Revision of the Neotropical Genus Psilaspilates

SYSTEMATICS

Revision of the Neotropical Genus Psilaspilates (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) LUIS E. PARRA Departamento de Zoologõ´a, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogra´Þcas, Universidad de Concepcio´ n, Casilla 160-C, Concepcio´ n, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 92(4): 460Ð472 (1999)

KEY WORDS Ennominae, Lithinini, taxonomy, Argentina, Chile

ENNOMINAE IS THE most diverse subfamily of Geometridae and is the group that contains the highest number of species worldwide (Heppner 1991, Gaston et al. 1995, Scoble et al. 1995). In the Neotropical region, it is the most studied group, thanks to up-to-date studies by various researchers. The works of Rindge (1971, 1983, 1986, 1987) stand out for the southern zone of South America. Rindge (1986) includes diverse genera in a revision of Lithinini of the New World. He separates the tribe into 2 sections of genera according to geographic location (North America and Chile, including the adjacent Argentine region). He gives descriptions of the different taxa that make up the tribe, mentioning the type species and other species of the genus. The genus Psilaspilates Butler, 1893, with distribution in Argentina and Chile, has not undergone any modern revisions that clarify its taxonomic situation. This taxon is interesting because all species display a homogeneous coloration pattern, which probably has induced authors that have worked with species related to this genus to err. Taxonomic changes in the genus are given in the present revision. Rindge (1986), in his analysis of the Lithinini, gives a series of preliminary characters that permit the characterization of each genus. Many of the apomorphies of this study are homoplasous or are insufÞcient to determine monophyletic groups, such as the case of Psilaspilates. Reexamination of type material and consideration of genitalic and external features show assemblage of species, yielding synapomorphies suggestive of monophyly for Psilaspilates. The male and female genitalia, in particular, suggest a coherent framework of relationships. Materials and Methods This study is based on the material deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile

(MNHN), Museo de Zoologõ´a de la Universidad de Concepcio´ n, Concepcio´ n, Chile (MZUC), Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuma´n, Argentina (IML) and The Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH). I examined 164 adults during this study, including the primary type species of all taxa where possible. All of the information of the material examined was taken from the labels attached to each specimen. The geographical location is given according to the biogeographical classiÞcation proposed by Pen˜ a (1966) and Irwin and Schlinger (1986). Monophyly of Psilaspilates Butler. The pattern of wing markings in members of this genus is very homogeneous. Yellow and ochre color are very common in the different species; only P. stygiana is different, probably an apomorphy for this species. The monophyly of Psilaspilates in its revised state is supported by a range of characters from the male and female genitalia. In the male there are the following apomorphies: anellus process morphology and the group of thin spines in the vesica. In the female, the ductus bursae is shorter or equal to the width; and the posterior portion of corpus bursae is heavily sclerotized and striated. Rindge (1986) mentioned that Psilaspilates presented W- and V-shaped gnathos (apomorphic and plesiomorphic states); the current study concluded that only plesiomorphic state are represented in the genus. Checklist to the species of Psilaspilates (genera in which species were originally described are given in parentheses). Psilaspilates catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer) (Phasiane). Panagra cavifasciata (Butler) syn. nov. Aspilaria saturata Staudinger.

0013-8746/99/0460Ð0472$02.00/0 ! 1999 Entomological Society of America

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ABSTRACT The genus Psilaspilates Butler, 1893 is redeÞned and its species are taxonomically revised and described. The species are as follows: P. catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) comb. nov., P. cautinaria sp. nov., P. ceres (Butler, 1882), P. concepcionenesis Parra sp. nov., P. obscura Parra sp. nov., P. signistriata (Butler, 1882), and P. stygiana (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. Keys and distribution for the species are provided. The moths are illustrated and line drawings of the genitalia are provided for all species.

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Psilaspilates cautinaria sp. nov. Psilaspilates ceres (Butler) (Lozogramma). Psilaspilates concepcionensis sp. nov. Psilaspilates obscura sp. nov. Psilaspilates signistriata (Butler) (Panagra). Aspilaria arcuata Staudinger syn. nov. Psilaspilates catilla Bastelberger. Psilaspilates stygiana (Butler) comb. nov. (Heterophleps). Heterophleps stygiana variety aurea Butler syn. nov. Psilaspilates venata (Butler) comb. nov. (Liodes). Psilaspilates Butler, 1893

brown spots; only P. stygiana is brown. This genus is distinguished from the other members of the tribe by the combination of various genital armature characters. Male genitalia, V-shaped gnathos; anellus process in the form of a spindle, hairless; aedeagus with a group of small and large spines arranged echelonly. Female genitalia, corpus bursae elongated, anterior portion membranous, posterior portion sclerotized or membranous but always with grooves present; signum small, starlike. Distribution. Genus endemic to the study area, found in the following biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar, Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Cordillera, Cordillera of Ayse´ n, Patagonian Steppe, and Magellanic Interoceanic Region. P. catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer) comb. nov. is the most widely distributed, P. ceres and P. signistriata are recorded as being more northern and P. catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer) comb. nov. and P. signistriata are the most southern. Remarks. Rindge (1986) synonymized the genus Psilaspilates Warren, 1894, homonymy junior of Psilaspilates Butler, 1893. Warren based the genus on the type species Lozogramma butyrosa Butler from which, after being examined, it can be concluded that it should not be included in the genus Psilaspilates of Butler, because it lacks diagnostic characters; therefore, a new name should be proposed for the genus. Staudinger (1898) described Aspilaria striolata. The description and drawing given in his publication suggest that L. butyrosa should be included in the genus Aspilaria, although in this article it cannot be done because samples of this genus could not be examined. Rindge (1986), in the generic diagnosis, included species that have the W- and V-shaped gnathos. This study of the diverse species shows that the genus should be characterized with the V-shaped gnathos only. Surely Rindge incorporated the W-shape because L. butyrosa has it, but at the same time, does not possess the anellus process nor the cristae, which are common characteristics of the tribe.

