Revision of the non-Afrotropical species of

Zootaxa 4242 (1): 095–110 http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press

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https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:90F7C465-1C1C-410E-99FB-A46E39046F16

Revision of the non-Afrotropical species of Trigastrotheca Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae) with descriptions of four new species DONALD L. J. QUICKE1,2, BUNTIKA A. BUTCHER1,2,6, A. P. RANJITH3,4 & SERGEY A. BELOKOBYLSKIJ5 1

Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, BKK 10330, Thailand. 2 Center of Excellence in Entomology: Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, BKK 10330, Thailand. 3 Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Zoology, Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode (Affiliated to University of Calicut), 673001, Kerala, India. 5 Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00–679 Warsaw, Poland. 6 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The Asian species of Trigastrotheca are revised. Four species are described as new: T. pariyanonthae sp. nov. from Thailand, T. sureeratae sp. nov. from Thailand, T. luzonensis sp. nov. from the Philippines, and T. maetoi sp. nov. from Indonesia (Kalimantan). Trigastrotheca tridentata (Enderlein) is redescribed and recorded from India for the first time. A key is provided to differentiate all non-Afrotropical species of the genus. Key words: biogeography, parasitoid, wasp, host association, new species, range extension, taxonomy

Introduction Up until now only ten species of Trigastrotheca Cameron have been described (Yu et al. 2012): T. inermis GuérinMéneville, 1848, T. laikipiensis Quicke, 2005, T. nigricornis Cameron, 1910, T. quickei (van Achterberg), 1983, T. romani Quicke, 2005, T. rugosa (Szépligeti), 1914, T. serrata (van Achterberg & Sigwalt), 1987, T. tricolor Quicke & Ingram, 1993, T. tridentata (Enderlein), 1920, and T. trilobata Cameron, 1906. All except two of these are Afrotropical, the exceptions being T. tridentata originally described from Indonesia (Sumatra) (Enderlein 1920) and T. tricolor from Australia (Quicke & Ingram 1993). The senior author had been aware for some time that other undescribed S. E. Asian species existed, but the present study was sparked because of the recent collection of two new species from Thailand in Malaise trap samples collected as part of the TIGER (Thailand Inventory Group for Entomological Research) programme of sampling insects in 25 national parks in Thailand over a three year period, 2006–2008 (see http://sharkeylab.org/tiger). Biology is only known for one species of the genus, T. laikipiensis from East Africa, which is a brood parasite of Acacia ants that dwell in specialised thorn domatia (Quicke & Stanton 2005, Stanton et al. 2005). Brood parasitism of two of its host ant species was quite common, up to 20% of both Crematogaster mimosae Santschi and C. nigriceps Emery occupied thorns acting as hosts, but was far rarer in the case of Tetraponera penzigi (Mayr). Crematogaster foundress queens actively defend T. laikipiensis larvae, cocoons and recently eclosed adults suggesting effective chemical mimicry. However, ant-associated (myrmecophyte) acacias are absent from S. E. Asia, though ant domatia are present in some other plants in the region (Moog et al. 2002, 2003, 2008). It is quite possible, however, that the Asian species could attack some different type of host, but most probably one inhabiting a hard gall or gall-like structure given what is known about other members of the Plesiobracon Cameron group of genera to which Trigastrotheca belongs (Quicke 1988), and also because of the modified apex of the female metasoma which is likely to be involved in ovipositor stabilization although no direct oviposition observations have been made for any of the Plesiobracon group genera (Quicke 2015). Accepted by J. Jennings: 19 Jan. 2017; published: 9 Mar. 2017

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In Africa, Trigastrotheca is fairly frequently collected and rather well-represented in collections. The African species are mostly yellow-ochraceous but at present no identification key exists. The Asian and Australian species are nearly all more conspicuously dark-marked or even largely black, and are far less frequently collected. Morphological variation among species is rather limited. Among females there is some variation in the shape of the posterior margin of the 5th metasomal tergite, the central point can be rather acute or blunt, and the sub-medial emarginations deep or shallow. The most conspicuous variation is in their colour patterns. Here we describe four new species from S.E. Asia and redescribe T. tridentata which was originally described from Indonesia (Sumatra) but here also recorded from the Indian subcontinent.

