The role of renewable energy in improving energy access to rural areas in nigeria
By
1Engr,Y.M.Ganda, 1Prof 1Sokoto 2Energy
B.G.Danshehu and 2Engr. I. H. Zarma
Energy Reserach Centre
Commission of Nigeria, Abuja.
Email -
[email protected],
[email protected] Tel:+2348035049073, +2348121332374
Being a Paper submitted for World Energy Council DAEGU 2013 Congress From 13 – 17 October 2013
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy refers to sources of energy which occur and replenish naturally and are nondepleting. They have little or no negative environmental impact. Renewable energy sources include: sun, wind, biomass and geothermal energy. Nigeria is naturally endowed with abundant renewable energy resources especially solar irradiation and wind. A lot of potentials exist which can be adequately harnessed into useful energy. Moreover, a large percentage of the Nigerian populace lives in rural areas with very little energy access. This translates to absence of basic social amenities and the resultant effect being a constant exodus from such areas to urban centers where there are social amenities. This drift occurs in every part of the country. However, this trend is not economically healthy to our country as the urban areas tend to be over populated and over stretched in their facilities with other attendant consequences whereas the rural areas, where basic or primary production takes place is depleted in population leading to a drop in this aspect of production, with the greatest sector affected being the agricultural sector. Consequently, renewable energy technologies can be adopted and applied in the rural areas where the national grid has not yet been extended to. Rural electrification, community water projects and other things can be achieved with the use of renewable energy technologies. This will increase energy access in such areas and improve the standard of living thereby discouraging and curbing migration from such places to the urban areas. Furthermore, the use of renewable energy technologies does not only increase energy access and aid in providing social amenities, it also has capacity to generate employment opportunities which will culminate in curbing rural-urban drift in Nigeria. This paper therefore reveals the importance of using renewable energy to Improve Energy Acces in rural areas and also contribute to the industrial and economic growth of Nigeria.
Keywords: Renewable Energy and Energy Access 1.0
Introduction -Energy Access in Nigeria (Rural-Urban)
Energy access is a key to development and no country has managed poverty alleviation without increasing energy access. In a follow-up to the International Energy Agency's "World Energy Outlook 2009" report, the U.N. Development Programme released its own compilation of data on energy access, with a focus on the developing world. An estimated 79 percent of the people in the Third -- the 50 poorest nations -- have no access to electricity, despite decades of international development work. The total number of individuals without electric power is put at about 1.5 billion, or a quarter of the world's population, concentrated mostly in Africa and southern Asia. Legros G. et at, (2009).
Urban electrification rates are significantly higher reaching 90% in developing countries. The numbers show that rural communities especially suffer from energy poverty and are on the lowest rung of the energy ladder, a concept describing the transition from traditional to modern energy sources. According to this concept, development on the household level is associated with both higher energy consumption and changes in the energy mix toward higher percentages of modern energy. But a universal energy ladder with identical rungs does not exist. A further implication confirmed by econometric evidence is a positive relationship between energy consumption and household income. It is over eleven decades ago since electricity was introduced into Nigeria. The country has an installed generating capacity of about 6000MW from 60kW within this period but only about 40% of the population has access to grid-connected electricity supply. A per capita electricity consumption of 72kwh per annum was estimated in the year 2000. Utilization of the existing generation capacity has also been estimated at 30% to 40% for the same year. (Shaad and Wilson 2009) The supply of electricity in the country is sparse and inadequate; the spread favours the urban areas with about 80% accessibility by households in 1992. Most rural grid-connected households have blackouts of up to 20 hours a day. The current approach to involve independent power producers in boosting grid electricity supply via thermal plants has also been focused to cities and towns in the country with rural areas alienated. As of year 2000, less than 10% of electricity generated in the country goes to the rural area which is rather too inadequate to meet the developmental objective of the rural areas of Nigeria (FRN 2009) Since the availability of energy is an important precondition for developing the rural economy and improving the people’s living standards, it is imperative therefore that the extent to which the country could meet the growing demand for energy in the rural areas in a sustainable way will