Key to Species of the Genus Psilaspilates Butler Based on Maculation of Wings 1. Forewing cream or yellow ochre . . . . . . . . 3 1". Forewing brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2(1"). Forewing uniform dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. obscura (Fig. 1e) 2". Forewing with dark and golden brown zones; basal and median bands forming a dark brown angle . . . . . . . P. stygiana (Butler) (Fig. 1g) 3(1). Forewing with diagonal stripe from the apex to the main branch of the median veins and continuing on to the basal zone of the wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3". Forewing without diagonal stripe . . . . . . . 5 4(3). Forewing with dark brown stripe; discal spot present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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Psilaspilates Butler, 1893. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 12: 458. Fletcher, 1979, p. 176; Rindge, 1986, p. 26. Type Species. Panagra cavifasciata Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond., p. 384, for Psilaspilates Butler; designated for Fletcher, 1979, p. 176. Redescription. The general appearance of the moths is shown in Fig. 1aÐ h. Length of forewing (measured from base to apex) between 13Ð17 mm. Antenna serrate in male (Fig. 2a), simple in female; labial palpus, middle segment 3 times longer that the distal. Forewing: dorsal surface cream, yellow ochre or dark brown in color; light colored moths with or without dark brown areas; bands present or absent; ventral surface shiny cream color or shiny brown, spots weakly marked when present. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces similar in color to forewings, slightly more pale. Forewing venation: without accessory cell. Hindwing venation: Sc!Rs united at base of wing until the last third of the discal cell; M2 indicated only as a fold, not tubular (Fig. 2c). Legs: posterior tibias of male with tuft of hair (Fig. 2b), tibial spur formula 0-2-4. Abdomen same color as wings; 3rd abdominal segment of male with (only P. stygiana) or without setae on ventral side (Fig. 2d). Male Genitalia (Figs. 3, 4, 5 a– d, 6 a– d, 7 a– d, 8 a– d, 9 a– d, and 10 a– d). Uncus curved, narrow, apex with elongated point; socii digitiform, small; V-shaped gnathos; valva simple, ample; anellus reduced; process of anellus relatively thick, wider at base, at apex narrow and Þnishing in a curved, hairless point; cristae present, scarce; ventral side of posterior region of aedeagus Þnishing in a sharp sclerotized point, vesica armed with thin spines. Female Genitalia (Figs. 5e–10e). Corpus bursae elongated, wide or short, 2.5Ð 4 times longer than the posterior apophysis, anterior portion swollen and membranous, posterior portion sclerotized or membranous with longitudinal grooves; signum small to diminished; ductus seminalis originating from a swelling or sac on posterior region of corpus bursae; ductus bursae with lateral areas more sclerotized than central areas, quadrangular or slightly rectangular; sterigma, lamela antevaginalis slightly sclerotized, lamela postvaginalis membranous, middle area with transverse grooves. Diagnosis. Forewings spotted with dark brown, clear, ochre, or yellow. The patterned wing of the majority of the species is ochre or yellow with dark

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Downloaded from http://aesa.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on June 17, 2016 Fig. 1. Adults of Psilaspilates species: (a) catillata, (b) cautinaria, (c) beechei, (d) concepcionensis, (e) obscura, (f) signistriata, (g) stygiana, and (h) venata. Scale 1 cm.

4". Forewing with light brown stripe, almost imperceptible; discal spot present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. ceres (Butler) (Fig. 1c)

5 (3"). Discal spot dark brown in the forewing and hindwing; veins indistinct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. concepcionensis (Fig. 1d)

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5". Discal spot only in forewing; veins prominent because of paler scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. venata (Butler) (Fig. 1h) 6(4). Forewing concolorous, stripe not divided into 2 distinct zones in the wing . . . . . . 7 6". Forewing with area anterior to the stripe yellow ochre, posterior to the stripe darker in color; adterminal band light brown . . . . . . . . . . . . P. catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer) (Fig. 1a) 7(6). Stripe interrupted at R and M; discal spot dark brown . . . . . . . P. signistriata (Butler) (Fig. 1f) 7". Stripe with dark brown projections extending toward the external region between the veins, in this region the veins of ochre color; discal cell with dark brown stripe, without discal spot . . . . . . . . . . . . P. cautinaria (Fig. 1b) Key to Species of the Genus Psilaspilates Butler Based on Male Genitalia 1. Anellus process conelike or spiniform . . . . . 2 1". Anellus process fusiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2(1). Saccus-vinculum subrectangular . . . . . . 3 2". Saccus-vinculum subtriangular . . . P. obscura 3(2). Anellus process curved outwardly; anellus Ushaped or subquadrangular . . . . . . . . . 4 3". Anellus process curved inwardly; anellus bicircular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. cautinaria 4(3). Anellus U-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4". Anellus subquadrangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. signistriata (Butler) 5(4). Anellus process base narrow; gnathos densely covered with spines in the apical region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. venata (Butler) 5". Anellus process base wide; gnathos scarcely covered with spines in the apical region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. ceres (Butler) 6(1"). Anellus bicircular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6". Anellus U-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer) 7(6). Saccus with 3 shallow grooves on anterior margin . . . . . . . . . . . . P. concepcionensis 7". Saccus with 1 deep groove on anterior margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. stygiana (Butler) Key to the Species of the Genus Psilaspilates Butler Based on Female Genitalia1 1. Posterior portion of corpus bursae sclerotized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1". Posterior portion of corpus bursae membranous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. venata (Butler) 2(1). Signum with teeth on entire border . . . . 3 2". Signum with teeth on anterior border . . . . 5

1 Except P. catillata and P. cautinaria, where the females are unknown.

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Fig. 2. Psilaspilates, adult morphology. (a) P. cautinaria sp. nov., serrate male antenna; (b) P. catillata, hind tibia of male with hair pencil; (c) P. venata, M2-fold; and (d) P. stygiana, row of setae ventrally on 3rd segment of male abdomen. Scale # 0.2 mm.