Materials and methods Terminology follows van Achterberg (1988) except for wing venation nomenclature which follows Sharkey & Wharton (1997); see also Fig. 2.2 in Quicke (2015) for comparison of wing venation naming systems. Specimens were imaged using an Olympus SXZ16 microscope with automated multiple image capture at preset focal levels using an Olympus DP72 camera, and image combination using the Cell^D image processing system. Abbreviations: CUMZ (Collection of the Insect Museum, Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, Bangkok); DZUC (Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India); EMUS (Utah State University [formerly the American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, FL]); MZB (Museum Zoologi Bogor, Indonesia); NHM (The Natural History Museum, London); PASW (Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw); QSBG (Queen Sirikit Botanic Gardens, Chiang Mai, Thailand); UKIC (Hymenoptera Institute Collection, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky); ZIN (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia).

Taxonomy Subfamily: Braconinae Tribe Braconini Trigastrotheca Cameron Trigastrotheca Cameron (type species Trigastrotheca trilobata Cameron, 1906) Coelodontus Roman (type species Ichneumon costator Thunberg, 1822) synonymized by Quicke (1987) but see below. Odontopygia Enderlein (type species Odontopygia tridentata Enderlein [1918] 1920) Kenema van Achterberg (type species Kenema quickei van Achterberg, 1983) synonymized by Quicke (1987)

The descriptions of Coelodontus and Odontopygia are only based on females and therefore share the unique modification of the 5th metasomal tergite of other Trigastrotheca species. Quicke & Stanton (2005) explained the nomenclatural difficulties posed by Roman’s (1912) ‘improvement’ of the name given by Thunberg for the type species of Coelodontus, and so proposed the replacement name T. romani. The genus Kenema was a genus described by van Achterberg (1983) based on a male specimen collected by the senior author near the town of Kenema in Sierra Leone. It was not known at that time that male Trigastrotheca lack the submedial emarginations of the 5th metasomal tergite that females have, but instead have a very elongate and densely sculptured 5th tergite. We have seen numerous, mixed-sex, series of specimens (from Africa) that shows that this is a simple sexual dimorphism. Unfortunately, several of the new species described below are known only from males, but examination of mixed-sex series of what are virtually certainly conspecifics, indicates that apart from the modified 5th metasomal tergite, morphological characters and colour patterns are not noticeably intra-specifically variable. We therefore feel confident in describing new species of two species herein based only on males, though this might not normally be sensible within the Braconinae. Interestingly, there is very little size variation within a species of Trigastrotheca irrespective of sex, and therefore they do not display the normal sexual dimorphism that so many

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other idiobiont parasitoids do (Quicke 2015). Female Trigastrotheca may be recognised by using the key to Old World braconine genera provided by Quicke (1987), and can be distinguished from all other braconines by the pair of submedial emarginations of the 5th metasomal tergite separated by a pointed medial protuberance (Figs 2, 6B, C). Males lack this modification and instead have a strongly sculptured and elongate 5th metasomal tergite. This sexual dimorphism led van Achterberg (1983) to believe that a male Trigastrotheca actually represented a separate genus and described it as Kenema. Quicke (1987), having seen mixed-sex, apparently conspecific series from the same locality, synonymised Kenema with Trigastrotheca, but not before van Achterberg & Sigwalt (1987) had described a further species under the name of Kenema.

