Review Article

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 7, Issue 1 | January 2018 | 01–12 ISSN 2277-4289│ www.gjrmi.com │International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly online Journal

Review Article AROMATIC DRUGS OF PARYAYAMUKTAVALI Deepa KK1*, Rabi Narayan Acharya2 1

Ph.D. scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 2Professor and Head, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India *Corresponding Author: e-mail id: [email protected]; Phone no: +91-9978407473, +91-9978826084.

Received: 08/12/2017; Revised: 13/01/2018; Accepted: 22/01/2018

ABSTRACT India was famous for the production and trade of fragrant drugs since time immemorial. References of aromatic substances and their use are available from documents of vedic era itself. Its usage and trade increased over the ages, and in later classical texts of Ayurveda, detailed information is available regarding fragrant substances, including their medicinal aspects. Odisha was well known for the production and trade of such fragrant substances, by even maritime activities. Paryayamuktavali, a popular Nighantu of Odisha fixed to be of late 16th century, dedicates it’s first three chapters for the synonyms of sugandhi dravyas (aromatic drugs), in three varying degrees of superior, middle and inferior. A literary research has been carried out, based on three printed versions available on Paryayamuktavali, to critically edit and botanically identify the drugs mentioned in it. It is unique in Paryayamuktavali, that 104 fragrant drugs are mentioned with a total of 602 synonyms in first three chapters indicating the intense use aromatic drugs in medicinal practice. KEY WORDS: Aromatic drugs, Paryayamuktavali, sugandhi dravyas, Nighantu.

Cite this article: Deepa KK, Rabi Narayan Acharya (2017), AROMATIC DRUGS OF PARYAYAMUKTAVALI, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 7 (1): 01–12

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 7, Issue 1 | January 2018 | 01–12

INTRODUCTION: The history of use of plants as medicine is as old as human civilization. Evidences reveal that, long before the beginning of Christian era plants were used as medicine in India. Use of plants, for therapeutic purpose, is well recorded in vedic literature and their number goes on increasing after that period i.e. in various samhita (1500 B.C. to 1–5 A.D) and Nighantu (6–8th AD onwards). In samhitas, though the number of drugs gradually increased they were described as part of various treatment protocols. But in later period, various Texts under the title Nighantu, for better understanding, drugs were arranged in different groups (Sastry JLN, 2014). Nighantu may be defined as glossary containing synonymous groups, the names of drugs, plants, animals, minerals or anything that is administered as food or medicine to the human body. Ancient Nighantus are mainly of two types one like Kosa containing the synonyms of drugs, and the other having description of properties, actions along with synonyms. (Lucas DS, 2009). The word Sugandhi dravya (aromatic drugs), point to a wide variety of its applications in our life. Among 18,000 native plant species of India, 1500 are aromatic. Of these, about 50 species are highly demanded in market. In India, estimated production of perfumery is 5000 t/annum. India ranks 28th in imports (0.7%) and 14th in exports (1.1%) in global trade of essential oils. They are useful in production of cosmetics, soaps, pharmaceuticals, perfumery, confectionery, aerated waters disinfectants, agarbathis and related items. In addition, Aromatherapy in therapeutics, botanical insecticides, and growth boosters in agriculture and such upcoming realms of application add to the greater demand of aromatic drugs (Skaria BP, 2007). India is well known for the use of fragrant substances since time immemorial. Vatsyayana gives reference regarding Phenaka (fragrant soaps) and use of perfumes in routine life. Koutilya further details it with manufacturing, import and export of perfumeries, showing its

prevalence in ancient India. Brihatsamhita of Varahamihira is the first text to explain, types, sources and preparation of gandha dravyas. Basavaraja of 17th century also gives a scientific explanation of this branch in his Siva Tatva Ratnakara (Krishnamurthy R, 1987). Odisha was well known for availability and trade of fragrant items in olden days. An inscription of Ganga period, mentions about a township near the village Nagari in Odisha, which is famous for Gandhikas (perfumers). The scholars, traders and physicians of the area used to visit far off places in the country and also outside, since earliest times (Patnaik NR, 1997). Paryayamuktavali, a popular Nighantu of Odisha up to 19th century comes under the category of synonymous lexicon (Deepa KK et al., 2017) and has its own system of classification of drugs of herbo-mineral and animal origin under 23 vargas (Padhi MM et al., 2007). It is interesting to see that, Sugandhi dravyas (fragrant drugs) are classified in first three chapters of this text, in three varying gradations, as superior, medium and inferior. Details of the drugs described under these three unique categories are still unexplored. In this article an attempt has been made to investigate the basis of classification and uncover the uniqueness of the drugs described under category of sugandhidravya. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is based on first three chapters of the three available printed versions of Paryayamuktavali (PM), viz (Giri K and Shankhua P, (Eds) 2013), (Chowdhary T, 1947) and (Hota NP and Padhi MM (Eds), 2015). Possible plant identities are given based on latest accepted names of ‘plantlist’website (www.plantlist.org). RESULT AND DISCUSSION: It is unique to Paryayamuktavali, among all Nighantus of Dravyaguna that it is presented in a very systematic way. Every chapter starts with a sloka (stanza) on its contents and ends with an inter-text colophon with chapter name, number



