Responsiveness of Different Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) Varieties to ...

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ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 83 (2014) 344 – 347

“SYMPHOS 2013”, 2nd International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry

Responsiveness of different potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties to phosphorus fertilizer Khalid Daoui*, R. Mrabet, A. Benbouaza, and E.H. Achbani Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (Maroc) Centre Régional de la Rechetrche Agronomique de Meknès km 10 Route Haj Kaddour B.P. 578 (VN) Meknès Maroc

Abstract A better understanding of mineral application and use by crops is fundamental for enhancing crop yields with a minimum impact on environment and for reducing costs. However, efficiency of phosphorus utilization is dependent on genetic variability within the crop. Hence, the objective of this study is to assess responsiveness of different potato varieties to mineral phosphorus application. A field trial was conducted at El Annaceur (experimental station of the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA, Morocco)). Seven potato varieties (V) (Desiree, Nicola, Barna, Pamela, Daifla, Labella and Marguarita) were combined with two phosphorus (P) treatments (P0 : without any P application as fertilizer and P+ : 100 kg P2O5/ha as super triple phosphate (45%)). The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, P on main plots and varieties on subplots. Results showed a significant separate effect of V and P on tuber yield while no interaction effect (P*V) was recorded. Variety Pamela gave the highest main tuber yield (34 t/ha) and the variety Labella was the lowest one (19 t/ha). The variety Desiree was considered as check giving 24 t/ha. The variety Desiree showed the most significant response to P application with an average of 71 % increase compared to control. The variety Barna comes in second position with 49 % of response to P application while varieties Labela, Pamela and Daifla showed lower improvements (approximately 10 %) comparatively to control. Within the framework of this experiment, the variety Pamella gave the highest yield in both situations of phosphorus application. While variety Desiree required an additional application of P to express its potential yield.

© 2014 2014The TheAuthors. Authors.Published Published Elsevier © by by Elsevier Ltd.Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of SYMPHOS 2013. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of SYMPHOS 2013

Keywords: Solanum Tubersosum. Phosphorus. Responsiveness ;

1. Introduction In the Mediterranean Basin, potato is occupying an overall area of about one million ha and producing 18 million tons of tubers [1]. In Morocco, potato occupies an area of about 50,000 to 58.000 ha annually. The national production is about 1,000,000 to 1,400,000 tones so with a national main yield of about 23 t/ha which is below potential yield of about 40%. Optimizing phosphorus fertilization is one way to reduce the gap between actual and potential yield. Phosphorus is one of major mineral nutrients required by Potato crop and its management in soil is critical. In fat, Potato requires a high amount of phosphorus for optimum growth and yield [2]. However, P uptake and use is also dependant on genetic variability with the crops as well as the P fate in the environments including the soil. Accordingly, a better understanding of

* Daoui K.. Tel.: +212 5 35 300 366; fax: +212 5 35 300 244. E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of SYMPHOS 2013 doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.026

Khalid Daoui et al. / Procedia Engineering 83 (2014) 344 – 347

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mineral application and use by crops is one way for enhancing crop yields with a minimum impact on environment and reducing production costs. The use of genetically enhanced plants with improved P acquisition efficiency may represent a sustainable solution to increase crop yields. The objective of this study is to assess, under field conditions, responsiveness of different potato varieties to mineral phosphorus application. 2. Material and methods A field trial was conducted at El Annaceur (experimental station of the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA, Morocco) situated 20 km far from Fès at latitude 33°41’, longitude 4°,50’ ; height 1345 m. Soil characteristics are: clay (27%), silt (53%) and sand (20%). pH water (8,4). NO3- (11,6 mg kg-1). Organic Matter (2,80%), P2O5 (Olsen) (67 mg/kg) and K2Oexangeable (520 mg/kg). Seven potato varieties (Desirée, Nicola, Barna, Pamela, Daifla, Labella, Marguerita) were combined with two phosphorus treatments (P0 : without any P application and P+ : 90 kg P2O5/ha as super triple phosphate (45%)). The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, P on main plots and varieties on subplots. Every subplot consisted on one line of 3m long of each variety separated on both sides by the check one (variety: Desirée) at Nitrogen was added at the rate of distance of 0.70 m. Ten tubers by variety were planted on each line. 50kg N ha-1 at planting and another 50 kg N/ha at tuber formation as ammonium nitrate. At maturity for every treatments (V*P) each ten plant have been harvested and tuber yield was estimated. The trial was implemented on May and harvested on August 2009. The crop was under drip irrigation system with water application of 8 hours per day with tree days intervals. Trial was well protected against parasites and weeds. The data were subjected to analysis of variance procedures (SPSS). Standard errors of the means were calculated. NKS test was applied to compare measured parameters from variety. The responsiveness of variety “i” was calculated on the basis of:

