop la]g+ Kkqjp Iehei]jf]nk (4+784 iapnao)+ ej R]jv]je]-
Alfred Joseph Banya Bn ?hbna‘ @]ju] skngo ej pda Nq^he_ Fa]hpd Bena_pkn]pa kb Jaseod]i Nnei]nu A]na Rnqop ej pda SI- Fa eo naolkjoe^ha bkn pda ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ atl]joekj kb _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp bkn da]hpd ]_perepu ]_nkoo rkhqjp]nu ]j‘ op]pqpknu oa_pkn ]caj_eao- Rdeo ej_hq‘ao ‘arahklejc ]j‘ _kj‘q_pejc pn]ejejc+ ]j‘ ]‘reoejc kj ^aop ln]_pe_a ej _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp- Fa s]o ] ha_pqnan ej Ka‘e_]h N]n]oepkhkcu ]p K]ganana Sjeranoepu ej Sc]j‘] lnekn pk ikrejc pk pda SI ]j‘ skngejc ]o ] Qajekn Fa]hpd Nnkikpekj Qla_e]heop ej pda 088/o- Fa eo ] iai^an kb pda Pku]h Qk_eapu kb Ka‘e_eja- Feo i]ej ejpanaop eo ej e‘ajpebuejc ]j‘ qpeheoejc kllknpqjepeao bkn l]npjanodel skngejc ^apsaaj ‘eo]‘r]jp]ca‘ _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]ho pk eilnkra da]hpd ]j‘ na‘q_a da]hpd ejamq]hepeao- ? bk_qo kb deo NdB naoa]n_d s]o kj pda eilhe_]pekjo kb SI ckranjiajp lq^he_ da]hpd lkhe_u bkn l]npjanodelo ^apsaaj _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ da]hpd lnkbaooekj]ho- Fa d]o atpajoera atlaneaj_a ej ‘arahklejc+ i]j]cejc ]j‘ ar]hq]pejc _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ da]hpd ejpanrajpekjo-
399
Contributors
Anthony Barnett ?jpdkju @]njapp eo Nnkbaookn kb Ka‘e_eja ]j‘ _kjoqhp]jp lduoe_e]j._heje_]h ‘ena_pkn bkn Be]^apao ]j‘ Cj‘k_nejkhkcu ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb @eniejcd]i ]j‘ Rda Fa]np kb Cjch]j‘ LFQ Dkqj‘]pekj Rnqop- Fa da]‘o kja kb pda ^eccaop ‘e]^apao qjepo ej pda SI ]j‘ d]o ]_]‘aie_ ejpanaopo ej cajape_o kb ‘e]^apao+ _]qoao kb ‘e]^apao r]o_qh]n ‘eoa]oa+ jas pna]piajpo bkn ‘e]^apao ]j‘ epo _kilhe_]pekjo+ ]j‘ da]hpd oanre_a nah]pa‘ naoa]n_d l]npe_qh]nhu nac]n‘ejc klpeiqi lnkreoekj kb oanre_ao bkn pda Qkqpd ?oe]j _kiiqjepu ej pda SI- Fa d]o lq^heoda‘ ]nkqj‘ 3// laan nareasa‘ l]lano ]j‘ d]o sneppaj i]ju ^kkgo ]j‘ ^kkg _d]lpano ej deo ]na] kb ejpanaop- Fa a‘epo psk a‘q_]pekj]h fkqnj]ho ]eia‘ ]p pda lnei]nu _]na iqhpe,lnkbaooekj]h pa]i ]j‘ d]o ]hok sknga‘ sepd pda ia‘e]-
Andrew Butcher ?j‘nas @qp_dan pkkg ql pda nkha kb Bena_pkn+ Paoa]n_d ]j‘ Nkhe_u ]p pda ?oe] Las Xa]h]j‘ Dkqj‘]pekj ej Ba_ai^an 1//5- Nnekn pk pd]p da s]o ] Qajekn Paoa]n_dan ej pda Las Xa]h]j‘ Gjh]j‘ Parajqa Bal]npiajp- Fa d]o ] ‘k_pkn]pa ej ok_ekhkcu ]j‘ eo pda ]qpdkn ]j‘ _k,]qpdkn kb ] jqi^an kb ejpanj]pekj]hhu nabanaa‘ ]npe_hao ]j‘ _kiieooekja‘ nalknpo kj pda pkle_ kb ejpanj]pekj]h opq‘ajpo ]j‘ iecn]jpo-
Jim Chalmers Bn Hei Ad]hiano d]o ] naoa]n_d lnkbeha ]o ] ok_e]h _kjopnq_pekjeop pdnkqcd _kjpne^qpejc pk abbknpo pk oda‘ bqnpdan hecdp kj dks laklha i]ga oajoa kb pdaen sknh‘+ ouopaio kb nalnaoajp]pekj (r]neapeao kb gjksha‘ca)+ ]j‘ dks oq_d bkni]pekjo _khhe‘a sepd lksan opnqcchao ej ok_eapu+ uap+ lnaoajp kllknpqjepeao ej nah]pa‘ opnqcchao bkn na_kcjepekj ]j‘ ok_e]h ej_hqoekj- Feo skng _]j ^a _]packneva‘ ]o ]j apde_]h _kjpatpq]heop+ ejolena‘ ^u dks ej‘ere‘q]ho atlaneaj_a _qhpqna+ ]j‘ ^u pda abbknpo kb o_dkh]no ]j‘ ln]_pepekjano pk na‘n]s ^kqj‘]neao k__qlea‘ ^u pda op]pa+ ^qoejaoo+ ]j‘ _ereh ok_eapu pks]n‘o r]hknev]pekj kb dqi]j ‘arahkliajp- Feo skng eo pule_]hhu ej pda bkni kb pna]peoao sneppaj bkn ejpanj]pekj]h fkqnj]ho ej pda _nepe_]h pn]‘epekj+ ]j‘ ej_hq‘ao ] na_ajp _kjpne^qpekj bkn ] _khha_pekj kb aoo]uo kj ik‘anjeoi _kjpne^qpa‘ ^u pdakneopo sdk atlhkna pda bqj‘]iajp]h pajoekjo pd]p ‘abejao pdeo _ajpqnu ^apsaaj chk^]heo]pekj ]j‘ atlaneaj_a- Feo beah‘ atlaneaj_a eo lna‘kiej]jphu ej NLE+ Qqi]pn]+ @knjak+ Gj‘e]+ Eq]pai]h] ]j‘ Kate_k sepd iapdk‘khkce_]h ejpanaopo ej pda ]_dearaiajp ^u _kiiqjepeao kb aran,ej_na]oejc ksjanodel kran ejpanrajpekjo-
Gary Collins Bn E]nu Akhhejo eo ] Ka‘e_]h Qp]peope_e]j ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Mtbkn‘- Feo naoa]n_d ejpanaopo _kran pn]joh]pekj+ _qhpqn]h ]‘]lp]pekj+ ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ lou_dkiapne_ ]ola_po kb oahb,nalknp da]hpd op]pqo ia]oqnao- Pa_ajphu+ deo naoa]n_d d]o bk_qooa‘ kj at]iejejc pda ¢]llnklne]pajaoo£+ ]__alp]^ehepu ]j‘ _qhpqn]h amqer]haj_a kb da]hpd kqp_kiao ia]oqnao ej h]jcq]cao olkgaj ^u @nep]ej£o iejknepu apdje_ cnkqlo+ sepd ola_e]h ]ppajpekj kj pdkoa bnki pda Gj‘e]j oq^_kjpejajp-
Elizabeth Comino Chev]^apd Akiejk+ @TQ_+ KNF+ NdB+ eo ] oajekn naoa]n_d bahhks ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Las Qkqpd U]hao+ Qu‘jau- Gj 1//1 oda s]o ]s]n‘a‘ ] Adqn_dehh Dahhksodel pk opq‘u lnei]nu _]na naoa]n_d ej pda SI- Qda eo ]j ale‘aiekhkceop ejpanaopa‘ ej ]__aoo pk ]j‘ qoa kb mq]hepu lnei]nu da]hpd _]na- Qda skngo sepd pda Aajpnao bkn Nnei]nu Fa]hpd A]na ]j‘ Cmqepu+ SLQU ]j‘ AFCRPC+ Jeranlkkh Fkolep]hQda ha]‘o ] lnkcn]i kb skng ]p pda Aajpnao qoejc lklqh]pekj da]hpd ‘]p] oapo pk lnkre‘a ejbkni]pekj kj qoa kb lnei]nu da]hpd _]na- Bn Akiejk d]o atpajoera atlaneaj_a ej pda _kj‘q_p kb naoa]n_d ej _kiiqjepu+ cajan]h ln]_pe_a ]j‘ _kiiqjepu da]hpd oappejco- Qda d]o qoa‘ ] n]jca kb opq‘u ‘aoecjo 400