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Þgure 3. Bartlett-Calvert, 1886, p. 33; Bartlett-Calvert, 1890, p. 4; Bartlett-Calvert, 1891, p. 312; Angulo and Casanueva, 1981, p. 14. Panagra cavifasciata Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. p. 384. syn. nov. Bartlett-Calvert, 1886, p. 335; Butler, 1894b, p. 511; Angulo and Casanueva, 1981, p. 22. Psilaspilates cavifasciata (Butler) Butler, 1893, p. 458; Fletcher, 1979, p. 177.

Fig. 3. P. catillata. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) gnathos in lateral view, (c) process of anellus, and (d) aedeagus in lateral view. Scale a and d # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

3(2). Signum asymmetric, the teeth are distributed irregularly in the entire border . . . . . . . 4 3". Signum relatively symmetric, with large tooth curving back toward the posterior region on each side . . . . . . . . . P. signistriata (Butler) 4(3). Signum substarlike, with 7 points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. obscura 4". Signum subcircular, with $7 points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. stygiana (Butler) 5(2"). Signum with teeth curved ventrally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. ceres (Butler) 5". Signum with teeth curved dorsally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. concepcionensis Psilaspilates catillata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) comb. nov. (Figs. 1a, 2 aÐ d, and 11) Phasiane catillata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875. Reise o¨ st. Fregatte Novara (Zool.) 2 (Abt. 2): pl. 129,

Fig. 5. P. ceres. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) gnathos in lateral view, (c) process of anellus, (d) aedeagus in lateral view, and (e) female genitalia in ventral view. Scale a and d # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

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Fig. 4. P. cautinaria sp. nov. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) process of anellus, (c) gnathos in dorsal view, and (d) aedeagus in lateral view. Scale a and d # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

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posited in the BMNH, and in an analysis of the original description and drawings in Staudinger (1898). Material Examined (15 specimens). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE (P. catillata), Chile, 1 ", HOLOTYPE (P. cavifasciata), Chili, 2 "", Chili, Valdivia, Arturo V. Lossberg, 1901, 3 "", Chili (BMNH); 1 ", Maullõ´n, 14-II-1942; 1 ", Termas de Rõ´o Blanco, Cautõ´n, II-1951; 1 ", Chepu, Chiloe´ , I-1952, L.E. Pen˜ a; 1 ", Concepcio´ n, 3-III-1959, Trampa coll.; 1 ", Concepcio´ n, 12III-1972, Fototro´ pica coll. (MZUC). ARGENTINA: 1 ", Valley Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2 "", Tierra del Fuego, Rõ´o Mc. Clelland, 30-XI-1904, 1 ", S. Ame´ rica, Tierra del Fuego, Rõ´o Grande, Estancia Viamonte, 31-XII-1929 (BMNH); 1 ", S.M. Andes, III-1950, l. Schajovskoi (IML). Localities Cited in Literature. CHILE: Corral (Butler, 1882), Punta Arenas (Staudinger, 1898). ARGENTINA: Ushuaia (Staudinger, 1898).

Psilaspilates cautinaria sp. nov. (Figs. 1b, 4 aÐ d, and 11) Description. General aspect of the insect as in Fig. 1b. Male. Forewing: dorsal surface cream with dispersed dark brown marks; from apex to trunk of median and cubital veins and from there a dark line or stripe extending to basal zone of wing; from there to external margin dark brown stripes between veins, more heavily marked near external margin, in this area veins stand out because of their cream color; discal cell with dark brown stripe, practically same size as cell. Ventral surface shiny brown, marks undetectable; anal margin lighter. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces yellow ochre, dorsally external and anal margins slightly darker than rest of wing. Legs: external side dark brown, internal side yellow. Abdomen same color as wings, no setae on ventral side of 3rd segment. Female. Unknown. Length of Forewing. Male, 15 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 4 aÐ d). Uncus curved, apex pointed; socii digiti form, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, with middle projection covered with small spines; anellus reduced, bilobed; anellus process subensiform, hairless, apex pointed; valva simple, subrectangular, 3 times longer than anellus process; cristae with %14 setae on each side; saccus-vinculum subquadrangular. Aedeagus subequal to length of valva; vesica armed with long narrow spines and short spines (one-third to half the size of the longest). Female Genitalia. Unknown. Diagnosis. The coloration pattern is characteristic, it presents dark brown stripes between the forewing veins that contrast with the yellow background. Genitalia as indicated in the male genitalia key. Distribution. Only in Chile. The only record outside is from Termas de Rõ´o Blanco, Cautõ´n (38& 30" S), in the limit between the biogeographical provinces Pehuenar and Valdivian Forest (Fig. 11). Flight Period. Collected in February and March.

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Aspilaria saturata Staudinger, 1898 (1899). Hamburg. Magalhaensischen Sammelr. 4(7): 97. syn. nov. Type Material. Phasiane catillata. HOLOTYPE: ", Chile, BMNH (examined). Panagra cavifasciata. HOLOTYPE: ", Chile, BMNH (examined). Aspilaria saturata. Type not found. Redescription. General aspects of the insects as in Fig. 1a. Male. Forewing: dorsal surface yellow ochre; with a dark brown line that does not reach anal wing margin, at altitude of the Cu2 vein continuing and reaching basal zone; external and anal margins behind this line of a darker color, in external margin adterminal band slightly marked by a light brown color; discal cell region lighter yellow ochre, discal spot represented by a light brown dot. Ventral surface of bright uniform brown color; discal spot barely marked. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces slightly more pale than forewing, ventral side darker than dorsal; discal spot prominent on ventral surface. Legs same color as wings. Abdomen same color as wings, without setae on ventral side of 3rd segment. Female. Unknown. Length of Forewing. Male, 13Ð16 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 3 a– d). Uncus simple, curved, apex pointed; socii circular, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, with middle extension, curved and covered with spines, apex with bifurcate spine; anellus bicircular; anellus process slightly spindle-shaped, hairless, curved at apex, apex pointed; valva simple, 2.5 times longer than anellus process; cristae with %10 setae to each side; saccus with concave anterior border. Aedeagus almost equal in length to valva; vesica armed with long, narrow and short spines (1⁄3 or half the size of the largest). Female Genitalia. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from the others because the forewings have half the base and the external part of the wing light brown, whereas the rest of the surface is yellowish. To see the genital differences, refer to the keys for the species. Distribution. Throughout Chile and Argentina in the biogeographic provinces: Northern Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar or Araucanian, Valdivian Cordillera, Cordillera of Ayse´ n, Patagonian Steppe, and Magellanic Interoceanic Region. The most northern record corresponds to Concepcio´ n (36& 30" S) and the most southern, Tierra del Fuego (%55& S) (Fig. 11). Flight Period. From end of November to 1st of March. No records from December. Remarks. The type specimens of Phasiane catillata and Panagra cavifasciata were compared. The analysis of the coloration pattern and the genital armature of both types indicate that they correspond to 1 species only. According to the order of priority, P. cavifasciata is included as a synonym of the 1st. Aspilaria saturata is included as a synonym of P. catillata, because the holotype could not be located, this decision is based upon a study of specimens de-

