Review on Mechanical Behaviour of Sisal & Banana ...

Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2017 ISSN: 2456 – 2998 (Online) http://ijarmet.in/ Pages: 350 – 355

Review on Mechanical Behaviour of Sisal & Banana Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites M.Kumaresan1, N.Ramesh2, S.Ramesh3, S.Vijay4, Dr. S. Benjamin Lazarus5 1,2,3,4

Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Kavery Engineering College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India Professor and Head of the Department Mechanical, The Kavery Engineering College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India5 [email protected]

Abstract: Natural fibres have been used to reinforce materials for long time. Of the various synthetic materials that have been explored, polymer based composites claim a major participation. There has been a growing interest in utilizing natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composite for making materials in recent years. Natural fibres are prospective reinforcing materials and their use until now has been more traditional. They have long served many useful purposes but the application of the material technology for the utilization of natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer matrix took place in comparatively recent years. Economic and other related factors in many developing countries where natural fibres are abundant demand that scientists and engineers apply appropriate technology to utilize these natural fibres as effectively and economically as possible to produce good quality fibre reinforced polymer composites for engineering needs as a replacement to the synthetic fibres. Among the various natural fibres, sisal is of particular interest in that its composites have high impact strength besides having moderate tensile and flexural properties compared to other lignocellulosic fibres. The present paper reviews the research work published in the field of sisal and banana fibre reinforced polymer composites with special reference to the processing techniques, the physical and mechanical properties of the composites and their applications. Keywords: Sisal Fibre, Banana Fibre, Matrix Resin, (PMC) I.

INTRODUCTION

A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical and mechanical properties. The reinforcing phase of the composites provides the strength and stiffness, to make them harder, stronger and stiffer than the matrix. The reinforcement is usually in the form of a fibre or a particulate. The length-to-diameter ratio is known as the aspect ratio, and can vary greatly for fibres because the length of the fibre is much greater than its diameter. Continuous fibres have high aspect ratios, while discontinuous fibres have low aspect ratios, and the orientation of continuous fibre composites normally is perfect, while discontinuous fibres generally have a random orientation. Continuous fibre composites are often made into laminates by stacking single sheets of fibres in different orientations to obtain the desired strength and stiffness properties with fibre volume as high as 60 to 70%. In general, the smaller the diameter of the fibre, the higher its strength, but the cost increases when the diameter becomes smaller. In addition, smaller diameter fibres have greater flexibility, and are more amenable to fabrication processes such as weaving or forming, across the radius. The continuous phase is the matrix, which is a polymer, metal or ceramic. Polymers have low strength and stiffness, metals have intermediate strength and stiffness but high ductility, and ceramics have high strength and stiffness but are brittle.

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Discontinuous fibre composites are normally random in alignment which drastically reduces their strength and modulus. However, these composites are generally much less costlier than continuous fibre composites. Therefore, continuous fibre composites are used where higher strength and stiffness are required even at a higher cost, and discontinuous fibre composites are used where cost is the main driver and strength and stiffness are less important. II. TYPES OF COMPOSITES Broadly the composite materials in use in the industry today are classified into the three main categories as a) Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) b) Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) c) Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) III. POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES In general, the mechanical properties of polymers are inadequate for many structural applications, and their strength and stiffness are low when compared to metals and ceramics. These problems are rectified by Composites Metal matrix composites (MMCs) Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) reinforcing different materials with polymers. The processing of polymer matrix composites need not involve high pressure and high temperature. Due to this reason, the usage of polymer matrix composites has grown rapidly, and become popular for structural materials. Two types of polymer composites are:  

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) Particle reinforced polymer (PRP)

Natural fibres are a class of hair-like material that is continuous filaments, similar to pieces of thread which can

be converted into filaments. Natural fibres are grouped into different categories, based on their origin, derivations of plant, animal and mineral types the detailed classification is shown in Figure-1. Figure 1. Fibre Classification