Contributors
ej_hq‘ejc ejpanrajpekj ]j‘ ‘ao_nelpera opq‘u ‘aoecjo pk eilnkra ]__aoo pk ]j‘ mq]hepu kb da]hpd _]na bkn _deh‘naj ]j‘ ]‘qhpo sepd ] n]jca kb da]hpd _]na _kj‘epekjo ej_hq‘ejc ‘e]^apao+ ]opdi] (_deh‘naj ]j‘ ]‘qhpo)+ _dnkje_ k^opnq_pera lqhikj]nu ‘eoa]oa+ ]jteapu ]j‘ ‘alnaooekj+ ]j‘ _dnkje_ l]ej- Qda d]o sknga‘ sepd pda ?^knecej]h _kiiqjepu ej K]_]npdqn oej_a 1/// pk oqllknp pda aop]^heodiajp kb pda ?^knecej]h Fkia Teoepejc Ra]i ej pda nacekj ]j‘ sepd Rd]n]s]h ?^knecej]h Aknlkn]pekj pk oqllknp pdaen ]_perepeao- Qda eo pda ha]‘ ejraopec]pkn kj pda Eq‘]c] Nnkfa_p- Gj ‘arahklejc ]j‘ eilhaiajpejc pdeo naoa]n_d oda d]o sknga‘ _hkoahu sepd pda ?^knecej]h Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ i]ejopna]i da]hpd oanre_ao ]j‘ pda Rd]n]s]h ?^knecej]h Aknlkn]pekj-
Pippa Craig Nell] An]ec+ @Q_+ BelLqpnBeap+ KFNC‘+ NdB+ d]o sknga‘ kj lnkfa_po bkn eilnkrejc oanre_ao bkn ]j‘ naoa]n_dejc sepd pda hk_]h ?^knecej]h _kiiqjepu ej Qkqpd Uaopanj Qu‘jau oej_a 1///- Qda eo ] Adeab Gjraopec]pkn kj pda Eq‘]c] lnkfa_p- Bn An]ec s]o ejrkhra‘ ej pda aop]^heodiajp kb pda ?^knecej]h Fkia Teoepejc lnkfa_p sde_d ]eio pk ]‘‘naoo neog b]_pkno bkn _kj‘epekjo kb decd lnar]haj_a ]ikjc qn^]j ?^knecej]h _deh‘naj ]j‘ pk ‘arahkl opn]paceao pk ]‘‘naoo pdaoa- Qda s]o ]hok ejrkhra‘ ej ]jkpdan lnkfa_p pd]p ]eia‘ pk ej_na]oa pda qoa kb lnei]nu da]hpd _]na oanre_ao ^u pda qn^]j ?^knecej]h _kiiqjepu ej Qkqpd Uaopanj Qu‘jau- Mqp_kiao sana ] l]_g]ca kb Gj‘ecajkqo a‘q_]pekj]h naokqn_ao bkn hk_]h ENo+ ]j‘ ] bknqi ej sde_d pda hk_]h ?^knecej]h Akjpnkhha‘ Fa]hpd Qanre_a+ hk_]h da]hpd oanre_ao ]j‘ ENo e‘ajpebea‘ lneknepu ]na]o bkn bqpqna _khh]^kn]pekj-
Gouranga Dasvarma Bn Ekqn]jc] B]or]ni] eo ] lklqh]pekj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ola_e]heop- Fa eo ] Qajekn Ja_pqnan ]p Dhej‘ano Sjeranoepu+ ?‘ah]e‘a+ ?qopn]he]- Fa pa]_dao ‘aikcn]lde_ pdakneao ]j‘ iapdk‘o+ skiaj£o ]j‘ _deh‘naj£o da]hpd+ dqi]j naokqn_a ‘arahkliajp+ ]caejc+ ]j‘ lklqh]pekj,‘arahkliajp nah]pekjo+ ]j‘ _kj‘q_po naoa]n_d kj lklqh]pekj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp+ banpehepu ]j‘ b]iehu lh]jjejc+ iknp]hepu ]j‘ lklqh]pekj lnkfa_pekjo- Fa d]o oqlanreoa‘ ] h]nca jqi^ano kb i]opano ]j‘ \NdB pdaoao- Fa d]o lnkre‘a‘ hkjc ]j‘ odknp pani _kjoqhp]j_eao pk r]nekqo knc]jeo]pekjo ej_hq‘ejc pda Sjepa‘ L]pekjo Nklqh]pekj Dqj‘ (SLDN?)+ ?qopn]he]j ?caj_u bkn Gjpanj]pekj]h Barahkliajp (?qo?GB)+ pda Qp]pa Nh]jjejc Bal]npiajp kb Qkqpd ?qopn]he]+ ]j‘ pk kpdan ejpanj]pekj]h ]caj_eao oq_d ]o pda Dkn‘ Dkqj‘]pekj ]j‘ pda Nklqh]pekj Akqj_eh- Feo _qnnajp _kjoqhp]j_u eo sepd pda Sjepa‘ L]pekjo Barahkliajp Nnkcn]i (SLBN) ej N]lq] Las Eqeja]- Fa d]o sknga‘ ej r]nekqo _kqjpneao ej_hq‘ejc Gj‘e]+ Gj‘kjaoe]+ A]i^k‘e] ]j‘ N]lq] Las Eqeja]- Fa d]o lq^heoda‘ ] h]nca jqi^an fkqnj]h l]lano+ nalknpo+ ]j‘ _kjbanaj_a l]lano-
Peter Day Napan eo ] oajekn ha_pqnan ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb @necdpkj ]j‘ d]o ] hkjc deopknu kb ]_]‘aie_ ]j‘ ln]_pe_]h atlaneaj_a ej pda _kiiqjepu pa_djkhkcu ikraiajp- Fa eo ] bkqj‘an iai^an kb pda Akiiqjepu Gjbkni]pe_o Paoa]n_d Lapskng (AGPL) ~ ]j ejpanj]pekj]h japskng kb naoa]n_dano+ ln]_pepekjano ]j‘ lkhe_u i]gano _kj_anja‘ sepd aj]^hejc _kiiqjepeao pdnkqcd pda qoa kb Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Akiiqje_]pekjo Ra_djkhkceao (GAR)- Napan eo ]hok ] bkqj‘an iai^an kb pda Qqooat Akiiqjepu Gjpanjap Nnkfa_p (QAGN) ] _kiiqjepu pa_djkhkcu ]‘rk_]_u knc]jeo]pekj ]j‘ GAR oanre_a lnkre‘an bkn pda _kiiqjepu ]j‘ rkhqjp]nu oa_pkn ej Qqooat+ SI- Fa eo pda Nnej_elha Gjraopec]pkn ]j‘ Nnkfa_p K]j]can kb pda C_kjkie_ ]j‘ Qk_e]h Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (CQPA) bqj‘a‘ Akiiqjepu Lapskng ?j]huoeo lnkfa_p qj‘an pda Naklha ]p pda Aajpna kb Akiiqje_]pekj ]j‘ GR naoa]n_d lnkcn]iia- Fa eo ]hok pda Nnej_elha Gjraopec]pkn kb ] @necdpkj ]j‘ Qqooat Akiiqjepu Ijksha‘ca Ct_d]jca (@QAIC) bqj‘a‘ Akiiqjepu Laa‘o ?j]huoeo ]j‘ GAR naoa]n_d lnkfa_p- Napan d]o qj‘anp]gaj _kiieooekja‘ naoa]n_d bkn pda Akiiqjepu Barahkliajp Dkqj‘]pekj ]j‘ G@K ] 401
Contributors
fkejphu olkjokna‘ lnkfa_p+ ]j‘ bkn pda Mlaj Qk_eapu Gjopepqpa (Cqnkla)- Fa d]o lq^heoda‘ atpajoerahu ej pda beah‘ kb _kiiqjepu japskngejc ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o-