Trigastrotheca Cameron Redescription. Scapus small, shorter ventrally than dorsally in lateral aspect. Head very transverse, width of face typically 1.5 x height of eye in frontal view, almost entirely coriaceous. Eyes glabrous. Head coriaceous, often with pattern of ridges. Mesosoma largely coriaceous, densely short-setose. Notauli not impressed. Scutellar sulcus crenulate. Precoxal sulcus very weakly indicated, broad. Median area of metanotum usually with mid-longitudinal carina. Propodeum with complete midlongitudinal carina, laterally with weak apophyses. Fore wing: 2nd submarginal cell short (subquadrate) often with 3RS distinctly curved; vein RS approximately 3 x length of 3RS; vein (RS+M)a straight, arising from 1-M very close to parastigma. Claws with or without acutely pointed basal lobes. Metasoma with five visible strongly sculptured tergites. First metasomal tergite with strong dorso-lateral and dorsal carinae, the latter fused medio-posteriorly shortly in front of the posterior margin of the tergite. Second tergite without midbasal area, with pair of weak, more or less parallel or posteriorly converging, longitudinal grooves sublaterally. Second metasomal suture deep and crenulated. Fifth tergite (of female) with a mid-posterior prominence bordered by submedial emarginations; (of male) longer medially than laterally.

Key to the Asian species of Trigastrotheca 1.

-. 2. 3.

-.

4.

-

Occiput, mesopleuron, mesosternum and propodeum ocheous yellow (Figs 1A, C, 2B); metasomal tergites 3 and 4 at least with posteriorly and laterally whitish or ochreous yellow (Figs 2B, 3C); dark mark (brown or black) on middle part of mesoscutum absent, or if present, only on anterior half (Figs 4A, 5C, E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Occiput, much of mesopleuron and mesosternum, propodeum and metasomal tergites 3 and 4 (except anterolateral areas) black (Fig. 9); dark (black) mark on middle part of mesoscutum extending to scutellar sulcus . . . . . . . . . . . T. tridentata (Enderlein) Metasomal tergites 2–5 broadly dark brown or black medially surrounded by paler marks (Figs 3A, 8C) [only males known]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Metasomal tergites 2–5 ochreous yellow medially, some tergites with brown or black sublateral spots (Figs 2A, 6C) [only females known] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Median area of metanotum with a distinct midlongitudinal carina (Fig. 8B); base of hind wing with a well-developed glabrous area distal to vein cu-a (Fig. 8B); antenna with 49–53 flagellomeres; fore wing length > 4.5 [4.9–5.1] mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. sureeratae sp. nov. Median area of metanotum without midlongitudinal carina (Fig. 4A, C); base of hind wing with reduced setosity but this extending to vein cu-a anteriorly and with only a small glabrous area posteriorly (Fig. 4C); antennae with 45–47 flagellomeres; fore wing length < 4.0 [3.6] mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. maetoi sp. nov. Body length c. 6.5 mm; metasomal tergites tricoloured, white laterally, ochreous medially and metasomal tergites 3 and 4 with black sublateral spots (Figs 5C, 6B,C); postero-medial prominence of 5th metasomal tergite blunt and bordered by more or less evenly curved emarginations (Fig. 6B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. pariyanonthae sp. nov. Body length c. 4.1 mm; metasomal tergites ochreous brown without white markings, metasomal tergites 2 and 3 somewhat darker sublaterally, and 4th metasomal tergite with an ill-defined brown sublateral spot (Figs 1A, 2A); posteromedial prominence of 5th metasomal tergite acute and emarginations more or less straight (Fig. 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. luzonensis sp. nov.

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Descriptive taxonomy Trigastrotheca luzonensis sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2) Material examined. Holotype, female, “Manila, P.I. [Philippines] II.28.1963 Townes family” (EMUS).

FIGURE 1. Trigastrotheca luzonensis Quicke & Butcher sp. nov., holotype, female, (♀). A, habitus lateral view; B, head and mesosoma, lateral view; C, head, dorsal view; D, fore wing; E, head, front view.


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FIGURE 2. Trigastrotheca luzonensis Quicke & Butcher sp. nov., holotype, female, (♀). A, metasomal tergites 2–5, posterodorsal view; B, metasomal tergite 5, lateral view.