of drugs dealt and book name. First three chapters of Paryayamuktavali is being devoted to enumerate the synonyms of Sugandhidravyas (aromatic drugs). This may be due to their importance in medicine, day today life and trade. There is a gradation among these aromatic drugs. Most aromatic ones are classified under Sreshtasugandhivarga, while medium in madhyama and inferior in hinasugandhivarga.

or compound perfumes. These for commonly used in cosmetics, cooking, sweets, syrups, mouth refreshers, tooth sticks etc (Krishnamurthy R, 1987). śreṣṭhagandhavargaḥ: First chapter deals with synonyms of drugs with intense aroma. It is named as prathama śreṣṭhagandhavargaḥ. The chapter starts with a sloka presenting the contents in four lines. In first sloka, number of mentioned drugs are 23. In the Inter-text colophon at the end of the chapter, 33 number is mentioned. The difference is because, karpoora, agaru, chandana and nakhi have been mentioned as a single drug in the introductory sloka, while varieties are separately counted at the end. In total, it has 50 lines.

First chapter deals with synonyms of drugs with intense aroma. It is named as prathama śreṣṭha gandha vargaḥ. It has 33 drugs and 50 lines. Total number of synonyms in this chapter is 200. The contents are drugs of plant or animal origin which can yield essential oils, volatile principles or perfumes. The details of the drugs are presented in table 1. Second chapter contains drugs of moderate aroma. It is named as madhyamagandhavargaḥ. There are 26 drugs in mentioned in 33 lines. Totally, 136 synonyms have been dealt. It includes spices containing volatile principles. The details of the drugs are presented in table 2.

All the drugs mentioned in this category are highly fragrant. These are mainly used in the field of perfumery, manufacture of incense materials and also in medicine. Many drugs are presented with rare varieties. These includes four types of chandana, which are botanically from the same source, appears to be discriminated based on geographical source. They can be considered as market varieties.

In third chapter, drugs with inferior aroma are compiled. 45 drugs are enumerated with synonyms in 66 lines. 269 synonyms are notified in total. The details of the drugs are presented in table 3.

Sarala sara is separately taken as a drug, sreeveshtam. Parneera is mentioned in the chapter, which appears like a preparation rather than a drug. Drugs with controversial identity includes mura mamsi, akasha mamsi, choraka, kakkolam and nakhi dvaya (table 1).

The drugs with lower odour may be used as fixatives, which makes scent last longer. They may not contribute to the odour of the end product. Some of the drugs with medium or inferior fragrance were used to produce blends

Table-1: Details of the drug described under sresthagandhavarga SI no

Basony m

variety

Botanical identity

Synonyms Based on Appear ance

Propertie s/ actions

Use/ fame

Habita t/ source

other

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl

3

3

-

1

1

Total number of synony ms 8

Cinnamomum 1 camphora (L.) J.Presl

1

1

-

1

1

5

fragrance

1. karpūra 2.

cīnakar pūra



3. agaru

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.

3

1

-

2

-

6

Aquilaria agallocha 1 Roxb. Santalum album L. 1

1

2

-

-

-

4

-

2

-

1

-

4

Santalum album L.

-

1

1

1

1

-

4

Santalum album L.

-

1

2

1

-

-

4

Santalum album L.

-

2

1

-

1

-

4

Santalum album L.

1

2

-

-

1

-

4

Pinus longifolia Roxb.ex Lamb Taxus buccata L. -

1

2

1

-

-

4

4

-

-

-

-

4

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don

2

1

5

-

-

8

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Prunus cerasus L. Or Gisekia pharnacoides L. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.Ham.)T.Nees &Eberm. Amomum subulatum Roxb. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

1

-

2

3

-

-

6

1

1

2

-

-

-

4

-

-

3

2

-

-

5

-

4

1

-

-

-

5

1

2

1

-

1

-

5

18. nāgakeśa raḥ 19. murāmā ṃsi 20. kuṅkuma ṃ

Mesua ferrea L.