Ruth DeSouza Pqpd BaQkqv] eo ] Qajekn Paoa]n_d Dahhks _kkn‘ej]pejc ^kpd pda Aajpna bkn ?oe]j ]j‘ Kecn]jp Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d ]j‘ ] En]‘q]pa Belhki] ej ?‘‘e_pekjo ]p ?SR Sjeranoepu ej ?q_gh]j‘+ Las Xa]h]j‘- ? l]np,peia NdB opq‘ajp+ Pqpd eo ] naoa]n_dan ]j‘ a‘q_]pkn sepd atlaneaj_a ‘n]sj bnki ] ^]_gcnkqj‘ ej iajp]h da]hpd jqnoejc+ pa]_dejc ]j‘ _kqjoahhejc- Qda eo ]_perahu ejrkhra‘ ej _kiiqjepu ]_perepeao ]j‘ _k,kn‘ej]pao pda ?kpa]nk] Cpdje_ Lapskng (?CL) ]j‘ a‘epo pda ?CL Hkqnj]h- Pqpd eo ] Akqj_ehhkn kb pda Las Xa]h]j‘ ?oe]j Qpq‘eao Qk_eapu+ ^k]n‘ iai^an kb pda ?oe] Las Xa]h]j‘ Dkqj‘]pekj+ iai^an kb pda U]ep]gana Aepu Akqj_eh K]ukn]h R]og Dkn_a kj D]iehu Tekhaj_a+ Balqpu Ad]en kb pda Uaop ?q_gh]j‘ Jerejc Qgehho Fkiao Rnqop Gj_ (U?JQF Rnqop)+ Cta_qpera _kiieppaa iai^an kb pda Pabqcaa Akqj_eh kb Las Xa]h]j‘ ]j‘ iai^an kb pda Gjpanj]pekj]h K]n_} Qk_eapu ]j‘ pda Las Xa]h]j‘ _kkn‘ej]pkn bkn Nkopl]npqi Qqllknp Gjpanj]pekj]h- Pqpd d]o ]hok na_ajphu ^aaj ]llkejpa‘ pk pda C‘epkne]h @k]n‘o kb pda Hkqnj]h kb Beranoepu ej Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h A]na ]j‘ Rn]jo_qhpqn]h Lqnoejc- Pqpd eo l]ooekj]pa ]^kqp ‘arahklejc naoa]n_d lnk_aooao pd]p naoqhp ej ajd]j_ejc pda sahh,^aejc+ _]l]_epu ]j‘ _]l]^ehepu kb _kiiqjepeao-
Monika Divis Kkjeg] Bereo s]o ^knj ]j‘ n]eoa‘ ej ?q_gh]j‘+ Las Xa]h]j‘- Fan b]pdan iecn]pa‘ pk Las Xa]h]j‘ bnki pda bknian Ava_dkohkr]ge] ]j‘ dan ikpdan eo Defe Gj‘e]j- Kkjeg] c]eja‘ ] @]_dahkn kb ?npo ]j‘ @]_dahkn kb Q_eaj_a (_kjfkejp) _kilhapejc pda namqenaiajpo bkn i]fkno ej Nou_dkhkcu+ Qp]peope_o+ Nd]ni]_khkcu ]j‘ Nduoekhkcu bnki Rda Sjeranoepu kb ?q_gh]j‘- Qda pdaj sajp kj pk _kilhapa ] K]opan kb Fa]hpd Q_eaj_a (MTSW) ola_e]heoejc ej iajp]h da]hpd- Kkjeg] d]o sknga‘ ej pda _kiiqjepu naoe‘ajpe]h iajp]h da]hpd _]na oappejc+ ]j‘ ]o ] cnkql b]_ehep]pkn ]j‘ naoa]n_d _kkn‘ej]pkn- ?o ] cnkql b]_ehep]pkn+ Kkjeg] s]o ejrkhra‘ ej ‘arahkliajp kb ]j ejpanj]pekj]hhu na_kcjeoa‘ (RdaKFQ+ 1//4) ejjkr]pera na_kranu lnkcn]i ]j‘ b]_ehep]pa‘ K]nu Chhaj Aklah]j‘£o U-P-?-N (Uahhjaoo Pa_kranu ?_pekj Nh]j) cnkqlo- Kkjeg] d]o ‘aherana‘ pn]ejejco ej ]na]o ej_hq‘ejc Ad]nhao P]ll£o Qpnajcpdo Kk‘ah ]p ejpnk‘q_pknu ]j‘ ]‘r]j_a‘ haraho ]j‘ cnkql skng ln]_pe_a- Kkjeg] reaso naoa]n_d ]o ]j ]rajqa bkn _kjpejq]h ha]njejc ]j‘ ej dan _qnnajp nkha ]o naoa]n_d _kkn‘ej]pkn d]o _kj‘q_pa‘ ejpanj]h naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ]j‘ oanre_a ar]hq]pekjo qoejc ^kpd mq]hep]pera ]j‘ mq]jpep]pera iapdk‘o- Fan naoa]n_d ]na]o ej_hq‘a eilhaiajp]pekj kb pda Qpnajcpdo Kk‘ah+ ar]hq]pekj kb pda qoa kb Qpnajcpdo Kk‘ah bnki pda oanre_a qoan lanola_pera+ ar]hq]pekjo kb oqllknpa‘ ailhkuiajp+ naoe‘ajpe]h iajp]h da]hpd oanre_ao+ ‘q]h ‘e]cjkoeo ]j‘ cnkql skng-
Jaya Earnest H]u] eo ] o_eaj_a a‘q_]pkn ]j‘ ok_ekhkceop ]j‘ d]o ikna pd]j psajpu ua]no atlaneaj_a skngejc ej qjeranoepeao ]j‘ o_dkkho ej Gj‘e]+ Iaju]+ Sc]j‘]+ Ps]j‘]+ C]op Reikn ]j‘ ?qopn]he] ]o ]j a‘q_]pkn+ ]j‘ naoa]n_dan- H]u] s]o a‘q_]pa‘ ej Gj‘e] ]j‘ Cjch]j‘ ]j‘ ej 1//2 _kilhapa‘ dan NdB ]p Aqnpej Sjeranoepu kb Ra_djkhkcu sdana oda eo ] Qajekn Ja_pqnan ]p pda Aajpna bkn Gjpanj]pekj]h Fa]hpd- Qda eo _qnnajphu ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ej Gj‘e]+ Uaopanj ?qopn]he] ]j‘ C]op Reikn-
Clair Farenden Ah]en d]o ] ^]_gcnkqj‘ ej _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d- Qda d]o sknga‘ kj r]nekqo nacajan]pekj lnkcn]iiao pk ajoqna hk_]h ckranjiajpo _kjoqhp ]j‘ skng ej l]npjanodel sepd _kiiqjepeao+ ]j‘ d]o ]hok ^aaj ejrkhra‘ sepd rkhqjp]nu ]j‘ _kiiqjepu oa_pkn lnkfa_po pd]p kbban 402
Contributors
kqpna]_d ]j‘ _kjoqhp]pekj lnkcn]iiao- Fan atlaneaj_a _krano i]ju ‘ebbanajp cakcn]lde_]h jaecd^kqndkk‘o ]j‘ _kiiqjepeao kb ejpanaop kj pda okqpd _k]op kb Cjch]j‘- Qda pn]eja‘ ej N]npe_el]pknu Pqn]h ?lln]eo]h ej 1//0 ]j‘ d]o ^aaj skngejc sepd ]j‘ atlhknejc pdaoa iapdk‘o aran oej_a ]o ] s]u kb ej_hq‘ejc d]n‘ pk na]_d laklha ej naoa]n_d- Qda fkeja‘ pda AL? pa]i ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb @necdpkj ej 1//5 ]j‘ d]o na_ajphu ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_dejc _kiiqjepu japskngo ]j‘ pda qoa kb _kiiqje_]pekj pa_djkhkceao ej ] hk_]h cakcn]lde_]h ]na]-
Shannon Faulkhead Qd]jjkj D]qhgda]‘ eo ] Ikknea ski]j bnki Keh‘qn]+ sdk eo _qnnajphu pda lkopcn]‘q]pa opq‘ajp ]pp]_da‘ pk pda ?qopn]he]j Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh Jejg]ca Nnkfa_p$ ‘Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu9 @qeh‘ejc ]j ]n_der]h ouopai bkn Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h iaiknu£ ejraopec]pejc ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo kn]h paopeikjeao ]j‘ ]n_derao- Qd]jjkj£o NdB naoa]n_d pdnkqcd Kkj]od Sjeranoepu eo pepha‘ ¢L]nn]pera Ana]pekj ]j‘ Ikknea Te_pkne]£- Nnekn pk napqnjejc pk opq‘u Qd]jjkj sknga‘ bkn jeja ua]no ]p pda Ikknea Fanep]ca Rnqop Gj_-+ ]j ?^knecej]h _qhpqn]h _ajpna ej Te_pkne]-