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Length of body 4.1 mm, fore wing 3.8 mm, and antenna 5.1 mm. Head. Antenna with 42 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere acuminate. Median flagellomeres 1.15 x longer than wide. First flagellomere 1.0 and 1.1 x longer than 2nd and 3rd respectively. Width of head: width of face: height of eye = 2.85: 1.55: 1.0. Face coriaceous. Inter-tentorial distance: tentorio-ocular distance = 1.5: 1.0. Malar suture broad, shallow, weakly defined. Frons deeply impressed postero-medial to antennal sockets, with strong midlongitudinal carina. Shortest distance between posterior ocelli: transverse diameter of posterior ocellus: shortest distance between posterior ocellus and eye = 2.3: 1.0: 4.3. Occiput near eyes with distinct transverse corrugation. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.3 x longer than high. Mesoscutum with weak but distinct midlongitudinal carina on anterior half. Mesopleuron with dense setiferous punctation, shiny dorsally. Median area of metanotum with complete midlongitudinal carina. Midlongitudinal propodeal carina lamelliform, strongly raised posteriorly. Wings. Fore wing. Lengths of veins r-rs: 3RSa: 3RSb = 1.0: 1.15: 4.5. Lengths of veins 2RS: 3RSa: rs-m = 1.1: 1.0: 1.1. Base of hind wing without glabrous area next to vein cu-a. Legs. Claws with an angular basal lobe. Lengths of fore femur: fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.2: 1.0: 1.2. Lengths of hind femur: hind tibia: hind tarsus = 1.0: 1.2: 1.1. Metasoma. Metasomal tergites 2–5 with coarse reticulate sculpture superimposed on coriaceous background. Tergite 2 with sublateral grooves weak, curved, diverging posteriorly. Second metasomal suture weakly curved, deep; median length of 3rd tergite 1.2 x 2nd tergite. Fifth tergite the submedial emarginations separated by a rather acute medial prominence, and the base of the emarginations more or less straight. Colour. Head pale yellow, mesosoma largely ochreous yellow, metasomal tergites ochreous brown without white markings, metasomal tergites 2 and 3 somewhat darker sublaterally, and metasomal tergite 4 with an illdefined brown sublateral spot. Legs ochreous yellow. Wings smokey with brown to dark brown venation; pterostigma black. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Manila (Philippines). Etymology. Named after the island of Luzon (Philippines) where the holotype and only known specimen was collected.

Trigastrotheca maetoi sp. nov. (Figs 3, 4) Material examined. Holotype, male, INDONESIA “Sungai Wain Near Kota Balikpapan, East Kalimantan”, “25.xii.2004 – 3.i.2005 Coll. K. Maeto” and “GRL#5–10”(MZB) Paratypes. Two males, same data as holotype, one with “GRL#1–1” the other “GRL#1–7” (MZB). Length of body 4.3–4.4 mm, fore wing 3.5-3.8 mm, and antenna 4.5 mm. Head. Antennae with 44–47 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere acuminate. Median flagellomeres 1.4 xlonger than wide. First flagellomere 1.0 and 1.1 x longer than 2nd and 3rd respectively, 2.0 x longer than wide. Width of head: width of face: height of eye = 2.4: 1.35: 1.0. Face coriaceous. Inter-tentorial distance: tentorioocular distance = 1.5: 1.0. Malar suture weak, indistinct. Frons deeply impressed postero-medial to antennal sockets, with strong midlongitudinal carina. Shortest distance between posterior ocelli: transverse diameter of posterior ocellus: shortest distance between posterior ocellus and eye = 1.6: 1.0: 3.2. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.2 x longer than high. Median area of metanotum without midlongitudinal carina. Propodeum with a complete midlongitudinal carina. Wings. Fore wing. Lengths of fore wing veins r-rs: 3RSa: 3RSb = 1.0: 1.5: 3.7. Lengths of veins 2RS: 3RSa: rs-m = 1.0: 1.4: 1.1. Base of hind wing without glabrous area next to vein cu-a. Legs. Claws with acutely pointed basal lobe. Lengths of fore femur: fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.1: 1.0: 1.1. Lengths of fore femur: fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.0: 1.15: 1.15. Lengths of hind femur: hind tibia: hind tarsus = 1.0: 1.25: 1.25. Metasoma. Metasomal tergites 2–5 with coarse reticulate sculpture superimposed on coriaceous background. Tergite 2 with sublateral grooves distinct, straight, converging posteriorly. Second metasomal suture weakly curved, narrow; median length of 3rd tergite 1.05 x 2nd tergite.