significantly affect its economic growth and well being of its rural dwellers. It is therefore essential to access what alternatives exist for supplying electricity in a sustainable manner to rural households to meet their energy requirement. And potentially, one of such options is renewable energy. (Bart et al. 2000) While PHCN’s installed generation capacity is 4,200 MW, the maximum available capacity is limited to 3300 MW, mainly due to a lack of maintenance. The transmission system is unable to deliver power to a major part of the country and is unreliable because it does not have adequate capacity and backup lines. 2.0 Renewable Energy Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. It is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, biomass, tides and geothermal heat which are naturally replenished. A renewable energy system converts the energy found in sunlight, wind, falling water, sea-waves, geothermal heat, or biomass into a form we can use, such as heat or electricity. Most of the renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from sun and wind, and can never be exhausted, and therefore they are called renewable. Chukwuezi (2009) 2.1 Solar Energy Solar energy is the term used for the heat and light which the sunlight contains. Sunlight reaches to earth in the form of photons. Photons are energy packets that contain light in it. Solar energy is considered as a renewable energy source because it does not destroy our ecological system and is present naturally in the environment. There are basically three ways that we can use the sun’s energy. The first is by solar cells in which photovoltaic or photoelectric cells are used to convert light directly into electricity. The second is solar water heating in which the heat from the sun is used to warm the water in glass panels on the roof therefore no longer requiring gas or electricity to heat the water. The third is solar furnaces which use mirrors to capture the sun’s energy into a congested place to produce high temperatures. There is considerable potential for solar-powered energy service provision in Nigeria’s rural communities, in the form of solar photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal power. Nigeria lies within a high sunshine belt and, within the country; solar radiation is fairly well distributed. The annual average of solar radiation varies from about 12.6MJ/m2 per day (3.5kWh/m2) in the coastal
latitudes to about 25.2MJ)m2 per day in the far north. This gives an average annual solar energy intensity of 1934.5kWh/m2 per year; thus over a whole year, an average of 6,372,613PJ/year (≈1,770,000TWh/year) of solar energy falls on the entire land area of Nigeria. 2.2 Wind Energy Wind has been an energy source for a very long time. It was used by the Chinese about 4000 years ago to pump water for their crops and by sailors to sail around the world. The energy in wind can be used by making a tower which stands high above the sea level with a large propeller at the top. What the wind does is it basically blows the propeller round and round which in turn helps produce electricity. By building not just one but multiple of these towers you can produce more electricity at once. The most suitable area to build these wind turbines would be in coastal areas, tops of hills, open fields or basically anywhere the winds are strong and continuous. Nigeria has significant onshore and offshore exploitable wind energy reserves, but so far this remains under-explored sector. There is lack of know-how, capacity and encouragement from the government and other development actors on how to tap into wind energy. Wind speed in Nigeria range from a low 1.4 to 3.0m/s in the southern areas to 4.0 to 5.12m/s in the extreme north. Wind speeds in Nigeria are generally weak in the south except for the coastal regions and offshore locations. In Nigeria, peak wind speeds generally occur between April and August for most sites. Initial study has shown that total actual exploitable wind energy reserve at 10m height, may vary from 8MWh/year in Yola to 51MWh/year in the mountain areas of Jos Plateau and it is as high as 97MWh/yr in Sokoto. Nigeria actually falls into the poor/moderate wind regime. 2.3 Hydropower Another form of renewable energy is hydropower. Water is about 800 times denser than air and therefore even a small stream of water can produce a reasonable amount of energy. Water energy can be in many different forms such as hydroelectric energy, micro hydro, hydro power without dams, and ocean energy. Today there are many hydroelectric power stations in the world and together they are providing about 20% electricity across the globe. Hall, (2006) Small hydropower schemes are installations with generating capacities of 1 to 10MW of electricity. Small hydropower schemes are installations with generating capacities of 1 to 10MW of electricity. Nigeria is well endowed with large rivers and some few natural falls which are together responsible for the high hydropower potential of the country. The rivers Niger and Benue and their tributaries constitute the core of the Nigerian river system, which offers a renewable source of energy for large scale (greater than 100MW) hydropower development. In addition, several scores of small