Robert Finger Pk^anp eo ] ia‘e_]h ‘k_pkn ]j‘ d]o ^aaj skngejc bkn pda Aajpna bkn Gjpanj]pekj]h Fa]hpd+ Aqnpej Sjeranoepu kb Ra_djkhkcu oej_a ?qcqop 1//4+ ]bpan _kilhapekj kb deo ia‘e_]h ‘acnaa ej Eani]ju ]j‘ ] K]opan kb Gjpanj]pekj]h Fa]hpd ]p Aqnpej- Fa d]o ^aaj ejrkhra‘ sepd naoa]n_d _kjoqhp]j_eao bkn SL?GBQ.GMK ej C]op Reikn ]j‘ SLGACD ej Qne J]jg]- Qej_a d]rejc napqnja‘ pk Eani]ju ej ie‘ 1//5+ da op]uo ]ook_e]pa‘ sepd pda Aajpna ]o ] naoa]n_d ]ook_e]pa- Feo ]na]o kb ejpanaop ]na da]hpd ej ‘arahklejc _kqjpneao ]j‘ da]hpd_]na ‘aheranu ]j‘ qpehev]pekj ej oappejco sepd heiepa‘ naokqn_ao+ sepd ] bk_qo kj aua da]hpd-
Victoria Foster Te_pkne] Dkopan eo ha_pqnan ej ok_e]h lkhe_u ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Aajpn]h J]j_]odena+ SI- ?o sahh ]o d]rejc ] l]npe_qh]n ejpanaop ej lkhe_u eooqao _kj_anjejc _deh‘naj ]j‘ pda b]iehu+ oda eo _kj_anja‘ sepd aleopaikhkcu ]j‘ sepd ai]j_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao pk gjksha‘ca lnk‘q_pekj- Mnecej]hhu pn]eja‘ ej Deja ?np+ dan skng atlhknao pda ia]jo ^u sde_d pda ]npo _]j ^a ailhkua‘ ej ok_ekhkce_]h ejmqenu ej kn‘an pk bqnpdan kqn qj‘anop]j‘ejc kb pda ok_e]h sknh‘-
Lisa Gibbs Bn Jeo] Ee^^o eo ejpanaopa‘ ej naoa]n_d sde_d bk_qoao kj ok_ek_qhpqn]h ‘ebbanaj_ao ]j‘ ajc]caiajp kb i]ncej]heoa‘ cnkqlo pdnkqcd da]hpd lnkikpejc _kiiqjepu ejpanrajpekjo- Qda eo _qnnajphu i]j]cejc ] n]jca kb _deh‘ k^aoepu lnarajpekj+ _deh‘ kn]h da]hpd+ _deh‘ ejfqnu lnarajpekj+ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu da]hpd ]j‘ sahh^aejc lnkfa_po ejrkhrejc _qhpqn]hhu ‘eranoa ]j‘ hks ej_kia _kiiqjepeao+ qoejc ieta‘ iapdk‘ ar]hq]pekjo- Fan ‘k_pkn]h naoa]n_d atlhkna‘ iaj£o atlaneaj_a kb _dnkje_ ehhjaoo ]j‘ ]__aoo pk da]hpd oanre_ao- Rdaoa opq‘eao ]na ]hh _d]n]_paneoa‘ ^u naoa]n_d l]npjanodelo sepd _kiiqjepu knc]jeo]pekjo sepd ] bk_qo kj ‘arahklejc _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ]j‘ _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ l]npe_el]pknu ]llnk]_dao pk naoa]n_d ]j‘ ejpanrajpekjo- Qda _kilhapa‘ dan @-Q_-(Fkjo) ]p Sjeranoepu kb Kah^kqnja ]j‘ dan NdB ]p Ba]gej Sjeranoepu-
Alison Greenaway ?heokj eo ] Eakcn]ldan+ pn]eja‘ ej lkhepe_]h a_kjkiu+ sepd ] hkjc pani ejpanaop ej _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ _khh]^kn]pera naoa]n_d- ?heokj£o skng _krano pda beah‘o kb Sn^]j Barahkliajp ]j‘ 403
Contributors
Ekranjejc Ahei]pa Ad]jca- Gj dan nkha sepd pda Akhh]^kn]pera Ja]njejc Enkql ]p K]j]]ge Udajq] J]j‘_]na Paoa]n_d oda eo skngejc ej ] Las Xa]h]j‘ Ekranjiajp Dkqj‘]pekj bkn Paoa]n_d Q_eaj_a ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu bqj‘a‘ lnkcn]iia (@qeh‘ejc A]l]_epu bkn Qqop]ej]^ha Barahkliajp) hkkgejc ]p _kiiqjepu japskngejc ]j‘ dks _]l]_epu eo ^qehp bkn oqop]ej]^ha ‘arahkliajp-
Bernard Guerin @anj]n‘ Eqanej eo _qnnajphu Nnkbaookn ]j‘ Fa]‘ kb pda Q_dkkh kb Nou_dkhkcu ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Qkqpd ?qopn]he]+ sdana da pa]_dao _kiiqjepu ]j‘ ok_e]h ^ad]rekqn+ h]jcq]ca ]j‘ ‘eo_kqnoa+ ]j‘ ok_e]h o_eaj_a ejpanrajpekjo- Fa pn]eja‘ ]p pda Sjeranoepeao kb ?‘ah]e‘a (Nd-B-) ]j‘ Oqaajoh]j‘ (Nkop‘k_pkn]h)+ ]j‘ pdaj p]qcdp ]p H]iao Akkg Sjeranoepu ]j‘ pda Sjeranoepu kb U]eg]pk ej Las Xa]h]j‘- Fa d]o lq^heoda‘ bkqn ^kkgo+ pda psk ikop na_ajp ^aejc 6FSIGTTP KTV /SFQ]^NSL XMJ >THNFQ >XVFXJLNJW TK 3ZJV]IF] 8NKJ (1//3) ]j‘ 6FSIGTTP TK 7SXJVZJSXNTSW KTV 1MFSLNSL YS >JX. 2JQNZJVNSL >JXXQJRJSX >JVZNHJW YWNSL ?JHMSTQTL]& Mqn Beranoa Aepeao-
Cathy Lloyd A]pdu Jhku‘ eo ] Qajekn Ja_pqnan ]p pda Mlaj Sjeranoepu ej pda D]_qhpu kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h A]naF]rejc _d]ena‘ psk kb pda jqnoejc _kqnoao ej pda D]_qhpu+ oda eo _qnnajphu ha]‘ejc pda ‘arahkliajp kb ] jas qj‘ancn]‘q]pa harah _kqnoa ajpepha‘ Nnkikpejc Nq^he_ Fa]hpd- Qda eo pda Nnej_el]h Gjraopec]pkn kj ] lnkfa_p bqj‘a‘ ^u Be]^apao SI+ sde_d eo ‘arahklejc ]hpanj]pera ik‘ao kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj ej Qkqpd ?oe]j laklha sdkoa benop h]jcq]ca eo jkp Cjcheod+ kn sdana ] sneppaj h]jcq]ca i]u jkp ateop+ ]j‘ sdana haraho kb hepan]_u ]na ]j ejbhqajpe]h b]_pkn sdaj oahb,nalknp ejopnqiajpo ]na qoa‘- Fan lnarekqo naoa]n_d opq‘eao ej_hq‘a ]j PB J]snaj_a Dahhksodel (Be]^apao SI) pk ejraopec]pa pda nkha kb opnaoo ej ‘e]^apao+ ]j ?iane_]j Be]^apao ?ook_e]pekj bahhksodel ]s]n‘ pk ejraopec]pa pda nkha kb lou_dkok_e]h b]_pkno ej pda ‘arahkliajp kb ‘e]^apao _kilhe_]pekjo+ ]j‘ oaran]h naoa]n_d opq‘eao ej ^kpd pda S-Q- ]j‘ pda S-I- ejraopec]pejc pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj ‘alnaooekj ]j‘ ‘e]^apao- Fan ejpanaop ej Qkqpd ?oe]j laklha sepd ‘e]^apao opaio bnki dan atlaneaj_ao ej ia]oqnejc n]pao kb ‘alnaooekj ej pdeo _kiiqjepu qoejc oahb,_kilhapa‘ mqaopekjj]enao+ ]j‘ ] opq‘u kb jkj,]ppaj‘]j_a ]p ‘e]^apao _heje_o-