100 * (TYi( P ) TYi( P0) TYi( P0) Vi: potato variety i TY: tuber yield of potato (t/ha) of variety i P+: treatment with added phosphorus as fertilizer. P0: treatment with no added phosphorus as fertilizer.

Re sponsiveness(Vi)(%)

3. Results 3.1. Effect of phosphorus and genotype on tuber yield of potatoes

Both variety (V) and phosphorus (P) have a significant effect on tuber yield of potato while interaction (V*P) had no significant effect on this parameter (figure 1). Tuber yield varied between 16 t/ha for treatment (Barna (P0)) and 36 t/ha for treatment Pamella (P+). Phosphorus improves tuber yield by about 25%. .The variety Pamela gave the highest main tuber yield (34 t/ha) and performed well in both situations of P nutrition (P0 and P+). 3.2. Responsiveness of potatoes varieties to phosphorus fertilizer

Responsiveness of varieties to phosphorus application varied between 9% and 71% (figure 2). The variety Desirée showed the highest responsiveness to P application with 71% of improvement of tuber yield, while the varieties Daifla, Labella and Pamela responses to P application was on average only 10%. The varieties Nicola, Margarita and Barna responded to phosphorus application by respectively 18. 27 and 49%. Those differences could be explained by date of variety release; Desirée witch is the oldest one should require P coming from fertilizer to express its yield while the other can use soil P. The variety Pamela responses less to P application, while this variety gives the best yield in both situations of P availability. This indicates that, variety improvement could enhance P use efficiency.

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Figure 1. Tuber yield (TY) of potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum) under two levels of phosphorus nutrition (P0 / P+) (Vertical bars represent mean +/- standard error)

Figure 2. Responsiveness of different potatoes varieties to phosphorus fertilizer

4. Discussion

Most of the soils in Mediterranean region are P deficient (< 4 mg P ( Olsen) / kg soil) [3]. Furthermore, the phosphorus fertilization is an expensive factor of production in Morocco [4] and this practice does not benefit completely to crop. Even after application of mineral P fertilizers the major portion of P (80-90%) cannot be absorbed by plants due to adsorption by soil particles (Fe, Al Ca). The use of genetically enhanced plants with improved P acquisition efficiency may represent a sustainable solution to increase crop yields in such situations. One steep to achieve this goal is assessing potato genotypes for their responsiveness to phosphorus application. In fact, providing farmers with genotypes adapted to specific conditions of phosphorus


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availability in the soil and having good phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) should improve yields, without increasing excessively production cost or damaging the environment. PUE has been studied in many species: Vicia faba ([5], Triticum aestivum [6], Solanum tubersosum [7] , Manihot Esculenta [8], Cajanus cajan [9] and Phaseolus vulgaris [10]. In those studies, genetic variation for PUE was found and explanations were given on the basis of root architecture and physiology and/or on biomass translocation and phosphorus partitioning. Nutrient use efficiency can be divided into two components [11]: uptake or the ability of the plant to extract the nutrient from the soil and utilization efficiency, or the ability of the plant to convert the absorbed nutrient into grain yield. Phosphorus acquisition by plants depends on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the root system, because the relative immobility of P in soil makes P acquisition by the plant very dependent on soil exploration in time and space As defined, such efficiency is controlled directly or indirectly by plant traits and mechanisms related to basic metabolism [12], by patterns of partitioning and remobilization of P among different organs and tissues [13], and perhaps mostly by the capacity of the plant to accumulate dry matter owing to efficient utilization of P in plant metabolic processes. In this experiment Potato response to applied P is considerably influenced by the variety grown. Genetic improvement could have enhanced P use efficiency among potato varieties The low response in some varieties, like Daifla, to P may be attributed to its capability in utilizing more P from the soil source. The high response to P applied may be attributed to lower capability in utilizing P from soil source like the case of variety Desiree. The varietal response to applied P is often related to its yield potential. The variety Pamella gives the best tuber yield in both situations of P nutrition (P0 or P+). While the least performing variety Labella showed lowest responsiveness to P application. 5. Conclusions

