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REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 2468-4228 eISSN: 2468-4236
Molecular Signatures of Biomarkers in Cancer Development, Diagnosis, and its Prognostic Accuracy
Maryam Dadar1, Kuldeep Dhama2,*, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal3, Ashok Munjal4, Rekha Khandia4, Kumaragurubaran Karthik5, Swati Sachan6, Shyma K. Latheef 6, Hari Abdul Samad7 and Sunil K. Joshi8 1
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Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; 2Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; 3School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico; 4Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; 5Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 6Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; 7Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; 8Cellular Immunology Lab, Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA Abstract: Background: In many cancers, predictive factors are important for recognition of high-risk patients and amongst individualizing treatment. The understanding of these mechanisms might provide novel and useful approaches for preventing, diagnosing and treating different cancers. Objective: The main objective of this review is to extend the current knowledge on the various tumor biomarkers targeting prognosis and therapies of human cancers.
ARTICLE HISTORY Received: January 13, 2017 Revised: January 31, 2017 Accepted: February 05, 2017
Current Biomarkers
DOI: 10.2174/2468422807666170210164253
Methods: The present review is based on the extensive churning, analyzing and compilation of the salient information on tumor biomarkers from the authentic published literature available in PubMed and other scientific databases. The information also includes the implicative role of nucleic acids, apolipoproteins, inflammatory biomolecules, receptors, DNA modification, carbohydrate antigens and metabolite signatures as biomarkers for cancer.
Results: In this review, we have summarized some tumor biomarkers, which would improve prognostic efficiency and accuracy among patients with cancer particularly for ovarian, lung, breast, melanoma and pancreatic cancer.
Conclusion: This review provides in-depth insights of the use and importance of cancer biomarkers in our understanding as well improve knowledge regarding cancer management in clinical practice that will facilitate a more effective prognosis with least undesired systemic toxicity. However, development and evaluation of cancer biomarkers demand a complete understanding of the molecular processes and cellular mechanisms during the onset of cancer; as well how a little modification in regulatory metabolites, proteins or genes can disrupt various kinds of cellular functions and lead to cancer.
Keywords: Autoantibody, biomarkers, breast cancer, diagnosis, lung cancer, melanoma, prognosis, treatment. 1. INTRODUCTION Research has long desired to discover biomarkers that could identify cancer at an early stage, or anticipate the optimal cancer therapy for specific patients. Every type of cell has a specific molecular signature, attributed as biomarkers [1]. Genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics can enable *Address correspondence to this author at the Division of Pathology, ICARIndian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; Tel: +91 9837654996; Fax: 0581-2302188; E-mail:
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researchers to depict the molecular fingerprints of specific cancers and adjust their classification in accordance with the molecular imperfections they harbor. Gene mutations could alter the gene expression, protein statute as well as metabolites. These processes reveal opportunities for identifying biomarkers. The discovery and development of novel cancer biomarkers could potentially improve cancer monitoring, screening the cancer progression, diagnosis, making a cancer prognosis and the progression of cancer treatment [1, 2]. The significant effects of cancer biomarkers could be the costeffectiveness of cancer treatment and detection; these could © 2016 Bentham Science Publishers
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