Resistance to green peach aphid,Myzus persicae(Sulzer), and potato ...

Amer J of Potato Res (2007) 84:259-269

259

Resistance to Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), in Potato Cultivars J e f f r e y A. Davis*, E d w a r d B. R a d c l i f f e a n d D a v i d W. R a g s d a l e Department of Entomology,University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 FolweUAve., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA *Corresponding author: Tel: 612-624-2751;Fax: 612-625-5299;Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

( r e s i s t a n t ) , w h e r e a s o n Red La Soda ( s u s c e p t i b l e ) popu l a t i o u s would r e a c h o v e r 54,000. With n o n - p e r s i s t e n t

P r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h suggests t h a t e x t a n t p o t a t o culti-

foliar insecticides as t h e o n l y control, p o p u l a t i o n mod-

v a r s offer l i t t l e p r o m i s e as s o u r c e s o f u s e f u l aphid resis-

els i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h r e e a p p l i c a t i o n s w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y

t a n c e . However, few p r i o r

studies have critically

to m a i n t a i n g r e e n p e a c h aphid below t h e M i n n e s o t a rec-

m e a s u r e d t h e effects o f h o s t c u l t i v a r o n aphid age-

o m m e n d e d a c t i o n t h r e s h o l d o n Red La Soda for 21 days,

d e p e n d e n t life t a b l e s t a t i s t i c s or r e l a t e d t h e s e m e a s u r e s

while j u s t one a p p l i c a t i o n w o u l d be n e e d e d for g r e e n

t o field p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e r e f o r e , a c o m p r e h e n s i v e field

peach aphid o n R u s s e t Norkotah. I n c o m b i n a t i o n with

a n d g r e e n h o u s e s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n to assess 49 com-

biological c o n t r o l o r i n s e c t i c i d e use, this r e s i s t a n c e

m e r c i a l p o t a t o cultivars, p r i m a r i l y of N o r t h A m e r i c a n

could provide s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r o l while r e d u c i n g the

origin, for r e s i s t a n c e to g r e e n peach aphid, M y z u s per-

r e l i a n c e o n pesticides.

sicae ( S u l z e r ) , a n d p o t a t o aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas).

Cultivars

were

found

to

show

RESUMEN

c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s i s t a n c e s t o each aphid species, b u t t h e s e r e s i s t a n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y cor-

I n v e s t i g a c i o n e s p r e v i a s s u g i e r e n que los c u l t i v a t e s

r e l a t e d (Re=0.032). I n g r e e n h o u s e life t a b l e studies, the

e x i s t e n t e s o f r e c e n m u y pocas posibilidades como f u e n t e

i n t r i n s i c r a t e o f i n c r e a s e (rm) o f g r e e n peach aphid was

dtil de r e s i s t e n c i a a los fifidos. Sin embargo, pocos estu-

l o w e s t (0.167) o n cv R u s s e t N o r k o t a h a n d h i g h e s t

dins previos hall m e d i d o critica y e s t a d l s t i c a m e n t e los

(0.350) o n cv Red La Soda. P o t a t o aphid rm was l o w e s t

efectos del c u l t i v a r h o s p e d a n t e sobre la edad del Afido o

(0.122) o n cv A r a c y a n d highest (0.229) o n cv I r i s h Cob-

hart r e l a c i o n a d o e s t a s m e d i d a s con el c o m p o r t a m i e n t o

bler. A m o n g cultivars, y e a r of r e l e a s e , m a t u r i t y class a n d

e n el campo. Por c o n s i g u i e n t e , se r e a l i z a r o n e s t u d i o s

yield p o t e n t i a l did n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e n u m b e r of

d e t a l l a d o s de i n v e r n a d e r o y campo p a r a p r o b a r 49 culti-

p r o g e n y p e r f e m a l e p e r day for e i t h e r g r e e n p e a c h aphid

v a r e s de papa, p r i n c i p a l m e n t e de origen n o r t e a m e r i c a n o

or p o t a t o aphid (P=0.987 a n d 0.954, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n