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Etymology. The species is dedicated to the province in which 2 specimens of the type species were collected, Cautõ´n. Type Material (2 males). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE, Termas de Rõ´o Blanco, Cautõ´n, III-1951; 1 ", PARATYPE, Termas de Rõ´o Blanco, Cautõ´n, II-1951 (MZUC). Psilaspilates ceres (Butler, 1882) (Figs. 1c, 5 aÐ e, and 11)

Fig. 6. P. concepcionensis sp. nov. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) gnathos in lateral view, (c) process of anellus, (d) aedeagus in lateral view, and (e) female genitalia in ventral view. Scale a, d and e # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

Localities Cited in Literature. CHILE: Valparaõ´so (Butler, 1882). Psilaspilates concepcionensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1d, 6 aÐ e, and 11) Type Material. Psilaspilates concepcionensis. HOLOTYPE: ", Concepcio´ n, 22-XI-1959; ALLOTYPE: #, Concepcio´ n, 16-III-1962, MZUC. Description. General aspect of the insect as shown in the Fig. 1d. Male. Forewing: Dorsal surface cream, with dispersed dark brown scales; discal spot pointiform dark brown; terminal band represented by small dark brown dots. Ventral surface shiny brown in basal section of wing, the rest cream; discal spot weakly marked. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surface similar in color to forewing, but of slightly lighter tone; discal spot more marked on ventral surface than dorsal. Legs same color as wings. Abdomen same color as wings, without setae on ventral side of 3rd segment. Female. Similar to male. Length of Forewing. Male, 16 Ð17 mm; female, 17 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 6 a– d). Uncus simple, curved, apex pointed; socii digiti form, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, with middle extension covered with spines, apex terminates in 2 long spines; anellus bilobed; anellus process spindle-shaped, hairless, apically curved, pointed; valva simple, slightly more wide in middle zone, 4.5 times as long as anellus process; cristae with

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Lozogramma ceres Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. p. 383. Bartlett-Calvert, 1886, p. 335; Butler, 1894b, p. 510; Angulo & Casanueva, 1981, p. 22. Psilaspilates ceres (Butler) Butler, 1893. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 12: 458. Type Material. Lozogramma ceres. HOLOTYPE: #, Chili, BMNH (examined). Redescription. General aspect of the insect as shown in the Fig. 1c. Male. Forewing: dorsal and ventral surface cream color, with dark brown stripe lightly marked on dorsal side, running diagonally toward anal margin of wing, before reaching it, it extends to the dorsal zone where almost not detectable; discal spot marked on both surfaces, lighter on ventral side. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces paler than the forewing; discal spot more visible on ventral side. Legs and abdomen same color as wings. Female. Similar to male. Length of Forewing. Male, 14 Ð15 mm; female, 16 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 5 a– d). Uncus curved, apex pointed: socii digiti form, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, with middle projection covered with small spines; anellus reduced, in shape of U; anellus process subensiform, hairless, apex pointed; valva simple, subrectangular, 3 times longer than anellus process; cristae present, with %22 setae on each side; saccus-vinculum subrectangular, with groove in its middle posterior region. Aedeagus subequal to length of valva; vesica armed with long narrow spines and short spines (onethird the size of the longest). Female Genitalia (Fig. 5e). Signum presents teeth only in the anterior region, these are curved ventrally. Diagnosis. The forewings are of a homogenous ochre color, the spots are inconspicuous. The diagnostic characteristics are given in the key of the genus. Distribution. Species present in Chile and Argentina. Has been collected in the biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Northern Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Forest, and Valdivian Cordillera. The most northern record is Valparaõ´so (33& S) and the most southern is Maullõ´n (41& 30" S) (Fig. 11). Flight Period. Collected from November to February. Material Examined (5 specimens). CHILE: 1 #, HOLOTYPE: Chili (BMNH); 1 ", Concepcio´ n, 23-II1961, Trampas coll.; 1 ", Maullõ´n, 20-I-1941 (MZUC). ARGENTINA: 1 #, Lago Hermoso, P. N. Lanin, XII1949, l. Schajovskoi; 1 #, Lago Hermoso, P. N. Lanin, XI-1949, l. Schajovskoi (IML);

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Psilaspilates obscura sp. nov. (Figs. 1e, 7 aÐ e, and 11) Type Material. Psilaspilates obscura. HOLOTYPE: ", Concepcio´ n, 8-III-1959; ALLOTYPE: #, Concepcio´ n, 17-III-1960, MZUC. Description. General aspect of the insect as shown in the Fig. 1e. Male. Forewing: dorsal surface uniformly dark brown; a lighter stripe barely perceptible from apex diagonally to trunk of median and cubital veins and from there to basal zone. Ventral surface homogenous brown. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surface light brown, being darker toward the external and anal margins. Legs: same color as wings, internal side yellowish. Abdomen same color as wings, without setae on ventral side of 3rd segment. Female. Similar to male. Length of Forewing. Male, 15 mm; female, 16 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 7 a– d). Uncus simple, curved and pointed; socii digiti form, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, middle extension curved and covered with few spines, apex terminating in long spine; anellus bicir-