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These sustainable and eco-efficient fibres have been applied as substitutions for glass and other synthetic fibres in diverse engineering applications. With the consideration of environmental consciousness, natural fibres are biodegradable and hence, they can alleviate the problem of massive solid wastes, and relieve the pressure of landfills, if they are used for replacing other non-degradable materials for product development. Besides, according to their inherent properties, natural fibres are flexible for processing, due to their being less susceptible to machine tool damage and health hazards during manufacture. IV. SISAL FIBRE Sisal fibre is a kind of natural fibre, which possesses high specific strength and modulus, low price, recyclability, easy availability. Using sisal fibre as reinforcement to make sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites has aroused great interest of materials scientists and engineers all over the world. Many researches have been done in recent years, which include the study of mechanical properties of the composites, finding an efficient way to improve the interfacial bonding properties between sisal fibre and polymeric matrices and fibre surface treatment on the mechanical performance of the composites. V. BANANA FIBRE Banana fibre is a lingo-cellulosic fibre, which obtained from the pseudo-stem of banana plant. Banana fibre is a bast fibre with relatively good mechanical properties. Banana fibre has good specific strength properties comparable to those of conventional material, like glass fibre. This material has a lower density then glass fibres. The pseudo-stem is a cylindrical, clustered aggregation of leaf stalk bases. Banana fibre at is a waste product of banana cultivation and either not properly utilized or partially done. The mechanical property comparison is shown under Table1 with used traditional fibres Table: 1. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Sisal and Banana Fibre with Other Fibres Properties

Sisal Fibre

Banana Fibre

Glass Fibre

Carbon Fibre

Modulus of elasticity (Gpa)

15

8-20

83-86

230-600

Breaking strength (Mpa)

61

773.002

4020-4650

3500-6000

Breaking Extension (%)

6-7

5-6

5.3

1.5-2.0

Fibre diameter (µm)

50-200

80-250

6-21

5-15

Linear density (tex)

1.45

1.35

40-4200

60-2400

VI. TYPES OF MATRIX The various polymer matrix used in the researches today along with the abundant natural fibres used to specific applications to bring about slight better mechanical properties are listed below a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

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Epoxy Polyester Orthophthalic Isophthalic Vinly Ester Phenolic Gel Coat


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VII. RULE OF MIXTURES Composite stiffness can be predicted using a micro-mechanics approach termed the rule of mixtures which calculates to be 𝐄𝐜 = 𝐟 𝐄𝐟 + (𝟏 − 𝐟)𝐄𝐦 or Ec=VmEm+Vf Ef Where, f => Ef => Em =>

𝑉𝑓 Vf + Vm

is the volume fraction

Elastic modulus of fibre. Elastic modulus of matrix.

Vf – Volume of Fibre Vm – Volume of matrix

VIII. ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN POLYMER COMPOSITE Following assumptions are made in polymer composites.

     

Fibres are uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. Perfect bonding between fibres and matrix. Matrix is free of voids. Applied loads are either parallel or normal to the fibre direction. Lamina is initially in a stress-free state (no residual stresses). Fibre and matrix behave as linearly elastic materials. IX. METHOD OF MANUFACTURING

The followings are the different method of manufacturing the polymer composites.      

Resin transfer moulding (RTM) Compression moulding Injection moulding Hot pressing Hand lay – up method Pultrusion method X. LITERATURE REVIEW

Dr.P.K.Shrama et al. has investigated the Mechanical Behaviors of Banana and Sisal Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Epoxy Resin. Sisal fibre fabric and Banana fibre fabric reinforced epoxy composites were prepared by hand layup technique. The experimental results showed that the sisal fibre fabric with banana fibre fabric reinforced epoxy composite had better tensile, hardness strength. Tensile Strength 60.06 Mpa, Hardness Strength 97.45 Mpa (B20%, S80%) Dr.T.Rangaswamy et al. Has Fabricated and investigated of Bending Test on Hybrid Sisal and Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composite Material. It’s suggested that the HFRPC material is less cost, low density and High Stength Biocompatible material. Sisal and Banana fibre fabric reinforced polyester composites were prepared by hand layup technique, bending test in UTM. In these composites got highest value of Bending Strength is 284 Mpa and its used to human bone. L.Laxmana Naik et al. has reviewed of Chemical and Mechanical Properties of natural fibres like Sisal and Banana Reinforced Polymer Composites, it gives possible application in the material group. Natural fibres are rich in cellulose and they are cheap and easily renewable source of fibres with the potential for polymer