p a r a r e s i s t e n c i a al ~ i d o v e r d e del m e l o c o t 6 n , Myzus

field t r i a l s (2004 a n d 2005), yield p o t e n t i a l was signifi-

persicae ( S u l z e r ) y al ~ i d o de la p a p a Macrosiphum

cantly correlated with green peach aphid counts,

euphorbiae ( T h o m a s ) . Los c u l t i v a r e s m o s t r a r o n consid-

(P--0.006 a n d o,~

I

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Red Pontiac Inca Gold Pink Pcart Denali R cda K in~E dward Goldrush Epicure L oman German Butterball Princess L araette Grccn Mountain Rose G old Red Thumb Red Warba R Pkmperne,1 usset D uroanK Chieftain Russet Norkotah Augsber ~ G old Nll Rea Car ola Sto Amor Earlv Ohio Bannoek Russet Summit Russet Yukon G old R ubyC r escent "New Leaf Red La Soda Atlantic All Blue . J Sebago, Dark ltoa t~oriana Caribe ,T r lumph tJ oL%;~ugget t. ascaoe Ivory .C r isp A lturas Kennebec Irish Cobbler

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Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) FIGURE 2. P o t a t o aphid intrinsic r a t e o f increase (rm) • standard error (se) on 49 cultivars.

of days, K the n u m b e r of aphids d e v o u r e d per day, and as the

w e r e distributed randomly throughout the plot. All plots

aphid population after n days. The value for K was set at 15.2

r e c e i v e d a weekly application of both chlorothalonil (Syngenta

following similar values found by Goodarzy and Davis (1958)

Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC) at a rate of 2.3 L/ha to con-

and Tamald et al. (1974) for predators on aphids in alfalfa and

trol late blight, P. infestans, and carbaryl (Bayer CropScience,

potato, respectively. A list of predators occurring in potato

Research Triangle Park, NC) at 4.7 L/ha to control potato

fields can be found in Tamaki et al. (1974).

leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (-Harris), and flare aphids, start-

2 0 0 4 a n d 2 0 0 5 F i e l d Trials

beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), two applications

ing 10 July 2004 and 7 July 2005. To control Colorado potato Cultivars w e r e evaluated for field resistance to green

w e r e m a d e of spinosad (Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis,

p e a c h aphid at UMORE Park with 29 s c r e e n e d in 2004 and 40

IN) at 0.3 L/ha. To m e a s u r e aphid resistance in cultivars grown

in 2005. Potato aphid n u m b e r s w e r e low both years and there-

u n d e r field conditions, the n u m b e r of green peach aphids per

fore w e r e not sampled. Potatoes w e r e planted 28 May in 2004

plant found in 30 sec were counted on 12 August 2004 and 8

and 23 May in 2005. E a c h year, plantings were in a single block,

August 2005 following procedures of Radcliffe and Lauer

four rows wide, 130 m long, with 0.9 m b e t w e e n rows and 0.3

(1966). This timed-sample technique allows for rapid evalua-

m b e t w e e n plants. On either side of these plots, two infector

tion of a large n u m b e r of plants which may differ in leaf area,

rows (tubers with m i x e d infections of PVY and PLRV) were

unlike single leaf counts, c o m m o n l y u s e d in e c o n o m i c thresh-

planted. Four hill treatments, one cultivar to each treatment,

olds, which may be s k e w e d due to unequal leaf shape, espe-

2007

TABLE 1 - - G r e e n Cultivar All Blue All Red Alturas Aracy Atlantic Augsberg Gold Bannock Russet Caribe Carola Cascade Chieftain Dark Red Norland Denali Early Ohio Epicttre Gem Russet German Butterball Gold Nugget Goldrush Green Mt Inca Gold Irish Cobbler Ivory Crisp Katahdin Kennebec King Edward Loman NewLeaf (RB) Pimpernel Pink Pearl Princess Laraette Red La Soda Red Pontiac Red Thumb Red Warba Reda Rose Gold Ruby Crescent Russet Burbank Russet Norkotah Sebago Shepody Sieglinde Snowdrift Sto Amor Summit Russet Triumph Yellow Finn Yukon Gold