Fig. 7. P. obscura sp. nov. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) gnathos in dorsal view, (c) process of anellus, (d) aedeagus in lateral view, and (e) female genitalia in ventral view. Scale a, d, and e # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

cular; anellus process subensiform, hairless, apex curved and pointed; valva simple, subrectangular, 2.5 times longer than anellus process; cristae with %22 setae on each side; saccus-vinculum subtriangular. Aedeagus subequal to valva length; vesica armed with long and short spines (one third to half the size of the longest). Female Genitalia (Fig. 7e). Aside from the genus characters, signum small, star-shaped with no more than 7 teeth. Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from the others of the genus by its general dark brown color, on the forewing the stripe that runs from the apex to the basal zone is lightly marked. Male and female genitalia as given in the key for the genus. Distribution. Only in Chile, in localities situated in the biogeographic provinces: Northern Valdivian Forest and Valdivian Forest. The most northern record is Concepcio´ n (36& 30" S) and the most southern is Maullõ´n (41& 30" S) (Fig. 11). Flight Period. From end of January to end of March. Etymology. The name of the species makes reference to the dark brown color of the forewings. Type Material (8 specimens). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE, Concepcio´ n, 8-III-1959, Trampas coll.; 1 #, ALLOTYPE, Concepcio´ n, 17-III-1960, Trampas coll.; PARATYPES: Concepcio´ n, Trampa UV coll.: 1 ", 15II-1959, 1 ", 1-III-1959, 1 ", 7-III-1959, 1 ", 20-III1961, 1 ", 28-II-1959 1 ", Maullõ´n, 24-I-1941 (MZUC).

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20 setae approximately on each side; saccus-vinculum subrectangular. Aedeagus subequal to length of valva; vesica armed with long and narrow spines and short spines (one-third or half the size of the longest). Female Genitalia (Fig. 6e). Signum with teeth on anterior region only. These teeth are curved in a dorsal direction. Diagnosis. The color of the forewings is a clear ochre, the discal spot of all the wings is well represented. Male and female genitalia according to the key of the genus. Distribution. Found only in Chile, in the biogeographic provinces: Central Valley, Northern Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar o Araucana, and Valdivian Forest. The most northern record is Linares (35& 30" S) and the most southern is Chepu´ , Chiloe´ (42& S) (Fig. 11). Flight Period. From the end of November to the end of March. In December there are no records, the majority of the specimens were collected in March. Etymology. Dedicated to the place of the holotype, Concepcio´ n. Type Material (28 specimens). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE, 22-XI-1959, 1 #, ALLOTYPE, 16-III-1962, Concepcio´ n, Trampa coll. PARATYPES: Concepcio´ n, Trampa UV coll.: 1 ", 6-III-1959, 1 " and 1 #, 19-III1959, 2 ##, 16-II-1959, 2 ##, 12-III-1972, 1 ", 9-II1961, 1 ", 20-III-1958, 1 #, 26-III-1958, 1 ", 23-II-1959, 1 #, 3-III-1959, 1 #, 8-III-1959, 1 #, 23-III-1959, 1 #, 13-III-1959, 1 #, 10-III-1972; 1 #, Concepcio´ n, Villa Sta. Julia, 26-III-1971, Trampa coll.; 1 #, Chepu, Chiloe´ , I-1952, L.E. Pen˜ a; 1 #, Catillo, 22-III-1972, trampas coll.; 1 #, Maullõ´n, 21-I-1941; 1 ", Linares, 16-III-1949; 1 #, Termas de Rõ´o Blanco, Cautin, II-1951; 1 #, Curacautõ´n. 14-II-1950; 1 ", Catillo, 14-II-1972, trampas coll.; 1 ", Bullileo, 21-III-1972, Trampas coll.; 1 ", Catillo, 22-III-1972, Trampas coll. (MZUC).

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Psilaspilates signistriata (Butler, 1882) (Figs. 1f, 8 aÐ e, and 11)

Fig. 8. P. signistriata. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) gnathos in lateral view, (c) process of anellus, (d) aedeagus in lateral view, and (e) female genitalia in ventral view. Scale a, d, and e # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

Remarks. Aspilaria arcuata is included as a synonymy although the type was not examined. The identiÞcation of this species is based on specimens deposited in the BMNH, and by the description and drawing from Staudinger (1898). Material Examined. (65 specimens). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE, Chili, 82Ð107, 1 #, ALLOTYPE, Chili, 82Ð107, 1 ", Valdivia, 1901, Arturo V. Lossberg, 1 ", Chili, 1 ", Panguipulli, 18-I-1928, A. Fay. (BMNH). Concepcio´ n, Trampa UV coll.: 1 #, 4-III-1960, 1 ", 2-III-1959, 1 #, 25-II-1959, 1 ", 14-II-1959, 1 ", 16III-1959, 1 #, 19-II-1959, 1 " and 1 #, 16-II-1959, 1 ", 3-III-1959, 1 ", 19-II-1960, 1 ", 8-III-1959, 1 ", 2-II1960, 1 ", 22-III-1961, 1 #, 7-III-1959, 1 #, 16-III-1959, 1 ", 13-III-1960, 1 #, 10-III-1960, 1 ", 19-II-1961, 1 ", 2-III-1961, 1 #, 21-III-1961, 1 #, 24-III-1962, 1 #, 27II-1960, 1 #, 1-III-1961, 1 #, 2-III-1961, 1 ", 8-III-1961, 1 #, 3-II-1961, 1 #, 1-III-1961, 1 #, 7-III-1961, 1 ", 13-III-1961 (MZUC). Maullõ´n: 1 ", 20-I-1941, 1 ", 23-I-1941, 2 " and 1 #, 21-I- 1941, 1 #, 10-II-1943, 1 ", 20-I-1942 (MZUC). Curacautõ´n: 1 #, 14-II-1960, 1 ", 14-II-1950, 1 #, 16-XII-1950 (MZUC). Termas de Rõ´o Blanco, Cautõ´n: 2 "", III-1951, 2 "", II-1951 (MZUC). 1 ", Guayaca´n, III-1951; 1 ", Lonquimay, Cautõ´n, II-1951; 1 ", Contulmo, 2-II-1953, L. E. Pen˜ a coll.; Las Selvas, Nahuelbuta: 1 ", 26-II-1952, 2 "" 26-I-1952, G. Monsalves coll.; 1 ". Loncotrimay, Nahuelbuta, 27-I-1952, G. Monsalves coll.; 5 "", Tres Puentes, XII-1952, Rodrõ´guez coll.; 2 [male[", Tres Puentes, X-1952, Rodrõ´guez coll. (MZUC); 1 ", Vin˜ a