rivers and streams do exist and can be harnessed for small scale (less than 10MW) hydropower projects. The small scale hydropower potential is estimated at 734MW. The total technically exploitable large scale hydropower potential of the country is estimated at over 10,000MW capable of producing 36,000GWh of electricity annually. Only about 20% of this potential has been developed as at 2001. 2.4 Biomass Energy Biomass energy is another form of renewable energy source and it is derived from living or dead organisms like plants, waste and alcohol mostly. Biomass energy is getting widespread popularity nowadays. Biomass energy source is most often derived from plants either to generate electricity or to produce heat. Biomass energy is derived from various sources which help in generating sufficient energy for use. The various source of generating energy from biomass are wood, waste, alcohol, garbage, landfill gases. Wood is either taken from trees or from the waste of industrial processes. The waste material of industry like paper making is really helpful in providing pulping liquor. The second major source of deriving biomass energy is from the solid waste. This solid waste is either provided by municipality waste or industrial waste. When energy is extracted either from alcohol or from the fiber present in the corn, it is termed as ethanol fuel. This ethanol fuel is really helpful in providing fuel to the cars and farm tractors. Nigeria’s biomass resources include wood, forage grasses and shrubs, animal waste, and other wastes from forestry, agricultural, municipal and industrial activities as well as aquatic biomass. The ubiquitous availability of biomass and simple conversion technologies make its resources the most widely used source of energy in the country. The biomass resources of the nation have been estimated to be about 8×102MJ. Plant biomass can be utilized as fuel for small-scale industries. It could also be fermented by anaerobic bacteria to produce a very versatile and cheap Fuel Gas i.e. biogas. 3.0 Applications of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas Renewable energy in rural areas of developing countries has made significant inroads for household lighting and entertainment. Although electricity certainly provides improvements in the quality of life through these household applications, it is the "productive uses" of electricity that can increase incomes and provide development benefits to rural areas. As incomes increase, rural populations are better able to afford greater levels of energy service, which can allow even greater use of renewable energy. The major emerging productive uses of renewable energy in the rural areas include the following:
Rural electrification
Rural water projects
Battery charging
Health care delivery
Agriculture
Education
Cottage industry
Community Services
Domestic Uses
3.1 Rural Electrification Renewable Energy technologies like solar PV, wind, small hydro power can all be used in implementing rural electrification projects. There are cases where more than one source (hybrid systems) can also be utilized to execute such projects. These kinds of projects have been implemented in many countries of the world and they have proven to be very efficient. They are either be used to power dc appliances alone or utilize inverters to enable the use of ac loads. In cases like this, the entire community is supplied from a centralized source or sources as the case may be. Sheeraz et al. (2010). Rural electrification policies and programs using renewable energy continued to emerge and progress. New rural electrification programs using renewable energy for off-grid or mini-grid access started in Egypt, Palestine, and Vanuatu. A Bolivian program called "Electricity for living with dignity" targets 200,000 rural homes during 2006-10, with a goal to increase the electrified rural population from 30 to 50 percent. The Peruvian Rural Electrification Plan intends to increase the served rural population from 30 percent in 2007 to 58 percent in 2011. In Brazil, the "Luz Para Todos" ("light for everyone") program was beginning to supply renewables to villages using vegetable oils and gasified agricultural/wood residues for power generation. India's Remote Village Electrification Program continued to achieve steady progress. By early 2009, a cumulative total of 4,250 villages and 1,160 hamlets had been electrified using renewables. Rural applications of solar PV in India increased to more than 435,000 home lighting systems, 700,000 solar lanterns, and 7,000 solar-power water pumps. There were 637,000 solar cookers in use and 160 MW of small-scale biomass gasification systems for off-grid power generation. India recently proposed to augment cooking, lighting, and motive power with renewables in 600,000 villages by 2032, starting with 10,000 remote un-electrified villages by 2012. Sheeraz et al. (2010). Furthermore, Solar Home Systems are decentralized systems (Stand alone) that are used to power smaller units of a community for example individual compounds or houses in a community.