DAVIS e t al.: A P H I D - R E S I S T A N T POTATO CULTIVARS

peach aphid life table parameters. n~ 14 12 16 5 19 14 6 5 18 48 53 9 26 8 5 12 14 5 7 5 8 5 10 15 19 10 5 20 17 19 11 7 11 18 17 4 11 10 10 38 8 24 7 7 10 9 6 9 20

263

Two w e e k s after vine kill, t u b e r s

DTAb

se

Ro

DT

k

area (mine)h

se

8.07 a-c 7.50 bc 7.20 bc 8.80 ab 8.32 a-c 8.43 a-c 7.50 bc 7.00 bc 9.28 ab 8.28 a-c 7.67 bc 6.33 bc 8.08 a-c 8.63 ab 8.40 a-c 7.75 bc 8.71 ab 7.40 bc 7.43 bc 9.00 ab 7.63 bc 7.60 bc 8.10 bc 7.67 bc 8.26 a-c 7.50 bc 8.20 a-c 8.25 a-c 7.35 be 7.63 bc 7.18 bc 6.43 bc 7.00 bc 7.67 bc 8.44 a-c 11.00 a 8.36 a-c 6.80 bc 7.60 bc 8.18 a-c 7.00 bc 8.13 a-c 8.29 a-c 6.86 bc 7.60 bc 8.56 ab 5.50 c 6.89 bc 8.50 a-c

0.05 0.10 0.17 0.22 0.05 0.07 0.17 0.01 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.46 0.20 0.09 0.33 0.25 0.47 0.21 0.18 0.07 0.11 0.05 0.16 0.55 0.04 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.08 0.17 0.07 0.12 0.47 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.13 0.07 0.36 0.15 0.10 0.11 0.23 0.23 0.08

11.21 16.92 21.13 12.00 17.05 15.29 17.00 20.60 15.83 16.77 16.85 12.11 11.37 13.75 8.20 10.42 15.41 10.60 20.14 9.40 16.00 14.00 10.70 18.60 18.47 17.20 16.00 12.40 13.18 13.01 14.27 22.14 9.82 16.39 10.43 10.50 11.27 11.20 12.80 5.34 19.00 11.38 9.85 18.71 6.90 12.22 13.00 6.67 16.95

3.18 2.72 2.26 3.18 2.81 3.03 2.52 2.49 3.24 2.85 2.69 2.75 3.03 2.95 3.54 3.08 3.04 3.05 2.49 3.52 2.62 2.85 3.35 2.27 2.58 2.48 2.58 3.01 2.71 2.71 2.62 1.98 2.89 2.84 3.09 4.03 3.14 2.96 2.85 4.15 2.37 2.82 3.35 2.30 3.48 3.08 2.25 3.45 2.75

1.24 1.29 1.36 1.24 1.28 1.26 1.32 1.32 1.24 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.26 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.32 1.22 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.36 1.31 1.32 1.31 1.26 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.42 1.27 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.18 1.34 1.28 1.23 1.35 1.22 1.25 1.36 1.22 1.29

1.11 a-d 1.07 a-d 1.12 a-d 0.52 a 1.02 a-d 0.82 a-d 1.01 a-d 1.2 a-c 0.91 a-d 1.19 a-c 1.02 a-d 0.91 a-d 0.90 a-d 1.15 a-c 0.95 a-d 0.73 cd 0.90 a-d 0.93 a-d 0.94 a-d 1.04 a-d 0.79 b-d 0.97 a-d 1.08 a-d 1.19 a-c 1.12 a-d 0.68 cd 0.8 b-d 1.02 a-d 0.88 a-d 0.79 b-d 0.82 a-d 1.43 a 1.10 a-d 0.97 a-d 0.99 a-d 1.38 ab 1.I1 a-d 1.20 a-c 0.98 a-d 0.95 a-d 0.86 a-d 1.04 a-d 0.70 cd 0.82 a-d 1.15 a-c 1.28 a-c 1.17 a-c 0.67 cd 1.07 a-d

0.03 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0,12 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.02 0.01

Days to reproductive adult (DTA), net reproductive rate (R0), doubling time (DT), finite rate of increase 0~)aTotal number of aphids tested per cultivar. bMeans followed by same letter within columns are not sigmilicantly different (P>0.05; REGWQ).

w e r e h a n d dug, p l a c e d into m e s h bags, labeled a n d stored.