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Panagra signistriata Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. p. 384. Bartlett-Calvert, 1886, p. 335; Butler, 1894b, p. 51; Angulo & Casanueva, 1981, p. 22. Psilaspilates signistriaria Butler. Rindge, 1986, pp. 14, 30, 31, 50. An incorrect subsequent spelling. Aspilaria arcuata Staudinger, 1898 (1899). Hamburg. Magalhaensischen Sammelr. 4(7): 96. syn. nov. Psilaspilates catilla.Bastelberger, 1907. Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. 52: 59 nec Phasiane catillata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875, pl. 129, Þgure 3. Type Material. Panagra signistriata. HOLOTYPE: ", Chili, 82Ð107; ALLOTYPE: #, Chili, 82Ð107, BMNH (examined). Aspilaria arcuata. Type not localized. Redescription. General aspect of the insect as shown in the Fig. 1f. Male. Forewing: dorsal surface with dark brown line running from apex diagonally to cubital trunk, crossing veins, from there it runs to basal zone of wing; discal spot present; terminal band represented by dark brown points. Ventral surface shiny light brown, coloration imperceptible. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces paler than forewing, discal spot, if perceptible, more marked on dorsal surface than the ventral. Legs same color as wings. Abdomen same color as wings, without setae on ventral side of the 3rd segment. Female. Similar to male. Length of Forewing. Male, 14 Ð16 mm; female, 14 Ð16 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 8 a– d). Uncus curved, simple, apex pointed; socii digitiform, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, with middle projection curved and covered with spines whose apex contains 2 large spines; anellus subquadrangular with groove in middle posterior region; anellus process subensiform, apex pointed, hairless; valva simple, subrectangular, 3 times as long as anellus process; cristae with %18 setae on each side; saccus with concave anterior border. Aedeagus slightly longer than valva; vesica armed with long narrow spines and short spines (one third to half the size of the longest). Female Genitalia (Fig. 8e). Description similar to genus; signum symmetric, with a curved spine on each side, directed toward posterior region. Diagnosis. Forewings with a dark brown line or stripe that runs from the apex to the basal zone of the wing. Male and female genitalia as given by the characters in the key for the genus. Distribution. Has been collected in Chile and Argentina, found in the biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Central Valley, Northen Valdivian Forest, Pehuenar o Araucana, Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Cordillera, Patagonian Steppe, and Magellanic Interoceanic Region. The most northern record is Vin˜ a del March (33& S) and the most southern is Ushuaia, Argentina (54& 40" S) (Fig. 11). Flight Period. Collected between end of December and 1st of May.

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del March, 28-III-1953 (MNHN). ARGENTINA: 1 ", Santa Cruz, Rõ´o Turbio, 29-XII-1954; 1 #, Pucara´, Neuque´ n, 1-V-1951, l. Schajovskoi (IML). Localities Cited in Literature. CHILE: Corral (Butler, 1882), Punta Arenas (Staudinger, 1898). ARGENTINA: Ushuaia, Rõ´o Grande (Staudinger, 1898). Psilaspilates stygiana (Butler) comb. nov. (Figs. 1g, 9 aÐ e, and 11)

Fig. 9. P. stygiana. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) process of anellus, (c) gnathos in lateral view, (d) aedeagus in lateral view, and (e) female genitalia in ventral view. Scale a, d, and e # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

In the genus it is unique because of the angle that is formed between the basal and medial bands in the anal margin of the forewings. Male and female genitalia as given in the key for the species of the genus. Distribution. In the biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert and Central Valley. Restricted because the southern limit of the 1st province and the northern limit of the 2nd (Fig. 11). Flight Period. Collected in February and March. Remarks. This species is included in this genus because of the characteristics of the genital armature of the male: V-shaped gnathos, anellus process hairless; and the genitalia of the female, similar to the pattern observed for the genus. Butler (1882) describes the variety aurea, which is only a variation in the most yellowish colors of the forewings and the type corresponds to the type of the species H. stygiana. Material Examined (13 specimens). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE (H. stygiana), Chili, 82Ð107, 1 ", HOLOTYPE (H. stygiana variety aurea), Chili, 82Ð107, 1 ", Chili, 82Ð107, 1 " and 1 #, Chili, Edmonds, 1 #, Princi., II-1888, V. Izquierdo (BMNH); 1 " and 1 #, Principal, II-1892; 1 ", Bellavista, 14-III-1953; 1 ", Los Quen˜ es, II-1949; 1 ", sin datos; 1 #, Principal, II-1888 (MNHN); 1 ", Guayaca´n, Santiago, II-1951 (MZUC). Localities Cited in Literature. CHILE: Valparaõ´so (Butler, 1882).