Within this experiment, even if just for one year, we do find genetic variability to phosphorus use among different potatoes varieties. This indicates that choosing efficient variety may guarantee an improvement of tuber yield with less phosphorus fertilizer demand. This work should be re conducted. More measures should be made to characterize genotypes and elucidate differences in performances among those genotypes. Acknowledgements Workers and technical staff at the experiment station of El Annaceur (Morroco) are gratefully acknowledged References [1] FAO, 2012. FAOSTAT. Agriculture. Rome:http://faostat.fao.org/. [2] Dechassa, N., Schenk, M.K., Claassen, N. and Steingrobe, B., 2003. Phosphorus efficiency of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Capitata), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant and Soil 250, pp. 215-224. [3] Orphanos, P. I., 1995. Future direction of phosphate fertilization in the Mediterranean Area. In: Accomplishments and future challenges in dry land soil fertility research in the Mediterranean Area. Editor John Ryan, ICARDA. pp. 147-153. [4] Amrani, M., Westfall, D.G. and Moughli, L., 1999. Evaluation of residual and cumulative phosphorus effects in contrasted Moroccan calcareous soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 55, pp. 231-238. [5] ] K. Daoui, M. Karrou, R. Mrabet, Z. Fatemi, X. Draye & J. F. Ledent (2012): GENOTYPIC VARIATION OF PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY AMONG MOROCCAN FABA BEAN VARIETIES (VICIA FABA MAJOR) UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35:1, pp. 3448. [6] Manske, G.G.B., J.I. Ortiz-Monasterio, M. van Ginkel, R.M. Gonzalez, R.F. Fischer, S. Rajaram and P.L.G. Vlek., 2001. Importance of P uptake efficiency versus P utilization for wheat yield in acid and calcareous soils in Mexico. Europ. J. Agronomy 14, pp. 261 - 274. [7] Trehan, S.P. and R.C. Sharma., 2005. Differences in phosphorus use efficiency in potato genotypes. Adv. Hort. Sci. 19 (1), pp. 13-20. [8] El-Sharkawy, M.A., L. Cadavid and L.F. De Tafur., 1998. Nutrient use efficiency of cassava differs with genotype architecture. Acta Agronomica 48 (1-2), pp. 23-32. [9] Subbarao G.V., N. Ae and T. Otani., 1997. Genetic variation in acquisition, and utilization of phosphorus from iron-bound phosphorus in pigeon pea. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 43 (3), pp. 511-519. [10] Yan Xiaolong, E. Beebe Stephen and Jonathan P. Lynch., 1995. Genetic variation for phosphorus efficiency of common bean in contrasting soil types: II. Yield response. Crop Sci. 35, pp. 1094-1099. [11] Ortiz-Monasterio J. I., G.G.B. Manske and M. Van Ginkel., 2001. Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. Chapter 17 in: Application of physiology in wheat breeding. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT, eds Reynolds, M.P., J.I. Ortiz-Monasterio, and A. McNab, pp. 200-207. [12] Gerloff G.C. 1987. Intact-plant screening for tolerance of nutrient-deficiency stress. Plant Soil 99, pp.3–16. [13] Clark, R.B., 1990. Physiology of cereals for mineral nutrient uptake, use, and efficiency. In: V.C. Baligar, R.R. Duncan, eds. Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use. San Diego: Academic Press, 1990, pp. 131– 209.