Examples of rural electrification in Nigeria using renewable energy piloted by the Energy Commission of Nigeria include: 7.2kWp village electrification at Danjawa Village, Sokoto State, 5.5kWp solar photovoltaic plant at Laje, Ondo State, and 30kW Ezioha Mgbowo Small HydroPower station under-construction etc. FEDERAL MINISTRY OF POWER AND STEEL FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA. (2006) 3.2 Rural Water Projects Water is an essential basic requirement for life. Its availability however is a serious issue in our country especially in the rural communities where many have to go long distances in search of consumable water. Solar powered community water projects (boreholes) provide a solution to this problem of water scarcity in rural areas. 3.3 Battery Charging Solar modules can be used to charge batteries that the users take home to power appliances providing different services (lighting, entertainment, etc). Photovoltaic Battery Charging Stations (PV BCS) are small power plants run by PV modules designed to charge batteries. This will not only provide charging points, it also has the capacity to generate employment as many people can depend on battery charging as a means of livelihood. 3.4 Health Care Delivery Rural health service is an important national and international priority. It is said that health is wealth; however, the availability of electricity to support proper rural health services is less than adequate in Nigeria. Consequently the use of renewable energy will make it possible to enhance provision of vaccines and other basic health care services in remote areas. Such energy will power lighting, fans, solar refrigeration, radio and telecommunications, medical appliances (such as microscope, centrifuge nebulizer, oxygen concentrator etc), sterilization, and water treatment for such health centres. Jimenez and Olson (1998). 3.5 Agriculture Agricultural activities characterize the people living in rural areas in the country and renewable energy can be used to boost such. For example irrigation can be made easier with the use of solar-powered irrigation pumps which will definitely have a positive effect on productivity. Also, in food production renewable energy can be employed for water pumping for animals, electric livestock fences, and aeration pumps for fish and shrimp farms, egg incubators, and refrigeration for storage. In addition, in the aspect of food processing, renewable energy is useful for meat and fish drying, plant/seaweed drying, spice drying and cereal grain processing, coconut fiber processing, grain mills, Furthermore, lighting of farm settlements can be powered using renewable energy systems.
3.6 Education Education is another sector that employs the use of renewable energy technologies. One of the ways of improving the education of the rural dwellers is the use of Information Technology Education (Computer Education). This will expose them to the use of computer and other related devices in information technology. Solar PV can be used to supply the needed power by these computers and will even lead to the establishment of cyber cafes in the rural areas.
As well, locating solar PV technology on schools is an excellent way to raise energy awareness in a community. Schools are community gathering places, and locating a renewable energy project in such a centralized location can improve the profile of renewable energy and conservation in general. 3.7 Cottage Industry Renewable Energy can be applied in cottage industry in places like bakeries (oven), brick making, carpentry (power tools), electronic repair (soldering irons), handcraft production (small electronic tools) and sewing. 3.8 Community Services Streetlights, town halls and other residential houses can all be powered by renewable energy source. Either as stand alones or mini-grid systems. Renewable energy in rural areas of developing countries has made significant inroads for household lighting and entertainment. Broadcast media, village cinema, and fax can all be powered with the use of renewable energy. 3.9 Domestic Uses The use of fuel woods for cooking and other domestic purposes has a lot of negative effects both on the environment and on the users. Renewable energy application has made it possible to replace that means of cooking with more energy efficient stoves that utilize clean fuel from biomass. 