1

1

2

-

1

-

5

Heliteres isora L.

3

1

-

-

1

-

5

Crocus sativus L.

-

2

-

-

2

-

4

21. jaṭāmāṃs i

Nardostachys 2 jatamansi (D.Don) DC.

7

1

-

-

-

10

4. 5. sāmānya candana ṃ 6.

7. 8. 9.

kṛṣṇāga ru

śrīkhaṇ ḍacand ana śvetaca ndanaṃ harican dana kalīyak aṃ

10. saralaḥ 11. granthipa rṇaṃ 12. devadāru

13. tvak 14. elavāluka ṃ 15. tejapatra

16. elā 17.

sūkṣma ilā



22.

ākāśam āṃsi

Selinum vaginatum C.B.Clarke – gandhamamsi;

4

-

-

-

-

4

Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng.; Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. -bhutajata; Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Cassytha filiformis L. akashabel 23. kakakola ṃ

Pimpinella anisum L. or Illicium verum Hook.f.

3

-

-

1

-

4

24. jātīphala ṃ 25. kastūri

Myristica fragrans 3 Houtt Moschus cupreus - animal origin

-

-

1

-

-

4

-

-

-

5

-

5

26. latākastū ri

Abelmoschus esculentus Moench

2

2

1

-

-

-

5

27. śilārasa

Altingia excelsa Noronha or Liquidamber orientalis Mill.(imported) Sterculia foetida L. is 3 putidaru

1

6

2

-

-

9

-

-

-

1

-

4

29. śailaja

Parmelia perforata (Lichens) is known as shilapushpa

2

1

-

2

-

5

30. tailaparṇī

Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.

-

4

-

-

-

-

4

31. śrīveṣṭaḥ

Pinus salisb.

longifolia -

2

-

3

1

-

5

32. karpūrata ilam

-appears to preparation.

4

4

33. padmakā ṣṭaṃ

Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don

-

4

28. pūtanī

(L.)

be

a 3

-


-

1


34. coraka

Angelica Edgew.

35. jātipatra ṃ 36. lavaṅga ṃ

Myristica fragrans Houtt. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr.&L.M.Perry Boswellia serrata Roxb.ex Colebr. Helix aspera-animal origin

37. kunduru 38. nakhī

nakhībh Achatina eda animal origin

39.

glauca 1

-

3

2

-

1

7

1

1

-

-

2

-

4

2

-

1

4

3

-

10

1

-

-

1

3

-

5

-

5

-

-

-

-

5

flica- 2

2

-

-

-

-

4

madhyama gandha vargaḥ:

mentioned drugs are 14. In the Inter-text colophone at the end of the chapter, 26 number is mentioned. The difference is because, Vyosha is considered as one and Jeera, musta usheera, kocora and vacha have been mentioned as a single drug in the introductory sloka, while varieties are separately counted at the end. Among these, all are botanically identified except jalosheera. Identities of some drugs are controversial like kaidarya, grndhika and Barbara.

Second chapter is named as dvitīyomadhyama gandha vargaḥ. Drugs in this varga are having medium fragrance and a majority of these drugs are known for their medicinal value. Further, they must have been used as incense material or fixative or would also be used to produce blends. The chapter starts with a sloka presenting the contents in two line. In first sloka, numbers of

Table -2: Details of the drug described under madhyama gandha varga SI no.

Basonym

variety

Botanical identity

Synonyms Based on Appea rance

Properti es/ actions

Use/ fame

Habit at/ sourc e

other

Cuminum cyminum 1 L.

1

3

-

1

-

Total numb er of synon yms. 6

Carum carvi L.

2

1

-

-

-

-

3

Nigella sativa L.

-

3

2

-

-

-

5

-

4

-

-

-

-

4

fragra nce

1. 2. 3. 4.

jīrakaṃ kanajeer aka kṛṣṇajīrā

kṣudrakā Vernonia lajīrābhe anthelmintica da Willd.

(L.)

(aranyajeeraka)



5.

ajamodā

Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H. Wolff

3

6.

miṣī

Trachyspermum falconeri H. Wolff

-

2

7.

yamāni

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague

-

8.

pippali

Piper longum L.

9.

marica

Piper nigrum L.