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reinforcement. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the most commonly used chemical for bleaching and /or cleaning the surface of plant fibres. It also changes the fine structure of the native cellulose I to cellulose II by a process known as alkalization. Chemical properties, (sisal) cellulose 66-78%, moisture content 10-22 and (banana) cellulose 62-64%, moisture content 10-11.5%. Mechanical properties (Sisal) tensile test 350 Mpa, flexural strength 29.28-62.50 Mpa, elongation at break 6-7%, (Banana) tensile test 550 Mpa, flexural strength 57.33 Mpa, elongation at break 5-6%. V.Arumuga Prabu et al. have investigated on the Mechanical Properties of Red Mud Filled Sisal and Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester composites. Were fabricated separately with sisal, banana and each of them was filled with red mud also through compression moulding process. In that composites high flexural strength 89Mpa, and impact strength is 11J, were that the glass fibre and red mud got highest strength. D.Chandramohan et al. Has investigated of Characterization of natural fibres and their application in bone grafting substitutes. Nowadays, the natural fibres such as sisal, banana and roselle have the potential to be used as an eplacement for glass or other traditional reinforcement materials in composites. Were the It is well understood now that both the strength and stiffness of fibre composites depend on fibre concentration, fibre aspect ratios, fibre–matrix adhesion, as well as fibre orientation and dispersion in powdered particles. The modulus of elasticity of sisal is Sisal 800–700 9⋅10³–22⋅10³ (N/mm²) and banana is 11⋅10³–23⋅10³ (N/mm²). M.Gokul et al. Has Analysis and Fabrication of Mechanical Properties of Banana and Sisal Hybrid Composites In this project natural fibre composites were fabricated, by combining materials of Banana and Sisal in chopped from hand lay method. Epoxy resin was used as matrix material. The NFR composite were made in different fibre volume fraction such as12.5% of Banana and 12.5% Sisal. The mechanical properties of these samples were investigated according to the ASTM standards. From the result it was observed that the 12.5% of Banana and 12.5% of sisal fibre reinforcement showed the highest flexural strength among the other fibre volume fraction. The tensile strength is 17.486 N/mm2 for 12.5% Banana and 12.5% Sisal fibre epoxy composite. The flexural strength is 57.176 MPa for 12.5% Banana and 12.5% Sisal fibre epoxy composite. The impact strength is 0.4 J for 12.5% Banana and 12.5% Sisal fibre epoxy composite. From the experimental study it can be is suggested that the 25% Banana Sisal fibres and 75% epoxy resin composite materials can withstand the higher loads when compared to the other combinations and used as an alternate materials for conventional fibre reinforced polymer composites. N.Srinivasababu et al. Has Experimentaly determined of tensile properties of okra, sisal and banana fibre reinforced polyester composites. Hand lay-up technique was used for the preparation of composites. Specific tensile modulus of the composites increased in the order of banana, sisal, okra and chemically treated okra at the same percentage volume fraction of fibre. Chemically treated okra fibre reinforced composites tensile modulus is 1124.73 MPa at volume fraction of 26.36% which was higher than untreated okra fibre reinforced composites. V. Muthukumar et al. Has Studied on Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Laminates of Epoxy (Ly 556) Polymer Matrix Composites. Hand lay-up technique was used for the preparation of composites. Hybrid fibre mates were also prepared using all these fibres. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength and impact strength were determined and compared forthe different combinations. Based on experimental investigations, micro mechanics assessment and statistical analysis the strength determining factors such as ultimate breaking load, ultimate stress, displacement at maximum force and impact strength are being determined for the parent fibres banana, Palmyra, sisal, jute and hybrid combinations. In future, there are tremendous investments on natural fibres, to bring an great impact on manufacturing sectors. Were obtained Sisal and banan fibre is 0.02 KN/sqmm. Ravi Ranjan et al. has investigated Mechanical Characterization of Banana/Sisal Fibre Reinforced PLA Hybrid Composites for Structural Application. In this paper, banana and sisal fibres were selected to execute the hybrid bio-composite preparation with poly lactic as its matrix. This study demonstrated that banana/sisal fibre reinforced PLA biocomposites with good mechanical properties could be developed using banana/sisal fibre as a reinforce, and PLA as a matrix. The tensile strength properties of the treated banana/sisal fibre reinforced PLA biocomposites materials were significantly higher than those of untreated banana/sisal fibre reinforced PLA biocomposites. It has been noticed that the mechanical properties of the banana and sisal fibre composites such