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FIGURE 3. Trigastrotheca maetoi Quicke & Butcher sp. nov. holotype, male, (♂). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, head, dorsal view; C, habitus lateral view; D, face, front view.

Colour. Head and mesosoma largely ochreous yellow, pronotum (largely), and scutellum and propodeum paler, lateral lobes and anterior of middle lobe of mesoscutum darker; metasomal tergites whitish with brown or black medial bands. Wings hyaline with pale brown to dark brown venation; pterostigma brown or black. Front and middle legs ochreous yellow, hind legs largely black except apex of coxa, trochanter and base of tibia. Female. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Sungai Wain (Indonesia). Etymology. Dedicated to the collector of the type series, Professor Kaoru Maeto, in recognition of his extensive contributions to entomological research.

Trigastrotheca pariyanonthae sp. nov. (Figs 5, 6) Material examined. Holotype, female, “THAILAND, Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, ThamPraLaad Forest Unit, 16 44.999’N 101 27.804’E 715m, Malaise trap 21–28.viii.2006, Leng Janteab leg. T429” Length of body 6.5 mm, and fore wing 5.9 mm. REVISION OF NON-AFROTROPICAL SPECIES OF TRIGASTROTHECA


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FIGURE 4. Trigastrotheca maetoi Quicke & Butcher sp. nov. holotype, male, (♂). A, mesosoma, dorsal view; B, mesosoma, lateral view; C, scutellum, metanotum, propodeum and base of hind wing, oblique view; D, fore wing.

Head. Antennae incomplete, with at least 51 flagellomeres. Median flagellomeres distinctly (1.05 x) wider than long. First flagellomere 1.1 x longer than both 2nd and 3rd separately, 1.2 x longer than wide. Width of head: width of face: height of eye = 2.0: 1.1: 1.0. Face coriaceous, with distinct transverse corrugations near eye. Intertentorial distance: tentorio-ocular distance = 2.0: 1.0. Malar suture broad, shallow, weakly defined. Shortest distance between posterior ocelli: transverse diameter of posterior ocellus: shortest distance between posterior ocellus and eye = 1.2: 1.0: 3.6. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.4 x longer than high. Middle lobe of mesoscutum with a distinct, thin, midlongitudinal ridge. Notauli virtually absent. Median area of metanotum with complete midlongitudinal carina. Propodeum with strong midlongitudinal carina, and with several pairs of short diverging carinae posteriorly. Wings. Fore wing. Lengths of veins r-rs: 3RSa: 3RSb = 1.0: 1.7: 5.0. Lengths of veins 2RS: 3RSa: rs-m = 1.3: 1.6: 1.0. Base of hind wing with glabrous area next to vein cu-a. Legs. Claws with acutely pointed basal lobes. Lengths of fore femur: fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.05: 1.0: 1.0. Lengths of fore femur: fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.0: 1.0: 1.0. Lengths of hind femur: hind tibia: hind tarsus = 1.0: 1.0: 1.0. Metasoma. Metasomal tergites 2–5 with coarse reticulate sculpture superimposed on coriaceous background. Tergite 2 with sublateral grooves distinct, straight, converging posteriorly. Second metasomal suture strongly curved; median length of 3rd tergite 1.3 x 2nd tergite. Postero-medial prominence of tergite 5 blunt and bordered by more or less evenly curved emarginations. Colour. Body largely ochreous yellow. Tip of mandibles, ocellar area, middle lobe of mesoscutum anteriorly, mesoscutum laterally black. Metasoma tricoloured: tergites broadly ochraceous medially, white laterally and tergite 5 white posteriorly, tergites 3 and 4 with large black sublateral spot sub-anteriorly. Wing membrane yellowishhyaline with brown-yellow venation and pterostigma.