Jennifer Margaret Hajjeban d]o sknga‘ bkn pda h]op 5 ua]no ej ] _kiiqjepu he]eokj nkha ]p K]jqg]q Gjopepqpa kb Ra_djkhkcu+ Las Xa]h]j‘- Rdnkqcd pdeo nkha oda d]o ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej _kiiqjepu ]_pekj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp sepdej Mp]n] ]j‘ d]o ^aaj ] iai^an kb pda Mp]n] Lapskng ?_pekj AkiieppaaHajjeban£o ^]_gcnkqj‘ eo ej ?‘qhp ]j‘ Akiiqjepu C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ ok_e]h fqope_a skng+ l]npe_qh]nhu ej pda ]na] kb oqllknpejc ej‘ecajkqo laklhao£ necdpo ej ?kpa]nk] Las Xa]h]j‘ pdnkqcd skngejc bkn _d]jca sepdej pda _khkjeoejc _qhpqna-
Paula McGee N]qh] K_Eaa eo Nnkbaookn kb Lqnoejc ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Aajpn]h Cjch]j‘ ej pda SI- Fan _heje_]h ^]_gcnkqj‘ eo ej ]_qpa ia‘e_eja ]j‘ pda nad]^ehep]pekj kb opnkga l]peajpo- Qda d]o psk i]ej naoa]n_d ejpanaopo9 ]‘r]j_a‘ ln]_pe_a ]j‘ _qhpqn]h eooqao ]j‘ d]o lq^heoda‘ ] patpo ]j‘ ]npe_ha kj ^kpd oq^fa_poUepd nac]n‘ pk _qhpqn]h eooqao+ oda d]o p]qcdp+ naoa]n_da‘ ]j‘ lq^heoda‘ kj _qhpqn]h eooqao ej da]hpd_]na bkn kran 1/ ua]no- Gj ]‘‘epekj pk dan skng ej pda Sjeranoepu+ oda skngo sepd jqnoao pk eilnkra pdaen ln]_pe_a ]j‘ lnkre‘ao op]bb ‘arahkliajp kj _qhpqn]h eooqao ej da]hpd ]j‘ ok_e]h _]na oanre_ao ^kpd ]nkqj‘ pda SI ]j‘ ej kpdan _kqjpneao- Qda eo _qnnajphu a‘epkn (sepd Nnkbaookn K]ng Hkdjokj) kb 2NZJVWNX] NS 6JFQXM FSI >THNFQ 1FVJ+ ]j ejpanj]pekj]h laan nareas fkqnj]h lq^heoda‘ ^u P]‘_hebba Nnaoo ]j‘ ]ook_e]pa a‘epkn kb pda Paoa]n_d Cpde_o Pareas-
Terry McGrath Rannu K_En]pd eo _qnnajphu L]pekj]h Akkn‘ej]pkn kb Gjpanj]pekj]h Qpq‘ajp Kejeopneao Gj_ (GQK LX) ]j‘ Gjpanj]pekj]h Qpq‘ajp Ad]lh]ej ]p K]ooau Sjeranoepu- Fa dkh‘o ‘acnaao ej Q_eaj_a (Adaieopnu)+ Feopknu (?oe]j ]j‘ N]_ebe_) ]j‘ Barahkliajp Qpq‘eao- Feo skng d]o ej_hq‘a‘ _kjoqhp]j_u+ lnkbaooekj]h ‘arahkliajp+ ]j‘ pda ‘arahkliajp kb i]pane]ho ]j‘ lnkcn]iiao nah]pa‘ pk ejpanj]pekj]h opq‘ajp ]j‘ iecn]jp sahb]na+ okfkqnj ]j‘ _nkoo _qhpqn]h pn]joepekjo- Rannu eo pda na_eleajp kb ] K]ooau @hqa ?s]n‘ bkn oanre_ao pk ejpanj]pekj]h opq‘ajpo408
Contributors
Sue McKemmish Nnkbaookn Qqa K_Iaiieod+ NdB+ eo Ad]en kb ?n_der]h Quopaio+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ ]j‘ Bena_pkn kb pda Kkj]od Sjeranoepu Aajpna bkn Mnc]jeo]pekj]h ]j‘ Qk_e]h Gjbkni]pe_o- Qda eo ajc]ca‘ ej i]fkn naoa]n_d ]j‘ op]j‘]n‘o ejepe]perao nah]pejc pk pda qoa kb iap]‘]p] ej na_kn‘o ]j‘ ]n_der]h ouopaio (Aharan Pa_kn‘gaalejc Kap]‘]p])+ ejbkni]pekj naokqn_a ‘eo_kranu (@na]op A]j_an Ijksha‘ca Mjheja ]j‘ Qi]np Gjbkni]pekj Nknp]ho)+ Gj‘ecajkqo ]n_der]h oanre_ao (Rnqop ]j‘ Ra_djkhkcu)+ ]j‘ pda jatqo ^apsaaj iaikneao _kiiqjepeao+ ]j‘ pa_djkhkceao- Qda eo l]npe_qh]nhu ejpanaopa‘ ej skngejc ej _khh]^kn]pera pa]io pk ‘arahkl GAR okhqpekjo pd]p cajqejahu iaap pda jaa‘o kb ej‘ere‘q]ho+ knc]jeo]pekjo ]j‘ ok_eapu+ ]j‘ ailksan laklha ej pdaen skngejc ]j‘ lanokj]h herao- Qqa K_Iaiieod ‘ena_po pda lkopcn]‘q]pa pa]_dejc lnkcn]io ej na_kn‘o ]j‘ ]n_derao ]p Kkj]od+ d]o lq^heoda‘ atpajoerahu kj na_kn‘gaalejc ej ok_eapu+ na_kn‘o _kjpejqqi pdaknu+ na_kn‘gaalejc iap]‘]p]+ ]j‘ ]n_der]h ouopaio+ ]j‘ eo ] J]qna]pa kb pda ?Q?-
Ghazala Mir Ed]v]h] Ken eo ] Qajekn Paoa]n_d Dahhks ]p pda Aajpna bkn Fa]hpd ]j‘ Qk_e]h A]na+ Sjeranoepu kb Jaa‘o+ SI- Fan i]ej ]na] kb naoa]n_d eo da]hpd ejamq]hepeao ]bba_pejc laklha bnki iejknepu apdje_ ]j‘ nahecekqo _kiiqjepeao ]j‘ laklha sepd ha]njejc ‘eo]^ehepeao- Qda eo l]npe_qh]nhu ejpanaopa‘ ej naoa]n_d pd]p atlhknao pda ^aop s]u kb iaapejc e‘ajpebea‘ jaa‘o ej ln]_pe_a- Ed]v]h] eo Bena_pkn kb pda Cpdje_epu Rn]ejejc Lapskng+ sde_d d]o ^aaj aop]^heoda‘ pk i]ga ckk‘ mq]hepu pn]ejejc kj _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a a]oehu ]r]eh]^ha pk ln]_pepekjano- Qda _qnnajphu oepo kj ?‘reoknu @k]n‘o bkn pda SI Fa]hpd_]na Akiieooekj+ pda Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ pda L]pekj]h ?‘reoknu Enkql kj Ja]njejc Beo]^ehepeao ]j‘ Cpdje_epu-
Joanna Ochocka Hk]jj] M_dk_g] (Nd-B-) eo Cta_qpera Bena_pkn kb pda Aajpna bkn Paoa]n_d ]j‘ C‘q_]pekj ej Fqi]j Qanre_ao ]j‘ ?‘fqj_p D]_qhpu kb Nou_dkhkcu ]p Uehbne‘ J]qnean Sjeranoepu ej U]panhkk+ Mjp]nek+ A]j]‘]- Fan lnei]nu ]na]o kb naoa]n_d ej_hq‘a iajp]h da]hpd+ _qhpqn]h ‘eranoepu ]j‘ _kiiqjepu oqllknpo bkn i]ncej]heva‘ lklqh]pekjo- Hk]jj] eo kja kb pda ha]‘ano ej pda _kqjpnu ej pda qoa kb ] l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d ]llnk]_d- Qda eo _k,]qpdkn kb pda ^kkg9 ⁄Qdebpejc pda N]n]‘eci ej Akiiqjepu Kajp]h Fa]hpd¥- Aqnnajphu oda ha]‘o pda Akiiqjepu Sjeranoepu Paoa]n_d ?hhe]j_a (ASP?) kj _qhpqna ]j‘ iajp]h da]hpd-
Catherine O'Donnell A]pdaneja M’Bkjjahh eo ] Qajekn Ja_pqnan ej Nnei]nu A]na P&B+ Eajan]h Nn]_pe_a & Nnei]nu A]na+ Sjeranoepu kb Eh]ocks- Fan i]ej naoa]n_d ejpanaopo ]na ej lnei]nu _]na opnq_pqna+ knc]jeo]pekj ]j‘ oanre_a ‘aheranu ]j‘ pda ar]hq]pekj kb lnei]nu _]na lkhe_u ‘arahkliajpo- Uepdej pdaoa ^nk]‘ ]na]o+ oda eo ejpanaopa‘ ej pda _d]jcejc ogehh,iet _kjbecqn]pekjo namqena‘ pk ‘aheranu _]na ej pda 10op _ajpqnu: pda ^kqj‘]neao ^apsaaj da]hpd _]na lnkbaooekj]ho: lnkreoekj kb qjo_da‘qha‘ da]hpd _]na: ]j‘ ]__aoo pk lnei]nu _]na+ bkn ‘alnera‘ ]j‘ ok_e]hhu at_hq‘a‘ cnkqlo- Kapdk‘khkce_]hhu+ oda eo ejpanaopa‘ ej pda qoa kb ieta‘ iapdk‘o ]j‘ ej pda ejpacn]pekj kb mq]jpep]pera ]j‘ mq]hep]pera iapdk‘khkceao (Qaa sss-ch]-]_-qg.‘al]npiajpo.cajan]hln]_pe_a.k‘kjjahh-dpi)-