4.0 How Renewable Energy Minimizes Rural-urban Migration The application of renewable energy technologies in the rural areas has the capacity to halt the massive migration of people from such places to the urban centres. Some of the ways in which the use of these technologies positively affects the rural areas are discussed below: 4.1 Improving Standard of Living Having looked at how renewable energy can be applied in the rural area, one paramount thing that catches our attention is that if technologies are deployed to the rural areas in the mentioned areas, the standard of living in such places will have changed drastically. Access to energy has a way of increasing the rate of development, therefore the more our rural areas have access to energy, the more their standard of living improve. The overall effect being the willingness of these rural dwellers to stay back at home without thinking of moving on to urban centres where they feel they can “make it”. This is because people migrate to urban centres primarily for the reason of finding greener pastures and to live in a better way so once the things they rush to the urban centres to have are put in place in their remote communities, they will be encouraged to stay back and engage in productive activities bearing in mind that the cost of living in rural areas are by far less than that obtained in urban centres. 4.2 Women Empowerment Poor women in rural areas of Nigeria generally have a more difficult time compared to men due to their traditional socio-cultural roles. They often spend long hours collecting fuel wood and carrying it back home over long distances. The time and labour expended in this way exhausts them and limits their ability to engage in other productive and income-generating activities. Their health suffers from hauling heavy loads of fuels and water and from cooking over smoky fires. Their opportunities for education and income generation are limited by lack of modern energy services and as a result their families and communities are likely to remain trapped in poverty. (UNDP, 2012)
Shifting to renewable energy will positively impact women’s health as they will no longer be exposed to smoke and carbon monoxide when they cook as it is with wood and charcoal. Renewable energy will also alleviate the drudgery of fuel wood collection and promote women’s empowerment. Shift to modern energy for lighting, cooking and productive activities will positively impact women’s literacy, education and economic activities. Particularly, education of women is known to produce powerful effects on nearly every dimension of development, from lowering fertility rates to raising productivity to improving environmental management. Iwayemi, A (2010) 4.3 Employment Generation Many businesses thrive only when there is availability of energy. In other words, energy access increases productive activities. This means a lot of people in the rural areas will engage in businesses that will make them gainfully employed. Examples include: battery charging business; solar installations maintenance; GSM business; Cinema business, cyber cafes and business centres; sewing, baking, etc will all spring up and thrive. Businesses can now operate even to the night hours because there will be light to light up the business premises. 4.4 Overall Developmental Effect From the foregoing, if renewable energy technologies are deployed to the rural areas, standards of living will improve there, women will be affected positively, children will also be affected positively as they will have access to good education right in their villages, youths and adults alike will be self employed all these culminates in a single thing- rural dwellers willing to stay back without trooping to urban centres. 4.5 Barriers to energy access in Nigeria Specific policy, regulatory, financing and investment, technological, public awareness, quality and standards, poor resource database and intermittency of resource availability confront the access of renewable energy in Nigeria. a. Policy and regulatory barriers The focus of national policy has consistently been on centralized conventional sources of electric power. Several incentives were established to promote investments in conventional power generation. Subsidizing grid power has so far penalized investments in alternative energy solutions. This lack of a level playing field for all energy sources and technologies has constituted a formidable barrier to the growth of alternative electricity services.
b. Financing and Investment barriers Renewable energy projects have high initial costs. This affects the overall cost of energy produced per kWh. Investors will not be favorably disposed to wind, small hydro or power from cogeneration plants if they will not make profit by selling the electricity. Average electricity tariff in Nigeria is put at about N6:75 per KW-h (approximately 5 cents per kWh). Average cost of typical sources of renewable power for mini hydro is 5-10 cents; solar PV: 20-40 cents; biomass power: 5-12cents; wind power: 6-10 cents. Without adequate financial incentives market entry will be difficult. Nigeria has no significant manufacturing capacity for components of renewable energy technologies. The existing capacity in solar PV and small hydro plants is limited. Significant supply chain constraints include long project implementation periods, high import tariffs, bottle-necks in the customs clearing of goods and the issue of corruption.