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Heterophleps stygiana Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. p. 424. Bartlett-Calvert, 1886, p. 337; Butler, 1894a, p. 760; Angulo & Casanueva, 1981, p. 21. Heterophleps stygiana variety aurea Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. p. 425. syn. nov. BartlettCalvert, 1886, p. 337; Butler, 1894a, p. 760; Angulo & Casanueva, 1981, p. 21. Type Material. Heterophleps stygiana. HOLOTYPE: ", Chili, 82Ð107, BMNH (examined). Heterophleps stygiana variety aurea. HOLOTYPE: " Chili, 82Ð107, BMNH (examined). Redescription. General aspect of the insect as shown in the Fig. 1g. Male. Forewing: dorsal surface with dark golden brown and yellowish brown areas; basal and medial band forming dark brown angle; basal band with yellowish brown line on inside of interior border; basal area dark brown; postmedial band yellowish brown, arched between R5 and the anal margin, above R5 forming a summit toward external margin; yellowish stripe between medial and postmedial bands in which dark discal spot is marked; external 3rd of wing, with inner part dark brown, while outer light brown. Ventral surface dark yellowish brown, light stripe barely visible between medial and postmedial bands. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces dark brown. Legs dark brown externally, yellowish internally. Abdomen same color as wings, with %6 setae on the ventral region of the 3rd segment. Female. Similar to male but without ventral setae on the 3rd abdominal segment, without tuft of hair on the metathorasic tibia. Length of Forewing. Male, 14 mm; female, 15 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 9 a– d). Uncus curved, thin, apex pointed; socii digiti form, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, middle extension covered with spines, apical region terminating in numerous relatively long spines; valva simple, slightly wider than the cucullus region, 4.5 times longer than the anellus process; anellus bilobed; anellus process spindle-shaped, apically curved and terminating in sharp point, hairless; cristae present (%10 setae on each side); saccus-vinculum subrectangular, concave middle zone on anterior border. Aedeagus subequal to length of valva; vesica armed with group of narrow spines of different sizes. Female Genitalia (Fig. 9e). Signum small, subcircular with teeth on entire border. Diagnosis. This species resembles Euclidiodes agitata (Butler) and E. ophiusina (Butler) in its coloration pattern, yet differs from them in the gnathos of the male which has the shape of V.

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Psilaspilates venata (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. (Figs. 1h, 10 aÐ e, and 11) Liodes venata Butler, 1882. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. p. 382. Bartlett-Calvert, 1886, p. 335; Butler, 1894b, p. 509; Angulo & Casanueva, 1981, p. 22. Type Material. Liodes venata. HOLOTYPE: ", Chile, 82Ð107, BMNH (examined). Redescription. General aspect of the insect as shown in the Fig. 1h. Male. Forewing: ochre variegated with light brown scales which give it a dirty appearance; bands absent; discal spot present, dark brown; wing veins distinct because of their more yellow color; trunk of medial and cubital veins with dark brown spots on borders. Ventral surface shiny brown, spots imperceptible. Hindwing: dorsal and ventral surfaces white or slightly brown because of scales of this color, dispersed over its surface; dorsal side with veins very marked for their lighter color. Legs yellowish on external and internal surfaces. Abdomen same color as wings, without setae on the ventral side of the 3rd segment. Female. Similar to male. Length of Forewing. Male, 14 Ð15 mm; female, 17 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 10 a– d). Uncus curved, apex pointed; socii digiti form, reduced; V-shaped gnathos, terminating in point, middle projection covered with small spines; anellus reduced, in shape of U; anellus process conical or spiniform, curved toward external margins, apex pointed, hairless; valva simple, 2 times longer than anellus process; cristae present, approxi-

Fig. 11. Distribution of the Psilaspilates species. (1) P. catillata, (2) P. cautinaria sp. nov., (3) P. ceres, (4) P. concepcionensis sp. nov., (5) P. obscura sp. nov., (6) P. signistriata, (7) P. stygiana, and (8) P. venata.

mately with 10 setae on each side; saccus-vinculum subrectangular; saccus with deep groove in middle zone of anterior margin. Aedeagus subequal to length of valva; vesica armed with long thin spines and short spines (one third to half the size of the longest). Female Genitalia (Fig. 10e). Description as given for the genus; signum a crown, star-shaped. Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from the others of the genus by the prominence of its veins in the forewings and hindwings, which contrast with the color of the background of the wing. Male and female genitalia as given in the key for the species of the genus. Distribution. Only in Chile, in the biogeographic provinces: Coquimbo Desert, Northern Valdivian Forest, Valdivian Forest and Magellanic Interoceanic Province; The most northern record is Valparaõ´so (33& S) and the most southern is Puyehue (53& 07" S) (Fig. 11).

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Fig. 10. P. venata. (a) Male genitalia in ventral view, (b) gnathos in lateral view, (c) process of anellus, (d) aedeagus in lateral view, and (e) female genitalia in ventral view. Scale a, d, and e # 0.5 mm; b and c # 0.25 mm.

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Flight Period. Collected in January and February. Material Examined (28 specimens). CHILE: 1 ", HOLOTYPE, Chili, 82Ð107; 3 "", Mittlel Chile, Contulmo, Scho¨ nemann S.; 1 #, Valparaõ´so, Chile; 5 "", Chili; 1 ", Chili, Mulchen, I-1902, H. J. Elwes (BMNH); 1 ", Contulmo, Palo Botado, 2-II-1953, L.E. Pen˜ a; 1 ", Concepcio´ n, 23-II-1961, Trampas coll.; 2 ##, Puyehue, 2-II-1980, J. E. Barriga; 1 ", Tres Puentes, X-1952, Rodrõ´guez coll.; 1 ", Tres Puentes, II-1952, Rodrõ´guez coll., 11 "", P. N. Puyehue, Osorno, 4-I-1990, L. E. Parra col. (MZUC). Discussion

would explain the distribution of several species in both centers of distribution (v. gr. P. ceres, P. venata, P. concepcionensis, P. signistriata).

Acknowledgments The author acknowledges the cooperation and aid of the following colleagues who allowed him to study the types and specimens in their charge: Ariel Cammouseigth and Mario Elgueta (Entomology section, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile [MNHN]); Dra. Viviane Jerez (Museo de Zoologõ´a de la Universidad de Concepcio´ n, Concepcio´ n, Chile [MZUC]); Fernando Navarro and Lic. Adriana Chalup (Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuma´n, Argentina [IML]). To Malcolm J. Scoble (Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK [BMNH]) for his assistance during my visit to London that helped me study the primary types of the species of Geometridae from Chile. To Francisco Ocharan and Dra. Nuria Anado´ n (Departamento Biologõ´a de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Espan˜ a) for their counsel and comments during the development of my doctorate thesis, which is represented, in part, by this article. This work was supported by project 98.113.047-1.1 d of the Direccio´ n de Investigacio´ n, Universidad de Concepcio´ n, Concepcio´ n, Chile.