John Pickering Hkdj Ne_ganejc d]o ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_d+ _kjoqhp]j_u+ _d]lh]ej_u+ ]j‘ lnkbaooekj]h ‘arahkliajp ej pda ejpanj]pekj]h a‘q_]pekj oa_pkn- Fa d]o sknga‘ ]o ]j ejpanj]pekj]h opq‘ajp ]‘reokn ]j‘ dahla‘ pk aop]^heod pda Las Xa]h]j‘ ^n]j_d kb ] lnkbaooekj]h ]ook_e]pekj bkn ejpanj]pekj]h a‘q_]pekj 409
Contributors
lnkbaooekj]ho+ GQ?L? kb sde_d da eo ] heba iai^an- Fa d]o hera‘ ej Eani]ju+ Lapdanh]j‘o ]j‘ Nkh]j‘- Fa d]o ] ‘k_pkn]pa ej lduoe_o ]j‘ eo _qnnajphu ailhkua‘ ]o ] Paoa]n_d Dahhks ]j‘ K]j]can ej pda Bal]npiajp kb Ka‘e_eja kb pda Sjeranoepu kb Mp]ck-
Andre Renzaho Bn ?j‘na Pajv]dk eo ] oajekn naoa]n_d bahhks ]p Ba]gej Sjeranoepu- ?j atlaneaj_a‘ ]j‘ ]_pera naoa]n_dan _kranejc ] se‘a ]na] kb lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d+ da d]o ^aaj oeppejc kj ] jqi^an kb atlanp N]jah _kiieppaao ]j‘ nabanaj_a cnkqlo ej_hq‘ejc pda Lqpnepekj ej Aqhpqn]hhu Beranoa Akiiqjepeao ^u pda ?qopn]he]j Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd ]j‘ ?caejc ]j‘ C]p Uahh Te_pkne] N]npjanodel- Mran pda h]op oet ua]no ?j‘na d]o _kjraja‘+ _d]ena‘ kn ^aaj ejrkhra‘ ej jeja ckranjiajp olkjokna‘ opaanejc _kiieppaao _kranejc pda ]na]o kb Pabqcaa Fa]hpd Qanre_a Kk‘ah+ J]jcq]ca Qanre_ao+ Pabqcaao ]j‘ Fqi]jep]ne]j Cjpn]jpo Paoa]n_d Qpn]pacu+ Aqhpqn]hhu ?llnklne]pa ?ca‘ A]na+ Fa]hpdu C]pejc Akiiqje_]pekj Qpn]pacu+ K]panj]h ]j‘ Adeh‘ Fa]hpd ]j‘ Nnao_dkkh Qanre_ao Jejg]ca+ ]j‘ pda Qki]he ?_pekj Paoa]n_d- ?o pda bkqj‘an ]j‘ ‘ena_pkn kb pda Gjpanj]pekj]h Aajpna bkn Pabqcaa Nq^he_ Fa]hpd ]j‘ Lqpnepekj+ da d]o pn]rahha‘ atpajoerahu lh]jjejc+ eilhaiajpejc+ ‘k_qiajpejc ]j‘ ar]hq]pejc lq^he_ da]hpd ]j‘ jqpnepekj lnkcn]io ej ikna pd]j 04 _kqjpneao+ bk_qoejc kj _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a bn]iaskngo+ gjksha‘ca+ ]ppepq‘ao+ ln]_pe_ao ]j‘ ^ad]rekqno+ lq^he_ da]hpd kqp_kiao+ ]__qhpqn]pekj+ jqpnepekj]h op]pqo+ ok_ek,_qhpqn]h ejbhqaj_ao+ Akilhat Fqi]jep]ne]j Ciancaj_eao+ ]j‘ Fqi]j Pecdpo,^]oa‘ ]llnk]_dao-
Lynette Russell Nnkbaookn Jujappa Pqooahh dkh‘o pda Ad]en ej ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao ]p Kkj]od Sjeranoepu ]j‘ eo Bena_pkn kb pda Aajpna kb ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao- Qda d]o lq^heoda‘ se‘ahu ej pda ]na]o kb ?^knecej]h Feopknu+ ]n_d]akhkce_]h,pdaknu+ lkop,_khkje]heoi ]j‘ nalnaoajp]pekjo kb n]_a-
Udoy Sankar Saikia Bn S‘ku Q]jg]n Q]ege] d]o ola_e]heoa‘ ej lklqh]pekj+ caj‘an ]j‘ oqop]ej]^ha ‘arahkliajp- Fa eo ] ha_pqnan ]p Dhej‘ano Sjeranoepu+ ?‘ah]e‘a+ ?qopn]he]- Fa d]o atpajoera skng atlaneaj_a ej lklqh]pekj ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp eooqao ej pne^]h _kiiqjepeao ej Lknpda]op Gj‘e]- Feo _qnnajp naoa]n_d bk_qoao kj pda ‘aikcn]lde_ ^ad]rekqn kb jas j]pekjo ]j‘ ej‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao- Gjepe]h bej‘ejco bnki deo naoa]n_d d]ra odksj pd]p ok_eapeao ej jas j]pekjo ]j‘ ej ej‘ecajkqo _kiiqjepeao od]na ] _kiikj oajoa kb ejoa_qnepu ]j‘ ] ba]na‘ oajoa kb e‘ajpepu hkoo+ herejc ]o pdau ‘k ]ie‘ kn ej _hkoa lnkteiepu pk iq_d h]ncan ]j‘ ‘kiej]jp lklqh]pekjo- Rdeo lan_aera‘ oajoa kb ejoa_qnepu aj_kqn]cao iai^ano ej pdaoa _kiiqjepeao pk ]‘klp ] ‘abajoera lkoepekj reo,y,reo kqpoe‘a cnkqlo naoqhpejc ej decd banpehepuBn- Q]ege] sknga‘ ]o ] bqhhpeia _kjoqhp]jp bkn Mtb]i Gj‘e] (SI) ]j‘ ]o ] naoa]n_dan ]p pda cn]oonkkpo harah ]ikjc pne^]h _kiiqjepeao ej Lknpda]op Gj‘e]- Fa d]o atlaneaj_a kb pa]_dejc ej ] se‘a n]jca kb pkle_o oq_d ]o lnei]nu da]hpd _]na ej ‘arahklejc _kqjpneao: caj‘an+ da]hpd ]j‘ ejpanj]pekj]h ‘arahkliajp: lklqh]pekj ]j‘ ajrenkjiajp+ oqop]ej]^ha ‘arahkliajp: ajrenkjiajp+ a_kjkiu ]j‘ _qhpqna- Fa d]o oqlanreoa‘ ] jqi^an kb NdB ]j‘ lkopcn]‘q]pa pdaoao- Fa d]o ^aaj na_ajphu _kiieooekja‘ ]o ]j ejpanj]pekj]h _kjoqhp]jp ^u pda Sjepa‘ L]pekjo Barahkliajp Nnkcn]i pk _kileha pda Fqi]j Barahkliajp Palknp bkn @kqc]ejrehha-
Don Schauder Cianepqo Nnkbaookn Bkj Q_d]q‘an+ ej pda D]_qhpu kb Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu (DGR)+ Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ eo l]op ?ook_e]pa Ba]j (Paoa]n_d) ]j‘ ] Dahhks kb pda Je^n]nu ]j‘ Gjbkni]pekj ?ook_e]pekj kb ?qopn]he]- Feo naoa]n_d ]j‘ pa]_dejc bk_qo kj pda _na]pekj ]j‘ qoa kb gjksha‘ca ^u 410
Contributors