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Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Phetchabun (Thailand). Etymology. Named after Associate Professor Putsatee Pariyanonth in recognition of her work on S.E. Asian frogs and other amphibians and also the person who invited BB to work with the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under The Royal Initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (RSPG). Comments. This is by far the largest species of Trigastrotheca known to date. Even though only one individual is known, those few species known from multiple individuals are very consistent in size, and therefore size is likely to be a helpful key character.

FIGURE 5. Trigastrotheca pariyanonthae Quicke & Butcher sp. nov., holotype, female, (♀). A, body, lateral view; B, head, front view; C, habitus, dorsal view; D, head and anterior mesoscutum, dorsal view; E, mesosoma, dorsal view.



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FIGURE 6. Trigastrotheca pariyanonthae Quicke & Butcher sp. nov., holotype, female, (♀). A, fore wing; B, metasoma, posterior view; C, metasomal tergites 4–5, lateral view.


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Trigastrotheca sureeratae sp. nov. (Figs 7, 8) Material examined. Holotype, male, “THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, checkpoint 2, 18 31.559’N 98 29.941’E, 1700m Malaise trap 12–19.x.2006 Y Areeluck leg. T371” (QSBG) Paratypes. 13 males same data as holotype. (5 QSBG, 3 CUMZ, 2 NHM, 1 ZIN, 1 PASW, 1 UKIC) Length of body 5.3 (4.9–5.3) mm, fore wing 4.0 (4.0-4.7) mm and antenna 6.2 (6.2-6.5) mm. Head. Antenna with 49–53 flagellomeres. Terminal flagellomere acuminate. Median flagellomeres 1.4 longer than wide. First flagellomere 1.0 and 1.1 x longer than 2nd and 3rd respectively, 1.7 x longer than wide. Width of head: width of face: height of eye = 2.4: 1.4: 1.0. Face finely coriaceous. Inter-tentorial distance: tentorio-ocular distance = 2.0: 1.0. Malar suture narrow and clearly defined near eye, absent near mandible. Frons weakly impressed behind antennal sockets, with weak midlongitudinal carina. Shortest distance between posterior ocelli: transverse diameter of posterior ocellus: shortest distance between posterior ocellus and eye = 1.25: 1.0: 2.1. Occiput with distinct sub-transverse corrugations. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.5 x longer than high. Middle lobe of mesoscutum without midlongitudinal ridge. Notauli virtually absent, indicated mostly by colour; medio-posteriorly coriaceous sculpture somewhat longitudinally aligned, laterally rather transversely aligned. Wings. Fore wing. Lengths of veins r-rs: 3RSa: 3RSb = 1.0: 1.4: 4.4. Lengths of veins 2RS: 3RSa: rs-m = 1.0: 1.0: 1.0. Base of hind wing with glabrous area distal to vein cu-a. Legs. Claws with acutely pointed basal lobes. Lengths of fore femur: fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.1: 1.0: 1.1. Lengths of hind femur: hind tibia: hind tarsus = 1.0: 1.05: 1.15. Metasoma. Metasomal tergites 2–5 with coarse reticulate sculpture superimposed on coriaceous background. Tergite 2 with sublateral grooves deep, straight, converging posteriorly. Second metasomal suture weakly curved, narrow; median length of 3rd tergite 1.05 x 2nd tergite. Colour. Head and mesosoma largely ochreous yellow, occiput, lateral lobes and anterior of middle lobe of mesoscutum and anterior of propodeum darker, the latter sometimes with a black mark; metasomal tergites whitish with brown or black medial bands. Wings hyaline with pale brown to dark brown venation; pterostigma brown or black. Front and middle legs ochreous yellow; hind legs largely black except of coxa which is largely yellowbrown often with black mark medially, trochanter and base of tibia which are pale cream. Female. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. Chiang Mai (Thailand). Etymology. Named after Assistant Professor Dr. Sureerat Deowanich, Head of Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University. Comments. This species is very close to T. maetoi sp. nov. but careful examination of the type series, however, reveals a few consistent differences as indicated in the key. In addition, the hind legs are less darkly marked and coxa in particular usually largely brown yellow as compared to entirely black in T. maetoi.