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tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength etc. of the composites are also greatly influenced by the fibre treatments. Dr.D. Chandramohan et al. has reviewed on natural fibres. This review paper discuss about worldwide review report on natural fibres and its applications. Also, this paper concentrates on biomaterials progress in the field of orthopaedics. An effort to utilize the advantages offered by renewable resources for the development of biocomposite materials based on bio epoxy resin and natural fibres such as Agave sisalana; Musa sepientum; Hibiscus sabdariffa and its application in bone grafting substitutes. with an objective to explore the potential of the above said fibre polymer composites and to study the mechanical and material characterization of different composites. In future, the final composite material coated by calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (hybrid) composite can be used for both internal and external fixation on the human body for fractured bone. The tensile strength of the fibre (sisal) is 268 Mpa and (banana) 180-430 Mpa. XI. CONCLUSION There is a very wide scope for future scholars to explore this area of research. It is noted that there has been work done on lots of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites but research on Sisal and Banana (Musa sepientum) polymer composites is very rare. With an objective to explore the potential of the above said fibre polymer composites and to study the mechanical and material characterization of using the same as well as hybriding them the review has been done. Many authors have made it clear that several pre-treatment of natural fibres will improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the matrix, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the resulting composite. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

D. Chandramohan and K. Marimuthu, A Review On Natural Fibres, International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 8, No 2(2011) D. Chandramohan, K. Marimuthu, Characterization of natural fibres and their application in bone grafting substitutes, Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics Vol. 13, No. 1, 2011. Dr P.K. Shrama , Hemant Patel , Prof. Ashish Parkhe , Mechanical Behaviors Of Banana And Sisal Hybrid Composites Reinforced With Epoxy Resin. Vol.4 (Iss.1): January, 2016. ISSN- 2350-0530(O) ISSN- 2394-3629(P). Kotresh Sardar , Dr. T. Rangaswamy , Shivakumar, Fabrication and Investigation of Bending Test on Hybrid (Sisal and Banana) Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composite Material. ISSN 2347-6435(Online) Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2014. L Laxmana Naik , K Gopalakrishna , B Yogesha , Review on Mechanical Properties of Sisal and Banana Reinforced Composites. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 5, September-October, 2015 ISSN 2091-2730. M.Gokul , S.Samraj , A.Samidurai , A.Thirupathi , Analysis and Fabrication of Mechanical N. Srinivasababu, K. Murali Mohan Rao , J Suresh Kumar , Experimental determination of tensile properties of okra, sisal and banana fibre reinforced polyester composites, Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No. 7 (July 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846. Properties of Banana and Sisal Hybrid Composites. ISSN(Online) : 2319 - 8753 Vol. 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015. Ravi Ranjan, P K Bajpai, R K Tyagi , Mechanical Characterization of Banana/Sisal Fibre Reinforced PLA Hybrid Composites for Structural Application, Engineering International, Volume 1, No 1 (2013). V. Arumuga Prabu, V. Manikandan, M. Uthayakumar, S. Kalirasu. Investigations On The Mechanical Properties Of Red Mud Filled Sisal And Banana Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites. Materials Physics and Mechanics 15 (2012) 173-179. V. Muthukumar, R. Venkatasamy, A. Sureshbabu, D. Arunkumar , A Study on Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Laminates of Epoxy (Ly 556) Polymer Matrix Composites. International Science Press, ISSN: 2229-3140.

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