]j‘ bkn _kiiqjepeao+ sdapdan hk_]h _kiiqjepeao+ _kiiqjepeao kb ejpanaop kn _kiiqjepeao kb ln]_pe_a- Da]pqnao kb Bkj£o _]naan ]j‘ pda skng kb pda naoa]n_d cnkqlo sde_d da _d]eno ej_hq‘a9 Bena_pkn kb oaran]h he^n]neao+ pda benop ^aejc pda Qkqpd ?bne_]j Je^n]nu bkn pda @hej‘ ]j‘ pda ikop na_ajp PKGR Sjeranoepu Je^n]nu- Fa d]o ] _]naan,hkjc _kj_anj sepd amqepu ]j‘ ]__aoo ej pda lnkreoekj kb ejbkni]pekj oanre_ao: Dnamqajphu _]hha‘ qlkj pk l]npe_el]pa ej ckranjiajp]h ejbkni]pekj lkhe_u lnk_aooao (bkn at]ilha ]o ] iai^an kb pda ?qopn]he]j Ekranjiajp ‘ahac]pekj pk pda SL Uknh‘ Qqiiep kj pda Gjbkni]pekj Qk_eapu+ Rqjeo+ 1//4): Nekjaan kb aha_pnkje_ lq^heodejc ]j‘ _kiiqjepu japskngejc (_k,bkqj‘an kb GLDMPKGR Cha_pnkje_ Nq^heodejc+ PKGR Sjeranoepu ]j‘ TGALCR9 Te_pkne]£o Lapskng+ Qp]pa Je^n]nu kb Te_pkne])- Aqnnajp ejpanj]pekj]h lnkfa_po ej_hq‘a _kil]n]pera opq‘u kb he^n]neao ]j‘ iqoaqio ]o ¢gjksha‘ca _kiikjo£ naokqn_ao ej ?qopn]he] ]j‘ Qejc]lkna: ejbkni]pekj ok_eapu lkhe_u ej Teapj]i: _khh]^kn]pekj sepd pda Barahkliajp Gjbkni]pe_o J]^kn]pknu kb GGR@ (Gj‘e]j Gjopepqpa kb Ra_djkhkcu @ki^]u)+ Kqi^]e ]j‘ sepd Kkj]od Qkqpd ?bne_] kj rehh]ca,harah _kiiqjepu pa_djkhkcu ej Gj‘e] ]j‘ ?bne_]-
Diane Singh Be]ja s]o ^knj ej pda Kqnn]u Peran pksj kb C_dq_]+ Te_pkne]+ ]j‘ eo ] iai^an kb pda Wknp] Wknp]. Uai^] Uai^] _kiiqjepeao bnki Te_pkne] ]j‘ Las Qkqpd U]hao+ ^qp d]o hera‘ ej Kah^kqnja oej_a pda h]pa 084/o- ?bpan ua]no kb skngejc ej pda da]hpd oa_pkn ]j‘ napqnj pk opq‘u+ oda sknga‘ ej pda beah‘ kb Gj‘ecajkqo C‘q_]pekj ]j‘ Cilhkuiajp sepd pda pdaj Bal]npiajp kb C‘q_]pekj+ Cilhkuiajp+ Rn]ejejc ]j‘ Wkqpd ?bb]eno (BCCRW?) ej Kah^kqnja ]j‘ h]pan ]o ]j Gj‘ecajkqo C‘q_]pekj Mbbe_an sepd pda Sjeranoepu kb @]hh]n]p- Be]ja eo _qnnajphu skngejc ]o pda Akiiqjepu Je]eokj Mbbe_an ]p pda Aajpna bkn ?qopn]he]j Gj‘ecajkqo Qpq‘eao+ (A?GQ)+ Ah]upkj+ Te_pkne]-
Hilary Smith Feh]nu Qiepd eo ] h]jcq]ca pa]_dan ]j‘ naoa]n_dan+ sepd ] ‘k_pkn]pa ej hejcqeope_o- Qda d]o hera‘ ]j‘ sknga‘ ej Rkjc]+ N]lq] Las Eqeja]+ ]j‘ pda J]k NBP- Fan ]na]o kb ejpanaop ej_hq‘a Ra]_dejc Cjcheod bkn Qla]gano kb Mpdan J]jcq]cao (RCQMJ)+ h]jcq]ca ]ppepq‘ao+ h]jcq]ca ej a‘q_]pekj+ h]jcq]ca ]j‘ oapphaiajp+ ]j‘ ejpanj]pekj]h ‘arahkliajp-
Larry Stillman J]nnu Qpehhi]j d]o ] ^]_gcnkqj‘ kb _kiiqjepu ]_pekj ]j‘ naoa]n_d ej ?qopn]he]- Fa d]o sknga‘ ej jkj,lnkbep knc]jeo]pekjo+ ]o sahh ]o TGALCR+ pda lq^he_ ejpanjap oanre_a kb pda Qp]pa Je^n]nu kb Te_pkne] sdana da l]npe_qh]nhu bk_qooa‘ kj iqhpehejcq]h ]j‘ ‘eo]^ehepu eooqao+ ej_hq‘ejc sa^ ]__aooe^ehepu- Qej_a pda ie‘,088/o da d]o lh]ua‘ ] ha]‘ejc nkha ej _kiiqjepu japskngejc _kjbanaj_ao ]j‘ arajpo ej ?qopn]he]+ ]o sahh ]o ^qeh‘ejc _kjp]_po sepd _khha]cqao ejpanj]pekj]hhu+ pdnkqcd pda Akiiqjepu Gjbkni]pe_o Paoa]n_d Lapskng (AGPL)- Feo NdB s]o ] opq‘u kb qj‘anop]j‘ejco kb pa_djkhkcu ej Laecd^kqndkk‘ Fkqoao+ ] pula kb _kiiqjepu _ajpna+ ]o sahh ]o ]ook_e]pa‘ naoa]n_d ej Las Xa]h]j‘- Fa d]o na_ajphu ^aaj bqj‘a‘ pk skng kj ] i]fkn pa_djkhkcu ]j‘ ok_e]h fqope_a lnkfa_p sepd pda Te_pkne]j Akqj_eh kb Qk_e]h Qanre_a-
Randy Stoecker P]j‘u Qpka_gan eo ?ook_e]pa Nnkbaookn ej pda Bal]npiajp kb Pqn]h Qk_ekhkcu ]p pda Sjeranoepu kb Ueo_kjoej+ sepd ] fkejp ]llkejpiajp ej pda Sjeranoepu kb Ueo_kjoej,Ctpajoekj Aajpan bkn Akiiqjepu ]j‘ C_kjkie_ Barahkliajp- Fa d]o ] Nd-B- ej Qk_ekhkcu bnki pda Sjeranoepu kb Kejjaokp]+ ]j‘ ] K]opano kb Q_eaj_a ej Akqjoahhejc bnki pda Sjeranoepu kb Ueo_kjoej,Udepas]panFa ik‘an]pao.a‘epo AMKK,MPE9 Rda Mj,Jeja Akjbanaj_a kj Akiiqjepu Mnc]jevejc ]j‘ 411
Contributors
Barahkliajp (_kii,knc-seo_-a‘q)+ ]j‘ _kj‘q_po pn]ejejco ]j‘ ola]go bnamqajphu kj _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp+ l]npe_el]pknu naoa]n_d.ar]hq]pekj+ ]j‘ _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pekj pa_djkhkcu- Fa d]o ha‘ jqiankqo l]npe_el]pknu ]_pekj naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ]j‘ ailksaniajp ar]hq]pekj lnk_aooao sepd _kiiqjepu ‘arahkliajp _knlkn]pekjo+ _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc cnkqlo+ _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pekj pa_djkhkcu lnkcn]io+ ]j‘ kpdan jkj,lnkbepo ej Lknpd ?iane_] ]j‘ ?qopn]he]- P]j‘u d]o sneppaj atpajoerahu kj _kiiqjepu knc]jevejc ]j‘ ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ _kiiqjepu,^]oa‘ naoa]n_d+ ej_hq‘ejc pda ^kkgo Babaj‘ejc Akiiqjepu (Railha Sjeranoepu Nnaoo+ 0883)+ Paoa]n_d Kapdk‘o bkn Akiiqjepu Ad]jca (Q]ca Nq^he_]pekjo+ 1//4) ]j‘ pda _k,]qpdkna‘ ^kkg Akiiqjepu,@]oa‘ Paoa]n_d ej Fecdan C‘q_]pekj (Hkooau,@]oo+ 1//2)- Wkq _]j bej‘ deo _kilhapa rep] ]p _kii,knc-seo_-a‘q.opka_ganbkhek.opka_grep]-dpi-