T. tridentata (Enderlein) (Fig. 9) Material examined. Holotype, female: “Sumatra, Soekarranda” (PASW). Additional material. 1 female, INDIA: Karnataka, Kadnur, Malaise Trap, 14.xi.2005 (DZUC). Length of body 5.4 mm, fore wing 5.5 mm, and antenna 5.6 mm. Comments. The specimen from India differs from the holotype of T. tridentata only very slightly, in that the th 5 metasomal tergite is brownish antero-medially with the rest yellow, and 2nd metasomal tergite is medially black in T. tridentata but brown in the Indian specimen. Given the close similarity we think it is wisest to consider the Indian specimen as T. tridentata even given the very considerable extension of range that it represents. With so few known specimens from Asia it is difficult to assess how well-dispersed species may be and how much intraspecific colour variation there is. A photographic portfolio of the Indian specimen is provided in Appendix S1. Distribution. India (Kerala), Indonesia.



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FIGURE 7. Trigastrotheca sureeratae Quicke & Butcher sp. nov., holotype, male (♂). A, habitus, lateral view; B, habitus, dorsal view; C, head, front view; D, head, dorsal view; E, , head and mesosoma, lateral view.


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FIGURE 8. Trigastrotheca sureeratae Quicke & Butcher sp. nov., holotype, male, (♂). A, wings; B, scutellum, metanotum, propodeum and base of hind wing, oblique view; C, propodeum and metasoma, dorsal view.



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FIGURE 9. Trigastrotheca tridentata (Enderlein), holotype, female, (♀). A, habitus lateral view; B, head, dorsal view; C, mesosoma, lateral view; D, head, front view; E, metasoma, lateral view; F, metasoma, dorsal view.


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Discussion The tropical Asian braconine wasp fauna is remarkably poorly known, especially at species level. Although a considerable number of species, particularly larger bodied ones, were described in the first quarter of the twentieth century, little work has been done since then. Only a few genera have been revised and these are almost entirely larger bodied ones such as Euurobracon Ashmead, Ischnobracon Baltazar, Macrobracon Szépligeti, Stenobracon Szépligeti, and Zaglyptogastra Ashmead (Quicke 1989; El-Heneidy & Quicke 1991; Chishti & Quicke 1994, 1996; Whitaker et al. 2007; Butcher & Quicke 2010), and only a few genera of smaller-bodied taxa have thus far been treated, e.g. Tropobracon Cameron by van Achterberg (1993). Nevertheless, even ignoring the huge and probably intractable genus Bracon Fabricius, there are still many large genera of medium-sized to large, often quite common, braconines in the region that have yet to be tackled taxonomically. This lack of revisionary studies, and indeed the virtual absence to date of combining morphological investigation with molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, means that it is currently difficult to assess how widely dispersed species are. The apparent discovery of the Sumatran T. tridentata in India is a case in point. With only two specimens known, and DNA unavailable from the Enderlein type, it is impossible to be certain whether they represent a single, widely distributed but rare species or whether they may be distinct genetically even though they are morphologically very uniform.

Acknowledgements We thank the Rachadaphiseksomphot Fund, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, for the award of a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship to DLJQ and Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund Chulalongkorn University (R/ F_2559_019_05_23) to BAB. Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for allowing us to use their Cell^D imaging facility. APR is thankful to Dr. Priyadharshan Dharma Rajan (ATREE Bangalore) for the loan of specimen and to University of Calicut, Kerala, India for providing facilities.

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