-

-

1

4

1

1

-

1

5

-

5

-

-

-

5

-

3

3

-

5

-

11

-

-

3

-

-

2

5

10. śuṇṭhī

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

-

1

3

-

1

5

11. mustā

Cyperus L.

rotundus -

1

3

-

-

1

5

Cyperus scariosus R.Br.

1

2

-

1

-

4

Vetiveria zizanioides Nash

-

-

3

2

-

-

5

-

1

2

1

-

-

4

Hedychium spicatum Sm.

-

2

-

-

1

2

5

-

2

2

-

-

-

4

glauca -

2

2

-

-

-

4

18. kuṣṭhaṃ

Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip.

-

4

1

1

-

6

19. puṣkaram ūlam

Inula Hook.f.

racemosa -

2

1

-

-

1

4

20. śatapuṣpā

Anethum sowa Roxb.ex Fleming

3

1

-

-

-

4

21. grandhika m

Polygonum aviculare L.

1

2

-

-

1

-

4

22. dhānyaka m

Coriandrum sativum L.

-

-

3

-

1

-

4

12.

gaṅgaḥā mustā

13. uśīra

14.

(L.)

jalośīra m

15. śaṭī 16.

śaṭībhed a

Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig

17.

kaiḍarya ḥ

Angelica Edgew.



23. methī

Trigonella foenum- 1 graecum L.

3

2

3

-

1

10

24. vacā

Acorus calamus L.

2

2

3

3

-

1

11

25.

śvetavac ā

Paris Sm.

polyphylla -

4

-

1

-

-

5

26.

barbaraḥ

Ocimum basilicum 2 L.

-

1

-

1

-

4

Hīnagandhavarga: Third chapter is named as tṛtīyohīnagandhavarga. Drugs of chapter three are having minimum fragrance. None of them are useful for perfumery, but having high medicinal effect. Thus, this group may be considered as group of medicines with very little fragrance. The chapter starts with a sloka presenting the contents in four lines. In first sloka, number of mentioned drugs are 25. In the Inter-text

colophone at the end of the chapter, 45 number is mentioned. The difference is because, ashtavarga is given as one group. Five drugs such as katuki, duralabha, lodhra, rasna, and madanaphala have been mentioned as a single drug in the introductory sloka, while varieties are separately counted at the end. Among these, botanically identified drugs are 42. Number of drugs which are not yet identified are 3. They are kantaki madana propoundareeka bheda and kalanusarivam. Identity of some drugs is controversial like duralabha bheda, savara lodhra, ashta varga and gangeruki (Table-3).

Table-3: Details of the drug described under hina gandha varga SI No.

Basony m

variet Botanical identity y

Synonyms Based on

1.

karkaṭa śṛṅgī

Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J.L.Stewart ex Brandis) Rech.f.

6

1

-

-

1

Total numb er of synon yms. 8

2.

kaṭphal a reṇukā

Myrica nagi Thunb.

-

3

1

1

-

-

5

Vitex agnus-castus L.

1

2

-

1

1

-

5

viḍaṅga ḥṃ trāyamā ṇā bāgucī

Embelia ribes Burm.f.

-

1

5

-

1

2

9

Gentiana kurroo Royle

-

1

-

3

-

-

4

Cullen corylifolium (L.) 1 Medik.

1

2

4

-

-

8

mañjiṣṭ hā

Rubia cordifolia L.

6

-

1

1

1

9

fragra nce

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

-

Appea rance

Proper ties/ actions

Use/ fame

Habit at/ sourc e

other



8.

kaṭukī

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.

4

3

-

-

1

8

9.

pītarohi ṇī

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y.Hong.

-

1

1

-

-

1

3

10.

kirātati ktaḥ

Gentiana chirayita Roxb.ex.Fleming

-

2

-

2

-

4

11.

ativiṣā

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle

5

2

2

1

1

11

12.

priyaṅg ḥu

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl

-

-

6

-

-

6

13.

harītaki

Terminalia chebula Retz.

-

1

3

6

1

-

11

14.

bibhīta kaḥ

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

-

-

2

-

2

4

15.

āmalakī

Phyllanthus emblica L.

-

1

1

4

-

-

6

16.

yavāsaḥ

Alhagi camelorum DC.

-

1

7

-

2

-

10

-

2

1

-

1

-

4

-

2

1

4

1

-

8

durāla Tragia involucrate L. or bhābh Tragia bicolour Miq. eda

17.

dāruhar idrā tālīśapa tram

Berberis aristata DC

Abies webbiana (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl.