c. Technological Barrier As noted in the 2005 National Renewable Energy Master Plan1 supplies and servicing for renewable electricity projects are not readily available in Nigeria. Therefore, potential IPPs may face significant logistical challenges in procuring equipment and maintenance support for renewable electricity projects. Beyond the local availability of supplies, there are significant gaps in the capacity for manufacture and maintenance of system components such as small hydro and wind turbines. In most cases, the choice and design of turbines are site-specific. With no local turbine manufacturers available in Nigeria, this adds to project complexity and costs. The simple fact that the project will be dependent on manufactures of the turbines for spares and major maintenance presents a major technical challenge. To compound these barriers, these projects are often located in remote areas and therefore face significant challenges in attracting competent and qualified manpower for operations. d. Public awareness There is limited public awareness of the potentials of renewable electricity in meeting some of the energy and development challenges facing the country. The inadequacy of awareness creates a market distortion which results in higher risk perception for potential renewable electricity projects. The general perception is that these forms of energy technologies are not mature and only suited for niche markets. e. Standards and quality control A major constraint to the development of the renewable energy market in Nigeria is the poorly established standard and quality control of locally manufactured and imported technologies. Creating quality assurance is a precondition for building consumer confidence and in growing the market for renewable energy. Two important dimensions to issues of quality include the perception of potential users, poorly developed regime for standards setting, testing and certification as well as professionalism among operators. f. Inadequate resource assessment The growth of the renewable power industry will depend to a large extent on the availability of a solid resource database. Reliable and up-to-date sources of data will assist investors in making decisions on renewable electricity. g. Intermittency of resource availability An underlying barrier affecting all renewable electricity resources is the intermittency of their availability. The challenge of energy storage and system management presents a major challenge and adds to the complexity and costs of renewable electricity. The Policy Guideline establishes a framework to addresses the above barriers. It creates measures that enable market expansion and private sector participation in renewable electricity business. It further facilitates grid-connected and off-grid operations as well as increased role for renewable electricity in rural electrification.
5.0 Conclusion and Way Forward Since availability of energy is an important pre-condition for developing the rural economy and improving the living standard of people, it is imperative therefore that the extent to which the country could meet the growing demand for energy in the rural areas in a sustainable way will significantly affect its economic growth, and well-being of its rural dwellers, and also help to reduce rural-urban migration-a phenomenon which the Federal Government is trying to curtail. It is therefore essential to access what alternatives exist for supplying electricity in a sustainable manner to rural households to meet their lighting requirement. And potentially, one of such options is the deployment of renewable energy.
Rural households in Nigeria have received less attention from a sustainable energy supply perspective. This is most remarkable energy perspective. This is most remarkable given that energy is central to the satisfaction of basic nutrition and health needs, and that energy services constitute a sizeable share of total rural household expenditure. 5.1 Conclusion Rural areas in Nigeria are places where many raw materials and agricultural activities thrive and the need to develop such areas cannot be over emphasized. This is because underdevelopment of these areas has impacted a lot negatively on the economy and industrial growth of the country as people who should have stayed back in such places and contribute to the Gross Domestic product of Nigeria are constantly moving to the urban centres in the name of looking for a better standard of living. This has contributed to increased crime in the urban centres and overstretching the facilities which are available in such urban centres. Consequently, the government must wake up to halt this negative effect on its economy. This can be achieved with the use of renewable energy technologies. Such technologies should be used to increase the energy access of rural areas with an attendant effect of improving the standard of living there, generating employment and putting a stop to the menace of rural-urban migration which has bedeviled this nation. 5.2 Recommendations In order to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of rural- urban migration in Nigeria, the following are being recommended: The Federal Government should take the issue of renewable energy more serious through improved budgetary allocation to the sector and adoption of policy drafts like the Renewable Energy Master Plan prepared by the Energy Commission of Nigeria. The National Assembly should as a matter of urgency legislate on renewable energy by passing into law policy drafts on the sector. They can also see to it that budgetary allocations are increased for the sector. Governments at State and Local levels should integrate the use of renewable energy for rural development in their areas of priority. They are closer to these places and have a better understanding of the real situation. Their yearly budgets should have a substantial amount that will be dedicated to the development of rural areas through the deployment of renewable energy technologies. Establishment of a Trust Fund that will be committed basically to promotion of renewable energy projects in rural areas of the country. This can be done at the Federal level and even at State level.
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