References Cited Angulo, A. O., and M. E. Casanueva. 1981. Cata´logo de los lepido´ pteros geome´ tridos de Chile (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion 51: 7Ð39. Armesto, J. J., P. Leo´ n, and M.T.K. Arroyo. 1996. Los bosques templados del sur de Chile y Argentina: una isla biogeogra´Þca, pp. 23Ð28. In J. J. Armesto, C. Villagra´n, and M.T.K. Arroyo [eds.], Ecologõ´a de los bosques nativos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile. Bartlett-Calvert, W. 1886. Cata´logo de los lepido´ pteros Rhopaloceros y Heteroceros de Chile. An. Univ. Chile 69: 313Ð352. Bartlett-Calvert, W. 1890. Descripcio´ n de algunos nuevos lepido´ pteros de Chile. Imprenta Ercilla, Santiago, Chile. Bartlett-Calvert, W. 1891. Some new, &c., Lepidoptera from Chili. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 2: 312Ð317. Bastelberger, W. 1907. Neue exotische Geometriden. Ber. Entomol. Z. 52: 53Ð 62. Butler, A. G. 1882. Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds, Esq. Part III. Geometrites. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 339 Ð 423. Butler, A. G. 1893. On a small Collection of Lepidoptera from Chili. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 12: 457Ð 467. Butler, A. G. 1894a. Nuevos lepido´ pteros de Chile. Mariposas colectadas en Chile por el sen˜ or Tomas Edmonds publicadas en Londres en los “Transactions of the Entomological Society” an˜ os 1881 a 1883. Segunda parte, Lepidoptera nocturna (continuacio´ n). An. Univ. Chili 85: 735Ð767 (Traduccio´ n al castellano de W. Bartlett-Calvert). Butler, A. G. 1894b. Nuevos lepido´ pteros de Chile. Mariposas colectadas en Chile por el sen˜ or Tomas Edmonds publicadas en Londres en los “Transactions of the Entomological Society” an˜ os 1881 a 1883. Segunda parte, Lepidoptera nocturna (continuacio´ n). An. Univ. Chile 86: 459Ð532 (Traduccio´ n al castellano de W. Bartlett-Calvert). Felder, C., and A. F. Rogenhofer. 1875. Reise der o¨ sterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde (Zoologischer Theil) Band 2 (Abtheilung 2): pls. 121Ð140. Wien.

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The genus Psilaspilates presents a series of characters that easily distinguishes it from the other taxa of the Lithinini. The yellow or ochre color of the forewings and the body, probably is the most deÞning character, although in P. stygiana and P. obscura present a totally different coloration, furthermore, the maculation pattern in P. stygiana is more similar to the genus Euclidiodes than to Psilaspilates. The inclusion of this species in the genus is based on a series of characters related to the morphology of the male and female genitalia, and especially those apomorphies that deÞne the genus. Morphology. The antenna of the males are serrated like those in the genus Lacaria OrÞla & Schajovskoy, 1959. This character constitutes a novelty for the tribe, because most of the taxa that comprise it have simple antennas. The tapered form or coniform, the anellus process not sclerotized, and the group of spines in the vesica of the aedeagus, together with the female genitalia morphology, represent the novelties that would easily distinguish this genus from others. The presence of this repetitive pattern in the species would have a higher value for determining to what genus it should belong than the coloration or maculation pattern, which in P. stygiana are notably different. Psilaspilates stygiana is the only representative of the genus that possesses ventral setae in the 3rd abdominal segment of the male. This character is very frequent within the tribe and in general among the Ennominae. Rindge (1986) deÞnes this as an apomorphy, yet a revision of the taxa of the Lithinini shows that its presence is aleatory. Biology. Nothing is known about the biology of the species. From the data provided by the captures of the specimens, it was deduced that the species are more active from spring until late summer, corresponding to the period of normal ßight observed in many species of Geometridae in this region of the world. Distribution. The species seems to be bound to 2 distribution centers: one associated with the sclerophylous forest from central Chile (v. gr. P stygiana), characterized by a relatively dry climate; the other associated to the temperate forest of southern Chile (v. gr. P. catillata, P. cautinaria and P. obscura), characterized by a cold and humid climate. In many places the sclerophylous vegetation type mixes with elements of the temperate forest, especially between the Maule and Biobõ´o rivers (Armesto et al. 1996), which

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Rindge, F. H. 1983. A generic revision of the New World Nacophorini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 175(2): 147Ð262. Rindge, F. H. 1986. Generic descriptions of New World Lithinini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Am. Mus. Nov. 2838: 1Ð 68. Rindge, F. H. 1987. The Eupithecia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) of Chile. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 186: 269Ð363. Scoble, M. J., K. J. Gaston, and A. Crook. 1995. Using taxonomic data to estimate species richness in Geometridae. J. Lepidop. Soc. 49: 136 Ð147. Staudinger, O. 1898 (1899). Lepidopteren. Hamb. Magalh. Samm. 4(7): 1Ð117. Warren, W. 1894. New genera and species of Geometridae. Nov. Zool. 1: 366 Ð 466.

Received for publication 9 September 1998; accepted 16 February 1999.

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Fletcher, W.T.M. 1979. Geometroidea, pp. xx ! 243. In I.W.B. Nye [ed.], The generic names of moths of the World 3. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Gaston, K. J., M. J. Scoble, and A. Cook. 1995. Patterns in species descriptions: a case study using the Geometridae (Lepidoptera). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 55: 225Ð237. Heppner, J. B. 1991. Faunal regions and the diversity of Lepidoptera. Tropical Lep. 2 (suppl. 1): 1Ð 85. Irwin, M. E., and E. I. Schlinger. 1986. A gazetteer for the 1966 Ð 67 University of CaliforniaÑUniversidad de Chile. Arthropod expedition to Chile and parts of Argentina. Occ. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. 144: 1Ð11. Orfila, R. N., and S. Schajovskoy. 1959. Geometridae (Lepidoptera) del Parque Nacional Lanin (Argentina). I. El ge´ nero Lacaria nov. Acta Zool. Lilloana 17: 197Ð216. Pen˜ a, L. E. 1966. A preliminary attempt to divide Chile into entomofaunal regions, based on the Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Postilla 97: 1Ð17. Rindge, F. H. 1971. A revision of the Nacophorini from cool and cold temperate southern South America (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 145: 303Ð392.

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