2

1

1

-

-

4

20.

jīvantī

Leptadenia reticulate (Retz.) Wight & Arn.

1

2

-

-

1

4

21.

tagaram

Valeriana wallichii DC.

-

6

-

3

-

1

10

22.

puṇḍarī kam

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. -

4

1

-

-

-

5

-

-

4

1

-

-

-

5

Symplocos Roxb.

racemosa -

1

3

1

-

-

5

Symplocos C.B. Clarke

reticulata -

1

-

-

1

2

4

18. 19.

puṇḍa rīkab heda

23.

24.

lodhraḥ lodhr abhed a

25.

26.

cavyam

Piper retrofractum Vahl

-

2

2

-

-

2

6

27.

kālānus ārivā

-

-

3

-

-

2

-

5



28.

jīvakaḥ

Microstylis (Lindl.) Ridl.

29.

ṛṣabhak aḥ

Microstylis Lindl.

30.

medā

Polygonatum cirrhifolium Royle

muscifera -

2

1

3

-

-

6

wallichi -

1

-

2

-

3

6

-

1

2

3

-

-

6

(Wall.)

31.

mahām edā

Polygonatum (Mill.) Druce

odoratum -

3

-

1

-

-

4

32.

ṛddhiḥ

Habenaria acuminata (Thwaites) Trimen

1

1

3

-

-

5

33.

vṛddhiḥ

Habenaria D.Don

intermedia -

2

2

1

-

-

5

34.

kākolī

Lilium D.Don

polyphyllum -

3

1

-

-

1

5

35.

kṣīrakā kolī kuṭajaḥ

Roscoea purpuria Sm.

-

3

-

1

-

-

4

Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.ex A. DC.

-

1

-

2

1

-

4

36.

(Roth)

kaliṅga ḥkaḥ

Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.ex A. DC.

-

2

-

-

1

-

3

38.

rāsnā

Pluchea lanceolata 4 (DC.)C.B. Clarke

-

2

3

1

-

10

39.

nāgabal ā

Alpinia Willd.

(L.) 1

5

1

-

-

1

8

40.

gorakṣa taṇḍulā

Dalbergia L.f.

lanceolaria -

-

-

3

-

-

3

37.

(Roth)

galanga

Or Melilotus indicus (L.) All 41.

hastipip pali

Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott

3

-

1

-

-

4

42.

raktaca ndanam

Pterocarpus L.f.

3

-

-

1

-

4

43.

pataṅga ḥm

Ceasalpinia sappan L.

4

-

1

-

-

5

santalinus -



44.

madana phalam

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. kaṇṭa kīmad ana

45.

-

1

8

-

-

1

10

2

1

-

-

-

3

Table-4: Details of synonyms mentioned in first three chapters of Paryayamuktavali Chapter no.

Numb Number er of of Drugs Synonym s 33 26 45

1. 2. 3.

200 136 266

Synonyms based on Fragrance

Appearance

Properties/ Use/ actions fame

Habitat/ other source

28 12 07

68 39 98

40 47 59

31 12 18

26 15 63

07 11 21

Table-5: Summary of drugs mentioned in first three chapters of Paryayamuktavali. Chapter number

1. 2. 3.

Number of drugs Number of which are plants which identified are not botanically identified 33 0 25 1 42 3

Number varieties

9 9 4

of Number of controversial drugs

5 3 11

Synonyms used in Paryayamuktavali:

CONCLUSION:

Even though every drug is mentioned with three to six synonyms, there is a speciality in the synonyms selected. Most of them are familiar and used in classics. It is interesting to analyze the type of synonyms used, as it is a synonymous lexicon. There are about 602 synonyms described in the nighantu to describe 104 drugs (table-4). Out of the 104 drugs described in the first three chapters, botanical equivalents of 4 plants are yet to be identified and there is different opinion of about identity of 19 plants (table-5).

Sugandhi dravyas or aromatic drugs are placed at first three chapters of Paryayamuktavali shows the importance of fragrant drugs in the society and also in the trade at the time of author Haricharan Sena. It is unique in Paryayamuktavali, that 104 fragrant drugs are mentioned with a total of 602 synonyms in first three chapters indicating the intense use aromatic drugs in medicinal practice. Botanical equivalents of 4 plants are yet to be identified and there is different opinion of about botanical identity of 19 plants. Further intensive research is needed for establishment of correct botanical identity of these drugs.



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Source of Support: NIL

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Conflict of Interest: None Declared