Data Analysis Standard errors for r~ and 95% CI were c a l c u l a t e d using t h e J a c k n i f e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d by M e y e r et al. (1986). Analysis of variance

(ANOVA)

was

con-

d u c t e d to analyze differences in 30 s e c counts, a p h i d b o d y size (-length x width m e a s u r e m e n t s ) , a n d days to a d u l t u s i n g PROC GLM (SAS 2001). Time c o u n t s w e r e t e s t e d for h o m o g e n e i t y of variance and transformation was not needed.

The

Ryan-Einot-

Gabriel-Welsch Multiple Range Test (REGWQ) w a s u s e d to separate means,

a

= 0.05 (SAS

2001). P e a r s o n ' s c o r r e l a t i o n w a s u s e d to c o m p a r e r ~ of g r e e n peach

a p h i d t o rm o f p o t a t o

a p h i d for e a c h cultivar, g r e e n p e a c h aphid rm t o g r e e n p e a c h a p h i d area, a n d p o t a t o a p h i d r ~ t o p o t a t o a p h i d area. S p e a r m a n ' s r a n k c o r r e l a t i o n coefficient w a s used

to test correspondence

between

30 s e c g r e e n p e a c h

a p h i d c o u n t s (field data) a n d g r e e n p e a c h a p h i d total progeny p r o d u c e d in 10 days (greenhouse data) 1989).

(Snedecor and Cochran Multinomial

loglinear

regression w a s c o n d u c t e d using t h e statistical p r o g r a m R (R 2004) a n d w a s u s e d to c o m p a r e effects o f maturity date, yield potential, a n d year of cultivar release (comp a r i n g cultivars r e l e a s e d p r i o r

cially in wild p o t a t o species. P l a n t s w e r e vine killed 28 A u g u s t

a n d post introduction of m o d e m synthetic pesticides) o n a p h i d

in 2004 a n d 29 August in 2005 b y a p p l i c a t i o n of diquat dibro-

resistance as m e a s u r e d by 30 sec aphid c o u n t s (field data) or

m i d e ( S y n g e n t a Crop Protection, G r e e n s b o r o , NC), at 2.3 L/ha.

total fecundity in 10 days ( g r e e n h o u s e data). Maturity categories

264

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH

Vol. 84

4000 -4--

Red La Soda w/out predation

= 9 = Red La Soda w/predation

3500

- - D - - - R. N o r k o t a h w / o u t p r e d a t i o n - []"

3000

R. N o r k o t a h w / p r e d a t i o n

~.2500 52000 N 15oo ..l[ ~ " ~ ~176 ~ ~

lOOO 500 0

L - - - ~_r - -" - u . . . .

0

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Days FIGURE 3. Effects o f host plant and predation on green peach aphid population dynamics. A: Red La Soda, B: Red La Soda w/predation, C: Russet Norkotah, and D: Russet Norkotah w/predation.

were 65 to 70 days, 70 to 90 days, 90 to 110 days, 110 to 130 days,

(Figure 2). Intrinsic rate of increase values for green peach

and > 130 days. Yield potential categories were low, medium, and

aphid and potato aphid among cultivars were not significantly

high. Data were taken from published online cultivar descrip-

correlated (/?2=0.032). For example, Russet Norkotah had the

tions (Hutten and van Berloo, http'J/www.dpw.wau.nl/pv/query.asp;

lowest green peach aphid rm but was intermediate for potato

PAA, http://www.umaine.edu/paa/var.htm). The likelihood ratio

aphid. Across all cultivars, mean green peach aphid r m w a s

test (LRT) was used to test for significance (R 2004).

0.245 and mean potato aphid r,, was 0.170. Green peach aphid had a shorter pre~reproductive period and higher rm than did

RESULTS

potato aphid. Green peach aphid differed significantly in days to repro-

Results indicated that green peach aphid intrinsic rate of

ductive adult (DTA) (P0.05; REGWQ).

o f 3.2 progeny. G r e e n p e a c h a p h i d area (width x length) diff e r e d significantly (P