Jackie Sturt H]_gea Qpqnp pn]eja‘ ]o jqnoa ej pda a]nhu 087/o ]j‘ olajp 01 ua]no skngejc ej pda ]na]o kb ‘e]^apao+ lnei]nu _]na ]j‘ lou_de]pnu- Fan benop ‘acnaa+ ej Nkhepe_o ]j‘ ok_ekhkcu+ s]o ]s]n‘a‘ ^u Mtbkn‘ @nkkgo Sjeranoepu ej 0880- Gj 0886 oda _kilhapa‘ dan NdB ej lnei]nu _]na ]j‘ da]hpd lnkikpekjH]_gea fkeja‘ pda Aajpna bkn Nnei]nu Fa]hpd A]na Qpq‘eao ]j‘ U]nse_g Be]^apao A]na ej 1///Paoa]n_d ]j‘ pa]_dejc ejpanaopo d]ra bk_qoa‘ kj pda ‘arahkliajp ]j‘ ar]hq]pekj kb ‘e]^apao oahb, i]j]caiajp ejpanrajpekjo+ pda r]he‘]pekj kb ‘e]^apao i]j]caiajp oahb,abbe_]_u o_]hao ]j‘ qoan ejrkhraiajp ej naoa]n_d- Gj 1//3 oda oa_qna‘ ] 3un Bal]npiajp kb Fa]hpd lkop,‘k_pkn]h ]s]n‘ pk bqnpdan dan naoa]n_d lnkcn]iia ej ‘e]^apao i]j]caiajp oahb,abbe_]_u- H]_gea ha]‘o pda Be]^apao K]jq]h _hqopan PAR+ pda QCE? _kilhat ejpanrajpekj ‘arahkliajp opq‘u ]j‘ pda ‘e]^apao i]j]caiajp oahb,abbe_]_u ejopnqiajp SI r]he‘]pekj- Qda eo ] _k,ejraopec]pkn kj pda Raha_]na PAR ]p U]nse_g ]j‘ pda ?BA?B opq‘u pk ‘arahkl ]j‘ ar]hq]pa ]hpanj]pera iapdk‘o kb ‘]p] _khha_pekj ej iejknepu apdje_ lklqh]pekjo+ ha‘ ^u Rda Mlaj Sjeranoepu-
Madine VanderPlaat K]‘eja T]j‘anNh]]p+ ?ook_e]pa Nnkbaookn kb Qk_ekhkcu ]j‘ Ukiaj£o ]j‘ Eaj‘an Qpq‘eao+ Q]ejp K]nu£o Sjeranoepu+ F]heb]t+ Lkr] Q_kpe]+ A]j]‘] eo kja kb pda bkqj‘ejc Bena_pkno kb pda ?ph]jpe_ Kapnklkheo Aajpna- Bn- T]j‘anNh]]p d]o sknga‘ atpajoerahu sepd pda Nq^he_ Fa]hpd ?caj_u kb A]j]‘] ‘arahklejc pda ok_e]h fqope_a ‘eiajoekjo kb _kiiqjepu ^]oa‘ da]hpd lnkikpekj lnkcn]io bkn skiaj+ _deh‘naj ]j‘ b]ieheao- Qda d]o ^aaj ]j ]_]‘aie_ ]‘reokn bkn ] oaneao kb nacekj]h ]j‘ j]pekj]h _kiiqjepu,ckranjiajp Rdejg R]jgo kj _kiiqjepu _]l]_epu ^qeh‘ejc+ l]npe_el]pekj ]j‘ ckranj]j_a- Fan naoa]n_d ]j‘ lq^he_]pekj ejpanaopo bk_qo kj eiiecn]jp b]ieheao+ _epevaj l]npe_el]pekj+ ok_e]h ej_hqoekj ]j‘ _ereh ok_eapu- Fan na_ajp naoa]n_d lnkfa_po ej_hq‘a ]j ]j]huoeo kb oapphaiajp l]ppanjo kb olkjokna‘ l]najpo.cn]j‘l]najpo: ]j at]iej]pekj kb ejpacn]pekj kqp_kiao bkn eiiecn]jp skiaj ej A]j]‘]: pda ‘arahkliajp kb ] _kiiqjepu kb ln]_pe_a ej a_kouopai ]llnk]_dao pk dqi]j da]hpd bkn _k]op]h _kiiqjepeao: ]j at]iej]pekj kb pda bkni]h ]j‘ ejbkni]h _kiiqjepu oqllknp oanre_ao bkn ]^qoa‘ ]j‘ jacha_pa‘ kh‘an ]‘qhpo: ]j‘ ]j atlhkn]pekj kb l]najp,paaj _kjbhe_p ej eiiecn]jp _kiiqjepeao- Bn- T]j‘anNh]]p eo ] bkqj‘ejc iai^an kb pda Ak]op]h Akiiqjepu Fa]hpd Lapskng (AAFL) sepd l]npjanodelo ej Lkr] Q_kpe]+ Aq^]+ Adeha ]j‘ @n]veh- Qda d]o ]hok lnaoajpa‘ skngodklo ]j‘ _k,]qpdkna‘ l]lano sepd b]_qhpu ]p pda Fqi]j Pecdpo ]j‘ Fa]hpd Paoa]n_d Sjep ]p pda L]pekj]h Q_dkkh bkn Nq^he_ Fa]hpd+ Mos]h‘k Anqv Dkqj‘]pekj ej Pek ‘a H]jaenk+ @n]veh- Qda eo ] iai^an kb pda Adeh‘ ]j‘ Wkqpd Fa]hpd Lapskngo kb A]j]‘] naoa]n_d pa]i+ ]j‘ ] Nnej_el]h Gjraopec]pkn ]j‘ Qpaanejc Akiieppaa iai^an kb pda PSP?J Aajpna-
412
Contributors
Elizabeth Waters Nnkbaookn Chev]^apd U]pano eo ejpanaopa‘ ej lq^he_ da]hpd naoa]n_d+ ln]_pe_a ]j‘ lkhe_u pd]p ]eio pk i]ga ] ‘ebbanaj_a pk da]hpd ejamq]hepeao ]j‘ da]hpd amqepu- Qda ha‘ pda ?qopn]he]j LFKPA Ukngejc Enkql kj pda ‘arahkliajp kb pda 1//4 LFKPA lq^he_]pekj9 Gj_na]oejc _qhpqn]h _kilapaj_a ej da]hpd9 ] cqe‘a bkn lkhe_u+ ln]_pe_a+ ]j‘ l]npjanodelo- Qda eo ]_perahu ejrkhra‘ ej naoa]n_d l]npjanodelo sepd _kiiqjepeao pk ‘arahkl lnkcn]io ]j‘ ejpanrajpekjo sdana pda lnk_aoo eo _qhpqn]hhu _kilapaj_a ]j‘ pda kqp_kiao ]na iqhpe,oa_pkn]h+ ]j‘ kneajpa‘ pks]n‘o ]‘‘naooejc ok_e]h ‘apaniej]jpo kb da]hpdQda _kilhapa‘ dan KNF ]p Kkj]od Sjeranoepu ]j‘ dan BNdeh ]p Mtbkn‘ Sjeranoepu- Qda eo ]hok pda Akkn‘ej]pejc C‘epkn kb pda Ak_dn]ja Nq^he_ Fa]hpd Pareas Enkql sde_d ]eio pk oqii]neoa pda are‘aj_a kj qlopna]i lq^he_ da]hpd ejpanrajpekjo sepd ] bk_qo kj amqepu-
Andy Williamson ?j‘u eo pda Bena_pkn kb aBaik_n]_u Nnkcn]iiao ]p pda F]jo]n‘ Qk_eapu+ pda SI’o ha]‘ejc ej‘alaj‘ajp+ jkj,l]npeo]j lkhepe_]h naoa]n_d ]j‘ a‘q_]pekj _d]nepu- Fa d]o ]j atpajoera ^]_gcnkqj‘ ej naoa]n_d ]j‘ _kjoqhp]j_u nah]pejc pk ejbkni]pekj ]j‘ _kiiqje_]pekjo pa_djkhkcu (GAR)+ _kiiqjepu ejbkni]pe_o ]j‘ ok_e]h lkhe_u ]j‘ s]o bkn paj ua]no pda K]j]cejc Bena_pkn kb Las Xa]h]j‘,^]oa‘ U]enq] Akjoqhpejc Jeiepa‘- ?j‘u d]o dah‘ jqiankqo ^k]n‘ lkoepekjo+ eo ]j ]‘reokn pk r]nekqo ckranjiajpo ]j‘ s]o _k,bkqj‘an kb pda ?kpa]nk] Cpdje_ Lapskng ]j‘ ?CL Hkqnj]h?j‘u£o Bk_pkn]h naoa]n_d+ qj‘anp]gaj ]p Kkj]od Sjeranoepu+ ?qopn]he]+ ‘arahkla‘ ] ik‘ah bkn aiancajp _epevaj,bk_qooa‘ aBaik_n]_u-
Kirsty Williamson Bn Ienopu Uehhe]iokj eo pda Bena_pkn kb pda naoa]n_d cnkql+ Gjbkni]pekj ]j‘ Raha_kiiqje_]pekjo Laa‘o Paoa]n_d (GRLP)+ ] fkejp ejepe]pera kb Kkj]od ]j‘ Ad]nhao Qpqnp Sjeranoepeao- Qej_a pda a]nhu 088/o+ oda d]o qj‘anp]gaj i]ju naoa]n_d lnkfa_po bqj‘a‘ ^u ] n]jca kb ‘ebbanajp knc]jeo]pekjo ej_hq‘ejc pda ?qopn]he]j Paoa]n_d Akqj_eh (?PA)+ pda ?qopn]he]j Akiikjsa]hpd Bal]npiajp kb Akiiqje_]pekjo+ Gjbkni]pekj Ra_djkhkcu ]j‘ pda ?npo (BAGR?)+ Rahopn]+ ]j‘ r]nekqo ?qopn]he]j he^n]nu oanre_ao ej_hq‘ejc Qp]pa Je^n]neao ]j‘ pda ?qopn]he]j L]pekj]h Je^n]nu- Rda ?PA+ pdnkqcd epo Jejg]ca Nnkcn]i+ bqj‘a‘ pda Gj‘ecajkqo lnkfa_p ]^kqp na_kn‘ejc kn]h iaiknu+ pkcapdan sepd pda ha]‘ _khh]^kn]pejc knc]jeo]pekj+ pda Nq^he_ Pa_kn‘ Mbbe_a kb Te_pkne]-
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